Tình cảm đối với hoạt động đánh bắt xa bờ của chủ tàu ven biển miền trung nước ta

TINH CAM OOI v o l HOAT D O N G D A N H BAT XA BO C U A CHU TAU VEN BIEN MIEN TRUNG NUOC TA Bai Viet si) dung so lieu de tai cap Bp: Thai dp doi vdi hoat dong danh bat xa bd cm c\i dan ven bien mien Trung] Vien Tarn ly hoc chu tri; PGS.TS Nguyen Thi Hoa lam chO nhiem PGS.TS Nguyen ThjHoa Vien Tarn ly hoc TOM TAT Tinh cam vai hogt dong danh bat xa bd ciia chu tau la trgng thai cam xuc c6 y thuc, on dinh ciia chu tau, phdn anh su danh gid ve y nghia hoat dong danh bat xa bd doi vai nhu cdu vd hoat dong song cua chu tau Nghien cihi dicac tiin hdnh tren 212 chu tau Gio Linh (Qudng Tri) vd Nha Trang (Khdnh Hoa) thong qua phuang phdp dieu tra bang bang hoi, phong van sdu vd nghien cuu tai lieu Ket qua nghien ciht cho thdy, xet iheo sac thai tinh cdm/cdm xuc tinh cam doi vai hogt dong ddnh bat xa cua chu tau duac the hien qua cd cam xuc duang tinh vd dm tinh Chu tdu lo Idng ve su bdt on, suy gidm cua thu nhgp, tuc gign, buc boi vai su cd mat cua tdu la tren vung bien nuac la vd lo sa cd the xdy truang hap ngudi lao dong bi benh nguy cdp thai gian ddnh bdt xa bd Dong thdi chu tdu tu hdo, hdnh dien vdi vai trd, trdch nhiem bdo ve bien ddo To quoc Tuy nhien, xet theo chitc ndng cdc cdm xuc cua ho (ke cd cdm xuc dm tinh vd duang tinh) deu mang tinh tich cue, chung phdn anh su quan tdm, tinh than trdch nhiem cua chu tdu doi vdi su phdt trien hogt dong ddnh bdt xa bd Nhin chung, nhom chu tdu tham gia nghien cuu quy vd gdn bo vdi nghe Tu- khoa: Chu tdu; Hoat dong ddnh bdt xa bd; Tinh cdm/cdm xuc doi vdi hogt dong ddnh bdt xa bd cua chu tdu Ngdy nhgn bdi: 20/9/2018; Ngdy duyet ddng bai: 25/12/2018 Dat van de Tinh cam la trang thai cam xuc c6 y thiic, on dinh, phan anh sir danh gia v^ y nghTa cua d6i tuang vai nhu cliu, vai hoat dong s6ng ciia chu the Nhu vay, tinh cam la dang cam xuc dac biet Tinh cam dugfc hinh va phat trien qua trinh xa hoi hoa ca nhan TAP CHI TAl\fl LV HOC, S6' (238), - 2019 Tinh cam va cam xiic c6 diSm chung va c6 lien quan chat che vdi Chiang deu la nhOng bieu hien ctia thai doi vdi mot stj val/hien tugfng nao CO li6n quan den nhu cau cua chu thi Tinh cam duac hinh va duac the hien qua cam xuc hay noi each khac, dm xuc la co sa hinh va phat trien tinh cam, la phirang tien the hien tinh cam Ben canh do, hai hien tuong tam ly c6 sir khac tren nhieu phuang dien: tinh on dinh, tinh xa hoi va ca ch6 sinh 1^ - than kinh M^t diem khac bi?t nila giOa cam xilc va tinh cam tao nen sir gin k6t giOa chung la: tinh cam mang tinh khai quit (tinh cam doi vdi mot loai/pham trii cac sir v|t/hi$n tugng), do, cam xiic mang tinh cii thi (cam xiic d6i vdi timg thuoc tinh cija sir vat/hi$n tuang) (Pham Minh Hac, 1995; TrSn Trong Thtiy, 1998; Nguyin Quang Uin, 2011) Vi vay, ii tim hiju tinh cam ddi vdi mot sir vat/hien tuong cila chil thi cin thong qua nhOng bilu hien cam xuc doi vdi timg thuoc tinh cua sir vat/hien tuang Tinh cam la mot thuoc tinh cua nhan each Tinh cam c6 quan he va c6 tac dong den nhieu to tam ly cila nhan each nhu: nhan thtic, cac biiu hien ctia xu hudng nhan each (nhu cau, hilng thil, niem tin ), nang lire hanh dong, giao tiep (Pham Minh Hac, 1995; Tran Trong Thtiy - chii bien, 1998; Nguyen Quang UJn va dSng sir, 2013) Tinh cam cd vai tro dac biet quan doi vdi hoat dong ctia ngudi: "Cam xuc, tinh cam thuc dSy ngudi hoat dong, giiip ngudi khac phuc nhihig khd lihan, trd ngai gap phai qua trinh hoat dong" (Pham Minh Hac, 1995, tr 149) Tinh hai mat ciia tinh cam/cam xiic dugfC nhieu nha nghien cdu quan tam Trong m6t so tai lidu tieng Anh, ten gpi va chijc nang ciia hai mat doi lap cua tinh cam kha nhit quan: duong tinh (positive emotions) va am tinh (negative emotions) (Ilona Boniwel, 2008; Sieun An, Li-Jun Ji, Michael Marks va Zhiyong Zhang, 2017) Cac nha nghien cilu tren khjng dinh vai trd hai mSt ciia mdi loEii tinh cam Noi cu thS han la ca hai loai tinh cam (duong tinh va am tinh) deu c6 the cd tac dong ti'ch cue va ti6u cue dSn cac phSn tam ly khac ciia nhan each, phu thuoc vao tinh huong va mile biSu hien ciia loai tinh cam Dong thdi, ho ciing khing dinh sir ciin thigt tdn tai ca hai loai tinh cam d moi ca nhan eon ngudi d Viet Nam, each goi ten tinh cam/cam xiic theo hai mat d6i lap chua CO tinh thdng nhit Nguyin Quang Uin (2013) gpi hai loai tinh cam/cam xiic doi lap la tinh cam tich cue va tinh cam tieu cue Trong do, cam xiic tich cue thudng gan vdi tinh hudng thuan lai va sir tac dong tich circ; trai lai, cam xiic tieu cue gin vdi tinh hudng bit Ipi va tdc dong tieu cue Tren eo so phan loai tirong tir To Xuan Lan goi hai loai dm xiic dSi lap la cam xiic duang tinh va cam xiic am tinh (http://bsnguyetivanhoa.com.vn) Tran Trong Thuy (1998), goi ten cac tinh cAm ddi lap bing ca hai each, theo tCmg cap tuong phan la tinh TAP CHiTAM If HOC, Stf I (238), - 2019 cam tich cue di vai tieu eye, tinh cam duang tinh song hanh eung am tinh Theo ong, tinh cam tich cue/duong tinh thuang eo tac dong tich cue, trai lai, tinh cam tieu euc/am tinh gan lien vai tac dong tieu cue Theo tae gia bai viet, hai each gpi ten tinh cam/cam xiie doi lap {tich cue va tieu cue hay duang tinh va am tinh) c6 y nghTa khong giong Tinh cam/cam xuc tich cue va tinh cam/cam xue tieu euc la each goi theo tiep can chuc nang Tinh cam/cam xiic duang ti'nh va tinh cam/cam xiic am tinh - gpi theo sac thai tinh cam/cam xiie Cam xiic duang tinh thuang noi den nhilng cam xiic c6 sac thai tuai sang (niem vui, sir hai long, su phan ehan, thich), gan lien vdi trang thai vui ve, thoai mai, hanh phuc, rang ra, tuai tan cua ehu thi Trai lai, cam xiic am tinh thuang c6 sac thai tram, nang ne (buon, lo lang, earn ghet, chan nan), gan lien vai trang thai tram tu, u ru, met moi ciia ehii the Tuy nhien, ca hai loai tinh cam/cam xiie (duang tinh va am tinh) deu can thiet eho eon nguai Ca hai loai tinh cam/cam xiic duang tinh va am tinh deu eo the eo vai tro hai mSt (ti'ch cue va tieu cue) doi vol cae phan khac ciia nhan each, phu thuoc vao muc dp the hien eua ehiing Trong nghien cuu nay, chiing toi cho rang, tinh cam vai hoat d6ng danh bat xa ba ciia chu tau la trang thai cam xiic c6 y thuc, on dinh cua chu tau, phan anh su danh gia ve y nghTa cua hoat dong danh bat xa ba d6i vai nhu can va dai s6ng ciia ho Tinh cam voi hoat dong danh bat xa ba dupe thd hien qua cam xiic voi mot s6 khia canh ca ban, dac trung ciia hoat dong Hoat dong danh bat xa ba la mot dang hoat dong nghe eua ngu dan (eon duac nguai dan gpi la nghe ea, nghe di bien), thuc hien khai thae hai san a vung bien sau, each xa b6, bang phuang tien chinh la tau thiiy dupe lap may ehinh vai eong suat Ion (Chuang trinh phat trien danh bat hai san xa ba, http://www2.hcmuaf.edu.vn/) M6i tau danh bat xa bd la tai san thuoc sd hiru ciia mot ehii tau Diy la mot tai san c6 gia tri rSt Idn \k mat vat chSt (Tri Tin, 2013; Do Van, 2018) Chii tau phai c6 giay dang ky hanh nghl danh ca xa bd tai dia phuang nai eu trii hoac giay phep hanh nghe danh ca xa bd ea quan bao ve nguon lai thuy san cSp (Chuang trinh phat trien danh bat hai san xa bd, http://www2.hcmuaf.edu.vn) Chii tau la ngudi ehiu trach nhiem cao nhat ve tau va cac phuang tien danh bat tren tau, ehiu traeh nhiem tra luang eho nhung ngudi lao dong tren t^u Hoat dong danh bat xa bd d Viet Nam la m6t hoat dong ngh6 c6 gia tri kinh te Idn No dem lai Ipi ich kinh te dang kl cho ngudi lao dong, dac biet, eho ehii tau Mot ty le dang ki chu tau d nude ta da lam giau tu hoat dong (Ngpc Thien, Tukn Cudng, 2015; Hoa Le, 2014) Trong bai viat nay, chiing toi TAPCHITAMLyHQCSd'l (238), -2019 tim hilu nhung cam xiic d6i vdi thu nhap - gia tri kinh ti - tir hoat dong danh bat xa bd ciia chii tau Trong nhCing nam gan day, hoan canh c6 sir tranh chap phuc tap tren Bien Bong, hoat dong danh bat xa bd cd vai tro, trach nhiem quan gdp phin khSng dinh quySn chii quySn va bao ve chii quyen bien dao ciia To qu6e (NguySn Van Dung, 2011; Ngoe Hai, 2013) NhiJng ngudi lao dong tren cac tau danh bit hai san xa bd "vira la nhQng ngudi lao ddng cin cu, vira la lire luong canh gidi, phat hien, thong bao cho cac ca quan chile nang ve tinh hinh tren biin va tham gia tim kiSm cilu nan, gdp phan ngan chan sit xam nhap trai phap luat ciia tau, thuyln nude ngoai vimg biin ciia To quoc" (Hong Lam, Van Bay, Hoang Trudng, 2014) Vai trd, trach nhiem xa hoi tren day la mot net dac thu ciia hoat dong danh bit xa bd Vi vay, cam xiic ddi vdi trach nhiem xa hoi cua hoat dong ciing se duac quan tam tim hieu Mot digm dac trung ntia ciia hoat dong danh bat xa bd khong the khong di cap iiti la diiu kien moi truimg lam viee khong thuan Igi, c6 nhieu yeu to nguy hi6m de doa su an toan tinh mang va tai san ciia ngu dan (Ngpc Thien, Tuin Cudng, 2015; Le H6ng Minh, 2011; Van Duin, 2016; Nguyin Van Hung, 2012; Ha Ki6u, 2016; Nam Khanh, 2018; Nguyin Thj Hoa, 2018) Vay ngu dan cd cam xuc nhu thi nao ddi vdi dieu kien lam viee ciia hoat dong ciing la diiu tac gia bai viit mong mudn lam ro Cu6i ciing, tinh cam doi vdi hoat dong danh bit xa bd noi chung ciia ngu dan tham gia nghien ciru nhu the nao la muc tieu Idn nhat ciia bai viet Nhu vay, hoat dong danh bat xa bd la mot hoat dong nghe khong nhirng dem lai gia tri kinh te cho chu the hoat dong, ma giiip hp thuc hien trach nhiem xa hoi - ddng gdp vao viee khang dinh quyen chii quyen va bao ve bien dao cua To quoc Ben canh do, mot dac trung ca ban cua hoat dong danh bat xa bd d nude ta la dieu kien lam viee khd khan, vat va va c6 nhieu yeu to riii ro, nguy hiem de doa Nhiing dieu dd ddi hoi ngu dan phai cd trach nhiem Idn va ban linh vQng vang hoat dong nghe Tir goc dp ly luan, cung nhu kinh nghiem thuc te cho thay, ngu dan chi c6 the dam duang vai tro va trach nhiem ddi vdi nghe, cd nghi luc duang dau vdi khd khan, nguy hiem nghe tinh cam/cam xiic cua hp cd tac dong thuc diy sir phat trien nghe (quan tam din nghe, quy trpng, gan bd, lo lang cho su phat trien cua nghi ) Vi vay, viee tim hiiu tinh cam ddi vdi hoat dong danh bat xa bd cua ngu dSn lam ca sd cho viee de xuat chinh sach nham cung c6 va phat trien nhirng tinh cam cd tac dong tich cue, han che nhiing tinh cam cd tac ddng tieu cue den sir ton tai va Idn manh ctia hoat dong danh bat xa bd la rat can thiet, cd y nghTa thuc tiin Idn TAP CHI TAM LY HOC, Sd (238), I - 2019 Mau va phuang phap nghien cuu 2.1 Mau nghien cAu M I U nghien ciiu: gdm 212 chu tau danh bat xa bd Tu6i ddi trung binh ciia mau phan tich la 50,45 Mau dupe chpn tai dia phuang ven bien mien Trung nude ta la tinh Quang Tri va Khanh Hoa Tai Quang Trj - mau dupe chpn tai huyen Gio Linh (gom xa Gio Hai va thi tran Ciia Viet), tai Khanh Hoa Nha Trang (gdm nhieu phudng) Mlu dupe chpn theo kieu thuan lai 2.2 Phuang phdp nghien cuu Phuang phdp dieu tra bang bang hoi: Bang hoi bao gom hai phan: - PhRn thii nhat gom cac cau hoi tim hieu thong tin ca nhan - Phan thii hai la thang Tinh cam vdi hoat dong danh bat xa bd ciia chii tau Thang gom 14 menh de (item) Do la nhiJng nhan dinh cu the vh tinh cam doi vdi cac khia canh dac trung, ea ban ciia hoat dong danh bat xa bd nhu: tinh cam vdi traeh nhiem xa hoi, tinh cam ddi vdi su phii hop nghe, tinh cam doi vdi gia tri kinh te va tinh cam vdi dieu kien lam viee Viee danh gia tinh cam cua ehii tau chu yeu dua tren tieu ehi ve sac thai tinh cam: tinh cam mang tinh chat am tinh hay duang tinh Trong dd, c6 item cd y nghTa nghich dao - nhOng nhan dinh ve tinh cam am tinh NhQng item se dupe ddi diem trude tinh diem trung binh Moi item cd phuang an tra Idi: - Khong ddngy - Dong y mot phan - Dong y hoan toan Diem trung binh tirng item cang eao chung to chu tau cang cd tinh cam duong tinh, diem trung binh cang thap - tinh chat am tinh cang dupe the hien ro DTB chung thang cang Idn, ehu tau danh gia cang cd tinh cam duang tinh va ngupc lai, DTB ehung cang thap, cang cd tinh cam am tinh vdi hoat ddng Viee thu thap so lieu bang bang hoi dupe thuc hien theo each tiep can ca nhan khaeh the: can bo dieu tra bang hoi va phdng van sau true tiep phdng van va ghi chep eau tra Idi eua timg khach the, khong gidi han thdi gian tra Idi Dp tin cay Alpha ciia Cronbaeh ciia thang la 0,66 Phdng vdn sdu: Phdng van sau duac thuc hien bang bang hoi ban cau true nham lam ro han, sau han nhung noi dung nghien ciiu djnh lupng Nghien cuu tai lieu: Tai lieu dupe doe, tdng hop, phan tich la nhung sach, bai tap chi duac xuat ban (bang ban in hoac dupe dang tai tren internet) va nhung bai bao dupe chpn Ipc tren internet TAPCHfTAML?H0C,S6'1(238), 1-2019 Kit qua nghien cii-u Kit qua d bang s6 lieu cho thdy, tinh cam ddi vdi hoat dong danh bat xa bd noi chung eua chit tau tham gia tra Idi bang hoi cd DTB = 2,06; DLC = 0,33 Nhiing sd dd noi len ring, tinh cam vdi hoat ddng danh bat xa bd cua chu tau mlu nghien ciru gin nhu d mire trung tinh, khong mang tinh chat duong tinh va khong mang tinh chat am tinh Bang I: Mot s6 biiu hien cdm xiic doi voi hoat dong ddnh bat xa bo cua chil tau tren toan mdu nghien cuu (theo tyle% cdc mice y kien vd DTB, DLC) Cac mijc dong y Khong Bong y Dongy hoan mot dongy toan phan DTB DLC 71,7 2,66 0,58 25,0 40,4 1,94 0,87 18,9 22,6 58,5 1,60 0,79 Toi hai long voi thu nhap hien 15,1 47,2 37,7 2,23 0,69 Toi thay bit binh vi thu nhap cua toi l(h6ng phii hop vai sir vit va va nguy hiem cua nghe.* 15,4 42,2 40,4 1,75 0,70 Toi rat lo vi thu nhap tir nghe cang kem on dinh.* 20,7 18,9 60,4 1,60 0,81 Toi thiy lo vi cong vice lam an cang kho khan, thu nhap se canggiam.* 7,7 21,2 71,2 1,36 0,62 Toi tir hac vi dugc gop phan bao ve chu quyen biln dao 1,9 5,8 92,3 2,90 0,35 Toi chi lo lam an, khong quan tam den trach nhiem bao ve chii quyen bien dao.* 84,4 7,8 7,8 2,76 0,58 10 Toi hanh dien vi toi da gop phin khang dinh quyen chu quyen ya bao ve chu quyen bien dao To quoc 1,9 7,7 90,4 2,88 0,38 11 Noi lo Ian nhat cua toi la sg tau hong hoac c6 sir c6 true trac* 47,1 5,7 47,2 2,00 0,97 STT Biiu hien tinh cam ciia chii tau Toi quy nglie vi no quan doi vcri toi 5,7 22,6 Toi thay bu6n vi nghe di bi€n khong dirac coi trong.* 34,6 Toi lo ling den mot Hie nao khong CO theo nghe * TAP CHI TAM If HOC, So' (238), - 2019 13 Ng^y nay, di bien toi khong sg bSo giong bat ngcy vi da c6 bg dam t6t, c6 the nghe dir bao thai tiet hang 44,2 11,5 44,3 2,00 0,94 14 Dieu toi khong thich nhat bi8n la gap tau chirc nang nuac ngoai.* 30,8 7,7 61,5 1,69 0,91 15 Dieu toi lo ngai nhat di bien la CO ban thuyen bi benh bat nga.* 18,9 16,1 60,0 1,53 0,79 2,06 0,33 DTB Chung Ghi chu: Nhung menh de c6 (*J ta nhihig menh de ve linh cam am linh, duac dot diem tnrac Ichi tinh tin cgy; DTB, DLC cua lung menh de va loan thang DTB cang cao chung to chii tau cang Co tinh cam ducmg tinh, diem trung binh cang thdp - tinh chat dm tinh cang duac the hien ro Vay cam xuc ddi vdi nhiJng khia canh cu the cila hoat ddng danh bat xa bd nhu the nao? Dudi day, chiing toi se de cap den dieu Trong nhirng bieu hien cam xue vdi cac khia canh cu thi cua hoat ddng danh bit xa bd, bieu hien cam xiic vdi trach nhiem xa hoi - bao ve chu quyen biin dao cd DTB cao nhat, rat giin vdi mire diim toi da va DLC tuang ddi thap: "Toi tu hao vi dugc gdp phan bao vS ehii quyin biin dao" c6 DTB = 2,9/3; DLC = 0,35 va "Toi hanh dien vi toi da gdp phto khSng djnh quyin chu quyin va bao vi chii quyin biin dao T6 qudc" cd DTB = 2,88/3; DLC = 0,38 Tuang tu, 84,4% s6 khach the tham gia nghien ciru khong ddng y vdi y kiin eho rang: nhirng ngudi lao ddng danh bat xa bd khong quan tam den trach nhiem bao ve chii quyin biin dao (bang I) Nhirng ket qua dd noi len rang, nhdm chu tau tham gia nghien ciru cd cam xuc duong tinh ro ret vdi trach nhiem xa hoi cila hoat ddng danh bat xa bd Nhirng biiu hien tren day ciing dupe phan anh d kit qua nghien ciru tai lieu: "La cd To quoc ludn dupe ngu dSn quan tam, can than treo len cao tren nhirng tau di khjng dinh chii quyen bien dao Viet Nam" (Cong Cudng, 2016) v i tinh thin bam biin vdi muc dich lam kinh te va bao vi bien dao cua ngu dan, dng Nguyin Viet Thang - Chu tich Hoi Nghi ca Viet Nam nhan xet; "Ngu dan Viet Nam la mot lire luong ddng dao, cd dung khI, dam mao hiim, bam biin hanh nghe dieu kien biin ludn nghiet nga vdi hp" (Nguyin Viet Thing, 2016) Phuang phap phdng sau cung cho kit qua tuong tu Mot chu tau da tirng bi mot tau chiic nang nude ngoai de dpa, pha ludi tren dudng tau anh di danh bit xa bd d Trudng Sa khang dinh: "Sau su cd mot tdu chitc ndng nude ngodi gay mot Idn chiing toi tren duang di ddnh bdt a Trudng Sa, tu TAPCH[TAML"('HpC,SdI(238), 1-2019 tuang cua toi vd ban thuyen vdn vOng vdng, on dinh, khong sa di bien Chiing toi sSn sang tiip tuc di biin di Idm kinh te vd bdo ve chu quyen bien ddo" (B.D.T., 60 tudi, Gio Linh, Quang Trj) Mot chu tau khac chia se hit siie chan that ring: "Chiing toi ludn cd y thuc phdi cdnhgidc, hap site vai de bdm biin Idm an vd giie biin ddo Nhiing nghivi vai tro ciia minh, toi thay vui vd tu hdo" (P.V.T.A., 46 tudi, Nha Trang, Khanh Hda) Tra Idi cau hoi: "Diiu anh thich nhit nghi danh bit xa bd la gi?", mdt ehu tau tre tudi ndi: '"Tot thich nhdt la duac di biin, duac Idm nghi ciia minh, an cd tuai, huang khong Idnh vd tham gia bdo ve chu quyen bien ddo ciia ddt nude minh" (N.T.N., 35 tuoi, Gio Linh, Quang Tri) Nhin chung, chii tau thi hien ro cam xuc duang tinh (tu hao, hanh dien, quan tam din trach nhiem xa hoi) ddi vdi trach nhiem gdp phin bao ve chii quyin biin dao, sir quan tam duac thi hien bang nhung hanh ddng cu the cd y nghTa nhu: ludn dem theo va treo cd T6 qudc tren tau, nang cao canh giac nhim tranh tin thit cho ngudi va tai san; thich thu vdi vai trd cua minh Ben canh dd, khong khd di nhan nhirng cam xuc am tinh vdi mot sd khia canh cua hoat ddng danh bit xa bd d nhdm chu tau tra Idi bang hoi Trong dd, tinh chit am tinh ciia cam xuc ddi vdi thu nhap cua hoat ddng the hien ro nhit: "Toi thiy lo vi cdng viee lam an cang khd khan, thu nhap se cang giam" cd DTB = 1,36; DLC = 0,62 va "Tdi rat lo vi thu nhap tir nghi cang kem dn djnh" cd DTB = 1,60; DLC = 0,81 Mot each tuong ilng, xet theo ty le %, cd 71,2% so ngudi cdng nhan hp cd lo lang thu nhap cang giam, so ngudi khdng lo lang chiem ty le khong dang ke (7,7%) va 60,4% sd ngudi cd lo lang thu nhap cang it in dinh (bang I) Viee tim hiiu thuc trang hoat ddng danh bat xa bd d nude ta ndi chung va d hai dia phuong dupe khao sat cho thay, danh gia cua khach the dupe phan anh qua cam xuc ddi vdi thu nhap tir hoat ddng tuang ddi sat vdi thuc te Trong thdi gian gan day, cd nhieu ydu to anh hudng xau den hieu qua kinh ti cua hoat ddng danh bat xa bd: sir suy giam ro ret ciia nhieu loai hai san phuong thiie danh bat huy diet cua mot sd hinh thuc khai thac hai san (Pham Manh, 2018) va sir gia tang manh vi sd luong phuang tien danh bat (Ronald D., Zweig va dong sir, 2005); sir gia tang ve sd luong va ve tinh bat thudng ciia bao gidng hang nam (Trung tam Khi tupng Thiiy van Qudc gia, 2013; Luu Nguyen, 2017); gia ehi phi diu tu cho mdi ehuyen di (xang, dau, tien cdng cho ban thuyen) tang rd ret, luc dd, gia diu cua san phim bip benh (Minh Thanh, 2012; Duy Thanh va Trin Manh, 2012) Ket qua ciia phuang phap tpa dam ciing khang djnh nhiing khd khan anh hudng den hieu qua kinh te cua hoat dong danh bat xa bd Trong budi tpa dam 10 TAP CHI TAM If HOC, Sd' I (238), I - 2019 vdi can bd ea sd d Gio Linh (Quang Tri), eae can bp ehii ehot cua dia phuang ehia se: nam 2017 cd th6 ndi la nam mSt mua bien eiia ngu dan dia phuang Trong nhieu nguyen nhan gay mat mua, su eo nhiem moi trudng cdng ty Formusa Ha Tinh gay anh hudng Idn nhat Su cd d nhiim mdi trudng khong nhiing lam giam san luong khai thac hai san, ma gia hai san cung tut doc mot each khd tudng tuong Ket qua nghien cuu phdng van sau phan anh tuang tu su danh gia va cam xuc trSn day eiia chu tau Tra Idi phong van sau ve tinh cam ddi vdi nghe va vdi thu nhap tij nghe danh bit xa bd, mot chii tau ndi; "To/ rat lo lang cho cdng viee, nhdt Id thu nhgp cua minh Gdn day, nhieu gia dinh Idm nghe d day, cung nhu nha toi bi thua 16 thudng xuyen vi dieu kien idm dn ngdy cdng khd: chi phi dau vao cao han, tra luang cho ban thuyen nhieu han Han the, a Nha Trang, it dgi ly mua cd ngu dgi duang, ho Idm gid vai nhau, ep gid chung toi nen chung toi thudng hi thiet" (T.H., 64 tuoi, Nha Trang, Khanh Hda) Mot ehu tau kh^e d Gio Linh, Quang Tri noi: "To/ rat lo vi lam dn ngdy cdng kho khan Sau su c6 Formusa, san luang ddnh bdt gidm, gid gidm vd tap benh O day, ca chung toi ddnh bdt duac chu yeu ban cho thuang lai Trung Quoc Chung toi vdn ehiu canh "duac mua mdt gid'''' (H.V.T., 39 tudi, Gio Linh, Quang Tri) Ve tinh cam doi vdi su thieu dn dinh ciia thu nhap nghe danh bat xa bd, mdt chu tau ehia se: '''Bdt on von la tinh chat cua thu nhgp tu nghe Chd vl the md ngudi ta vi nhirng viee cd tinh may rui cao vai viee "di cdu" Nhung ngdy nay, tinh bdt on cdng lan Theo toi, it ngudi dam khdng dinh, minh tie tin, khong lo lang vdi tinh hinh thu nhgp thdi gian tdC (H.V.A., 54 tudi, Gio Linh, Quang Tri) Kit qua d bang cung eho thay, tinh chit am tinh kha ro cua cam xue vdi mot sd hien tupng bat Ipi, khong mong dpi ed th6 xay qua trinh thuc hien hoat dong danh bat xa bd d nhdm chii tau: "Di6u tdi khong thieh nhat di biin la gap tau chiic nang nude ngoai va bj quay rdi" cd DTB ^ 1,69; DLC ^ 0,91 Trong nhOng cau ehuyen dupe eae ehii tau trao ddi, ehia se vdi can bp khao sat de tai vl nhirng khd khan, bat lai, nhiing dieu hp khdng thich cua hoat ddng danh bat xa bd, su tuc gian vi hay gap tau nude ngoai tren viing biin Viet Nam va bi quay pha dupe nhac den kha nhilu Mdt chii tau da tirng bi mot tau chuc nang nude ngoai pha ludi ndi: "Chung toi rat kho ehiu gap tdu chuc ndng nuac ngodi, ho thudng chgy khua khodng, c6 tinh lam tdu minh hi x6 Idc vd doi doa ngt cat ludi, pha tdi san" (B.D.T, 60 tudi, Gio Linh, Quang Tri) Mot chii tau khac chia se: "'Moi nhin thdy tdu la, tdu nude ngodi tren vung hien nude minh, toi rat tuc vd cdng tuc han khong lam gi duae ho vi tdu minh nho be han tdu ho vd khong eo vu khi, chi biet tranh xa ho di bdo dam an toan" (P.V.T.A., 46 tudi, Nha Trang, Khanh Hda) TAPCHITAMLtHQCSd' (238), 1-2019 Mdt cam xiic am tinh khac d nhdm chii tau tham gia nghien cirii la sit lo ngai cd ngudi bj benh dot ngpt thuc hien hoat ddng danh bat xa bd: "Diiu tdi lo ngai nhit di biin la ed bail thuyin bj benh, bi tai nan bat ngd" cd DTB = 0,53; DLC = 0,71 Suy ngam vi diiu nay, chung tdi hiiu rang, cam xiic xuit phat tir nhu ciu an toan cua mdi ngudi, tir trai nghiem thuc te nghi, ciing nhu tir ca chi lay lan cam xiic Chung ta c6 the hinh dung ring, trudng hop cac tau dang lenh denh tren biin xa bd, each xa dat lien hang ducmg niu ed ngudi nao bj benh hiim ngheo can dtrpc can thiep, ciru chua khin cip (dau rupt thira, ngd doc thuc pham), qua la hit sire dang lo ngai Tren thuc ti, sd hang nghin tau danh bit xa bd vdi hang trieu ngudi lao ddng, nhimg quang thdi gian khdng ngin cua moi ehuyin di (ngan nhit mot tuin va cd dai din 90 - din theo Nguyen Thi Hoa, 2018), hien tupng ngudi lao ddng bi benh hiim ngheo, bat ngd la khd tranh khdi Va nhiing trudng hap nhu vay thudng di lai diu in nang ni v i tinh thin cho ngudi di biin Nhirng cam xuc dd de dupe lay lan nhirng ngudi ciing nghi va trd su lo sp, bit an, am anh ddi vdi chii tau Mdt cam xiic khac ciia nhom kliach thi nghien ciru ma chung toi rit mudn ban luan d day la cam xuc doi vdi sir nguy hiem thien tai gay dpi vdi ngudi lao ddng va tai san ciia hp hoat ddng danh bat xa bd Tim hieu vi hoat ddng danh bit xa bd ciia ngu dan d nude ta cho thiy, mdt nhung yiu td de dpa va gay nguy hiim din tinh mang va tai siin cila ngu dSn dang ke nhat la gidng bao bit ngd tren biin (Trung tam Khi tupng Thtiy van qudc gia, 2013; Luu Nguyen, 2017) Hau qua cila thien tai keo theo nhirng ton thuang tinh than nang ni, lau dai cho ngudi dan Hiu hit nhOng ngudi dupe phdng van sau tra Idi cau hoi: "Diiu anh khong thieh nhit nghi/dieu bat Ipi nhat hoat dong danh bit xa bd la gi?" diu ndi din su sp hai ddi vdi nhiing nguy hiem/hau qua cd the xay gidng bao bat ngd Tuy nhien, tra Idi bang hoi ve nhan djnh: "Ngay nay, di biin tdi khdng sp bao gidng bat ngd vi da cd bd dam tot, cd the nghe dir bao thdi tiit hang ngay", cd 44,2% sd ngudi tra Idi khdng ddng y vdi nhan dinh dd, nlc la, hp eho rang, mac du, dieu kien cd cac phuang tien nghe du bao thdi tiet de sdm biet tinh hinh thdi tiet, hp van so nhiing nguy hiem gidng bao cd the gay Ddng thdi, mdt ty le tuong duong khach the ddng y vdi nhan djnh dd (44,3%>), hie la, nay, rrhd cac phuang tien nghe du bao thdi tiet, cd the kip thdi tranh tru bao gidng can, hp khdng cdn sp su de dpa cua gidng bao, tuang ling vdi DTB = 2,00; DLC = 0,94 (bang 1) Nhu vay, cd su thieu nhat quan giira ket qua tra Idi phdng van sau vdi ket qua tra Idi cau hdi ve ndi sp su nguy hiem eiia bao gidng thuc hien hoat ddng nghi Su thiiu nhit quan dd cd the cd nhieu ly Mot mat, kinh nghiem vi hau qua gidng bao gay TAP CHI lAlVI Lf HOC, Sd (238), - 2019 da dl lai dau an nang nh, khd phai md tam tri cua ngudi dan bien, dac biet, eiia ngu dan Mat khac, khach thi mudn giam nhe su lo sp, sir eang thang vi hp van phai ddi mat vdi su nguy hiem do, bang each sii dung mot so co che phdng ve lo au: ca che phii nhan va eo che lic che (Kendra Cherry, 2017) Ket qua nhat quan vdi ket qua nghien eiiu ciia mot so tac gia nude ngoai ve each tri giac su nguy hiem cua ngu dan danh bat xa bd: su hinh kieu phu nhan hoac xem thudng nguy hiem d ngu dan tuong ddi phd bien, nd nhu mot phan van hda nghe eiia hp Hp ling xu nhu vay vl muon giam nhe ap luc tam ly phai thudng xuyen ddi mat vdi nguy hiem hoat ddng nghe (dan theo Victoria Acheson, 2000) Nhin chung, cam xiic doi vdi dieu kien lam viee cua hoat ddng danh bat xa bd eiia nhdm khach the nghien cuu the hien ro tinh chat am tinh, phan anh danh gia ve nhiing yeu td bat lai dieu kien lao ddng ciia hp Nhung bieu hien tinh cam vdi hoat ddng danh bat xa bd ciia khach the tren day tuong ddi da dang ve sac thai, bao gdm nhiing cam xiic am tinh (lo lang ve thu nhap, lo sp ve nhirng nguy hiem eo the xay hoat dong nghi) va nhiing cam xiie duong tinh (tu hao, hanh dien vdi traeh nhiem xa hoi eiia nghe - bao ve bien dao) Do ciing la dac diem tinh cam ciia nhdm khach the dupe nhdm nghien ciiu cam nhan thdi gian tiep can true tiep vdi hp Tuy nhien, neu xet tii gdc dp chuc nang cua tinh cam, cd the thay nhiing bieu hien deu cd tac ddng tich cue ddi vdi hoat ddng danh bat xa bd Cu the la: earn xiic lo lang vi thu nhap giam, khdng on dinh; tuc gian, khd ehiu thay tau la cd mat tren vimg bien cua Td qudc, lo so ed the xay trudng hpp ban thuyen bi benh nang, bat ngd; lo sp ed the xay nguy hiem gidng td bat ngd tren biin la nhUng cam xiic tu nhien, cd y thiirc cua nhirng ngu dan ed kinh nghiem nghe Nd phan anh su quan tam, su am hieu, su danh gia khach quan thuc trang dieu kien lam viee, ket qua lam viee cua hoat ddng danh bat xa bd ciia khach the boi canh hien tai Dac biet, cam xiic am tinh ddi vdi su hien dien, sir quay pha ciia tau la ehung to tinh yeu va su gan bd vdi bien, dao cua ngu dan Dd la nhiing bieu hien eu the eiia tinh cam yeu quy nghe, mudn gan bo vdi nghe eua ngu dan, ke ca dieu kien nghe dung trude khd khan, bat Ipi Tinh cam duong tinh vdi hoat ddng danh bat xa bd ciia ngu dan edn dupe thi hien qua ket qua thu dupe tir y kien danh gia: "Tdi quy trpng nghe vi nd rat quan vdi tdi", DTB ^ 2,66 va DLC ^ 0,58, tuong ling vdi 71,7% sd khaeh thi ddng y vdi nhan dinh DTB va ty le % cac phuang an tra Idi diu ndi len tinh cam cao dep vdi nghi kha ro TAP CHf TAM LV HOC, Sd (238), - 2019 Kit qua phdng vin sau va nghien ciru tai lieu cho thiy ro han nhOng ket qua tren Qua that nghi di biin cd vai trd rit quan trpng ddi vdi ngu dan, trude hit, nd thda man nhu ciu cd viee lam, dem lai gia trjkinh te eho ban than va gia dinh hp Niu ngupc ddng thdi gian trd vi thdi ky iu tha cua nhirng chii tau Men nay, ed thi nhan thiy ring dai da sd gia dinh ngu dan diu rat ngheo, tri em cac gia dinh dd It dupe hoc hanh, vi thi, nhOng cdng viee tren dat lien khdng chip nhan hp Tiip tuc nghi cua cha anh, nghi ciia gia dinh - nghi di biin - gin nhu la dudng nghi nhit di hp cd viee lam, dupe lao ddng tao ciia cai nudi sing ban than, ddng gdp cho gia dinh va trd ngudi ed ich cho xa hdi (Ha Xuan Thong, 2003; Xuan Trudng, 2015) Sau nay, trd lao ddng chinh, dac biet, chii tau, hp cd gia dinh rieng, hoat ddng nghi dem lai eho hp thu nhap nudi song ban than, chu cap kinh te cho gia dinh, cho di hpc Nhan thiic sau sic vi diiu dd eua chu tau nghien cuu dupe thi hien qua tra Idi phdng van sau: "M«ft sinh vd lan len a mien bien, cha dng theo nghi ndy, minh khdng idm nghe thi biet Idm gl dn" (N.T.N., 35 tudi, Gio Linh, Quang Trj); ''Nha nghi di biin, tdi cd vlec lam, cd tien nudi sdng ban thdn vd gia dinh, cho dl hoc Con tdi ngdy cd trinh do, cd quyen lua chon vlec lam theoy thich" (L.C.M., 48 tudi, Nha Trang, Khanh Hda) Nghi di biin dupe khach the danh gia quan trpng cdn vi sir gan bd lau dai vdi nghi ciia ngu Aiti Kit qua thu dupe tit bang hdi va phdng van sau eho thay, 97,5%> da lam viee hoat ddng danh bit xa bd tren 10 nam, dd, co khdng It ngudi da lam nghe hom 40 nam Phin Idn hp bat dau bude vao nghi hp d giai doan sdm nhat ciia tudi lao ddng, tham chi, khdng it ngudi bat dau lam quen vdi nghe d giai doan dau cua tudi vi nien (11 - 12 tudi) (Ha Xuan Thong, 2003; Xuan Trudng, 2015) Chinh su gan bd lau dai vdi ngu nghiep la sir can trd ddi vdi viee hpc mot nghi mdi, thich nghi vdi mdi trudng lam viee mdi eiia chil tau de cd the ehuyen ddi sang nghe khac Nhirng chia se cua chii tau the hien ro sir gan bd vdi nghe cita hp: "To/ chua bao gia nghi se dau tu vao vlec khac Chiing tdi la ddn bien, sinh vd lan len a vung Men thi chi biet bdm bien lam dn" (T.H., 64 tudi, Nha Trang, Khanh Hda) Mot ehu tau kha tre ndi: ''Bay la nghe ciia cha dng, bay gid cd phuang tien hien dgi, lam viee da kho han, thu nhgp tot han Vi vay, minh cdng yeu nghe, mudn gdn bo lau ddi vdi nghe" (N.T., 37 tudi, Gio Linh, Quang Tri) Mdt bieu hien khac thi hien sir gin bd, yeu nghi cua chu tau: phan Idn chu tau cd nguyen vpng vay tiin Nha nude theo Nghj djnh si 67/2014, Nghj djnh sd 89/2015 cua Thii Wong Chinh phu (https://thuvienphap luatvn) de tu sira/cai hoan tau, dau tu them cac phuang tien san xuit hien dai di tiep tuc di biin Ket qua nghiSn ciru ve su gan bd vdi nghe ngu trdn day nhat quan vdi ket qua nghien cira ciia mdt tac gia ngudi Ha Lan vi dac diim tam ly cua ngu 14 TAP CHI JAM Lf HOC, Sd' (238), - 2019 dan Viet Nam Theo do, 82%i sd ngudi tham gia nghien ciru cho rang, hp chua bao gid nghi den ehuyen bd nghe di bien, 75% eho rang hp van d lai nghe di biin neu hp ed eo hdi ehuyen sang nghe khac ed thu nhap tuang duong va 31 % neu cd thu nhap cao han va dieu kien sdng tot hem thi hp se ehuyen sang nghe khac d cdng ddng dan cu khac (Ingvild Harkes, 2001) Nhirng bieu hien tinh cam vdi hoat ddng danh bat xa bd cua ngu dan nude ta cd nhimg net tuang ddng vdi bieu hien tinh cam d ngu dan mdt sd nude khac Nghien cim cua Sean Pascoe, Tone Cannard, Eddie Jebrin, Cathrine Dichmont va Ricky Schirmar (2014) ve ngu dan d vung bd biin phia Ddng Queensland - ctia nude Uc cho thay phan idn ngu dan hai Idng vdi nghe va qd nguyen vpng tiep tuc lam nghe danh ca Nhiing yeu td anh hudng den tinh cam cua hp la su gan bd vdi nghe, tu hao la nghe truyen thdng ciia gia dinh Trai lai, thu nhap, tri giac cua xa hdi ve ngu nghiep khdng tac ddng din tinh cam cua hp Mot nghien cim khac cho thay, su nguy hiim ciia nghe danh bat xa bd khoiig nhirng khdng tac ddng tieu cue den tinh cam vdi nghe ciia ngu dan, ma dd la yeu td hip dan hp (Richard B Pollnae, John J Poggie, 2008) Nhin chung, tinh cam ddi vdi nghe danh bat xa bd ciia ngu dan tham gia nghien cuu dupe the hien qua cac biiu hien cam xuc da sac thai, bao gdm cam xiie duong tinh va cam xuc am tinh Ngu dan lo lang vdi sir bip benh, sir suy giam cua thu nhap tir nghe; khd chju, tuc gian vi su ed mat cua tau la tren biin nude nha va vi bj chiing quay pha, de dpa Hp ciing lo sp cd thi xay trudng hpp ngudi lao ddng tren tau dot ngpt bi benh hiem ngheo Ben canh do, hp tu hao, hanh dien vdi vai trd, traeh nhiem xa hoi - bao ve chii quyen bien dao To qudc Tuy nhien, tir gdc dp chirc nang, nhirng cam xuc dd deu phan anh sir quan tam, tinh than trach nhiem, mong mudn gan bd lau dai vdi nghe danh bat xa bd ctia chu tau, ed tac ddng tich cue den su phat trien eiia hoat ddng dd Tdm lai, cd the ndi ring, ngu dan cd tinh cam quy trpng, biit on nghe va ed nguyen vpng gan bd vdi nghe Tai lieu tham khao Pham An (2018) Gia tdng tdu cd Trung Quoc vi pham vung bien Viet Nam https://www.tienphong.vn/xa-hoi/gia-tang-tau-ca-trung-quoc-vi-pham-vung-bien-vietnam-1265885.tpo Bang xep hang: Mot so ca bdo Idn nhdt anh hudng tdi Viet Nam https://dulieudiali wordpress.coni/bao-2/bang-xep-hang/ Cong Cudng (2016) Niem kieu hdnh ciia ngu ddn tren bien http://www.bienphong, com.vn/niem-kieu-hanh-cua-ngu-dan-tren-bien/ TAP CHf TAM LY HOC, Sd (238), - 2019 Nam Cudng (2015) Hang tram tau cd Trung Qudc bu vao phd luat ngu ddn Viet https://www.tienphong.vn/xa-hoi/hang-ttam-tau-ca-trang-quoc-bu-vao-pha-Iuoi-ngudan-viet-933202.tpo J Chuang trinh phdt trlin ddnh bdt hdi san xa ba http://www2.hcmuaf.edu.vn/ data/file/NVTU/ThuySanDaiCuong/Tailieudocthem/2b_CacChuongtrinhPTTScuaBoT huySan(cu).pdf Nguyin Van Dung (2011) Bdy manh vlec kit hap ddnh bdt hdi sdn xa bd vdi xdy dung thi tran qudc phdng loan ddn tren biin http://tapchiqptd.vn/vi/an-pham-tap-chiin/day-manh-viec-ket-hop-danh-bat-hai-san-xa-bo-voi-xay-dung-the-tran-quoc-phongtoan-dan-tren-bien/2420.html Van Duin (2016) Phdn ddi tdu la dam chim tdu cung 34 ngu ddn a Hoang Sa https://nld.com.vn/thoi-su-trong-nuoc/phan-doi-tau-la-dam-chim-tau-cung-34-ngu-dano-hoang-sa-20160504165922381.html Vu DOng (Chii bien, 2008) Tu diin Tdm ly hoc NXB Tir diin Bach khoa Ha Noi Pham Doan (2015) Bip benh ddi ngu phii http://baobaclieu.vn/doi-song-xahoi/bap-benh-doi-ngu-phu-32002.html 10 Nguyin Ha (2017) Xudt khdu cd ngu sang cdc thi trudng chinh tiep tuc tang https://vietnambiz.vn/xuat-khau-ca-ngu-sang-cac-thi-truong-chinh-tiep-tuc-tang-28027.html 11 Pham Minh Hac (Chii bien, 1995) Tdm ly hoc NXB Qiao due Ha Noi 12 Huynh Hai (2015) Cdm xiic thdi qud vd benh http://chuabenhdongian.com/sulien-quan-cua-cac-loai-cam-xuc-va-benh/ 13 Ngpc Hai (2013) Nhan rang md hinh td chitc nghiep doan nghe cd - 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