Định hướng giá trị sống của sư dân nông thôn hiện nay trong bối cảnh đô thị hoá

DjNH HUONG GIA TR] SONG QUA ca DAN NONG THON HIEN NAY TRONG BOI C A N H DO THI HOA POSTS Phan Thj Mai Huong Gidm ddc Trung tdm Tdm ly hpc thifc nghiem Vien Tdm ly hgc T6M TAT Nghien cint lap trnng de'n dinh hudng gid iri sdng cua cu ddn nong thon bdi cdnh thi hoa Thie't ke'nghien cdu ke'l hap dinh luang vd dinh dnh itti lien dinh luang qua dieu tra mol ldn theo Idt cdt ngang vd phdn lich npi dung Ke't qud khdo sat 713 ngudi tai JO xd thupc tinh dang qud irinh thi hoa cho thdy thd nhdt ngudi ddn hudng nhieu den cdc gid tri cua vdn hoa truyen thdng dng XU" xd hpi Thif hai hg khong hudng de'n mol cdch manh me cdc gid tri cua quan he ldng gieng gid In cua vdl chdt vd sU tuang xi'rng ldn ve gia dinh ddi vdi hgnh phUc hon nhdn nhu truyen thd'ng Thi'fba co sukhdc biet gifta cdc nhom ludi vd trinh dp hpc vdn ve dinh hudng gid tri sdng nhung khong thd'y su khdc biet theo khu vUc sinh sdng phdn theo mdc do thi hoa Vd cudi cung, ke't qud ndy cho thdy rdng, dinh hudng gid tri chiu dnh hudng mgnh me cua vdn hoa, lich sii, do, chiu dnh hudng cua cdc qud trinh xd hgi vd moi trudng xa hdi (do thi hay nong thon) yet dt han vd chdm chap han TiJr khoa: Dinh huang gid tri truyen thd'ng; Dinh huang gid tri sdng; Cu ddn nong thon: Do thi hoa Ngdy nhgn bdi: 25/10/2012; Ngdy duyet ddng bat: 25/12/2012 Dat van de Dinh hucrng gia tri song la xu hu6ng lua chgn nhirng gia tri sd'ng ma ngucfi cho la quan trgng, chi phoi hanh vi iing xir cua hg cudc sd'ng xa hdi Trong qua trinh dd thi hoa hien nay, v6i ldi sd'ng dd thi cang tro nen manh me va chi phd'i nhieu mat sinh hoat hang ciia ngu6i dan thi nhi6u gia trj sd'ng co th^ phai thay d6i Nghidn ciin quan tam dd'n nhirng gia tri ve mat ling xit cac md'i quan he xa hgi giiia ngu6i va ngudi hien Nghien cihi xem lai nhiing gia tri iing xu truyen thd'ng da dugc diic ket lich sir qua cac cau ngu, tue ngii, ca dao thi cd TAP CHI'TAM l y HOC, Sd' (166), - 2013 35 dutJc nguM tian coi la (Jiing nOa hay kh6ng Cac gia tri s6'ng day tap trung vao nhttng gia tri cua hanh vi ling xii v6i ngu6i noi chung, v6i gia dinh, voi hang xom lang gieng vk vdi lao dong Phirong phap nghien ctiu Thie'l kc nghien ci'ru: nghiSn ciiu duoc thie't ke' theo dang djnh lucmg ke't hop dinh tinh uu lien dinh lucing v6i cac phuong phap duoc lua chon la dieu tra bang bang hoi mfit lan theo lat cjt ngang va nghien ciiu tai lifiu, phan ti'ch noi dung Mdn chpn: Nghien ciiu duoc Ihuc hien tai 10 xa thudc tinh cia mien Bdc, Trung, Nam: Ha Nfli, Thai Binh,' HuS', c i n Tho, Long An, Ha Noi va Long An lii khu vuc co miic d6 d6 thi hoa manh hon, Thai Binh, Cdn Tho va Hue' cd mile dfl thi hoa tha'p hon Cac xa duoc chon la not dang dien su chuyen ddi da't nong nghiep sang da't thi va cac xa lan can v6i khu vuc chuyen doi So luong mau la 713 hfl gia dinh va duoc lira chpn theo each chon mSu cum (toan bo s6' ho tai cum dan cu co ngudi dai dien o nha th6i gian thu thap thong tin) Cac ho dan chi yeu noi diSn viec chuyen tfoi muc dich su dung da't hoac/va lii nong dan hien tai Cflng cu nghien ci'ni: De tim hieu dinh hu6ng gia tri song cua cu dan nong thon hien nay, nghien citu da sit dung bang hoi ke't htJp vdi phong va'n sau Bang hoi la cong cu chinh, dua nhiing cau ngu, tue ngit ve cac gia tri ttng xii cOa ngu6i xa hpi, cong dong vj gia dtnh da duoc diic ke't nhu nhiing gia tri truyen thd'ng de ngudi dan nhln nhan hien tai bang quan diem iing xit ciia minh Ket qua nghien ciiiu a Binh hu&ng gid tri ciia ngudi ndng ddn truyen thdng Dinh huflng gid Iri sdng cua ngufli nflng ddn truyen ihfl'ng Theo Tran Ngpc Them (1997), ngudi Viet Nam sd'ng theo nguyen tac Irong linh, trpng di'rc, trpng vdn Trong cupc sd'ng, ngudi Viet Nam ISiy gia tri sd'ng nhan nghia, hieu hda lam trpng Trong quan he vua - tdi chO "trung" la quan trpng nha't, trung quan phai gdn lien vdi "di qufl'c" Trong tinh cam gia dinh, theo Dd Long va Tran Hiep (1993): "Tinh cam gia dinh duoc the hien qua nguyen tac ling xi: chO le, chtt hieu duoc coi trpng, kinh tren, nhudng dudi, cac vai gia dinh duoc phan dinh ro rang Moi vien gia dinh phai cd bdn phan giu gin danh ciia gia dinh va lam trdn bon phan ciia minh vdi hp" 36 TAP CHi TAM LY HOC, Sd (166), 1-2013 Dd'i vdi cac quan he gia dlnh nhu quan he vp chdng thi lay si( thuy chung, tinh nghTa lam Gia tri cua ngudi phu nu dupc xa hdi thita nhan va phan dSu theo la "cdng, dung, ngdn, hanh" Nguyen Dinh Chiliu chuySn tha Luc van Tien cd cau: "Trai thdi Irung hieu tdm ddu Gdi thfli tiet han ldm cdu rdn minh" Trong tieu chuSin chpn vp, chpn chong thi coi trpng dilc dp hon c&a cai "Tfl't gfl han lot nuflc sari" Tuy nhien hai ben thdng gia phai "mon ddng hfl ddi" - Trong quan he cha me - cai coi trpng hieu li - Trong quan he anh - em My sit yeu ihuang, dum bgc thudn hfla lam trpng - Trong quan he thSy tro phai giu dao ly "ufl'ng nudc nhd nguon", "Ifln su Irong dao" - Trong quan he ban be phai thiiy chung, son sdt, gdn bd Cd th^ thdy, hau he't cac gia tri ngudi cudc sd'ng dupc coi trpng deu la nhiing gia tri ve b6n phan, ve dao diic ciia ngudi viec thuc hien cac b6n phan dy Xet de'n cing, dd la nhung gid tri nhdm ddm bao trat tu xa hpi mpt tdn ti nha't djnh chi khdng hdn la cac gid tri de cao ngudi va gia tri cia ngudi xa hdi dd Dinh huflng gid tri nghe nghiep Tac gia Tran Ngpc Them (1997) cho rdng: "Truyfa thd'ng van hda ndng nghiep trpng vdn ntn xa hdi, ke' sT duoc coi trpng nha't Bd'n nghe bie'n, ddng thdi cung la bd'n bac thang xa hdi la: ST, Nflng, Cflng, Thuang Sau tri thic la ndng dan, nhimg ngudi lam nghe co bdn nudi sd'ng ca cdng ddng va kie'n tao nen tda nha van hda ndng nghiep Nhd't sT nhi nflng, he't gao chay rflng, nhd't ndng nhi sT (tue ngfl) Cdng va thuong Id nhung nghe nghiep tha'p kem Thuong la nghS bi coi re nhat: dT nflng vi bdn, dT thuang vi mat (Nghe ndng la gd'c, nghe thuang la ngpn) Sd dT cd tinh trang nhu vay la vl mdt mat tfnh cdng ddng, xa hdi ndng nghiep sd'ng theo tinh cdm, nghe budn bdn liy Icri nhuan Iam dau; mat khdc, tinh tu tri, xa hdi ndng nghidp sd'ng tu cap, tu tic It cd nhu cdu budn ban" Cung theo tdc gia Tran Ngpc Them, d Viet Nam, khai niem "gia tri" trd nen he't sic tuong dd'i (nd khang dinh dac diem tinh chu quan cia ldi tu ndng nghiep): cdi td't, nhung la td't rieng le thi trd xd'u (Khfln dflc khflng bdng ngfl'c ddn hay Dai bdy han khfln dpc); ngupc lai, cai xa'u, nhting la xau tap the thi trd nen blnh thudng: "Toet mdi Id lai huang dinb Cd ldng cung loet, rieng minh em ddu" (ca dao) Dinh huflng gid tri ddt dai vd nghe nflng Dd'i vdi ngudi ndng ddn, da't dai la thi cd gia tri sd him va la ngudn nudi TAP CHI'TAM LV HOC SO' (166), 1-2013 37 sd'ng true tid'p gia dlnh n6n kinh te' tu cung, ttr cSp Cudc sd'ng ciia ngudi ndng ddn gdn bd vdi ddng rudng, kinh te' gia dlnh liSn quan chat che vdi dSt dat (trdng trpt, chan nudi) Vi the', da't dai cd gia tri v6 cing ldn vdi ngUdi ndng dan nudc ta Nghe ndng vat va sdm khuya, trau di trudc, cdi cay di sau Gia trj cua lao ddng ndng nghiep dUdc ddnh gid bang "gipt md hdi d6 xud'ng ddng", bdng "mdt ndng hai sudng" bang su cdn c i chiu khd, c h i khdng hdn bing mua mang bdi thu Di cd bdi thu thi vdn khdng-quen cdng sic da bd (ti'nh tinh thdn cua nghe ndng la quan trpng): "Ai di bung bdt cdm ddy, Deo thom mdt hat ddng cay mudn phdn" "Dudc mia chd phu ngd khoai, De'n thd't bat ldy ban cing" "Nghe 01 ta bdo nghe nay, Nghe an cho beo, nghe cay chp sdu O ddi khdn kheo chi ddu, Chdng qua cung chi ban chi can" Ddi vdi nghe ndng d Viet Nam, ye'u td thidn nhien cd vai trd quyft djnh: Lam rudng phai dung thdi tiet mdi mong cd ket qua td't, lam trdi thdi tiA dd thdt bai, tic la hoat ddng nghe ndng phai dua nhieu vdo yS'u td tu nhidn (ddt dai, thdt tiet, trdu ), cdn yd'u td ngudi chi la sir cdn cu, chiu khd Cd the' thd'y, ngudi ndng ddn truyen thd'ng gdn bd vdi ddt dai, chung thuy vdi dat (lai Hp cung gdn bd vdi ngh^ ndng, sd'ng bdng nghe ndng va dd'c sic cho nghe ndng Quan he gia dinh, dflng hp Gia dinh duac coi la te bao cia lang xa truydn thd'ng NhOng gl d^ tri mdt gia dinh ben vttng duoc danh gia rdt cao: Tmh nghta, thuy chung, trSn thuan, dudi hda Gia dinh Id mpt gia tri vflng b^n dd'i vdi ngudi ndng ddn, la ndi hp bdc Id chtnh ngudi cua minh Trong gia dlnh dd, cdi la mdt gid tn hang ddu cua ngudi ndng dan (Thanh Liem, 2007) Ho tdc d ndng thdn truydn thd'ng cd vi tri cao hon gia dinh, nd duoc coi tuang duang nhu td chic ldng, cd uy quydn vdi gia dlnh ho dd, bao ve gia dinh trudc cac hp tpc khdc Quan he lang xd, cflng dong 38 TAP CHI TAM LY HOC, Sd (166), 1-2013 Lang Id mdt dan vi, mdt khu vuc dinh cu cia ndng dan Ti'nh chdt khep kin cia lang Viet truyen thd'ng khie'n cho quan he cdng ddng Id quan he gdi gpn pham vi cia luy Ire ldng Trong lang, cac md'i quan he hang xdm, quan he ddng ho, quan he gia dinh dan xen vdi nhung khdng hdn loan ma theo mdt trdt til, mdt qui tdc nhd't dinh: le lang Cudc sd'ng phu thudc nhieu vao thien nhidn, thien tai thi dien lien mien nen dd Id tien de d^ tinh cdng ddng phdt tri^n, mpi ti'nh ca nhan bi triet tieu cdng ddng dy Khdng cd the sd'ng mdt minh ma phai dua vap ma sd'ng Tinh dodn ke't vd tuong trp la nhflng gid tri hang dau cua ti'nh cdng ddng Nhiing bi^u hien cia ca nhan chi nghia bi coi nhu nhttng thdi xdu cdn loai bd Ldng xa coi trpng nhttng gl b^n vttng, dn dinh Ti'nh tri dupc ddnh gid cao hon tinh kidn thie't Tu tudng ddi mdi hdu nhu khdng cd ddt sd'ng Trong mdi quan he lang xa, nhieu ldn ldn gitta quan he gia dlnh vdi quan he cdng ddng (gia dlnh chu nghia, xue xoa, dai khai cho xong, dl hod vi qui) b Dinh hudng gid tri sd'ng hien - Dinh huflng gid Iri Irong quan he ngufli - ngufli Trong quan he ngudi - ngudi, nhttng gid tri nhu kinh gid - yeu tre, tdn su - dao, an qua nhd ngudi trdng cay vd la ldnh dim la rach la nhttng gid tri duac rd't nhi^u ngudi ddnh gia cao bd'i canh hien Khoang 70% sd ngudi dupc hdi cho rdng cho de'n nay, dieu dd vdn hodn todn ding vd Id xu huting ing xu cua nhi6u ngudi Cd the thdy, cudc sd'ng, ngudi dan hien vdn d^ cao ldi ing x i trpng xi, trpng dao ly ngudi thay, bie't nhd an ngudi da giip minh, yeu thudng dim bpc ngudi khd khan hoan nan Thtrc te' Cing cho thay nhieu minh ching ve vdn de Ben canh dd, nhttng gid tri nhu ban chdt cia ngudi (Td't gd hdn td't nudc Sdn), gid tri cua nam va nu (Trai thdi trung bie'u ldm ddu; Gdi thdi tie't hanh lam cau gitt minh), ldi ing x i khdng lam mat Idng (DT hda vi qui), dupc hdn 50% sd ngudi cho la hoan toan ding, it hdn so vdi cdc gid tri da de cap d tren Vdn de trung hieu ddi vdi ddn dng vd tiet hanh dd'i vdi phu nft dupc danh gid thdp nhdt hien sd cdc gid tri dupc khao sdt d ndi dung Cd th^ thdy, nhiing dieu dudng nhu mdt dan gia tri giai doan hidn - Dinh hudng gid tri quan he gia dinh Sd lieu khdo sdt cho tha'y rdng di Id'i sd'ng dd thi hda cd dupc md rdng thi ngudi dan ndng thdn vdn coi trpng sir thuan hda quan he tinh cam anh em mdt nha Theo hp, tren thuan, dudi hda la cdi tao ndn hanh phic gia dinh Gtd tri duoc hdn 73% sd ngudi coi la vdn ding hoan todn vd la gia tri cdn hudng de'n TAP CHiTAM Lt HOC, Sd (166), - 2013 39 Biing 1: Cdc gid tri sfl'ng Quan he ngudi noi chung Kinh pia yfiu irc T6n su, dao 111 Cac ngiir Dung phdn l