Cảm xúc tại nơi làm việc phân loại tính phổ biến và tính thường xuyên

VIEC; PHAN LOAI TINH PHO BIEN VA TINH THUONG XUYEN C A M XUC TAI NOI LAM ThS Bang Thj Thu Trang PGS.TS Phan Thi Mai HtfOng TS D6 Thi Le Hang Vien Tdm ly hgc TOM TAT Cdm xuc tai nai ldm viec cd y nghta quan trgng ddi vdi su cam ket ve mdt tdm ly cua ngudi lao dgng doi vdi td chiie eiing nhu hieu sudt lao dgng eua hg Nghiin ciru nhdm phdn logi cdm xic, xdc dinh cdc cdm xuc phd bien vd thudng xudt hi$n tgi nai ldm viec Khdeh thi gdm 381 ngudi lao dpng, dd 23,4% nam, dp tudi tir 17 den 59 tudi ldm viec tgi td chirc cua hai thdnh Hd Ngi vd Hd Chi Minh Ngudi lao dpng dugc di nghi trd lai ve tdn sudt trdi nghiem cdc logi cdm xuc tgi nai ldm viec vdi 44 dgng cdm xuc dugc neu bdng hdi Phep phdn tieh nhdn td vd thdng ke mo td dugc sir dung Kit qud nghien cdu cho thdy, tgi nai idm viec cd hai logi cdm xuc Id duang tinh vd dm tinh Tinh phd biin vd tinh thudng xuyen cua chung tgi nai idm viec cUng dugc chi Mgt sd phdt hien vd nhiing gal y hogt dpng qudn iy nhdn su da dugc bdn luan Tir kh6a: Cdm xuc tgi nai ldm viec; Cdm xuc dm tinh, Cdm xic duang tinh; Tinh bien vd tinh thudng xuyen cua cdm xuc Ngdynhdnbdi: I9ni20\9; Ngdy duyet ddng bdi 25/1/2019 l.Batvinde Hieu suit lam viee eiia nhan vidn dupe chi phdi bdi viec nhan vien cdm thiy nhu thi ndo Idm viec dd (Roth, 2007) Khdng nhimg thi, ede cam xue dupe tdi nghiem tai noi ldm viec ed thi dnh hudng din niim tin vd su cam kit eua hg vdi td ehiie, bdi theo Andrew (2011) nhimg trai nghiem tieh cue Id diiu quan trpng di tap nen nai Idm viee hanh phue, hrong viee frai nghiem thudng xuyen cdc su kien gay cdng thing la diiu gidn tiip khiin ngudi lao ddng khdng hdi Idng vdi cdng viec vd td chire (Fuller va cdng sy, 2003) Do dd, nghidn cim vi cam xiic cua ngudi lao ddng tai noi lam viec Id quan trgng, khdng ehi di hiiu vi tinh trang site khde tinh thin cua hp md cdm xuc cdn Id phuong tien kieh hoat ' tri hdnh vi lao ddng tich cue d ngucri lao ddng 82 TAP CHi TAM Ly HOC, Sd (239), - 2019 Cdm xile tai nai ldm viec duge nghien cuu d nhiiu khia eanh nhu cdc loai cdm xuc (Poggi va Germani, 2003), bao gdm cd mot s i loai cdm xuc duoc cho la khd dac trung nhu tire gian, ghen tj (Domagalski vd Steelman, 2005; Vidaillet, 2007; Dogan vd Vecchio, 2001); cdc yiu td/tdc nhan ldm sinh cam xuc nhu cdng viee, lanh dao, dong nghiep (Chunin vd cpng sy, 2013; Toegel, Kilduff va Anand, 2013); dnh hudng eiia edm xiie din khd nang ldm viec ciia ngudi lao ddng nhu ddng lue Idm viec, tinh sdng tao, hieu suit lao d6ng (Forgas vd Geoger, 2001; Andrew, 2011) Linh vyc phdn loai cdm xiie tji noi lam viec duge nhieu ngudi quan tdm Da ed mgt sd cdeh phan loai edm xiic nhu sau: Cach phdn loai cam xuc duong tinh vd dm tinh duge nhiiu ngudi chira(Fisher, 1997; Watson, Clark va Tellegen, 1988; Giandey, Tam vd Brauburger, 2002) Fisher (1997) xac dinh bin cdm xuc duong tinh thudng hay xuit hien tai noi lam viee gdm hanh phue, hdi Idng, thich thii, nhiet tinh vd cd hai cam xiic dm tinh thudng xdy nhat la that vpng, bye hlc/tirc gian Mpt si dang cdm xiie It xuat hien nhung cd xu hudng la nhiing cdm xue rit manh nhu kinh hai, kinh tdm, kinh dj, dau ddn, cudng loan, dau khi, tuydt vpng, sung sudng, me ly Nghien cim ndy cung cho biet eac edm xiie duang tinh dupe bdo cdo vdi tan sudt trai nghiem nhidu htm cdc edm xiie dm tinh Ciing ehung hudng nay, nghien cim ciia Grandey, Tam vd Brauburger (2002) ve cdm xuc duang tinh nhu thieh, ty hao, thieh thii, nhiet tinh, lac quan, hanh phue hai Idng, ehi rdng thich Id cam xiic hay xudt Men tai nai Idm viec nhat Trong sd ede edm xiic dm tinh nhu tire gian, budn, lo ling thi tile gian la edm xuc hay duge ngudi lag ddng trai nghiem nhdt Tren eo sd phan chia thdnh hai loai cam xue duong tinh vd am tinh, Watson, Clark va Tellegen (1988) da xdy dung thang Cdm xuc duong tinh vd amtinh(PANAS) Theo gdc phan loai cac phin tdm tri cua edm xuc, nghidn eim cua Poggi va Germani (2003) phdn ndm loai cam xuc gdm: (1) Cdm xuc mang tinh cd nhdn la nhiing cdm xiie ca ban nhu phdn, hanh phiie, vui ve, nhiet tinh, thit vgng, lo ldng, sg, tire gian, eang thing, budn ba, khd chiu; (2) Cam xiic mang tinh nhan thirc la loai edm xue lien quan din cdc kien thirc/tri thite hoac chinh phuc tri thiic, nhdn thiic duge nhu quan tdm, td md, hiing thii, ngae nhidn, ehdn, nhat nheo Ben canh dd, ed mdt sd cam xuc lien quan din viec nhdn thire vi hinh dnh eiia ngudi khae nhu kinh men, ngudng md, khinh miet; (3) Cdm xue gin kit la loai cam xuc mang bdn chat xd hdi vd chi dupe cam thiy hudng din mdt ngudi/nhdm ngudi ndo nhu ddng cam, thdng edm, diu dang, cam gide la thdnh vien, ban thii, tiic gian, ghen ti; (4) Cam xdc vi hinh anh ban thdn la loai cam xue md ngudi trai nghiem cam Ihiy vi ehinh hg nhu ty hao, edm giac uu viet, cam thay cd ieh, thoa mdn, hai TAP CHi TAM Ly HOC, Sd (239), 2-2019 83 long, tdi Idi, xiu hi, tu ti, edm thiy vd dyng, bit lyc; (5) Cam xiic vi hinh dnh eiia ngudi khdc la nhiing cam xiie md ngudi trai nghiem edm thiy ve hinh dnh eiia ngudi khdc nhu ham md, quy trgng, coi thudng, khinh bi Ba loat cam xue sau ciing la nhiing cdm xue mang tinh xa hdi Poggi va Germani cung thira nhdn rdng viee phan loai cam xiic nhu tren khdng hoan todn rS rdng, minh bach bdi mdt edm xue cd the thudc nhieu loai cdm xuc khdc nhau, vl du: nguang md cd thd thudc nhdm cdm xiic gin kdt hoae nhdm cdm xiic ve hinh dnh cua ngudi khdc Mdt sd nhd nghidn cim khde quan tdm din dac trung ciia cdm xuc d timg loai nghi, nhu Antoniadou (2010) eho thiy, ede tiep vien hang khdng thudng trdi nghiem ede cdm xuc nhu sg hai, hie gian, ddng edm, thuang hai, ghen ti, thich thii, xiu hi, tdi Idi Dde biet, titc gian Id cdm xiie rat phd biin va hay dugc trdi nghiem Scherer, Wranik, Sangsue, Tran vd Scherer (2004) cung da tim thay hie gian va budn ba Id hai edm xiie tidu cue dupe ngudi lao dgng thucmg xuyen trdi nghiem tai noi lam viee vd nguyen nhdn chinh Id nhttng tuang tde vdi khach hang, ddng nghiep vd cap tren Ngodi ra, mgt sd nghien cim khde tap tnmg vdg ede loai edm xue khde nhu Weiss vd Cropanzano (1996) xdc dinh sdu cdm xuc dde trung dupe sinh bdi ede tinh hudng tai noi lam viec la: vui ve, budn, thieh thil, ngae nhien, sg hai va titc gian hay Parrot (2001) eung eho thiy mdt sd cam xiic tugng ty nhu yeu thich, vui, ngae nhien, tile gian, budn, sp hai cua ngudi lao dgng tai noi Idm viec Cd the thay, tit gdc dd cdm xiie, noi ldm viec nhu mgt xa hpi thu nhd, nai md mgi ngudi sdng ciing edm xiic eua minh qua trinh lao dgng Cac edm xiie la da dang vd duge trai nghiem vdi tin suit khdc nhau, cd thi theo n^hi, theo dac tinh cd nhdn/ti chde Tuy nhien, viec phdn loai cdm xile ehti yiu dya tren dinh tinh (tir ten ggi vd ndi ham eua cdm xuc) ma ehua phai djnh lugng (bdng chiing tir si lieu) Mat khdc, nhitag cam xiic thudng xuyen xuit hien tai tigi Idm viee dupe xac djnh khd da dang, diiu dd cd thi nhiing dac trung nhit dinh - ed thi la vi mdu nghidn citu, vi ede dang cdm xdc dugc lua chgn de nghien eiru ho$c djc trung vi mdi trudng, t i chile md ngudi lao dgng Idm viee - nhung vin di ndy chua hodn toan dugc thi hien rd ede nghien eiiu Viet Nam, cdc nghien eirii vi edm xuc cua ngudi lao ddng ehua nhiiu thudng tap trung nhiiu d stress, sy hai ldng, hanh phuc Nghidn cim dat cau hdi: ngudi lao ddng Viet Nam lieu cd thi tim thiy bdng chimg dinh lugng ve viec phan chia edm xiic thdnh hai hay ndm loai khdng hay la cd plidn loai khdc? Cdm xuc ndo Id phi biin? Cdm xdc ndo thudng xuyen xuit Mdn hem tai noi lam viee d mdi trudng van hda Viet Nam? Vdi vai trd eda edm xue nhu dd ehi ra, cdu trd Id; cho nhttng cau hdi tren ed ^ nghia Idn edng tde quan tri nhdn sy t^ii cdc td chire lao ddng 84 TAP CHi TAM Ly HOC, Sd (239), 2-2019 Phu'o'ng phap nghien ciru Miu thuan tien gdm 381 ngudi lao ddng, 23,4% la nam, 76,6% la ntt, dp tuii tit 17 din 59, lam viec tai t i chuc thugc hai thdnh phi Ha Ndi vd Hd Chi Minh Dua tren tinh chit cdng viec, ngudi lao ddng duge chia thdnh nhdm: cdng nhdn, nhdn vien van phdng, dich vy va sdng tao Dtt lieu duge thu thdp tit cau hdi "Anh/chi cd trdi nghiem ede edm gide/ cam xdc duge liet ke dudi day tai nai lam viee cda minh khdng? Niu cd thi cam gidc/edm xue dien vdi mite nhu thi nao?" Dya tren dtt lieu ed dugc tit viee ting quan cdc nghidn eitu di trudc ve cdm xuc tai ngi Idm viee, 44 cam xiic duge liet ke Ngodi ra, ngudi lao dgng ed thi tu viit thdm ede dang cam xiic khdc ma hg da timg trai nghiem Tan suat trdi nghiem timg edm xiie dugc danh gid tren thang diim, vdi ede mite do: (1) Chua tirng cd, (2) Chi mdt ddi lan, (3) Khd thutmg xuyen, (4) Ludn didn Phan tich nhdn td dupe sii dyng dd phdn loai cam xiic tai ngi lam viec Phan tich thdng ke md ta dugc sii dyng de xac dinh mirc dp phd bidn va tinh thudng xuyen eua cde dang edm xiie dya vdo ty le sd ngudi bdo cdo va cdc mile tin suit ma hp trai nghiem edm xiic dd Mot edm xiic dupe cho Id phd bien edm xuc xuat hien d tren 50% sd ngudi lao ddng Ket qua nghien cihi 3.1 PhSn logi cam xdc duoc ngudi lao dpng trai nghiem tgi noi lam vipe Bang 1: He sd tdi nhdn td eia ede cdm xic Cac cam xiic Cac yen to Bu-c xuc, kho chiu 0,707 -0,103 Bat can 0,688 -0,048 Ganh ghet 0,677 -0,053 0,675 -0,057 LTcche 0,673 -0,049 Khong an toan 0,671 -0,021 Bi coi thudng 0,67 -0,071 Toi loi 0,664 0,045 Mk done luc 0,654 -0,209 TAP CHi TAM Ly HOC, Sd (239), - 2019 85 Dau kho 0,654 -0,071 Thdo 0,652 -0.097 Vo dung 0,65 0.059 Sahai 0,63 0.019 Bi loai trir 0,626 -0.087 Ghet 0,625 -0.108 Bit lire 0,619 -0.126 Bi ky 0,591 -0.047 Xau ho 0,572 0,001 Kem coi 0,566 -0,068 Coi thuang 0,551 -0,101 Buon 0,522 -0,109 Chan nan 0,487 -0,071 Gang thang 0,449 -0,07 Tire gian 0,439 0,046 Lo lang 0,433 -0,041 That vpng 0,371 0,056 Co dpng lire -0,135 0,732 Thich thu -0,07 0,731 Quy trpng -0,147 0,701 Hung thu -0,013 0,694 Hanh phiic -0,136 0,678 Yeu thuang 0,023 0,666 Hy vpng 0,064 0,666 Hai long -0,124 0.66 Thoai mai -0,251 0.635 Nhiet tinh -0,091 0.621 Tuhao 0,036 0.606 Tin tirang -0,183 0;601 Lac quan -0,126 0,584 86 TAP CHi TAM Ly HOC, Sd (239), - 2019 NpirOng mO 0,052 0,558 06 ieh 0,072 0,527 Vui -0,131 0,522 Dong cam 0,04 0,479 Ngae nhien 0,331 0,333 Kdt qud phan tich nhdn td kham phd, phuang phap thdnh phin ehii yiu cho thiy he sd KMO = 0,903; p < 0,001, tiic Id bd dtt lieu thieh hpp cho phdn tich nhan ti Tu bg dtt lieu ed nhdn td cd gid tri rieng (eigenvalue) > 1, nhien, cac item khdng the hien dp hgi ty tdt vao nhdn td ma dupe tdi vdo nhieu nhan td khdc Ma tran phan cdn eho thay, tat cd item (cdc cdm xiie) diu duge tai ve hai nhdn td vdi he sd tdi ddu > 0,3 Cde du lieu ndy ggi y rdng hai nhan td cd the thich hgp hon vdi bd dtt lieu Phan tieh nhan td lan 2, an dinh sd nhdn t i = 2, vdi phep xoay Varimax, kit qud hiin thi d bang cho thay, ede edm xue dupe gom nhan t i vdi he si tdi nhan t i kha eao vd dp hpi ty tdt Hdu nhu, mdi cdm xiic deu dupe tdi chu yiu vao nhdn td vd lien quan rat yeu vdi nhan td thu hai Tdng phuong sai ttlch gidi thich dupe bdi hai nhdn td la 42,26% Cdc cam xiic tap trung d nhan td diu la ede edm xue dm tinh (he sd tdi nhdn td tu 0,371 din 0,707) Cde cdm xuc tap trung d nhan t i diu la cdm xuc dirong tinh (he sd tdi nhan t i ttt 0,479 din 0,732) Ridng "Ngae nhien" Id edm xiic khdng hdi tu vdo nhdn td ma ed he s i tdi tuang duang d ea nhdn td Phdn tich tuang quan eho thiy, nhdn td vd (khdng ed cam xuc ngae nhien) ed mdi tucmg quan nghjeh, cd y nghia vi mat thing kd, nhung yeu (r = -0,18; p < 0,001) Nhu vdy, ed thi ndi, hai nhdn td ed tinh ehit trai nguge vd hrong dii dpe lap vdi vd mdi nhdm phan dnh mdt loai cam xuc rieng biet Dir lieu tren ia bing chiing djnh luang di ndi ring, cdc cdm xiic dugc phan thdnh loai khde nhau: duong tinh vd dm tinh vd ettng cd minh chutig cho thiy, cd thi cd loai thir ba la cdm xue trung tinh vd "ngae nhidn" dupe xep vao dd Tuy nhien, nghidn eiru ndy ehua khdo sdt nhiiu loai edm xiic hon de khing djnh nhdm cam xiic trung tinh ndy Nhu vdy, 44 cdm xiie duge xac djnh hai nhdm Id: cam xde duong tinh vd cam xuc am tinh Trong (Id, cd 26 cam xiic dm tinh vd 17 cdm xiic duong tinh "Ngae nhien" khdng ndm hai nhdm cdm xiic trdn TAP CHITAM Ly HOC, Sd (239), 2-2019 87 3.2 Tan sudt xuat hien cua cam xuc duang tinh vd am tinh T6ng hop loai cam xuc bang each tinh diem trung binh ve tan suat theo nhom, kit qua hien thi of hai biiu d6 va cho th§y, tai noi lam viec, nguai lao dgng trai nghiem cam xiic duong tinh nhieu hon am tinh n " r/ n/TI / f ^ - f ^ \ ' -Lk Bieu 1: Phdn bo tdn sudt cdm xic duang tinh tgi nai Idm viec L Bieu 2: Phdn bo tdn sudt cdm xuc dm tinh tgi noi ldm viee Dd thi d bieu dd hoi nghieng ben phdi, ve phia diem cao, cho thay ting hpp cac cam xiic duang tinh xuit Men khd thucmg xuyen (DTB = 2,94; DLC = 0,471) Khdng cd ngudi lao ddng ndo ehua tung trdi nghiem cam xiic ndy tai noi lam viee vd eung rat it ngudi ludn ludn trdi nghiem todn bd ede loai cam xiic Trdi lai, biiu dd cho thiy, dd thi ngbieng vi ben trdi, thugc mdc diim thip, tile Id ede cam xuc dm tinh cd tan suit it xuit hien ban tai nai lam viee, chu yeu d mite mdt ddi Idn hoac it hon Tuy nhien, eung cd mdt ty le rit nhd ngudi lao ddng ludn ludn trai nghiem loai cam xuc vd tit cd ngudi lao ddng deu da tung trai nghiem mdt sd edm xue am tinh tai noi ldm viec 3.3 Tinh bien va linh Ihu&ng xuyen cda ede dgng edm xue tai nai Idm viee Tinh phi biin cua timg cam xue thi hiin pham vi xuit hien eua cdm xuc dd CO d nhiiu ngudi hay khdng Theo phan b i xdc suit, mdt cam xiie duac coi Id phi biin nd xuit hien d hon 50% so ngudi lao ddng tai noi ldm vide Xem xet tinh phd bien, chung tdi quan tam xem dang cam xuc dd cd xuat hien hay khdng xuit hien tai nai lam vije ma ehua tinh din mue dp thudng xuydn xuit hien cua chung Vi thi, bdi viit quan tam din dac tinh thu hai Id tinh thudng xuyen eiia ede dang edm xue Tinh thudng xuyen cho biit cam xue TAP CHi TAM Ly HOC, Sd (239), - 2019 dugc trdi nghidm d mirc dp tan sudt ndo Mdt dang edm xiic duge coi ed tinh thudng xuyen tin suit trai nghiem nd d mire eao hom diim trung vi eua thang (2,5 diim) Biiu yd eho thay, nhin chung tai nai Idm viee, cdc cam xuc duong tinh phi bien han va the hien tinh thudng xuyen han cdm xuc am tinh Cu thi nhu sau: Cdm xue duang tinh 30 LuoiidiJiira 40 > Klia iliimig xuyen » Chi mot doi lan Bieu Tinh biin vd tinh thudng xuyen eia ede edm xuc duang tinh tgi nai ldm viee (%) TAP CHiTAM LynOC, Sd (239), - 2019 89 Clianiiaii « ^ i • '''•-"' '"- ,;-,,, 5y._;5»,jgi.;T • Titc gian S T I W B " Loiiiig -.-:i-86.1 yimmmei^Bi' Thatvong L S r t S " -' " •-,• •.?!-• -."SIS- -91.3 - ' 52.8 CSiigtliJiig 9.2 mmassmmm' Biicxiickliocliiii 55.6 imW^^iC:- ifcclie -•-' 82.4 Buon I w u m t ^ i - i.immsi 54.1> : 583-KMX«Li Klioiigliailong IBBSS* MSI dpng liic l S « •"" • '48 Ghel W - ! - : ; - • *^'.aFS{TK"S;j m 49.9.' -41.2 - ivism Bid6kil.«i^'.-'.-r.- mm Keiiicoi 1.9B15 rô'-i V, 45.7 Xauli6 1.W33;;4.:- ã 461 : - L :fia.« Kliongaiitoaii « J » ; ; - 39.9 - -gSM 42.5 ' : ' Sahai 2.im.9 -•-•', fi Balliicl.M82i?s.^i .-41.2-' Th6oO.»B;8'i" •-•.•.-"37.8•.-::' ii Bi coi llniimg O.BI.T ;".ã :='-~34.6:.'' -^ BSlcSnl.ằô.5-'-'."-a0.2:.= "Gaiiligliet 1W.7' mmAcz^i^ Daukli6 2.«B.4.ri:-*30.4:-ii:^ Vo dling l a B j i S S i a ^ BiloailiviOM9r 28.1 M H H Coilhiiinig 1.9G.6 ' " ^ " : ~ T6ildil.Ji-21 'r=27.6;.'.''::" 10 :0 Luon dial 30 40 50 • Klia ilnicnig xuyen 60 "0 80 90 100 > Ciu inol doi lan Biiu dd 4: Tinh biin vd tinh thuang xuyen eiia cdm xic dm tinh tgi nai ldm viec (%) 90 TAPCHiTAMLyHOC,Sd2(239),2-2019 Tit ca cam xiic duang tinh diu rit biin tai nai lam vide Mdi cdt thi hien timg cam xiic duong tinh diu hiin thi d miic tren 85% s i ngudi lao ddng da timg trdi nghiem nhiing edm xue d cdc mue dp khae Httng liiu, thoai mdi, •vui la ba cam xue phd bien nhit vdi 100% sd ngudi da timg trdi nghiem chiing Nguong mo, tu hao it phd bidn han cd si cdc cdm xiie duong tinh, nhung vdn d miic phi biin cao chiing xuit Men d hon 85% si ngudi lao dpng v i tinh thudng xuyen cua cdm xuc duang ti'nh, du lieu eho thiy, diim trang binh cua ede dang edtn xuc thdp nhit la 2,56 (nguang md) va cao nhdt la 3,07 (vui) Cd thi thay, tat ca cdm xuc diu ed tinh thudng xuyen Nhu vay, cd the ndi, nhin ehung, tai noi lam viee, cdm xiie duong tinh xuat hien khd thudng xuyen d ngudi lao ddng Neu chi tinh ty le nhttng ngudi trdi nghiem cdm xuc d mue "ludn ludn" (mde eao nhdt tren thang ludng) thi nhiet tinh vd lac quan la nhttng edm xue ed ty le eao nhdt (tren 1/3 sd ngudi lao ddng ludn ludn trdi nghiem) Ty bdo, ddng cdm vd ngudng mp cd ty le sd ngudi trdi nghiem d mite dp "ludn ludn" thap nhat (dudi 20% sd ngudi) Sd lieu cung cho thay, cd tdi gan 1/4 sd ngudi lao ddng It hoac khdng cdm thdy ed ddng lye va hanh phiic tai ngi ldm viee Chi ed khodng 1/5 si ngudi lao dgng ludn edm thdy thii, thich thu, cd Ieh Cdm xic dm tinh Da lieu cho thiy, ed 16/26 dang cdm xue dm tinh cd ty le sd tigudi da timg trdi nghidm d mirc cao ban 50% Dd Id: Chdn nan, tue gian, lo lang, that vgng, budn, cang thing, biic xue, khd chiu, ire che, khdng hdi long, mat ddng luc, ghet, bi dd ky, cam thiy kem cdi, xiu hi, sg hdi vd cdm thiy khdng an loan Ddy Id nhttng dang cdm xue ed tinh phd bien tai ngi ldm viec Troiig do, buin, thit vgng, lo ling, titc gian vd chan ndn la cdm xiie xuat hien d hdu hdt nhitag ngudi lao ddng thude miu nghidn cdu Dac biet, chdn nan yd tire gian Id hai cam xile md khdng cd ngudi lao ddng ndo chua timg edm thdy tai nai lam viec Cdng thing cung Id cam xiic cd d phin Idn ngudi lao ddng (87,9%) Buc xilc, khd chju, iie ehi, khdng hai long cung cd da s i ngudi lao ddng (tren 60%) ttai nghiem Cdm thiy tdi Idi, coi thudng, bj loai tru, vd dyng, dau khd Id nhttng cdm xuc it phd biin tai nai Idm viee nhat, nhung eung ed tu ban 30 den 40% si ngudi da timg trdi nghiem cde cam xiie Tit ea edm xile am tinh thi hien tinh thudng xuyen rit thap Cdng thang, lo ling, budn, tire gian, chdn nan, thit vgng Id nhttng cdm xiic cd tinh thudng xuyen cao hgn so vdi cdc cam xuc am tinh khde dugc nghien euu (diem trung binh ttt 2,09 din 2,37), nhung eung chi d mtte xuit Men mgt ddi Idn Biic xiic/khd chiu va tte ehi Id hai dang cdm xiic cd mue phi bien it ban so vdi ede TAPCHiTAM Ly HOC, Sd (239), - 2019 91 cam xiic nhu buin, chdn ndn, thit vpng, tiic gian, nhtmg lai cd nhieu ngudi lao dpng trdi nghiem thudng xuyen hem cdc edm xiic Dieu ed nghia la du nd xuit hien d It ngudi lao ddng ban, nhtmg tin suat xudt hien cua nd lai thudng xuyen ban Xet ty Id nhimg ngudi trdi nghiem cam xiic d mile "ludn ludn" thi cang thdng vd lo lang Id hai cam xiic dm tinh thudng hay xuat Men a nhiiu ngudi nhat, dac biet Id edng thdng, cd gdn 1/10 sd ngudi lao dpng ludn ludn trdi nghiem vd khodng 1/4 s i ngudi lao dpng kha thudng xuyen cam thdy edng thing Si ngudi ludn ludn cam thay tdi Idi, bi loai tru, coi thudng eiing ed, nhung rit It, ehiim ty le ehi vai % md thdi Trong sd 10 edm xiic am tinh cd tinh phd bien vd tinh thudng xuyen thip (bit luc, thd a, bi coi thudng, bit cin, ganh ghet, dau khd, vd dyng, bi loai trit, eoi thucmg, tdi Idi), thd a va bit can la hai edm xue ed nhieu ngudi lao dgng thudng xuydn cam thiy ban cd tai noi lam viee (7,6%> va 6,8%) Ban luan va kit luan 4.1 Phan logi cam xdc Nghien citu cdm xue tai nai lam viee tren mdu khdeh the ngudi lao ddng Viet Nam da eho thay, cam xuc tai noi lam viec ed hai loai chinh, la cam xuc ducrng tinh vd am tinh Ket qua kha tuomg ddng vdi phan loai cua Fisher (1997); Grandey va cdng sy (2002) Tuy nhidn, nghien cuu nay, "ngae nhien" la dang cam xiic khdng thudc loai duang tinh hay am tinh, md ed thi la cam xiic trung tinh - mpt loai edm xue thu ba, khdng mang sac thai rd net de xdc dinh Id duang tinh hay dm tinh Trong dd, mdt so nghien eiiu lai eho rang, "ngae nhidn" la cam xiic duang tinh (Fisher, 1996) hay mang mau sic tich cue (Poggi vd Germani, 2003) Nghien eim dinh lugng cua ehung tdi khdng ehi bing chimg "ngae nhidn" thuge ye loai cam xue nao d tren, nhung dil lieu nghidn cim cho thdy, chi cd nhdt mdt cdm xuc ndy, vi thi khdng thi xip mdt loai Nhung dd Id ggi y cho nhtmg nghien euu tiip theo, ein tang cudng ban nhung dang cam xuc khdc danh sdch cae cdm xiie se dugc nghien cuu Dtt lieu cua nghidn ciiu cOng khdng xdc nhdn cdeh phdn edm xue nam loai cua Poggi vd Germani (2003) Nhu thi, tai noi ldm viec, cam xuc dugc phan thdnh hai loai Id duang tinh va dm tuih phu hpp horn vdi mdu Vidt Nam 4.2 Tinh Men vd tinh thudng xuyen cda cdm xiic Nghien cuu cho thdy, cde loai cdm xdc, ca duang tinh vd dm tinh la khd phi bien tai noi lam viec Tat ca cde dang cam xuc dugc tim hiiu diu da timg dugc ngudi lao ddng trdi nghiem d noi lam viec nhung vdi cde miic dd khdc 92 TAP CHi TAM Ly HOC, Sd (239), - 2019 Vi thd, vdn de edm xiic tai noi lam viec rit cdn dugc quan tdm nghien ciiu sdu han d mdi trudng t i chile lao dpng d Viet Nam Trong mdi trudng t i chile d Viet Nam, ngudi lao dpng thudng hay trdi nghiem cdc cam xiic duang tinh hem cam xuc dm tinh, diiu ndy cung dugc khdng dinh nghien eilu cua Fisher (1997), Grandey va cdng su (2002) Nghien ciiu cung phdt hien thdy ring, nhttng cam xdc dm tinh thi hien tinh tieu cue tugng ddi manh nhu ilc chi khdng phd biin d nai lam viec, nhimg niu da xudt hien thi d tin suit khd thudng xuyen d mdt sd it ngudi tTc chi thudng xuydn vd keo ddi cd thi dan din su bimg phdt eua tiic gian hoae ede hanh vi thiiu kiim soat Nhu thi, dii khdng phd biin - hie Id cdm xuc ndy ehi cd d it ngudi - nhung khdng cd nghia Id khdng ein quan tam din nd, ma trdi lai, cdn phdi dugc chii y hom, bdi tinh chdt manh me nhung dm tinh eua dang edm xiic cd the dnh hudng tieu cue din hanh vi, thdi dd lao ddng eua ngudi Ket qua nghidn edu ndy cung khd tuong ding vdi nghien eiiu eua Parrot (2001), Antoniadou (2010), Grandey vd edng su (2002) d chd da xdc nhan tinh thudng xuyen xuit hien eua cac cam xiie duong tinh nhu nhiet tinh, thich thii, vui ve, hai long cung nhu cdc cdm xiic khdc nhu: thoai mai, quy trgng, lac quan, ydu thuong, thii, hanh phuc, cd Ieh, ed ddng lue Tinh thudng xuyen eua ede cdm xuc duong tinh cao hem hdn so vdi cdc cdm xue am tinh Xem xet cam xiie am tinh eho thdy, gdn nhu cdc nghidn cdu tren miu khdeh the nude ngodi chi rdng, tue gian Id cdm xuc am tinh md nhan vien/ ngudi lao ddng hay trdi nghiem nhit (Fisher, 1997; Sherer vd edng sy, 2004; Grandey vd edng sy, 2002), dd, ngudi lao ddng Vidt Nam lai thudng hay cdm thdy cang thing vd lo ldng tai noi Idm viee, dde biet Id edng thdng Nhu vdy, nhin chung d mpi ndn van hda, ngudi lap ddng ed thd trdi nghiem cde dang cdm xue tuomg ty Tuy nhien, ddu Id edm xue phd bien nhdt, thudng xuydn dien nhdt ed thd khdng nhu bdi nhttng khde biet vdn hda, md dieu ein ed nhung nghidn eim xdc nhdn vd eiing giup ieh ttong dng dyng di tao nhiing edm xiic ed khd ndng kieh hoat hdnh vi lao dpng tich eye phii hgp vdi timg vdn hda 4.3 Ve cam xic dircmg tinh Cdc cdm xuc duang tinh rat phi biin, nhung khdng bin cd tinh thudng xuyen cao md hiing thii la mdt vi dy Trong si cdc edm xuc duong tinh, thii la mdt sd cac cdm xuc biin nhit, nhien l^i khdng phai la cdm xdc md ngudi lao dgng thudng hay cdm thiy Chi ed 1/5 sd ngudi lao ddng eho ring, hp ludn cdm thiy hitng thii vd cd khodng 1/4 si ngudi lao dgng It ho}c chua tilng cdm thiy hiing thii tai nai lam vide Dieu ndy cho thay, day la dang cdm xuc ed thi cd d nhiiu ngudi lao dpng, nhung lai khdng dl di hinh TAP CHf TAM Ly HOC, Sd (239), - 2019 93 thdnh va tri thii mdt khodng thdi gian lien tue day la edm xuc cd khd ndng thue ddy ndng cao nhdn thilc va kieh boat hdnh dgng de giai quydt vin de (Poggi vd Germani, 2003; Izard, 1992) Nhiet tinh la cdm xiic ma ngudi lao ddng thudng xuyen cdm thay nhat tai nai Idm vide, day la mgt biiu hien tdt ve mat nhdn su Nhung nhdn vidn nhiet tinh cdng viee thutmg sdn Idng ddp ttng cdc ydu cdu dupe dat cae ITnh vye ldm viee khde nhau, ke cd nhttng thdeh thiic vd hg tham gia mdt edeh tieh eye vdo cde vai trd td chuc (Zantepello vd edng su, 2007 din theo Province va Mamaghani, 2018) Vi vay, mot ngudi lao dpng nhiet tinh vdi edng viec thi bdn than hp da la mdt ngudn luc hieu qua cda to ehiie Tuy nhien, mdt si edm xuc khdc mang tinh tao ddng luc va kich thich ngudi lao ddng kham phd, sang tao nhu "cd ddng lue", "hung thii", "thich thii" lai thd hien tinh thudng xuyen thdp hem kha nhieu so vdi "nhiet tinh" vd mpt bd phdn khdng It ngudi lao ddng It bode ehua bao gid trdi nghiem nhtmg cam xuc ndy Diiu ndy cho thdy, cd the ed nhttng ngudi lao dgng edm thdy nhiet tinh vdi edng vide, nhung lai khdng thdy ed ddng lye hay himg thii vdi nd hoac sy nhiet tinh eua hp ed thi hudng den mdt ddi tugng khde ngodi edng viec Nhu vdy, sy nhiet tinh eiia ngudi lao ddng mdu nghien cilu cd the giup cdng viee duge gidi quyet, nhung lai ehua dd sire thiie ddy hg sdng tao qud trinh Idm viee vd tao sdn phdm mdi Dieu ndy eho thay, cdc edm xiic tich cue nen dupe kieh hoat thudng xuydn vd ddng deu Cd khd nhidu ngudi lao dpng it hoac chua timg cam thay tu hao ddy Id cdm xue phan anh suy nghi tich eye ve ehinh bdn than ngudi lao ddng (Poggi va Germani, 2003) Viee it tu hao hay chua tirng thiy tu hao ve bdn than cd the khiin ngudi lao ddng thiiu ty tin hoac cdm nhan khdng eao vd gid tri lao ddng eua ban thdn khi, ty hdo v i giaTtri cua bdn than td chuc Id diiu thiic diy ngudi lao ddng cdng hiin va dat thdnh tich Nhu vdy, mac dii mdt sd cam xiic duong tinh rit phi biin d nhiiu ngudi lao ddng, nhung khdng cd tinh thudng xuyen eao Niu nhu sd dyng cam xuc nhu mpt yiu ti/phuong tien di diiu khiin hdnh vi cua ngudi lao ddng thi tinh thieu thudng xuyen cua cde cam xue ehinh Id mpt ban ehi Vi vay, Idm thi ndo di tao ra, tri nhirng edm xue duong tinh vd di chuyin hda chiing thdi dp, tinh thin Idm viec tich cue cua ngudi lao ddng se Id bai todn md cdc nha qudn ly hay ehinh ngudi lao dpng cin phdi luu tam, dae biet Id nhttng dang cam xue ed khd ndng tao dpng lyc vd kich boat ngudi lao ddng lam vide nhu nhiet tinh, hiing thu, thieh thii, cd ddng lyc 4.4 Ve edm xdc am tinh Cdm xiic dm tinh It phi biin vd eung It xuit hien hon tai nai ldm viee so vdi cam xuc duong tinh Mac dii ed tinh thudng xuyen thip, nhung tit ed cdc 94 TAPCHiTAMLyHOC, Sd2(239),2-2019 dang cam xdc dm tinh dugc tim hieu nghien cilu ndy diu cd mdt ty le nhd ngudi lao ddng ludn ludn trdi nghiem, tue la hp ludn cam thiy tieu cue tai nai Idm vide Day la didm ddng lim tdm bdi hp cd thi la nhttng trudng hpp ein sy hd ttg vd eham sdc siie khde tinh thdn, khdng nhtmg thi, nhdm ngudi lao ddng cd thi ttd thdnh "ngdi chdm", "dudng ddn" phan ling tieu cue (edm xiie, hdnh vi ) din vdi nhiing ngudi lao dgng khdc Chdn nan, tire gian, lo lang vd thit vgng la ede dang cam xiic am tinh ma hiu hit nhttng ngudi lao dgng miu nghien ciru da timg trdi nghiem Niu nhu lo lang vd tue gian Id nhttng edm xuc cd thi ed Igi eho cdng viec, timg tinh hudng nao khien hg cd cam xuc dd, thi trdi lai, chan nan va that vpng la cdc dang cam xiie gdy suy gidm tinh thdn, ddng thdi khdng kieh thieh hdnh ddng (Larson, Diener va Lucas, 2002) Didu cd the hieu, cdm thay chdn ndn, that vgng, ngudi lao ddng se roi vdg trang thdi khdng mudn bode khdng the hdnh ddng hieu qua qud trinh giai quyit nhiem vy Vi vdy, cd thi coi day la cdm xiic gay hai va khdng nen tdn tai td chiic Ngudi lao dgng Viet Nam hay edm thiy edng thdng tai noi ldm viec nhit Tuy nhidn, ddy khdng phai la cam xiic nen loai bd hodn todn Cdc ket qud nghidn cim-trudc dd cho thdy, nhirng tac ddng hai ehiiu eua dang cam xiie ndy Cang thing se Idm suy giam hieu suit lao ddng (Alkubaisi, 2015) Tuy nhien, mdt si tde gid khdc lai eho thiy edng thing bdi khdi lupng edng viec lai giup tang bieu suit lao ddng, nhung cdng thing bdi sy xung dot vai trd ddm nhiem lai khiin hieu suit lao ddng gidm di (Gharib, Jamil, Ahmad va Ghouse, 2016) Diiu ndy cd thi ggi y ring, cde nhd qudn ly/lanh dao nen tao cho ngudi lao ddng cd sy cang thing d mue dp hgp ly va vdi tde nhan gdy cdng thdng phii hgp Tucmg tu, cac cam xiic dm tinh nhu tire gian, sg hai hay ghen ti eung cd khd ndng tde ddng hai ehiiu din hieu suit lao ddng (Milivojveich, 2006; Van de Ven, Zeelenberg vd Pieters, 2011) Mpt sd cam xue nhu coi thudng, bj coi thudng, bj loai tru, khdng phd biin tai noi Idm viec, nhung vdn cd mdt bd phdn nhd ngudi lao ddng trdi nghiem ede cam xiic d mite khd thudng xuyen va ludn ludn Nhttng cam xiic ndy lidn quan din tuomg tde gitta cac cd nhdn bode nhdm, chiing ed the Id rao can khiin ngudi lao ddng khdng thi kit nil va cimg lam viee, ddng thdi nd cung cd thi lien'quan din su chia re/be phdi td chuc Bdn canh do, ty le sd ngudi lao ddng thudng xuydn trdi iighiem hai dang edm xue thd a va bit ein (7,6% va 6,8% tuomg itng) Id s i cung ddng luu tdm bdi day Id nhimg dang cdm xiic phdn dnh rd net thdi ldm viec Cd thi hinh dung hieu qua hoat ddng eua td chirc se ma td chirc, eu 30 ngudi lao ddng se ed hai ngudi thudng xuyen edm thiy thd a vd bit ein tai nai lam viee Hg la nhttng ngudi se khdng nhttng bd mac edng viec vd hinh thdnh thdi dp TAP CHi TAM ly HOC, Sd (239), - 2019 95 lam viec vd trach nhiem, ma cdn cd thi la diu mdi gay nhiing sy viec tieu eye tai td chire Vi vay, mde dii khdng xudt Men vdi tan sudt thudng xuyen, nhung ddy Id nhirng cdm xiic cin loai bd khdi td chile Nhu vdy, mdc dii cam xuc am tinh it phd bidn vd It xuat hien tai not Idm viee, nhimg la diem ma cdc nha qudn ly rat can quan tdm Dira tren nhiing nghien eiiu trudc do, ede bdn ludn dd dua gpi y v i khd nang ttng dyng mpt si dang edm xuc am tinh de tdng bieu suit lao ddng hay di ed nhttng nghidn ciiu sdu vi tde ddng nhieu chieu cda cde dang cdm xiie am tinh dugc thuc hien trdn mdu ngudi lao dgng Vidt Nam Tai lieu tham khao Alkubaisi M (2015) How can stress affect your work performance? 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