NGUYEN TAG vA PHUONG PHAP GlAO DUG KY N A N G SONG CHO HOG SINH TIEU HOG Nghien ciru difOc tai tro bdi Quy Phat trien Khoa hoc va Cong nghe Quoc gia (NAFOSTED) ie tai: 6/ao dijc ky nang song cho hoc sinh tieu hoc Viet Nam trortg giai aoan hien nay, Ma so VI 2.4-2012.12; PGS.TS Tran Thi Minh Hang lam chu nhiem PGS.TS Tran Thi IMinh Hang ThS Li/u Thi Hoa Hoc vien Qudn ly Gido due T O M TAT Gido due ky ndng sdng Id Idm thay ddi Ihdi quen Iheo hu&ng lich ctfc, de co thoi quen duac thay doi mdt cdch ben vUng Do vdy, nhd Irudng khong chi sit dung cdc phuong phdp gido due ky ndng song qua bdi hoc, hoat ddng ngodi gi& len Idp mil cdn phdi phoi hap v&i cong dong de td chuc cdc hogt ddng hoc lap Ihong qua viec gidi quyet vdn de cita cong dong Mpt nhitng nguyen ldc Ihay doi hdnh vi (hay cdch icng xit) Id phdi tao moi tru&ng khuyen khich su thay doi Su thay doi thoi quen ciia ngu&i se Ihudn len han neu Irong cpng ddng chdp nhdn vd iing ho sir thay doi Tir khoa: Nguyen tdc; Phuongphap, Ngdynhdnbdi Gido due ky ndng sdng 19110/2015; Ngay duyet ddng bdi: 25/11/2015 fiat v a n de Giao due ky nang song la hinh each song tieh cue xa hpi hien tai, la xay dung nhilng hanh vi lanh manh va thay d6i nhilng hanh vi, thoi quen tieu cue tren ccr so giup ngucri hoe co ca kiSn thiirc, gia tri, thai dp va cac ky nang thich hop Giao due ky nang song co muc tieu ehinh la lam thay doi hanh vi cua nguai hpe tir thoi quen thu dpng, co the gay riii ro, mang lai hau qua tieu cue chuyen nhu'ng hanh vi mang tinh xay dirng, tich cue va eo hieu qua de nang eao chat lupng cupe s6ng ca nhan va gop phan phat triSn b6n vUng eho xa hpi Dong thoi, giao due ky nang s6ng cSn dupc thire hien th6ng nhSt 34 TAP CHI TAIVI L ? HOC, So 12 (201), 12 - 2015 nhiem vu giao due nhan each toan dien (theo cac linh virc van hoa xa hpi, theo cac loai hinh hoat dong cua eon nguoi, theo ea tru cot giao due the ky XXI) thong qua qua trinh day hoe va giao due (theo nghia hep) vira huang tai muc tieu hinh kha nSng tam ly xa hoi ii nguai hoc co the vugt qua nhiing thach thiic ciia cupc song, vira phat triin toan dien kien thiie, thai dp, hanh dpng, phat triSn toan dien cac chi s6 thong minh va cae ITnh vue tri tue xiic cam, tri tue xa hoi Nguyen tac giao due ky nang song cho hoc sinh tieu hpc 2.1 Cdc nguyen tdc coban UNESCO da dua nguyen tac eo ban {Ky ndng song - cdu noi tai khd ndng cita nguoi Ban thao lan thii 13, dieu chinh 16/6/2003, Tieu ban Giao due ciia UNESCO Pari (ban tieng Anh) di dmh huang cho viee triSn khai giao due ky nang song thuc tiln sau day; a Nguyen tdc 1; Quyen dupc hpc ky nang song UNESCO ung hp nguyen tac: Tat ca the he tre va nguoi lan eo quyen huang Ipfi tir mpt nen giao due chiia dung cac hpp phan: hpc de biet, hpc de lam, hpc dl chung song vol mpi nguoi va hoc de khang dinh minh b Nguyen tdc 2: Phat trien ky nang song UNESCO ling hp nguyen tac; Giao due huang vao yeu eau boi duong nang khilu, tiem nang va phat trien ca tinh ciia ngucri hpc can phai quan tam, kit hpfp cac ky nang song thue hanh va cac kha nang tam ly xa hpi c Nguyen tdc 3: Danh gia ky nang sing UNESCO iing ho nguyen tic: Danh gia chat lupng giao due phai bao ham danh gia miic dp dat duoc cae ky nang song va tac dpng cua ky nang song dii vai xa hpi va ca nhan 2.2 Cac chi bdo ve gido due ky nang sdng - Nguai hoat dpng: Hpe sinh co dpng ca, giao vien duac dao tao tot - Npi dung: Chuang trinh phu hop, tai lieu hoc tap dupe dam bao - Qua trinh; Cac ky nang dupc day va hpc tot - M6i truang hpc tap: Ket hpp dao tao ky nang song vai cac dilu kien b l trp ehinh sach phat trien, moi truang tam ly xa hpi thuan lai va gin vai eac dich vu ciia cpng dong TAPCHITAML'r'HOC,S6'12(201), 12-2015 35 2.3 Cac nguyen tdc cu the giao due ky ndng sdng a Nguyen tdc thay doi hdnh vi Giao due ky nang sing eo thi van dung cac nguyen tie thay doi hanh vi Vi giao due ky nang sing chu ylu huong vao thay doi hanh vi, thoi quen tieu cue cua nguai hpe Vien Han lam khoa hoc My (NAS) (Social learning and deviant behavior: A specific test of a general theory, American Sociological Review, 44, 635 - 655, 1979) da nghien ciiu va giai thieu mo hinh mpt si nguyen tic thay doi hanh vi ciia nguoi nhu sau: - Cung cip thong tin la dilm khoi dhx tit yeu ciia bat eil sir co gang mong muln thay dii hanh vi nao Thong tin can de hilu va phu hgp vai hpc sinh tilu hpc - doi tupng ma chiing ta muon eac em thay doi hanh vi - Tap trung vao nhtrng thong diep tich cue, hinh thanh, tri va cung CO nhtrng hanh vi lanh manh va huang toi cupc song tot hon cho eac em Can rat han che sii dung nhimg thong diep mang tinh de dpa de dpng vien sir thay doi hanh vi - Giao due theo quy mo nho va can dp 13u ve thai gian Giao due ky nang song cung nhu giao due phat trien ben vUng chii dinh xay dung cac ky nang de co hanh vi lanh manh - Khuyen khich tu phe phan cac tinh huong lira chpn iVili ca nhan thudng thich chap nhan nhilng hanh vi moi nlu hp dupc lua chpn no so nhtrng phuang an co thi tren ca so tu phan tich, phe phan va tim phuang an phU hpp vai minh Cho nen phuong phap giao due ky nang sing cin huong toi phat trien ky nang tu phe phan giup nguai tham gia hpc duac rat nhieu sir lira chpn giai quylt nhQng tinh hulng kho khan - Tao moi trudng khuyin khich sir thay dii hanh vi Vi su thay dii se dl dang hon nlu moi trucmg cung khuyin khich su thay dii doi voi ca nhan nen eac chuang trinh giao due ky nang sing cin ehu trpng cong tac vai cpng dong mpt each toan dien de tao moi truang khuyin khich su thay dii - Tang cuang sii dung giao due ding ding Cpng ding co thi lam thiic diy nhung thay dii nen phuong phap ding ding eo thi duoc bl sung vao cac chuang trinh giao due ky nang sing dl tao co sa thuan lai cho su thay dii cung nhu chap nhan hanh vi mlu cua nguoi khac Tap huin cho nhOng nguoi eo tac dpng anh huong dl hp co thi dong vai tro miu nhom ciia minh, co thi giup tang dang kl tac dpng cua chuong trinh Cac phu-ong phap giao due ky nang sing cho hoc sinh tilu hoe 36 TAP CHI TAM Vf HOC, Stf 12 (201), 12 - 2015 3.1 Gido due ky ndng song qud trinh gido due & nhd trit&ng Giao due ky nang s6ng cSn phai la mot phlin chuofng trinh dang dien nha trirong Dieu co nghia la giao due ky nang song truoc het phai duoc giao due nha trucmg Day ky nang s6ng ein phai dugc chua dung tat ca cac mon khoa hgc thong qua viec nhin manh moi quan he giija hgc tap va cac hoat dgng song hang D6ng thai, can coi viec day cac ky nang xa hgi vcri tu each la mgt khia canh cua ky nang s6ng Sau day la mgt vi du v^ "Giao due phong tranh lam dung tro chai dien tu (game) cho hoc sinh tieu hgc" theo each ti6p can tru cot (thuc chat la giao due ky nang song cho hgc sinh) 1) Hpc de biet (cac ky nang nhan thiic) - Biet dugc bieu hien ciia viec lam dung game - Nhan dugc nguyen nhan gay nghien game - Biet each khai thac mat tieh cue cua game - Biet each tranh mat tieu cue ciia game - Biet phan biet dugc mat tich cue va tieu cue cua viee choi game - Biet each ung pho, duang dau vai sure hap dan cua game - Biet dung viec chai game dung luc - Biet duge nhung quy dinh ciia Nha nuoc ve viee chai game 2) Hpc de tu khdng dinh mlnh (cac ky nang ca nhan) - Xac dinh he thong gia tri cua ban than, giiip cho minh dgc lap vai anh huang sue hap dan cua game - Ton trgng gia tri ciia ban than - Khong xem the giai ao la le song - Lay the giai thuc lam le song - Tu chu, tu quyet dinh doi vol viec chai game - Tu tin vao kha nang kiem che vai sue hap dan eua game - Khong hai long voi viec lam dung game - Cuong quylt dung lam dung game - Ton trpng quy dinh eua Nha nuac vh viee choi game TAPCHITAMLyHpC,S612(201), 12-2015 37 3) Hoc di ciing chung sdng (cac ky nang xa hpi) - Ngan chan va khong ung hp, khong khuyin khich nguai khac lam dung game - Chia se nhilng hilu bilt va kinh nghiem cua ban than vl game voi nhilng nguai xung quanh - Hpc hoi nguai khac kinh nghiem ilng voi viee lam dung game - Cuang quylt tir chli su loi keo, ru re, ep bupc ctia ban be doi voi sir lam dung game - H5 trp, dpng vien nguoi khac tir bo viec lam dung game - Khuyin khich nguoi khac choi game tich cue - Giiip ngudi khac thuc hien diing quy dinh eiia Nha nude ve viec choi game 4) Hpc di ldm (cac ky nang thuc tien) - Tranh dupc mat tieu cue ciia game - Khai thac mat tich cue ciia game - Khong lam dung game - Khdng song the gidi ao - Song the gidi thue - Su dung game hpp ly - Dung viec chai game diing liic - Thue hien dung quy dinh ciia Nha nudc ve viee choi game Dau hay ket qua mong dpi giao due ky nang sdng deu duac xet tren phuong dien, dd la; Kien thirc, thai dp va ky nang 3.2 Gido due ky ndng song thdng qua hoat dpng ngodi gid len l&p Muc tieu ciia giao due ky nang song la nham giiip ngudi hpc thay doi each ling xii ciia minh theo hudng tich cue, hieu qua Chi ed each hpc dua tren tu Idiam pha biin than hoac tu ITnh hpi thi mdi giup ngudi thay ddi can biin hanh vi cua minh Ban chat ciia nd chinh la sy trai nghiem (Carl Rogers) Hoat dong ngoai gid len idp eo uu the la dieu kien thdi gian thoai mai han gid leii idp nen van diing giao due trai nghiem thuan loi han Chinh vi vay, thilt ke npi dung va td chile giao due ky nang sdng qua hoat dpng ngoai gid len idp, 38 TAP CHI TAM Vf HOC, Sd 12 (201), 12 - 2015 can quan tam khai thae kien thirc, kinh nghiem va ky nang da cd ciia hpe sinh Qua trinh hpe ky nang sdng dupc phan tich nhu sau: 1) Buac 1: Kham pha - Muc tieu: Khuyen khich ngudi hpc xac djnh nhOng khai niem, ky nang lien quan din bai hpc - Tien trinh: Giao vien va ngudi hpc lap kl hoaeh dl tao trai nghiem Giao vien giiip ngudi hpe xu ly cac kiln thirc da ed dl tl chirc va phan loai cac kien thiic dd 2) Buac 2; Ket ndi - Muc tieu: Gidi thieu nhihig thdng tin va ky nang mdi bang each xay dung cau ndi de ket gin kinh nghiem trudc dd eiia ngudi hoe (cai da bilt) va eai chua bilt (thdng tin mdi) Cay cau se kit ndi kinh nghiem cua ngudi hpc vdi chli de bai hpe - Tien trinh: Giao vien gidi thieu muc tieu ciia bai hpc va lien he vdi nhiing kien thirc thu thap dugc chia se bude kham pha Giao vien tl chirc gidi thipu nhOng thdng tin mdi va kiem tra sy nam bat thdng tin mdi, eung cip vi du bd sung (neu cin) de ngudi hge cd thi hilu duge 3) Buac 3: Thue hanh - Mue tieu; Tao ca hpi cho ngudi hpc thyc hanh sii dung nhilng kien thiic ve ky nang mdi ngS canh diy dil y nghia Giao vien dua nhilng hudng dan de ngudi hpe tranh dupc nhirng each thyc hien khdng dung chua hieu Tien trinh: Giao vien gidi thieu hoat ddng ma de thyc hien nd ngudi hpc phai sii dung nhirng thdng tin hoae ky nang mdi Ngudi hpc lam viee theo nhdm, theo cap hoae ca nhan de hoan nhiem vu 4) Buoc 4; Van dung - Muc tieu: Cung cap ca hgi cho ngudi hpc tich hgp, md rpng va van dung thong tin, ky nang mdi vao tinh hudng mdi - Tien trinh: Ngudi day va ngudi hge lap ke hoaeh hoat dgng d cac lmh vye ndi dung mdn hge khac ma nd ddi hdi van dyng kien thirc va ky nang mdi Ngudi hge lam viec theo nhdm, theo cap hoac ca nhan de hoan nhiem vu Ngudi day va ngudi hgc hdi va tra ldi cac cau hdi qua trinh de giup danh gia ket qua hgc tap TAP CHI TAM Vf HOC, Sd 12 (201), 12-2015 39 3.3 Gido due ky ndng sing thdng qua dich vu tham van hoc du&ng Trong hoat dgng giao due ky nang sing cho hpe sinh, vai trd cua ngudi lam to vin hpc dudng la cung cip dich vu/h5 trg gian tiep, giiip giao vien giai quyll vin dl ciia hpc sinh qua frinh giao due ky nang sdng cho cac em Nha tu vin hgc dudng ciing vdi giao vien giiip eac em hgc sinh nhan thiic vl ky nang sing, thuc hanh ky nang sing cung nhu ciing ed ky nang sing Ket luan Nguyen tic va dudng giao due ky nang song la dieu tat yeu de nang cao ehit lugng giao due va de ngudi hgc cd the dap img nhung thach thiic cOa cudc sing Nhirng ndi dung nao ham chiia ky nang sdng thi can xay dung nhirng chii dl cd ndi dung va phuang phap hudng tdi hinh thanh/giao due nhirng ky nang sdng chuyen biet Qua trinh dao tao nha trudng can phai dugc tl chUe theo hudng tiep can ky nang song dam bao su tuang tac giiia ngudi day - ngudi hgc va ngudi hpc vdi theo phuang thire ciing tham gia, dam bao dat duge ket qua tdng hpp, toan dien ciia ca kien thiic, thai dp, gia tri va ky nang, dam bao cho ngudi hgc Hge de biet, Hpc de lam, Hgc de tu khang dinh minh, Hgc de chung song vdi mpi ngudi Tai lieu tham khao Chuang trinh ihuc nghiem gido due sdng khoe mgnh vd ky ndng sdng eho hpc sinh THCS, Bp Giao due - Dao iao hgp tac vdi UNICEF, 2003 Nguyen Thanh Binh, Gido due ky ndng song cho nien cpng dong, Hgp tac vdi tl chile CCF Australia, 2005 Ky ndng sdng - cdu ndt tdi khd ndng cita ngu&i Ban thao lan thir 13, di^u chinh 16/6/2003, Tilu ban Giao due cua UNESCO Pari (Ban tilng Anh) Department of Education and Science and the Welsh Office, Discipline m schools: Report of the Committee of Enquiry Chaired by Lord Elton, London: HMSO, ISBN 0112706657, 1989 Akers R.L., Krohn M.D., Lanza-Kaduce L & Radosevich M., Social learning and deviani behavior: A specific test of a general theory, American Sociological Review, 44,635-655, 1979 Dodge K.A., Pettii G.S., Bates J.E & Valente £., Social information processing patterns partially mediate the effect of early physical abuse on later conduct problems, Joumal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 632 - 643, 1995 40 TAP CHI TAM Vf HOC, Sd 12 (201), 12-2015 ... due phong tranh lam dung tro chai dien tu (game) cho hoc sinh tieu hgc" theo each ti6p can tru cot (thuc chat la giao due ky nang song cho hgc sinh) 1) Hpc de biet (cac ky nang nhan thiic) - Biet... nang sing cho hpe sinh, vai trd cua ngudi lam to vin hpc dudng la cung cip dich vu/h5 trg gian tiep, giiip giao vien giai quyll vin dl ciia hpc sinh qua frinh giao due ky nang sdng cho cac em... minh, co thi giup tang dang kl tac dpng cua chuong trinh Cac phu-ong phap giao due ky nang sing cho hoc sinh tilu hoe 36 TAP CHI TAM Vf HOC, Stf 12 (201), 12 - 2015 3.1 Gido due ky ndng song qud trinh