Vấn đề tàng thức trong duy thức học của phật giáo

VAN DE TANG THQC TRONG DUY THQC HOC CUA PHAT GIAO ThS 05 Thanh Xuan TOM TAT Tdn gido Id vdn de dugc nghien cdu khd nhieu d Viet Nam, song nhiing khia cgnh tdm ly ciia tdn gido, dd cd nhiing khia cgnh tdm ly cda Phdt gido cdn chu dugc nghien citu nhieu Dieu ddng ndi Id tren thuc le, Phdt gido ndi rieng vd Idn gido ndi chung Id hien tugng xd hpi mang dam net nhdt mdu sdc eua tdm ly, phdn dnh ldm ly ngudi d ldng bdc sdu nhdt Bdt viet ndy cda mpt nhd lu hdnh quan tdm den khoa hgc tdm ly, mpt ngudi dang ldm ludn dn lien sy tdm ly hgc ve vdn de thdc hgc cda Phdt gido Qua bdi viet ciia minh, tdc gid mudn gia di thdng diep ve mpt vdn de cua Phdt gido lit gdc dp cda Tdm ly hgc, Triet hgc vd Phdt hgc Trong bdi viet cd the cd nhimg khdi niem, nhiing thudt ngii cdn khd mdi me ddi vdi nhieu ngitdi, nhimg qua khdi niem ndy chung ta se hieu them nhttng triet ly mang dam tinh tdm ly hgc cd Phdi gido TO khoa: Duy thifc hgc; Tdng thifc; Phdt irien; Nghiep Ngdy nhdn bdi: 19/12/2012; Ngdy duyel ddng bdi: 25/2/2013 Duy thOe hgc (The theory of mere-consciouness (Vijfiaptimatra-vada)) la mdt mdn Phit hgc phin tich ban chit, die didm, qua trinh hinh thinh vi phat trien eia cic hien tugng tim ly cung nhu eac sy vit, hien tucmg khac Duy thOc hge khuyen nhiing ngudi tu hanh nen ed mdt cii nhin vd ngd va gidi thodt khdi nhan thtte nhim lin vd bdn thdn vi the gidi (ty nhidn, xa hdi va tu duy/tim ly) Qui trinh dugc ggi la gide ngp; ddng thdi, Duy thOc hgc cung dua Id trinh dat ddn sy giie ngd dd Trong pham vi eiia mdt bai bao, chung tdi xin trinh biy vi'n dd tdng thifc thOe hgc Khai niem Khii niem tdng thuc la mgt khai niem then chdt va quan trgng toan bd Duy thOc hgc, nhidn, trudc hd't, dd hidu khai nidm tang thOc, chung ta ein tim hidu mdt sd khai niem lien quan la alaya, alaya va alaya-vijfiina 92 TAP CHi TAM Ly HOC, Sd (168), 3-2013 u Alaya Theo Nguydn Giie, ttt ddng ttt V/i mi ed tO laya nghTa li mit, chim, vi cud'i eung la alaya la khdng mit, khdng chim Theo tO didn SE, alaya nghTa li khdng tan ra, thu&ng tryc; khdng ngung nghi, Theo tO didn Phit hge thi alaya ed nghTa la khdng ngOng nghi, khdng mi't, lien tuc b Alaya Theo Nguyen Giie, tO aVli mi cd dlaya nghTa li sy ling xud'ng, chd d, kho chOa Theo tO didn SE, dlaya ed nghTa li ngdi nha, nhi kho (a house, dwelling); dd dung, noi trii in (a receptacle, asylum), Theo to didn PE thi dlaya cd ba nghTa: 1) NghTa gdc: chd dau, tOc Ii chd lou lai, ngdi nha; 2) NghTa thO hai la "bam vao", quyen luydn, khit khao, giO chat liy, them khit Theo tO didn Phit giao thi dlaya cd nghTa la chd d (nhi, eung dien, chd diu, chd tru ) c Alaya-vijhdna Theo tO didn CE (Trung Qudc - Anh) thi, thdc a-lgi-da [la thOe mi] dd luu trtt hat gid'ng cia tit ca hidn tugng Cd sd eia nhin thtte hay y thtte Theo to didn Phit giio thi dlaya-vijndna cd nghTa Ii ting thOc, chan thOc Theo to didn Phit hgc Han - Vidt, Ting thOc la a-lai-da thOe, thOc thO sd thOc A-lai-da dich Ii tang, cd nghTa la chtta dung tit ei cic chung tO (hat gidng) Tdng thdc (the storehouse consciousness, the eighth-consciousness) li khii niem trung tim, la ndn tang cua Duy thOc hgc Tdng thdc cdn dugc ggi li vd mpt thicc (thOc nim gitt cic hat gidng cia tat ci sy vit hien tugng, nd cd the thay ddi nhung khdng bj mi't bin), de bdt thifc (thOc thO tim), bdn thdc (thOc lam can ban cia cic sy vit hidn togng), thtic chii (thOc chi dao tim thOe), chiing tdthdc (thOe chtta dung eac hat gid'ng va sinh tru&ng mudn vit), sa sdtna thtic (thOc it khoanh khic diu tidn, mudn vit vu try sinh thanh), sa ndng bien (cii nang bidn (parr ama) diu tidn bidu hien ngi va phip), de nhdt thdc (thtte diu tien) Tdng thdc cd ba chOc nang: ndng tdng, sd tdng vi ngd di chdp tdng; ndi eich khae, ehOc ning eua ting thtte la giH gin hay tri ning logng va bieu hien ca thd, tim ly (bay thtte trude) vi thd gidi (ty nhien va xa hdi) TAP CHITAM ly HOC, Sd (168), 3-2013 93 Khai niem tdng thiic cia Duy thOc hgc rdng, dd, vd thdc cia Phin tim hgc la mdt phin cua khii nidm Theo dd, vd mat tim Iy, tdng thdc la chd chOa dong nhOng kinh nghidm cua ci nhin vdi tu duy, cam xue, udc mong, kbit vgng noi chtta dyng nhung thdi quen cd hun, nhOng kha ning da thuin thuc, nhttng mo udc ehua Vd mat ning lugng, tdng thdc chi'nh li ddng lye, li nang luc cia tii sinh, VI thd, triet hgc Phat giao, tdng ihire via cd vai trd cia nang logiig, vtta Ii ngudn gdc cia cii bidt, cai thi'y, nd lim chi thd cam Ong vdi khach thd Die tinh cua tdng thdc la nhin thOc dugc sy vit vi nhin thOc dugc chi'nh minh Ca chu thd lin khich thd ddu li so chuydn bidn cua tdng thiic Khi tdng thiie vd minh vgng ddng nd ty tach minh lim hai: mdt ehu thd nhin thOc va mdt khich thd bj nhin thOc mdt gdc dd nhi't djnh, ta cd thd ndi: chinh tdng thdc li ydu td tgo tde thd gidi, mat khac ta cOng cd thd ndi tang thirc "thay" thd gi6i dung nhu "nghiep cam" cua nd Didu dd cd nghTa la tdng thiic hay nghiep liic ci nhin vi cgng ddng tao ngu&i va eac sy vit, hidn tuiJng vu try theo co chd chuyen bien Vi dd, Duy thOc hgc eho ring thoc tai chi la nhiing hinh anh xuit hien thdi gian va khdng gian Chung (thyc tai) tie ddng lin dd sinh theo nhttng quy luat nhi't djnh, nhung chung khdng cd mdt chi thd, mdt chi't lieu chung Chung chi Ii cii va tro, hai trang thai ndi tidp nhau, khdng cd mdt cai gi di tO cii qua tro The gicSi hidn tugng khdng hd ddc lip tdn tai tren co sd ty ti'nh rieng, m i nd li khich the xui't hien cung mdt luc vdi chi thd Khieh thd khdng ed ty tinh ridng biet, ndu chi thd diet thi nd diet theo Ndi cich khic, dd'i tugng nhin thOc cua ting thtte la chi'nh nd (Idnh cdnh) Trong tang thOc, ehu thd ty nhan thOe lai ehinh minh, thi ddi tuong eua nd (tttc la chinh nd) lap tOc bien the gidi ngoai canh, trd cii mi ta ggi li thyc tai Khi cd mgt ddi tucmg khich quan thi phai cd mdt chu thd dd nhan thOc cii khich quan dd Dieu dd cd nghTa la, tO tang thOc, the gidi va thin tim dUdc hinh thinh, thuc "ehuydn bie'n" hay "bie'n hidn" Tinh each eua the gicSi lin thin tim cua dong tim thOc dd phu hgp vdi cic hat gid'ng dang hien hinh ting thOc, dung veil nghiep lyc dang tic dung, Phan loai tang thufc Cin cO vao chOc ning tri, pham vi hoat ddng vi th&i didm chin mudi mi ting thOe doge cd nhttng cich phin loai khic nhau: - Cin ett vio chdc ndng, tang thtte dugc chia lam ba loai: ning tang, sd tang vi nga ii chip ting -^ Ndng tdng; ehttc nang tri sy hien httu cia cac su vit hien togng hoac trang thii phat hidn hoac frang thai tidm in 94 TAP CHITAM ly HOC, Sd (168), 3-2013 + Sdtdng; Ii ndi dung eua tit ca nhOng gi dugc trt + Chdp tdng: tang thOe thudng bi mat-na thue nhim lin li thit cd cai tdi vi that cd cic sy vit hidn tucmg - Cin cO vio phgm vi hogt dpng ma tang thOc dugc chia thinh ting thOc ci nhin vi ting thOc cdng ddng •I- Ting thOc ci nhin chinh li nghiep rieng Dd la vd thOc (theo Phin tim hgc), eo thd, hoan canh xa hdi, ly Ijch v.v cia mdt ca nhan -I- Ting thOc cgng ddng chi'nh Ii nghiep chung Nghiep chdng cua cdng ddng Ii hinh thii kinh td - xa hdi, chd dd chi'nh tri, van hda, Ijch su, phip luit, v.v cua mdt qudc gia hay mdt cdng ddng nio dd Rdng hon, nghiep chung cdn la thd gidi mi mdt loai sinh vit dang sd'ng (diy la didm khic biet vdi vd thOc cdng ddng cia Phin tim hgc) Khi ndi "thOe tao the gidi" thi thOe dd li tang thOe cdng ddng - Vdi tu cich li hat gid'ng va can cO vio mdi quan he nhdn - qud, thi tang thOc dugc chia thinh: Dj th&i nhi thuc, Dj loai nhi thue Tdng thifc li mdt td hdp du loai hat gid'ng ma tidn trinh chin mudi cua ching cd nhidu khic biet, nen tdng thifc cd mdt tdn khae la di thuc thifc; di la khic, thue li chin (ripening, vipdka) Di thue la chin khdng ddng ddu, chin mdt each khac Khi chin, cic hat gid'ng ting thOc mdi bidn hanh d nhttng th&i didm khic -1- Di thdi nhi thtic (ripening at differenl times) la khdng chin cung mdt lic Khi nhung hat gidng cd sdn va trao truyen gieo vao ting thOc va dugc cing cd se chin trudc hay chin sau thdi gian + Di logi nhi thuc (ripening of different varieties) li chin theo loai Trii chudi chin se chud'i chin chO khdng thinh mang ciu chin, mang ciu chin se mang ciu chin chO khdng chudi chin -I- Bien di nhi thuc (ripening and changing) li chin thi bien dang ma khdng gid'ng nhu mdi sinh Trai cam ehua chin thi xanh vi ehua, chin rdi thi ving vi nggt Mdt hat gid'ng mdi hinh cai nhin ggi la nghiep nhan (aetion-ascause (karma-hetu)) Cii nhan dd chin se dua de'n mdt kdt qui ggi la nghiep qua (action-as-result (karma-phala)) Dj thuc thtte la tdng thd cic hat gid'ng, chin se tao mdt ke't qua tdng hcjp ggi la di thuc qua Con ngudi, ca tinh, nhin cich gid phut hien tai la mdt di thuc qua, kd't qui cia nhidu loai hat gid'ng da chin TAP CHfTAM Ly HOC, Sd (168), - 2013 95 vay di thuc thdc (tang thtte) la su kdt hop eia tit ca cac nghidp nhin cic nghiep nhan dd chin Khi dd, tim ly la mdt thtt nghidp qua, d mdt vj tri gin nha't vdi tdng thd cic nghidp nhan Dj thuc la ddng lyc siu xa din dit eon ngudi tdi nhttng noi cd sinh boat (mdi trudng, hoan canh, cinh gidi, thd gidi tii sinh, V.V ) mi ci nhin dd ua thich Dj thye theo luat ddng tuang Ong, ddng toong ciu (the Law of Affinity) di tao ndn mdt sOc manh khidn cho cac ci nhin tip hgp lai thinh mdt cdng ddng SOc manh dd ggi li nghidp lyc Khi ca nhin tham dy vao gidi hay dia nao dd la vi Dj thuc thOc ei nhin i'y da sin co nhOng hat gid'ng thi'ch hgp vdi gidi hay vdi dja dd Mgt sd dac diem cua tang thiic Ting thtte vOa ehuydn bidn vOa phit tridn mdt cich lidn tuc Tang thOe gdm cd ty thin nd chi thd (ning ting) vi ddi tugng (sd tang): hai phin ludn ludn bidn chuydn linh ddng Nd dugc vi du nhu ddng sdng - nude ddng sdng lien tuc trdi chay nhtmg sdng vin nhu viy Trong thd gi&i hien tugng, dac didm niy dugc xem la tinh lien tuc cia nhin qua: nhin qua trdi chay, ndi tidp lien tuc mi thit cic su vat, hien tugng vin ludn gitt dude hinh thOc, hinh thd, hinh thii eua nd Sy van ddng lidn tyc cia nhin vi qua ggi li ddng chiy Ting thOc khdng cd hinh thii, khdng cd dung tich Trong the gidi hidn tugng, mdi sinh vit cd ting thtte cua minh, tri tue va kien thOc khdng thd chuydn ddi tO ting thtte niy sang tang thOc khae dooe Tang thOe khdng chi li kha ning bao tri hat gidng tim ly ma edn bao tri sinh mang cua cie loai vit va the gidi vit Iy dd cac loii vat tdn tai Sau chet, ting thtte niy din nghidp tii sinh, chuydn bidn hay trinh hien eho ea nhin mgt thd gidi mdi, mdt hoan canh mdi theo nghiep rieng vi nghiep chung Khi giac ngd, thtte niy chuydn Dgi vien cdnh tri (Great perfect mirror wisdom) Ket luan Mgt nhttng co sd Duy thtte hgc quan trgng nhit cua mat-na thOc chinh la tang thOc, tOe chinh the cua the gidi Tang thOc gdm ca ty nhien, xa hgi vi tim ly, gdm ca ci nhin va cdng ddng Mat-na thtte li sy chuydn bien tO ting thOe vdn dugc xem li co chd hoat ddng cua nd (mat-na thtte) qui trinh hinh thinh vi phat tridn Cd thd ndi, vi'n dd tdm ly - nghTa rgng nhi't cua mat-na thtte - la sin pham khdng chi cua xa hgi ma cia to nhien, khdng ehi cua ci nhin m i cdn cia cdng ddng TAP CHi TAM ly HOC, Sd (168), 3-2013 Tai lieu tham khao Nguydn Tudng Bach, Ludi trdi del NXB Tre, 2005 Thich Minh Canh (chu bidn) Tit dien Phdi hoc Hue Quang NXB THTPHCM 2004 Thich Nhuan Chau (soan dich), Du gid hdnh long NXB Tdn giao, 2005 Vu DDng, Tddien Tdm ly hge, NXB TO didn Bach khoa Ha Ndi, 2008 Sa mdn Thich Quang Dd (dich), Phdt quang Dai lif dien (quyen 12 2000 6) • Thac DOc, Duy thifc hgc Ihdng ludn, NXB Tdn giao, 2003 Nhai Hanh, Gidng ludn Duy bieu hgc NXB La Bdi, 1996 Nhai Hanh, Van di nhdn Ihifc Irong Duy thiic hgc, NXB La Bdi HT Thi'ch Thidn Hoa (djch), Duy thifc hgc, NXB Tdn giao, 2006 10 Phan vien Nghien cOu Phat hoc, Titdien Phdt hoc Hdn Viet, NXB KHXH, Ha Noi 1998 11 Thi'ch Thidn Sieu, Dgi cuang Liidn cdu xd, NXB Tdn giao, 2006 12 Thi'ch Thidn Sidu, Thifc bien, NXB TPHCM, 2002 13 Tud Sy (dich va chu giai), A-li-dgl-ma cdu xd, NXB Phuong Ddng, 2012 14 Tud Sy (dich va chu giai), Ludn Ihdnh thifc, NXB Phuong Ddng, 2009 15 Tud Sy (dich), Tinh hoa Ttiet hgc Phdt gido Ban Tu thu Phat hoc, 2004 16 Le Manh That, Ttiet hgc The thdn, NXB Tdng hgp TP HCM, 2005 17 An Thuan, Tim hieu ngudn gdc Duy thifc hgc (Thich Quang Dai dich), NXB Tdn giao, 2006 18 Nguydn Quang Uin (chu bidn), Tdm ly hgc dgi cuang NXB DHQG Ha Ndi, 2008 19 Akira Hirakawa, A Buddhist Chinese - Sanskrd Dictionary, The Reiyukai, Tokyo, 1997 20 Aran Kumar Singh, The comperhensive history Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited, Delhi, 2006 of Psychology, Montilal 21 Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki, Studies in the Lankavarara Sutra, Munishiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt Ltd, 1998 22 Jadunath Sinha, Indian Psychology, vol 1, 2, 3, Montilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited, Delhi, 2008 23 Chinese - English Dictionary, Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2003 TAP CHi TAM l y HOC, Sd (168), - 97 24 Monier Monier-Williams, Sanskiit - English Dictionary, Montial Banarsidass Publisher, Private Limited, Delhi, 2002 25 T.W Rhys David, William Stede, Pali - English Dictionary, Motial Banarsidass Publishers Limited, Delhi, 1997 ^^ TAPCHITAM ly HOC, Sd (168), - 2013 ... DOc, Duy thifc hgc Ihdng ludn, NXB Tdn giao, 2003 Nhai Hanh, Gidng ludn Duy bieu hgc NXB La Bdi, 1996 Nhai Hanh, Van di nhdn Ihifc Irong Duy thiic hgc, NXB La Bdi HT Thi'ch Thidn Hoa (djch), Duy. .. tdng thiic cia Duy thOc hgc rdng, dd, vd thdc cia Phin tim hgc la mdt phin cua khii nidm Theo dd, vd mat tim Iy, tdng thdc la chd chOa dong nhOng kinh nghidm cua ci nhin vdi tu duy, cam xue, udc... ci nhin vi cgng ddng tao ngu&i va eac sy vit, hidn tuiJng vu try theo co chd chuyen bien Vi dd, Duy thOc hgc eho ring thoc tai chi la nhiing hinh anh xuit hien thdi gian va khdng gian Chung (thyc