English practice grammar advanced part 2

Prepositions Prepositions are single vvords such as at, from, in, of and on or phrases such a s ìn frontof, next to and o u t of We can use prepositions with noun phrases when we describe people (a group otltalian students) and things ựhe train from London) or when we provide additional information about an action or situation such as the time or place (Theirtrain arríves at 4.30 in the aữernoon I told them that, if 1'm not on the platíórm, they should just walk out o f the station and wait in front o f the nevvs-stand next to the main enưance and ril meet them there.) Read through this report on vvorking students and fìnd another four phrases with prepositions describing time Contrary to popular belíef, students work c c o r d in g t o One N a t io n a l U n i o n o f S lu d e n ts s u r v e y , f o u r o u t o f t e n s tu d e n t s a t te n đ in g u n iv e r s ilie s in t h e U K h a d a j o b d u r i n g te r m - tim e W ith m o r e tu itio n f e e s a n d o t h e r a d d it io n a l c o s ts , it s e e m s r e a s o n a b l e t o a s s u m e t h a t th is f ìg u r e ỉs in c r e a s i n g T h e s t u d e n t s w e t a l k e d t o c o n íìr m e d t h a t th ỉs is th e c a s e F o r m a n y o f t h e s t u d e n t s w e in te r v ie w e d , th e id e a o f a p a r t - t i m e j o b o n t o p o f t h e i r f u ll- tim c s tu d ie s is 10 n o lo n g e r a n o p ti o n , b u t a n e c e s s ity A t t h e s a m e tim e , s o m e o f th e m s a iđ u n iv e r s itie s o f f e r littie h e lp r e g a r d in g e m p lo y m e n t o r s im p ly a d v is e s tu d e n ts a g a in s t h a v in g a j o b T h e y e x p e c t s t u d e n t s t o b e w o r k in g o n t h e i r d e g r e e s a n d n o th in g e ls e O n e 15 m e d ic a l s t u d e n t r e p o r t e d ; ‘W h e n I to l d m y d i r e c to r o f s tu d ic s t h a t I h a d a j o b in th e C h r is tm a s b r e a k , h c f r o w n e d H e c le a r ly d id n * t th i n k it w a s a g o o d i d e a / M o s t s t u d ẹ n t s a r e e m p l o y e d in p a r t - t i m e o r te m p o r a r y j o b s a n d , a s a r c s u lt o f th is , h a v e n o j o b » s e c u r ity a n d d o n ’t q u a liíy f o r s ic k l e a v e o r h o lid a y p a y M a n y s tu d e n t s a r e h ir e d in p la c e o f r e g u la r w o r k e r s , b u t a r e g e n e r a lly p a id le s s th a n th e m S o m e s tu đ e n i s d o n ì a c lu a lly w o r k f o r p a y , b u l d o j o b s in c x c h a n g e f o r lo w c r r e n t a n d / o r m c a Ị s T h e s e a r e ỉi u s u a lly c a r e t a k e r jo b s A 30 3Ỉ 40 15 W ith th e e x c e p tio n o f t h o s c a b l e t o f in d w o r k in s id e t h e ir u n ỉv e r s ỉtỉe s a n d c o lle g e s , t h e m a jo r íty o f s t u d e n ts h a v e jo b s a t n ig h t o r d u r in g th e w e e k e n d O n e s tu đ e n t r e p o r t e d t h a i , a p a r t f r o m w o r k in g , h e r w e e k e n d s w e r e s p e n t s le e p in g : ‘I w o r k a s a s e c u r ity g u a r d u n til a m o n F r íd a y a n d S a tu r d a y n ig h ts* so 1e n d u p s le e p in g a ll d a y S a tu r d a y a n d S u n d a y / A n o t h e r s tu d e n t s a id s h e w o r k s 2 h o u r s a w e e k in a d d itio n to h e r w e e k ly h o u r s o f le c tu r e s : '1 w o u ld n 't s a y it h a s h a d a n y e f f e c t a c a d e m ic a lly , b u t it m e a n s th a t I c a n ’t g o o u t m u c h / A c c o r d in g t o I h e N U S e m p lo y m e n t s tu d y , m o r e th a n l ữ p e r c e n t o f s tu d e n t s h a d m is s e d le c tu r e s o r f a ile d t o s u b m it w o r k b e c a u s e o f j o b c o m m itm e n ts F o r th o s e w ith le r m - lim e jo b s , p e r c e n t h a d m is s e d le c lu r e s , w h ilc p e r c c n t h a d n o t h a n d e d in a s s ig n m e n ts ỉt s e e m s a lm o s t in e v ita b le t h a t , d u e to íìn a n c ia l p re ss u re s ^ th c u n iv e r s ity c x p c r ie n c c w ill c h a n g e I n c r e a s e d c o s ts in e d u c a tio n to g e t h e r w ith p r e s s u r e s to s u c c e e d in a c o m p c liliv e w o r ld a r c d e íin ịn g th e c ir c u m s ta n c e s in vv hich lo d a y ’s s tu d e n ts s tr u g g le lo c o m p ie te t h e i r d e g r e e s S t u d e n t Iifc r e a lly d o e s in v o lv e a lo l m o r e w o r k th e s e d a y s Complete thls summary with appropriate preposltions from the report A l t h o u g h u n i v e r s i t i e s o f t e n a d v i s e t h e m ( I ) h a v i n g a j o b , a t l e a s t f o u r ( ) t e n s t u d e n t s n o w w o r k ( ) t e r m - t i m e S o m e s t u d e n t s đ o j o b s ( ) l o w e r r e n t , b u t m o s t o f t h e m w o r k ( ) p a r t - t i m e j o b s , ( ) l e s s p a y ( ) r e g u l a r w o r k e r s a n d u s u a l l y ( ) n i g h t o r ( ) t h e w e e k e n d S t u d e n t s ( 10) t e r m - t i m e j o b s a r e a l o t m o r e l i k e l y t o m í s s l e c t u r e s a n d a s s i g n m e n t s , ( 11) a N a t i o n a l U n i o n ( 12) S t u d e n t s s t u d y 124 10 PR E PO SIT IO N S Prepositions and prepositional phrases Simple prepositions S i m p l e p r e p o s i t i o n s a r e s i n g l e w o r d s s u c h a s at, ỉtĩy of, to a n d wìt}u w h i c h h a v e a w i d e r a n g c o f p o s s i b l e m e a n i n g s ( ) T h e r e a r e o t h e r s , s u c h a s behỉndy during and past, v v h ic h h a v e a m o r e l i m i t e d r a n g e o f m e a n i n g s ( ) T h e r e a r e a l s o a f e w w o r d s d e r i v e d f r o m p r e s e n t p a r t i c i p l e s , s u c h asfoỉỉowing a n d incỉuảingy w h i c h c a n b e u s e d a s s i m p l e p r e p o s i t i o n s ( ) A t Easter Ị W€nt w ith a ỷriend oỷm ine to a speciaỉ ceremony in Westminster Abbey O th e r s in c lu d e : a s, by, fo r, fro m , o ff, o n Đ u rin g the ceremony, we had to sit b eh in d a huge piỉlar W e cou ỉdn t see anything p a s t it, O t h e r s i n c l u d e : a b o v c , a c r o s s , a g a i n s t , b e f o r e , b e tv v e e n , i n s i d e , o v e r , t h r o u g h , u n t i l , w i t h o u t Foỉlowrng the ceremony, we went to ỉunch Incỉuding ỉunch, the whoỉe trip took three hours O ứ ie r s in c lu d e : c o n s id e r in g , e x c lu d in g , ía c in g , re g a rd in g Complex prepositions C o m p l e x p r e p o s i t i o n s a r e p h r a s e s w h i c h c o n s i s t o f t w o w o r d s s u c h a s next to a n d instead o f ( ) , o r m o r e t h a n t w o w o r d s s u c h a s as weỉỉ as a n d in ỹront o f ( ) T h e y a ll e n d w i t h a s i m p l e p r e p o s i t i o n Come and sit n ex t to me • Couỉd I have coffee ỉnsteađ o f tea? (N O T coff€€ instcad tca?) O t h e r s i n c l u d e : a c c o r d i n g t o , a p a r t f r o m , b e c a u s e o f , d u e t o , o u t o f , t o g e t h e r v v ith There were tw o or three men as w eỉỉ as a group o f girls in f r o n t o f me waitirĩg to buy tickets O t h e r s i n c l u d e : a s a r e s u l t o f i n a d d i t i o n t o , i n p l a c e o f , o n t o p o f , v v ith r e g a r d t o Prepositional phrases P r e p o s itio n a l p h r a s e s c o n s is t o f p r e p o s itio n s p lu s o b je c ts T h e o b je c ts a r e n o u n p h r a s e s (6 ) a n d c a n in c lu d e o b je c t p r o n o u n s (7 ) a n d g e ru n d s (8 ) The boỵ cut the rope w ith a penknife • ỉ gave the keys to the w om an who works in yo u r office, A p a r tỷ r o m us, it w as em pty • Let*s keep this b e tw e e n y o u a n d m e (n o t betw€en ỵ o u a n d /.) Some peopỉe ỉeft w ith o u t paying, • Besỉdes swim m irtg, ỉ aĩso ỉike hockey an d basketball W e n o r m a lly p u t a p r e p o s itio n im m e d ia te ly b e ío r e its o b je c t, b u t in q u e s tio n s ( ) a n d r e la tiv e c la u s e s ( ) , w e o f t e n p u t t h e p r e p o s i t i o n a t t h e e n d I n í o r m a l u s e s , t h e p r e p o s i t i o n is s o m e t i m e s p u t a t t h e b e g in n in g o f th e q u e s tio n o r b e fo re th e re la tiv e p r o n o u n (1 ) H e c u t i t w i t h s o m e t h i n g - ♦ W h at d id he cut it with? J a n is t h e w o m a n I g a v e t h e k e y s t o h e r —►]an is the woman (th at/w h o) ỉ gave the keys to 11 W ith w h a t did he cut it? • Jan is the woman to whom ỉ gave the keỵs ( n o t iũ-whò) S o m e p r c p o s ỉtio n s a r e o n ly u s e d a t th e b e g in n in g , n o t th e e n d , o f q u e s tio n s a n d r e la tiv c c la u s e s 12 A f t e r w hich w a r w as the Treatỵ ofVersaill€S signed? (n o t W k ich w a r w as it signcd aỷtcr?) O t h e r s i i i c l u d e ; a b o v e , b e c a u s e o f» b e í o r e , b e I o w , b e s i d e s , d u r i n g Using information from the report on page 124, complete ỉhese sentences and decide how each preposỉtion is being used a K Ìth a n o b je c t p r o n o u n b w ith a g e ru n d c a t th e b e g in n in g o f a re la tiv e c la u s e d a t th e e n d o f a re la tiv e d a u s e T h e s t u d e n t s c o n í ì r i n e d t h a t t h i s is c o r r e c t ( ) S m d e n t s n e e d j o b s , b u t s o m e s a i d u n i v e r s i t i e s d o n 't h e l p w i t h e m p lo y m e n t ( ) O n e s t u d e n t s a i d t h a t , , s h e s p e n t h e r v v e e k e n d s s l e e p i n g ( ) H i g h e r c o s t s a r e d e í ì n i n g t h e c i r c u m s t a n c c s s t u d e n t s t r y t o í ì n i s h t h e i r d e g re e s ( ) G )»nn ecto n aniđ preposiiions 210 Q ucslion w ords wiih prcpositions 50 Preposilions in relative clauscs 179 125 10 P R E P O s r n o N S Prepositions of time: at, in, on, etc W e use w iứ i a n e x a c t p o in t in tim c The morning sessiort begins a t 8.30 and ends a t nooĩĩ, • A t that tirne ỉ was stiỉỉ a student W e a ls o u s e b e f o r e n a m e s o f m e a itiiĩie s o r g e n e l w o rd s f o r h o lid a y s (2 ) a n d w h e n w e ta lk a b o u t a p e rs o n s a g e a s a p o in t in tim e (3 ) r i ỉ s e e ỵ o u a t b r e a k fa s t • \\ % a t d o e s y o u r f a m i ỉ y d o a t C h r is tm a s ? ( n q t a t C h r i s t m a s D a y ) Both m y parents ỉeft school a t 16 • A i ỵour age, ĩ was aỉreaảy m arrieả and haả a baby W e u s e in w i t h a p e r i o d o f t i m e We usuaỉỉy listen to music ỉn the evening • They did aỉỉ the repairs in one day N o t e t h a t in the night ( ‘d u r i n g a s p e c i í ì c n i g h t ’) is d i f f e r e n t f r o m at night C d u r i n g a n y n i g h t ’) W e a l s o u s e in b e í o r e t h e n a m e s o f m o n t h s , s e a s o n s o r y e a r s ( ) , a n d b e í o r e p h r a s e s i d e n t i í ỵ i n g c e n tu rie s a n d h is to ric a i p e rio d s (6 ) Summer ĩỉm e begins in March • / í 's very ảrỵ here in summer • Dickens died in 1870 The house was built in the Ỉ9th centurỵ • / ứ z z first hecame popuỉar in the 1920$ W e c a n a l s o u s e ìn f o r a p e r i o d o f t i m e b e f o r e s o m e t h i n g h a p p e n s o r is c o m p l e t e d / / he back in an hour • They said ĩhey'dfinish the work in two or three ảays W e u s e on w i t h a s p e c i í i c d a y , o r p a r t o f a s p e c i í ì c d a y , a n d d a t e s r u seeỵou on Sunảay • The meeting is on M onảay morning • The exam is on M ay 30th I n i n í o r m a l u s e s , e s p e c i a l l y i n A m e r i c a n E n g l i s h , on is o í t e n l e í t o u t : Vỉl seeyou Sunday W e a l s o u s e on w i t h s p e c i a l d a y s o r o c c a s i o n s r i ỉ be there on ỵou r birthảay • W hat you on Christmas Day? ( n o t on Christm as) W e d o n * t u s u a l l y u s e aty in o r on b e f o r e t i m e e x p r e s s i o n s b e g i n n i n g w i t h each, everyy ĩast, next We had meetings every day ỉast week • ưm leaving next Priday ( n o t on next Pridaỵ) W e c a n u s e from a n d to f o r s t a r t i n g a n d e n d p o i n t s i n t i m e ( 1 ) W e c a n a l s o u s e past ( U a t e r t h a n ) w i t h a p o in t in tim e (1 ) 11 The cỉass meets fro m 2.30 to 4.30 • VVe lived in Á thensfrom Ỉ998 to 2002 W hat tim e is it? - ĩt's p a s t eight o'clock Actuaỉly, it's already tw enty p a s t eight Complete each sentence with one pair of words or phrases plus af, in or on where necessary Christmas D ay Ị the p a st four o'cỉock ỉ Priday aỷternoon thefourth ofJuly Ị 1776 her birthảay / next Saturđay ỵ m id n ig h t / New Year^s Eve night Ị winter sỉx / the morning sixtỵ-five / 2005 September / every ỵear E x a m p le : W e a ll h e ld h a n d a n d s a n g to g e th e r I h a t e d t h e e a r l y s h i f t a t t h e í a c t o r y b e c a u s e I h a d t o s t a r t v v o r k W e * r e g o i n g t o h a v e a b i g p a r t y f o r R a c h e l T h e y H a r v e s t t h e g r a p e s B e c a u s e i t w a s s o c o l d i n t h e b e d r o o m , I o f t e n d i d n ’t s l e e p v e r y w e l l ĩ t w a s n ’t a s c o m m o n f o r p e o p l e t o g e t a h o l i d a ỵ f r o m w o r k I c a n * t le a v e v v o r k e a r l y b e c a u s e I h a v e a m c e t i n g A l t h o u g h h e d i d n * t t h i n k o f h i m s e l f a s o l d , F r a n k J o n e s h a d t o r e t i r e T h e A m e r i c a n D e c l a r a t i o n o f I n d e p e n đ e n c e w a s s i g n e d 126 in, Ort (place) 128 From w (raovím cnt an d pUce) 130 10 PREPOSITIONS Prepositions of time: duríng, for, since, etc During, fory since W e c a n u s e during o r in w h e n s o m e t h i n g h a p p e n s a t s o m e p o i n t ( s ) \ v i t h i n a s p e c i í ĩ c p e r i o d o f l i m e ( ) W e u s u a l l y u s e during ( n o t in) w h e n w e ’r e t a l k i n g a b o u t t h e w h o l e p e r i o d o f t i m e ( ) , We'ỉl be on hoỉiday during/in Ịuỉy • The oỉd roaả is sometimes closed during/in winter We neeả fewer \vorkers during long weekends • There were no cìasses du ritĩg the whole of May W e c a n u s e during ( n o t for) t o s a y w h e n s o m e t h i n g h a p p e n s a n d for ( n o t ảuring) t o s a y h o w l o n g s o m e t h i n g la s ts D u rin g Apriỉy Vm hopirĩg to go to New York fo r a few ảays, ( n o t ắurirtg ữ fcsỲ ảays) V \ ^ e n w e ’r e t a l k i n g a b o u t a p e r i o d o f t i m e u p t o t h e p r e s e n t , w e c a n u s e for t o s a y h o w l o n g i t h a s b e e n ( ) a n d since t o s a y w h e n i t s t a r t e d ( ) w ẻve been waiting fo r hours • Vve heen a student herefor two years ( k o t sincc two ycars) We've been waiting since eight o'cỉock • / V e been a student here since 2004 We usually use a períect tense, not the present simple, with since (n ot ^ m -hcrcsincc 20B4.) Beỷorey by, until W e u s u a l l y u s e before\eTỴ g e n e r a l l y f o r s o m e t h i n g h a p p e n i n g e a r l i e r t h a n a c e r t a i n t i m e ( ) W e u s e by m o r e p r e c i s e l y w h e n w e m e a n 'a o n o r b e í o r e ’ a s p e c i í ĩ c t i m e ( ) \V e u s e untiỉ f o r a p e r i o d o f t i m e u p t o a s p e c i í i c p o i n t i n t i m e ( ) W e c a n u s e n o t u n í i / w h e n w e m e a n ‘n o t e a r l i e r t h a n ( ) J ill: DidrCt Rob say he wouỉd be here before six? ( = a t s o m e t i m e e a r l i e r t h a n s i x ) B e v : ĩ think he saiả he hoped to be here hỵ six ( = a t o r b e f o r e , b u t n o t l a t e r , t h a n s i x ) J ill: ỉ guess we shouỉd w ait for him u ntiỉ six-fỉfteen ( = d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d u p t o s i x - f ì f t e e n ) B e v : ĩ bet he won't get here u n tiỉ six-thỉrtỵ ( = n o t e a r l i e r t h a n s i x - t h i r t y ) I n i n í o r m a l u s e s , tiỉỉ is s o m e t i m e s u s e d i n s t e a d o f untiỉ: He \v o n tg e t here till sỉx-thirĩỵ W e d o n ’t u s u a l l y u s e t w o p r e p o s i t i o n s t o g e t h e r , b u t t h e c o m b i n a t i o n s since before ( ‘f r o m a p o i n t in t i m e e a r l i e r t h a n ') a n d untiỉ aỷter ( ‘u p t o a p o i n t i n t i m e l a t e r t h a n ’) a r e s o m e t i m e s u s e d TheỵWe ỉived here sỉnce heỷore the war • D o n t say 'Happy New Year* u n til after midnight Using a dictỉonary if necessary, com plete these detìnitions wíth the nouns and prepositions curfcw deadline expirỵdate aỷter at by during in {x ) untiỉ ( 1) : t h e e n d o f a p e r i o d o f t i m e ( 2) v v h ic h s o m e t h i n g c a n b e used (3 ) : a p o i n t (4 ) ti m e (5 ) v v h ic h s o m e t h i n g m u s t b e d o n e o r c o m p le te d ( ) : a l a w p r o h i b i t i n g p e o p l e f r o m g o i n g o u t s i d e ( ) a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e (8) n i g h t ( ) a p a r t i c u l a r t i m e ( 10) t h e m o rn in g C orrect ỉhe m istakes ỉn these sentences IV e b e e n w a itin g s in c e a n h o u r to h a v e a m in u te w ith th e b o s s till h is n e x t m e e tin g M y s is te r w o r k s a s a te a c h e r in A th e n s s in c e a f te r 0 Y o u r a p p lic a tio n f o r m m u s t b e re c e iv e d in th is o íĩĩc e u n til a m in t h e f ìr s t o f M a r c h I h a v e a p p o in tm e n ts in e v c ry m o r n in g th is w c e k , b u t I c a n see y o u o n n e x t M o n d a y m o r n in g T im e clauses vvith untii!, 5Ìnftf'9 Ourirỉg or while i9B Pcrícct tenscs 18, 20 127 10 PREPOSmONS Prepositions of place: at, in, on Aty in and on for location V V h e n s o m e t h i n g is a t a p l a c e , i t i s c l o s e t o i t , b u t n o t t o u c h i n g it ( ) W e c a n a l s o u s e a t v v h e n w e t a l k a b o u t a p o in t o n a s c a le o r a jo u r n e y (2 ) W fe7 / m eet you a t the bus stop • I ĩhink ĩ heard someone a t the door Bake the pie in the oven a t 170° • r m sure we stoppeả a t York ảuring our trip Tĩorth, W h e n s o m e t h i n g is in a p l a c e , i t i s i n s i d e it ( ) W e c a n a l s o u s e in w h e n w e t a l k a b o u t a p l a c e a s a g e n e l a re a s u c h a s a re g io n o r a c o u n tr y (4 ) The m oneỵ was in a box in a drawer in the desk in mỵ office • What's in the enveỉope? Liĩỵ Ì5 going to spend a week in Tuscany this summer - ĩs that in Prance or ỉtaỉỵ? N o te th a t vve say: W ì ỉs the smaĩỉ boy in the picture? ( n o t on tke p k tu rè ) W h e n s o m e t h i n g is on a p l a c e , i t i s i n c o n t a c t v v ith a s u r í a c e ( ) W e c a n a l s o u s e on w h e n w e t a l k a b o u t a place in relatíon to a line such as a road or a river (6) / left the keỵs on the tabỉe • She reached over and pu t her hand on Youlỉ pass Stratford on the way to Birmingham ĩfs ju s t a smaỉỉ town on the river Avon Verbs and nouns with at, in and on A f t e r v e r b s s u c h a s shout a n d smile, w e u s e a t b e í o r e a n o b j e c t t h a t is t h e t a r g e t o f t h e a c t i o n Why is that man shoutỉng a t us? * She smiĩed a t me ( n o t Shc smìlcđ m e ) Others include; bark, glance, laugh, look, scream, stare, svvear, yell A íite r v e r b s s u c h a s beỉieve a n d incỉudey w e u s e in b e f o r e o b j e c l s t h a t d e s c r i b e i d e a s a n d t h i n g s a s i f t h e y w e re p la c e s ỉ dort*t beỉieve in ỉife aỹter đeath • The tip is incỉuded in the hiỉl ( n o t ỉt ^-itíc h d c d the biỉl.) Others include: indulge, interíere, invest, join, meddle, result, specialize, wallow A í t e r v e r b s s u c h a s com m ent and concentratcy w e u s e on b e í o r e a n o b j e c t We can*t com m ent on the test results yet • ỉ can*t concentrate on m y work ( n o t / €ứn ’t eon ccn trate Others includc: depend, focus, insist, leaure, plan, relỵ, remark, leport A f t e r n o u n s s u c h a s ban a n d restrictioTiy w e u s e on b e í o r e a n o t h e r n o u n 10 ỉsn't there a ban on pesticỉdes? • Theỵ have restrictions on the am ount o f m oneyỵou can send O lh e r s in c lu d e : a tta c k , c o n s tr a in t, e ffe c t, e m p h a s is , im p o s itio n lim it, p e r s p e c tiv e , s a n c tio n s Choose an ending (a-d) for each beginning (1-4) and add at, in OT on T h e r e a r e r e s t r i c t i o n s t r a v e l Jan kept staring .the goldíìsh ( ) They believe .negotiatingquietly ( ) He was concentrating the task ( ) a r a t h e r t h a n s h o u t i n g e a c h o t h e r b of counting the m oney his wallet c as it swam ro u n d its small glass bowl d some parts of the country Add at, in or on where necessary to these sentences in On E x a m p l e : C r a f t s h o p ^ a n y s m a l l v i l l a g e s TcìyẠour b u s e s t o b r i n g t h e m c u s t o m e r s T h e m e e t i n g í o c u s e d e c o n o m i c p r o b l e m s d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r i e s S o u t h - E a s t A s ia Y o u c a n e ith e r s ta n d th e b a r o r s it a ta b le m o s t p u b s B rita in W e w e r e d e p e n d i n g m y b r o t h e r to m e e t u s t h e e x it d o o r a f te r th e c o n c e r t T h e c h ild r e n w e re la u g h in g s o m e th in g th e y h a d se e n a c a rto o n 128 At in on (time) 126 10 P R E P O S m O N S Prepositions of place: above, below, between, etc Above and over W e u s e aboveanà over to s a y t h a t O n e t h i n g is i n a h i g h e r p o s i t i o n t h a n a n o t h e r ( ) There^s a fu lỉ moon above/over the tnountain, • He has a smalỉ scar above/over his left eye, W e c a n u s e above ( n o t over) w h e n o n e t h i n g is a t a h i g h e r l e v e l o r p o i n t o n a s c a l e t h a n a n o t h e r ( ) W e c a n u s e over ( n o t above) w h e n o n e t h i n g c o v e r s a n o t h e r i n s o m e w a y ( ) M o r e í ì g u r a t i v e i y , above c a n b e u s e d w i t h t h e s e n s e o f * b e t t e r t h a n ' a n d o v e r v v ith t h e s e n s e o f ‘m o r e t h a n ’ ( ) ỉ ù aỉways colder above the snowline • H er name is above mine on the w aiting list There are thick clouảs over m ost o f Scotỉand, • ỉ had to wear a scarf o ver m y head His work is above average • Are ỵou over 21? (N O T A rcỵou ahoyc 21?) Beỉow and unđer W e u s e beỉow a n d under t o s a y t h a t o n e t h i n g i s i n a l o w e r p o s i t i o n t h a n a n o t h e r ( ) Their ỷĩat is beỉơw /under ours • I keep the bleach beỉow /under the sink in the kitchen W e u s e beỉow ( n o t under) w h e n o n e t h i n g is a t a l o w e r le v e l o r p o i n t o n a s c a l e t h a n a n o t h e r ( ) W e u s e under ( n o t beỉow) w h e n O n e t h i n g is c o v e r e d b y a n o t h e r i n s o m e w a y ( ) M o r e í ì g u r a t i v e l y , under Cãiì be used vvith the sense o f ‘less than (8) M ost o fN ew Orỉeans beĩow sea leveL • Vm sure the temperature helow zero tonight The pu ppy ỉikes to hide u n der the sofa • D o ỵou aĩwaỵs wear a vest u n đ e r your shirt? ỉỷỵo ứ re u nder 21, ỵou can*t get into the club, • The total cost ợf the trip was under £50 W e c a n u s e underneath t o e m p h a s e 'c o v e r e d b y ’: ỉ keep m ỵ moneỵ underneath m ỵ mattress Between and atnong W e c a n t a l k a b o u t a p l a c e between t w o o r m o r e s e p a r a t e p e o p l e o r t h i n g s ( ) o r among m o r e t h a n tw o p e o p le o r th in g s to g e th e r a s a g r o u p (1 ) Find Luxembourg on the map /f*5 betw een Beỉgium, Prance and Germany Find Luxembourg on the map / í ’s am on g the countries ofWestern Europe M o r e f i g u r a t i v e l y , hetween ( n o t among) c a n b e u s e d t o t a l k a b o u t h o w t h i n g s a r e c o n n e c t e d ( 1 ) a n d among ( n o t bet\\feen) c a n b e u s e d w i t h t h e s c n s e o f ‘í n c l u d e d i n ’ ( ) 11 In the stuảy, they investigated the relationship betw een education, ảiet a n d heaỉth A m ong the advantages oỷprivate schools are small classes an d more individual attention Usỉng a dictíonary if necessary, complete these sentences usìng an adjective or a noun plus one of the preposỉtions overaỉỉs overcoat overflow overhead overlap overpopuỉation above among beỉow between over under T m w e a r i n g a w o o U e n p u l l o v e r a n d a j a c k e t t h i s , b u t I s tiU fe e l c o ld H ig h b ir th r a te s c o m b in e d w íứ i b e tte r h e a lth c a re fo r c h ild r e n a re s ta r tin g to c re a te s e rio u s p r o b l e m s v v i t h s o m e o f t h e w o r l d ’s p o o r e s t n a t i o n s T h e r e d o e s s e e m t o b e q u i t e a n t h e s u b j e c t a r e a s o f m a t h s a n d p h y s i c s T h e v v o r k is r e a l l y d i r t y s o y o u ’d b e t t c r w e a r y o u r c l e a n c l o t h e s T h e n u m b e r o f y o u n g c h i l d r e n s t a r t i n g s c h o o l t h i s y e a r is w e l l n o r m a l a n d w e d o n ’t h a v e e n o u g h r o o m f o r i h e m a ll , s o w e ’r e h a v i n g t o u s e t e m p o r a r y b u i l d i n g s f o r t h e A n u m b e r o f p e o p l e w h o l i v e n e a r o r ứ i o s e m a s s i v e p o w e r lin e s s a y t h a t th e y h a v e s u f f e r e d H e a lth p r o b le m s b e c a u s e o f th e m i2 10 P R H P O S m O N S Prepositions of movement and place: from, across, along, etc P r o n ty tOy t o w a r d s W e u s e from f o r t h e o r i g i n o r s t a r t i n g p o i n t a n d to f o r t h e g o a l o r e n d p o i n t o f m o v e m e n t ( ) M o r e í ì g u r a t i v e l y , from a n d to c a n b e u s e d f o r t h e s t a r t i n g a n d e n d p o i n t s o f c h a n g e s ( ) We fỉew straight fro m London to San Prancisco • / can w aỉkfrom my fỉa t to work He transỉated the book fro m Russian to Engỉish • ĩt w en tfrom quite cooỉ to very hot in an hour W e c a n u s e towards ( ‘i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f ) t o f o c u s o n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f m o v e m e n t ( ) M o r e í ì g u r a t i v e l y , towards c a n b e u s e d t o t a l k a b o u t t h e d i r e c t i o n o f d e v e l o p m e n t o r c h a n g e ( ) Ị sudảenly saw a car Corning towards me • ỉ f you get ỉosĩ, trỵ to \vaỉk towards the South The trend is tow ards much ỉarger farms • This agreement is an im portant step tow arđs peace N o t e t h a t toward is a l s o u s e d , e s p e c i a l l y i n A m e r i c a n E n g l i s h : / r s a step ĩoward peace Into and onto W e c a n u s e into w h e n w e f o c u s o n m o v e m e n t t o a p l a c e i n s i d e s o m e t h i n g ( ) a n d onto ( o r on to) f o r m o v e m e n t to a s u rfa c e o f s o m e k in d (6 ) We took a bus in to the city centre • The waiter poured some wine into each gỉass Let's move the sm aỉỉ books o n to the top sheỉf, • Paint was drippirĩg[rom his brush onto the floor Across, over, through W e c a n u s e acrossy over a n d through f o r m o v e m e n t f r o m O n e s i d e o f s o m e t h i n g t o t h e o t h e r The early expỉorers had to get across/over/through the Rocky Mountains to reach the coast W e u s u a l l y u s e aưoss f o r m o v e m e n t t o t h e o l h e r s i d e o f a s u r í a c e o r a r e a ( ) , over f o r m o v e m e n t t o t h e o t h e r s i d e o f s o m e ứ i i n g t h a t is v i e w c d a s h i g h o r a s a l i n e ( ) a n d through f o r m o v e m e n t t h a t c n te r s a n d le a v e s s o m e th in g ( ) We spent a month ĩravelling across America • She pushed a note across the tabỉe to him The gate was ỉocked so I cỉimbed over the w a li • ỉ t was a good shoty but it went over the bar You have to go through the kitchen to get to the bathroom • The Thames flows through ỈẨ)tĩdorĩ W e c a n u s e across a n d over f o r p l a c e ( ‘o n t h e o t h e r s i d e o f * ) : There's a cafe across/over the Street Along and past W e c a n u s e along f o r m o v e m e n t i n o n e d i r e c t i o n o r t o d e s c r i b e t h e p o s i t i o n o f s o m e t h i n g w h i c h ìs s o m e w h e r e i n t h a t d i r e c t i o n ( 1 ) W e c a n I is e past f o r m o v e m e n t b e y o n d a s p e c i í ì c p o i n t o r t o d e s c rib e th e p o s itio n o f s o m e th in g b e y o n d a s p e c ific p o in t (1 ) 11 ỉ like waỉkirĩg aĩon g countrỵ ỉanes • Theres a cafe aỉong the Street We ảrove p a s t Stratỷord, but didn*t stop there • There^s a cafe ju st p a st the church Off and out o f W e c a n u s e o ffío r m o v e m e n t a v v a y f r o m a s u r í a c e o r t o d e s c r i b e t h e p o s i t i o n o f s o m e t h i n g i n r e l a t i o n t o a s u r í a c e ( ) W e u s e ou t ofỉoT m o v e m e n t f r o m t h e i n s i d e o f s o m e t h i n g o r t o d e s c r i b e t h e p o s i t i o n o f s o m e t h i n g w h i c h is n o l o n g e r i n s i d e ( ) Couĩd you take that box o ff the tabỉe? • The platform was about tw ofeet o ffth e ground ỉ liỷted the kitten ou t o f the box As soon as was o u t o f the box, it started crying N ote th a t we d o n ’t use out (vvithout o f) as a preposition ( n o t ỉ t-waỹ out-ihe bữ^.) M o r e f i g u r a t i v e l y , / f c a n b e u s e d w i t h t h e s e n s e o f ‘n o t c o n n e c t e d t o ' ( ) a n d out o / w i t h t h e s e n s e o f 'n o lo n g e r h a v in g (1 ) This p a rt oỷyour essay is compỉeteỉy o ff the main topic, • Skye is an island o ffth e we$t coast We*re o u t o f miỉk, so ỉ have to go to the shop • A ỉot o f peopỉe are out o f work now 3C Prom, ío 'r^oieỳ 126 Over 129 10 PRE POSITIONS 10 Complete these directions w ith the fo llo w in g prepositions: across a lo n g fr o m out o f p a st to ( x ) to w a r d s 'J ò n y ( t a l k i n g o n t h e p h o n e ) : H i , A n g i c , i t ’s m e a g a i n T m s o r r y t o b o t h e r y o u , b u t T m i n t h e p o s t o í í ĩ c e a n d I c a n ’t r e m e m b e r h o w t o g e t ( 1) t h e R e d L i o n ( 2) h e r c /V n g ie : T h a t s o k a y T h e R e d L i o n is o n K i n g S t r e e t , s o w h e n y o u r e ( i ) t h e p o s t o í í ì c e , y o u s h o u l d t u r n r i g h t a n d v / a l k ( ) t h e c a t h e d r a l G o (5) P o r t S tr e e t a n d t u r n le w h e n y o u re a c h B a k e r S tre e t, W a lk (f>) B a k e r S t r e e t ( ) K i n g S t r e e t a n d t u r n r i g h t T h e R e d L i o n v v ill b e o n y o u r r i g h t j u s t (H ) t h c l i b r a r ỵ 11 Using a dictỉonary if necessary, add one pair o f prepo sitions to each sentence along / towards out o f /fro m through Ị to W h e n y o u g o v i a a p a r t i c u l a r p l a c e , y o u g o t h a t p l a c e o n y o u r w a y a n o t h e r p l a c e W T ie n y o u V e g o i n g u p o r d o v v n a r o a d , y o u ’r c g o i n g .i l o n e e n d o f it W ^ e n y o u V e a s k e d t o w a i t o u t s i d e a r o o m , y o u h a v e t o b c t h e r o o m , b u t y o u m u s t n ’t m o v e t o o f a r it 12 Add these prepositions to the followíng paragraphs from the beginning of a novel ah ng from inĩo on over throíigh toward$ ( x ) S h e s ta n d s u p in th e g a r d c n v v h e re s h e h a s b e e n w o r k in g a n d lo o k s i n to th e d is ta n c e , S h e h a s s e n s e d a s h i f t i n ĩ h e v v e a th e r T h e r e is a n o t h e r g u s t o f w i n d , a b u c k l e o f n o i s e i n t h e a i r , a n d t h c t a l l c y p r e s s e s s w a y S h e t u r n s a n d m o v e s u p h i U ( 1) t h e h o u s e , c l i m b i n g ( 2) a l o w w a l l , f e e l i n g t h e í ì r s t d r o p s o f r a i n ( ) h c r b a r e a r m s S h e c r o s s e s t h e l o g g i a a n d q u ic k ly e n te rs th e h o u s e I n t h c k i t c h e n s h e d o e s n t p a u s e b u t g o e s ( ) it a n d c l i m b s U ie s t a i r s w h i c h a r e i n d a r k n e s s a n d t h e n c o n t i n u e s ( ) t h e l o n g h a l l , a t t h e e n d o f \ v h i c h is a v / e d g e o f lig h t ( ) í\n o p e n d o o r S h e t u r n s ( ) t h e r o o m w h i c h is a n o t h e r g a r d e n - t h i s o n e m a d e u p o f t r e e s a n d b o v v e r s p a i n t e d o v e r i t s v v a ỉls a n d c e i l i n g T h e m a n ỉie s o n t h e b e d , h i s b o d y e x p o s e d t o t h e b r e e z e , a n d h e t u r n s h i s h e a d s l o w l y (8 ) h e r a s s h e e n t e i s 131 10 PR E PO SIT IO N S Prepositions used for connections: of, with, by O f and with W e u s e o / a n d with w h e n w e t a l k a b o u t p e o p l e a n d t h i n g s b e i n g c o n n e c t e d W e c a n p u t / b e t w e e n t w o n o u n p h r a s e s t o s h o w t h a t t h e í ì r s t b e l o n g s t o o r is p a r t o f t h e s e c o n d ( ) W e c a n p u t with b e t w e e n t w o n o u n p h r a s e s w h e n t h e s e c o n d is a p a r t i c u l a r í e a t u r e o f t h e í ì r s t ( ) The ro o Ịo f their house is bright red • The sỉeeves o f thỉs shirt are too long Theirs is the house w ith the bright red roof • Vm lookingfor a white shirt w ith short sleeves W e c a n u s e of t o s a y h o w p e o p l e a r e r e l a t e d ( ) a n d with t o s a y t h a t p e o p l e o r t h i n g s a r e t o g e t h e r ( ) ỉs Brionỵ the daughter o /A ỉice Hawthorn? - Yes, she*s a goodỷriend o f mine, I think Lee yvent shopping w ith herỷrienảs • Wouỉd you ỉike some wine w ith you r meaỉ? W e u s e o / a f t e r s o m e a d j c c t i v c s ( ) a n d with a í t e r o t h e r s ( ) M iỉỉie i$ afraid o f dogs * The report was fu ỉỉ o f misĩakes ( n q t ỉ t ivasỷủỉl Ìth mistakes,) • A reyou aw are o fth e risks invoỉved? • I w asfon d o f mỵ oỉd car, but it had too m anỵ probỉems We werefaced w ith a difficuĩt choice • ỉ wasn't /a m iỉia r w ith that Computer programme • There are side effects associated w ith most medicines • He w asnt satisfied w ith m ỵ work, Wỉth and by We can use w ith plus a determiner and noun for the speciíìc thing used to períorm an action (7) W e u s u a l l y u s e by p l u s a n o u n ( n o d e t e r m i n e r ) o r g e r u n d w h e n w e w a n t t o d e s c r i b e t h e a c t i o n i n a m o r e g e n e r a l vvay ( ) / p a id w ith m ỵ credit carả • The thief broke the ĩock w ith a knife Ip a iả by creảit card • He opened the door hỵ breaking the ỉock ( n o t O t h e r t y - p h r a s e s u s e d w i t h a g e n e r a l m e a n i n g i n c l u d e : bỵ air, bỵ bus, bỵ em a il byph on e 13 Complete each sentence with One paìr of vvords or phrases (not necessarily in this order) plus by, o fo r with where necessary a cheque Ị the yeỉỉow lam pshaảe American historỵ / reading / any probỉems Ị the w aỵ the ảoor Ị a screwảrỉver her Ị taxi the match / scoring ours Ị some friends E x a m p l e : W e w e r e n * t a w a r e o f ^ r ọ l p l ẹ ^ s u n t i l w e s t a r t e d g e t t i n g c o m p l a i n t s f r o m p e o p l e w h o c l e a r l y w e r e n ’t s a t i s í i e d t h e i r n e w c o m p u t e r s w e r e v v o r k i n g H e t r i e d t o r e m o v e t h e o l d b r o k e n h a n d l e T m b e c o m i n g m o r e í a m i l i a r a b o u t t h c C i v i l W a r W e w e n t o u t t o d i n n e r R o b e r t s o n c e l c b r a t e d h i s r e t u r n t o t h e S c o l t i s h t e a m t h e b e s t g o a l a g a i n s t E n g l a n d y e s t e r d a y T h e y d o n * t a l l o w d o g s o n t h e b u s e s s o B e t t y a l w a y s g o e s w h e n e v e r s h e w a n ts to ta k e h e r d o g I w a n t e d t o b u y t h a t l a m p b u t I d i d n ’t h a v e e n o u g h c a s h a n d t h e y w o u l d n * t l e t m e p a y f o r i t 132 By (lime) 127 Bỵ and with arter piA íỉv:; M D el«rm in«rt 83 o /a n d posteMÍve nouns 76 10 PREPOSITIONS Prepositions used for exceptions: except (for), besides, vvithout, etc Except (for)y besidesy apartfrom W e c a n u s e except o r exceptfor ( 'n o t i n c l u d i n g ) w i t h s o m e o n e o r s o m e t h i n g n o t i n c l u d e d i n a g e n e r a l s t a t e m e n t , u s u a l l y a í t e r a q u a n t i í ì e r s u c h a s everỵ ( ) W e u s u a l l y u s e exceptfor ( n o t except) w ith in ío r m a tio n a d d e d to a s p e c iíìc s ta te m e n t th a t m a k e s it n o t c o m p le te ly tr u e (2 ) 7fV open everỵ day except (for) Sunday • Everyone ỉiked the film except me (N O T cx€€p t D She says shẻs stoppeả smoking exceptỷor an occasional àgarette a t a party W e c a n u s e except ( n o t exceptfor) b e í o r e p r e p o s i t i o n p h r a s e s ( ) a n d c l a u s e s ( ) ĩ work here aỉl day except on Priday, • It wilỉ be sunnỵ everỵwhere except in the north / V e never heard their baby cry except when gets tired I n n e g a t i v e s e n t e n c e s , w e c a n u s e besides w i t h t h e s a m e m e a n i n g a s except (for) ( ) I n o t h e r s e n t e n c e s , besides u s u a l l y m e a n s ‘ i n a d d i t i o n to* ( ) ỉ didn't know anỵone in London besides/except ựor) m y uncle Henrỵ B esides ỷootbaỉị w hat other sports you ĩike? • / V e ĩaỉkeả to a lot oỷpeople besides Henry W e c a n u s e apartỷrom i n s t e a d o f b o t h except ựor) ( ‘n o t i n c l u d i n g ’) a n d besides ( ‘i n a d d i t i o n t o ’) /í*5 open every day a p a rtỷ ro m Sunday • A p a rtý ro m /o o tb a ll w hat other sports ỵou ỉike? N o t e t h a t asideýrom is u s e d l i k e apart from, e s p e c i a l l y i n A m e r i c a n E n g l i s h Wỉthout and minus W e u s e except ựor) w i t h s o m e t h i n g n o t i n c l u d e d i n a g e n e r a l s t a t e m e n t W e u s e w ithout f o r s o m e t h i n g n o t i n c l u d e d i n ứ i e w i d e r s e n s e s o f ‘n o t h a v i n g ( ) o r ‘n o t d o i n g ’ s o m e t h i n g ( ) W e c a n u s e minus w h e n w e w a n t t o e m p h a s i x e t h a t s o m e t h i n g h a s b e e n r e m o v e d ( ) / prefer tea w ith o u t milk, don*tyou? • Romeo chose death rather than lỉfe \v ith o u t Juliet Biỉl changed his travel pĩans w ith o u t anỵ expỉanation Then he ỉeft w ith o u t sayinggoodbye They eventually pubỉished the report, w ith ou m in us several im portant seơions 14 Using a dlctionary if necessaVy, complete each sentence with a noun and a preposition breaả fish /ru it k e cream tneaỉ omelettes pizza rice besides except ( x ) exceptfor minus with w ithout ( x ) W e d o n 't u s u a l l y e a t m u c h w h e n w e h a v e I n d i a n f o o d M y g r a n d í a t h e r l i k e d t o s a y t h a t y o u c a n * t m a k e b r e a k i n g e g g s I í ì r s t l e a r n c d h o v v t o c o o k s a l m o n a n d n o w I c o o k a l o t o f o t h e r t h a t T h e y u s u a l l y d r i n k w i n e w i t h t h e i r e v e n i n g d u r i n g L e n t M y c h i l d r e n d o n ’t e a t a l o t o f b a n a n a s a t b r e a k f a s t s o m e t i m e s W o u l d y o u l i k e s o m e y o u r s t r a w b e r r i e s ? W e w o n * t b e a b l e t o m a k e f l o u r It w a s o b v io u s th a t s o m e o n e h a d a lre a d y d e c id e d it w a s tim e to s ta r t e a tin g b e c a u s e o n th e ta b le w a s o u r , O n e v e r y l a r g e s lic e ơííííies as a coruiector 212 Q u a n tifie n V n ỉe ì9 133 personiíication: the treatment of an abstract idea or a thing as if it was a person (Death's coỉd hand touched his shouỉđer.) 76 phrasal m odal: a phrase such as be abỉe to, be going to or have to used instead of a modal ( We have to wait fo r Cathỵ.), Compare modal 28 phrasal verb: a verb + particle combination such as sĩeep in or p u t on { H e p u t on his shoes.) 134 pluperíect - past períect 20 p o s s e s s iv e determ iner: m y.your, hÌ5j hevy itSt owr, their Compare possessive pronoun 83 p o s s e s s iv e noun: a noun plus an apostrophe with s {Lee^s car) or vvithout s {Ịones* house) 78 p o s s e s s iv e pronoun: mine, yours, hỉSj hers, ourSt theirs Compare possessive determiner 83, 97 p o s s e s s iv e : a word such as tny, your, their used as a determiner before a noun ịm y chair, ỵour moneỵ) and miney ỵouTS, theirs used as a pronoim instead of a noun phrase {ỉfo u n d min€y but ỉ couldn't fin ả ỵo u rs.) 83, 97 p r e d ic a tĩv e a d je c tiv e ; an adjective used aíter a linking verb {Her hair was red a n d her eyes were green.) Compare attributive adjective 112 p re d ic tiv e c o n d itio n a l: a tỵpe of real conditional used to express a likely connection betvveen one event and another possible event ( / / / have timet r u help ỵou,) 185 prepositĩon: a word such as aíand OM, or a phrase such as in front of, used before a noun, noun phrase or pronoun in a prepositional phrase (/7/ m eetyou a t noon on Priday in ỷront o f the librarỵ.) 125 prepositional phrase: a preposition plus a noun, noun phrase or pronoun {on the table, inỷront oỷmé), 125 p resen t tin u ou s: a form of the verb using am, /5 or are + present participlc {The baby is sĩeeping.), 17, 18 p resen t partìciple: the form of a vcrb such as sleeping, used in the continuous (Is he sleepingĩ), Compare past partỉciple 17 present perfect: a form of the verb using has or have + past participle {Have you/orgotten anything?) 17, 18 Progressive = continuous 17 pronoun: a word such as shCy anỵthing or hersel/used instead of a noun or noun phrase (Molỉy is very old and she cant anything bỵ herseỉ/.), -8 ,1 0 proper noun; a noun with a Capital letter used as the name of someone or someửiing {Eỉsa is from S w itzerlan ả.) Compare common nouii 69 quantiíier: a word such as m any and some OT a phrase such as a fe w and a lot (of) used tD talk about quantities {Som epeopỉe have a lot o f money.) 84 q u e s tio n : a sentcnce with an auxiliary verb beíore the subject and main verb, used as a w h -q u estion ( w h e n did he leave?) or a yes/n o q uestỉon {D id he ỉeave?), 45 q u e s tio n ta g : an auxiliary verb plus a subject pronoun used as a short form o f a q u eston added after a statement (H e hasnt ỉeftyet, has he? He*s still here, isnV he?) 46 q u o ta tio n m a rk s: a pair o f marks or " inside which we put direct speech, specia words or phrases, and titles { T m tiredỳ he said.) {Haveyou read 'Animal Farm*?) 149 270 real conditional: a type of conditional in which the events happen, have happened or are likely to happen ( / / / opetĩ the door, the cat wiìỉ run o u t) Compare unreal condìtỉonaỉ 185 reciprocai pronoun: each other, one another 100 reduced adverbial clau se: an adverbial dause íormed with a participle or a subordinating conjunction plus a participle {(Before) ĩeaving the house, he switched off the ỉights.), 205 rcduced negatíve; a short form of a negative, typically íormed with a conjunction pỊus not (Do you want this or not? ĩỊnoty can ỉ have itì) 48 reduced relative clau se; a relative clause íormed with a participle and no relative pronoun {I saw sorne peopỉe w aiting outside.) 176 reílexive pronoun; myself, yourseự, himseỉfy herseỉ/, ừseỉỷy ourselves, yourscỉves, themseỉves 100 re la tĩv e c la u s e : a clause typically introduced by a relative pronoun and used to provide additional i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t a n o u n p h r a s e in a p r e c e d in g c la u s e ( / w a s in a b u s w h i c h w a s p a c k e d w i t h chỉldren w ho were m a kin g a ĩot ofnoỉse.), 173-4 relative pronoun: the vvords who, whomj which, ĩhat uscá to introduce a relative clause ( / have a ịúenả w ho can fíx compuĩers.) 173 rhetorícal q u estion : a sentence in the form of a question used to make a statement, (W ho cares?) 52 reported spcech = indirect speech 150 reporting verb; a verb such as sayoT repỉy uscỏ vvith direct speech (H esaiđ, 'Heỉỉo.") or indirect specch (/ repĩied that ỉ was busy.) 149-52 second conditional = hypothetical conditional 186 sim ple preposition; a preposition that is a single word such as at, during, in, w ithout Compare complex preposhion 125 sim ple se n te n c e : a single ciause with a subject and a verb {Mary sneezed.) which may also include an objcct and an adverbial (We ate ỉunch in a café.), Compare compound senlence and compiex sentence split infinitive: an inPinitive with an adverb betvveen to and the verb (/ wanĩ to reaĩỉy understand him.) 139 S ta te v e rb : a verb used to describe a State, not an action ( / know that he has a lot o f money.) Comparc action verb subject: a noun, noun phrase or pronoun typically uscd before a verb to identiíy who or what períorms the action of the verb {Tony lost his keys and Ifo u n d them.) su b ject pronoun: a personal pronoun (/, you, he, she, ií, married and she doesn*t.) 97 they) used as subject {He wants to get s u b j e c t- v e r b a g r e e m e n t ; the relationship o f singular subject with singular verb {H e is eating ỉu n c h ) OT p lu l su b je c t w ith p lu ral verb ( T h e y a re e a tin g ĩu n c h ), ubjunctive: a special use of the base form of a verb in a noun clause, sometimes called the present subjunctive {They haveproposed that taxes be increased.), Also the use of were in a noun clause ìter the verb wish (7 wish I were older) and in a hypothetical conditional ( / / / wereyou, Vd complain), sometimes called the past subjunctive 167, 186 271 s u b o r d in a tin g c o n ju n c tío n : a word or phrase used to introduce an adverbial clause {because)y a n o u n clause (that) o r a relative d a u s e (who) (Ị didn't know thatyou were the person who calỉed me hecause ỵou didn^t leave ỵour name.) Compare coordỉnating conjunction 12, 197 substỉtutìon: the use of vvords such as one^ ones, so and so instead of repeating a word, phrase or clause (/ have a hlack pen, but ỉ need a reả one.) 104 sum m ary report: a short report using a verb that summarizes what was said {He apoỉogiz€d.) 152 s u p e rla tiv e : an adjective or adverb with -est ựastest) or most/ỉeast {most expensive) aíter thcy used to say that something has the most or thc Icast of a quality (He wants to get theỷastest and m ost expensỉve car in the yvorld.) Compare comparative 120 tag q u estion = q u estion tag 46 ten se: the relationship between the form of the verb and the time of the action or State it describes 17 th a t-c la u s e : a type o f noun clause beginning with that ( / thought th a t I h a ả m a d e a m istake,), 161 thừd condỉtỉonal = couỉiteríactuaỉ condỉtỉonaỉ ỉ 86 three-word verb: a phrasal verb plus a preposition (You shouỉâ hoỉđ on to that book,) 134 tr a n s itiv e verb : a verb used with an object ( / d ro p p ed the baỉl) Compare intransitive vcrb, Two-word verb = phrasal verb 134 u n c o u n ỉa b le n o u n : a noun that can only be singular and used to reíer tỡ things such as activities (research), ideas (honestỵ) and substances (rice), but not separate individuals Compare countable noun 74 u n r ea l c o n d itio n a l: a type o f conditional in vvhich the cvcnts have not happencd, are not likely to happen or are imaginary ụ /y o u had asked me earỉieĩy ỉ vyouỉd have heỉped you.) Coniparc rcal condỉtỉonal 186 verb: a word used in a clause to describe the action {eat, steal) or State {beỉong, undersUnd) of the subject (He stoỉe something that beỉonged to me.) 3,11 vcrb with object = transitỉve verb vcrb wỉthout object = intransỉtỉve verb w h -c la u s e : a type o f noun clause bcginning with a >vh-word such as w h a t or w hether (' don't kn o w w h a t she w an ts,) ( / can*t remember w hether she lỉkes tea or coffee,) 161 w h -c le ft: a structure in vvhich a sentence (Vm not supposed to drink coffee.) is divided iito two parts, one part as a dause typicaUy beginning with W hat {W hat Vm not supposed to drink) and the other part be + an emphasized element {W hat Vm not supposed to drirtk is coffee,) Compare it-cleft 217 w h -q u e s tio n : a question beginning w ith W hau W ho, Whetíy H ow m ucK etc {W hen dừ he leavteì), Compare ycs/no question 45 w h -w o r d : a word such as whatf whOy where, how much, etc used at the beginning o f a v/i-question or a wh-cìausc ( W here have you been?){ỉ don*t know what's wrong.), 45,161 y es/n o q u estion : a question begỉnning wỉth an auxiliary verb or bCy tỵpicallỵ answereỉ wỉth Yes or N a (D id he ỉeave?) Compare wh'question 45 zero conditional = íactuâl conditional 185 272 Index Reíerences in this indcx are to page numbers Those in bold are the main entries a b it 1 a few 84, 92 a few o f 92 a ỉittỉe 84» 92,118 a ỉittỉe of 92 a lot (of) 90 a/an 68,69 or the 70 classiíying 70 in discoursc 78 or no article 72 o r orte 72 ability 34 above 100,129 across 130 action verbs 3, 265 active verbs 57, 265 actuaỉly 2 adding conneclors 212 adjectives 110-15.120-1,265 + gerunds 144 + infinitives 144 + noun clauscs 166 and adverbs 110 atlributivc adjectives 112,265 classiíying adjectivcs 111 comparatives 120, 266 compound adjectives 114,266 describing adjectives 111 emphasÌ2Ìng adjectives 111 equatives 120,267 intensiíying adjectives 111 as nouns 114 participle adjectives 114,269 position of adjectives 111, 112 predicative adjectives 112, 270 punctuation 112 rcstrictive adjectivcs 111 superlatives 120,272 adverbial clauses 196-205, 265 conjunctions 196,197 contrast clauses 2Ơ4 manner clauses 200 position 197 purpose clauses 202 reason cỉauses 201 reduced adverbial clauses 205, 294 result clauses 203 time dauses 198-9 adverbials 3, 265 adverbs 110,116-21,265 and adjectives 110 adverbs of írequenq' 116 adverbs of place 116 adverbs of time 116 comment advei bs 118 comparatives 120,266 as connectors 209 degree adverbs 118 equatives 120, 267 cxpectation adverbs 116 íocusadverbs 116 indefinite adverbs 98, 268 manner adverbs 118 negative ađverbs 48, 268 position of adverbs 116,209 superlatives 120, 272 viewpoint adverbs 118 advicc 41 reporting 156 anyone 98 anỵthing 98 anỵwhere 98 apartỹrom 133 apostrophe ự) 76 appear 10 articles 68-73,78-9,83.265 a/an or no article 72 a/an o r One 72 aỉan or the 70 associated iníormation 78 condensed iníormation 78 deíinite article 68,69,70, 72, 78, 114,120, 266 in discourse 78 indefinite articles 68,69, 70, 72 78, 268 new, old and restated information 78 or no article 72 as 198,200.201 a$a result 214 đ5 05 93,120,200 as if 200, 205 assoon as 22,199 as though 200 asweỉl 209.212 at 126, 128 attributive adjectives 112,265 auxiliary verbs 3,17,265 see also modals aỷter 22, 197, 199 a ỹ te ỉl 2 afterwards 214 agents 64,265 all 84,88 aU (of) 88 along 130 aỉready 23,116 aỉso 210,212 aỉthough 197,204,205 among 129 a n d 112, ,2 any 86,104 badỉy 120 bare infmitives 17,139 base form 17,265 be 10,17.18 be abỉe to 28,29, 34 be aỉỉowed to 28, 29, 35 begoing to 28, 29 pređiction 32 or wiỉỉ? 24 be supposed to 28,41 because 197,201 becotne 10 273 before 127, 197,199,205 + past participle 205 beỉow 100,129 besides 100, 133,212 betweerĩ 129 being a b i t 118 both 8 b rin g 0 36,210 by 100> 127,132 ỉjy-phrases + passive 57, 64 can 28 ability 34 permission 35 possibility 36 can't: deduction 40 classiíying adjectives 111 clauses 4, , 288 cleft sentences 208, 209» 217, 265 onỉy if, if onỉy 192 orđer and punctuation 189 predictive conditionals 185, 190, 270 real conditionals 185, 188, 271 unless 192 unreal conditionals 186,188, 272 uses 190 whether (or not) 192 conjunctions and adverbial clauses 196,197 or connectors? 210 co o rd in atin g conjunctions 210 266 come 10 commcnt adverbs 118 common nouns 68,69,266 comparativcs 120,266 complements 10,266 compĩetely 118 complex gerunđs 140 complex infinitives 140 complex modals 30 subordinatíng conjunctions 210, 272 connections {of, with, by) 132 connectors 20S-15,266 ađding connectors 212 adverbs as connectors 209 or conjunctions? 210 contrasting connectors 212 listing connectors 215 phrascs as connectors 209 or prepositions? 210 rcsult connectors 214 time connectors 214 consequentỉỵ 210 continuous forms of verb 17, 266 complex prepositions 125,266 continuous infinitives 140 complex sentences 2,12,266 compound adjectivcs 114,266 compound nouns 76, 266 compound sentences , 12, 266 compound-complex sentences 12> 289 conditionals 184-93, 266 counterfactual conditionals 186,190, 266 even if, even though 192 factual conditionals 185, 190, 267 hypothetical conditionals 186, 190, 267 if sOt if not etc 192 mixed condỉtionaỉs 188, 268 conưacted íorms 266 contrast cỉauses 204 contrasting connectors 212 coordinating coniunctions 210 , 266 coUective nouns seegroup nouns 274 copula 5ee linking verbs copular verbs see linking verbs couỉd 28,29 ability 34 permission 35 possibility 36 couldnt deduction 40 countable nouns 68,69,74, 266 counteríactual conditionals 186, 190»266 y 29 deduction 40 defining relative clauses 174,266 definite article 68 , 69, 70, 72, 78, 114, 120, 266 degree adverbs 118 demonstrative pronouns 98, 266 demonstratives (demonstrative determiners) 83, 267 describing adjectives 111 despite 204 ảespite the ỷact that 204 determiners 69, 82-3, 267 artides 68-73,78-9,83 demonstratives 83, 267 possessives 83, 270 direct objects 267 direct speech 148, 149, 267 distance 102 đo 17 it 105 so 104 that 105 d o n t have to 38 d o n t neeả to 38 during 127 each 84,89 each o f 89 each other 100 - e d ĩo T in o f verb see past participle either 89 either o f 89 ellipsis 96,106,267 emphasizing adjectives 111 em pty object it 102,162, 267 empty subjects it 32,102,162.267 there 103,267 enough 118 equatives 120,267 -er 120 ergatives 64, 267 -est 120 even 116 even i f 192, 204 even though 192, 204 every 84, 89 every one 84 evtryone 88 , 98 everything 8 ,9 everỵwhere 98 except (for) 133 exceptions (excepty besides, ivithout) 133 expectation adverbs 116 thefactthat 164, 168 íactual conditionals 185, 190, 267 /a rĩh er 120 few 92 a few 84, 92 a few of 92 few er fe w e r o f 92 ịewest 92 ỷinaỉly 215 wiỉl and shaìl 24 will or be going to? 24 generic nouns 75, 267 generic pronouns 97, 267 gerunds 4, 138-45,267 adjectives with gerunds 144 complex gerunds 140 negative gerunds 139 nouns with gcrunds 145 passive gerunds 58,140 períect gerunds 140 períect passive gerunds 58, 140 or present participles? 139 pronouns with gerunds 145 with reporting verbs 152 verbs with gerunds 142 get 10,65 go 10 group nouns 4, 75, 267 grow 10 firs t Tirst conditional see predictive conditionals íocusadverbs 116 íocus sUuctures 208, 209, 216-17, 267 cleít sentences 208,209,217, 265 íronting 208,209,216,267 inversion 216, 268 for 127.201 for a start 215 fo r exampỉe 2 fo r instance 2 fractions 93, 267 ửequency, adverbs of 116 from 126,130 fronting 208,209,216,267 ỷurther 120 future 17,24 íuture continuous 17,24 íiiture pcrfect 17,24 future perfect continuous 17, 24 present continuous 24 prescnt simple 24 habits 33 had better 41 half 88 h a lf(o f) 88 have 17,18 h a v e h e e n 17 h a v e g ỡ tto 28 deduction 40 necessity 38 have to 28,29 deduction 40 necessity 38 having + past participle 205 he 97 her 83,97 hers 97 herseỉ/ 100 h im 97 h im seỉ/ 00 83,97 h o p e 20 how 180 however 180,210,212 hỵpothetical conditionals 186, 190,267 / 97 ifrĩOt 192 ỉfonly 192 ifso 105, 192 i/-dauses 184-92 immedỉateĩy 199 imperatives 17,268 impersonal style 62 in 126,127,128 ỉn addition 212 ỉnỷact 212 in order for 202 in order not to 202 in order that 202 in order to 202 in otherxvords 212 in particuỉar 212 in spite of 204 in that 201 indefínite adverbs 98, 268 indefinite articles 68,69.70, 72 78,268 indìnite pronouns 98,268 indirect objects 8,268 indứect questions 52,268 indirect speech 148,150, 268 infinitives 4» 13S-45, 202,268 vvithout to see bare infìnitives adjectives with infínitives 144 bare iníinitives 17,139 complex infinitives 140 continuous infinitives 140 negative infínitives 139 nouns with infinĩtives 145 passive iníìnitives 58,140 períect continuous iníìnitives 140 períect inĩinitives 140 períect passive iníìnitives 58, 140 pronouns with infinitives 145 ’.vith reportmg verbs 152 split iníìnitives 139,271 verbs with infinitives 142 -itỉg íorni see gerunds; present participles instead 212 275 intensiíying adjectives 111 into 130 ìntransitive verbs , 268 inversion 48,216,268 inverted commas see quotation marks irregular verbs 263-4 it 32, 97, 102, 104, 162 /f-clefts 217» 268 its 83 itseự 100 ịust 23 116, 120 ịu s ta s 0 k e e p 10 ỉastrĩight 22 lately 22 ỉeast 92, 118 th eỉea st 120 ỉess 92,118 ỉess of 92 lessso 105 ỉess than 120 like 33.200 linkingverbs 3,10,268 linking words see connectors listing connectors 215 little 92 aỉittỉe 84,92, 118 a littỉe o f 92 7/ 24 29 a ỉot (of) 90 ỉots of 90 love 33 main verbs 268 manner adverbs 118 manner clauscs 200 many 84» 90 not (very) tnany 92 mass nouns see uncountable nouns may 28 permission 35 possibility 36 276 me 97 meanyvhiỉe 210 » 214 m ight , 29 permission 35 possibility 36 mine 97 m inus 133 mixed conditionals 188> 268 modal aiixiliary verbs see modals modals 3.28-41.268 complex modals 30 in indirect speech 150 modal continuous 30 modal passives 30, 58 modal períect 30 modal períect continuous 30 phrasal modals 28, 29, 270 in question tags after iiĩiperatives 46 moderateỉy 118 more 90 118 more of 90 moreso 105 more than 120 most 90,118 the most 120 most of 90 movement: prepositions 130 rnuch 84, 90 not ịvery) much 92 much as 204 much of 90 multipliers 93, 268 m u st 28 deduction 40 necessity 38 mustn*ĩ 38 my 83 myseỉ/ 100 near 100 necessity 38 need to 38 neeànt 38 negatives 17,44-9,268 inversion after negative words and phrases 48, 216 negative adverbs 48, 268 negative gerunds 139 negative infinitives 139 negative questions 46 negative words 48 reduced ncgatives 48,271 word order 45 neither 48, 89 neiĩher of 89 never 45, 46, 48 nevertheỉess 210 next 215 no 45.48,84 and none 86 no ỉonger 45, 116 no one 48, 98 no way 48 nobodỵ 48 nominal dauses see noun clauses non-count nouns see uncountable nouns non-defining relative clauses 174.269 none 48, 84 and no 86 noneoỊ 48 non-fìnite form sec base form nor 48 not 46.48 58 105 not an~rìt any 48 n o t any lortger 116 n o t anỵ more 116 not a s as 120 not so 05 120, 200 n o t untiỉ 127 nothing 48, 98 noun clauses 160-9, 269 after adjectives 166 complex information in noun clauses 168 after empty object ỉt 162 after cmpty subject 162 thefactthat 164, 168 aíternouns 164 aíter nouns + linking verbs 164 as objects 162 p arenthetical n o u n clauses 164, 269 position of noun clauses 168 or relative clauses? 164 as subjects 162 subjunctive 167 ĩhat-dãuses 152, 161,164 iv/i-clauses 161 noun phrases 269 nouns 68-9, 74-9, 269 + gerunds 145 + iníìnitives 145 + noun clauses 164 + prepositions 128 adjectives as nouns 114 associated information 78 common nouns 68,69, 266 compound nouns 76.266 condensed iníormation 78 countable and uncountabỉe uses 74 countable nouns 68,69,74, 266 in discourse 78 generic nouns 75, 267 group nouns 4,75, 267 new, old and restated information 78 pair nouns 75, 269 plural nouns 75 posscssive nouns 76,270 proper nouns 68,69,270 singular (+ 5) nouns 75 uncountabỉe nouns 68,69,74, 272 now (that) 201 noyvhere 48 object pronouns 97, 100,269 objecls 269 direct objects 8,267 empty objects 102,162, 267 indirect objects 8,268 noun clauses as objects 162 passiveverbs 60 verbs with objects verbs vvithout objects 6,64 worđ order obligation 41 of 76,132 o/-phrases 84 off 130 on 126, 128 once 93,199 one 97> 104 or a/an 72 one another 100 ones 104 only 116,120 only if 192 onto 130 opinions reporting 156 orders: n porting 156 t h e o t h e r ( s ) 100 ought 28 ought to 41 our 83 ours 97 ourselves 100 oufo/130 over 129,130 own 100 pairnouns 75,269 parenthetical noun clauses 164, 269 ; participle adjectives 114,269 participle clauses see reduced adverbiaỉ dauses participles 269 see abo past participlcs; prcsent participles particles 134» 269 passive gerunds 58,140 passive infínitives 58,140 passives 56-65, 269 and active verbs 57 with get 65 impersonal style 62 mođaỉ continuouỉ passives 58 modal passíves 58 modal p€rfect passives 58 passive gerunds 58.140 passive infinitives 58,140 passive vcrbs + objects 60 períect passive geninds 58, 140 períect passive iníìnitivcs 58» 140 phrasal mođal passives 58 with by-phrases 57, 64 reporting 63 simple modal passives 58 uses 62 past 126» 130 past continuous 17,20,269 past participles 17,269 pastperíect 17,20,269 or past simple? 23 past períect continuous 17,20 past simple 17, 20 or past períect? 23 or present períect? 22 percentages 93,269 perfect 269 períect continuous iníìnitives 140 perfect gerunds 140 pcrfect iníĩnitives 140 perfect passive gerunds 58, 140 perfect passive iníinitives 58,140 permission 35 personal pronouns 97,102, 269 personiíìcation 76,270 phrasal modaỉs 28,29,270 passivcs 58 phrasal verbs 134,270 phrases as connectors 209 prcpositional phrascs 125, 270 placc adverbs 116 prepositions 100,128-30 pluperícct see past pcrícct plurd nouns 75 possessive nouns 76,270 possessive pronouns 97,270 possessives (possessive determiners) 83, 270 + relative dauses 178 possibility 36 predicative adjectives 112, 270 prediction 32 predictive conditionals 185,190, 270 277 prefer 33 preferences 33 prepositional phrases 125,270 prepositions 124-35, 270 complex prepositions 125> 266 or connectors? 210 of movement 130 phrasal verbs 134, 270 oíplace 100,128-30 position of prepositions 125 in relative clauses 179 simple prepositions 125>271 of time 126-7 used for connections 132 used for exceptions 133 present continuous 17,18, 270 for ứie íuture 24 present participles 17,270 orgerunds? 139 present períect 17, 18, 270 or past simple? 22 present períect continuous 17, 18 present siiĩiple 17,18 for the íuture 24 preưy 118 Progressive see continuous pronouns 96-104, 270 + gerunds 145 + relative clauses 178 demonstrative pronouns 98, 266 cmpty subject it 32, 102, 162 267 empty subject there 103, 267 generic pronouns 97, 267 indeíinite pronouns 98, 268 with infínitives 145 object pronouns 97.100, 269 personal pronouns 97, 102, 269 possessive pronouns 97, 270 reciprocal pronouns 100» 271 reAexive pronouns 100,271 relative pronouns 173,271 subject pronouns 97» 271 278 proper nouns 68, 69, 270 punctuation adjectives 112 conditionals 189 purpose clauses 202 quantiĩiers 82, 84-93, 270 + nouns 84 + o/-phrases 84 as pronouns 86, 88, 90,92, 93, 178 question tags 46,270 questions 17,44-7,50-3,270 indirect questions 52, 268 negative questions 46 question words 50 question words + adverbs 50 question words + prepositions 50 questions inside questions 52 reduced questions 52 reporting 8,154 rhetorical questions 52,271 statements used as questions 52 ív/i-questions 44» 45,46, 50, 52.154, 272 word order 45 yes/no queslions 44,45,46, 52 154 272 quite 118 quotation marks 149» 270 rather 118 real conditionals 185,188,271 reaiỉy 118 reason clauses 201 reciprocal pronouns 100,271 reduced adverbial clauses 205, 271 reduccd negative 48,271 reduced questions 52 reduced rclative clauses 176,271 reAexive pronouns 100,271 regular verbs 263 relative clauses 172-81,271 defíning relativc clauses 174, 266 non-defining relative clauses 174, 269 or noun clauses? 164 after possessives 178 prepositions in relative clauses 179 after pronouns 178 reduced relative clauses 176, 271 and relative pronọuns 173 with what 180 w ith what€veTy whoever etc 180 with wher€j when, whyy how 180 relative pronouns 173,271 remain 10 reported speech see indirect speech reporting 148-57 advicc 156 direct speech 148, 149, 267 indirect speech 148,150, 268 opinions 156 orders 156 in the passive 63 questions 8,154 requests 156 statcments 154 reporting verbs 8,152, 271 requests: reporting 156 restrictive adjectives 111 result dauses 203 result connectors 214 rhetorical questions 52,271 '5 second 215 second conditional see hypothetical conditionals seem 10 sentences 2-13 cleft sentences 208,209,217» 265 complex sentenccs 2,12,266 compound sentences 2,12, 266 compound-complex sentences 12.266 simple sentences 2,3,271 shaỉỉ 28> 29 futurc 24 prediction 32 she 97 shouỉd 28 advice 41 in noun clauses 167 obligation 41 sim p le p r e p o sitio n s , sim p le sen ten ces , , since 127 199, 201 singuiar (+í) nouns 75 50 104,203,210,214 so as n o t to 2 50 a s to 2 s o fa r 22 so th a t 202,203 so that 203 some 86,104 someone 98 something 98 somewhere sp lit in fin itiv e s 139» 271 State verbs 3, 18» 271 statements reporting 154 used as questions 52 stay stiỉỉ 23>116 subject pronouns 97,271 subjects 4,271 empty subjects 32, 102, 103, 162 267 noun clauses as subjects 162 subject-verb agreement 4,271 subjunclive 167,271 subordinating conjunaions 210> 272 substitution 96,104-5,272 such that 203 to sum up 125 summary reports 152,272 superlatives 120,272 tag q uestio n s $ee question tags ta k e w ith 10 tenses 16-25,272 in indirect speech 150 than 197 that 83,9 ,1 ,1 ,1 that is (to say) 212 that-chuses 8,161,164,166, 272 in reporting 152, 154 the 68, 69, 114 + comparative 120 or a/an 70 in discourse 78 identiíying 70 or no article 72 thefactthat 164, 168 their 83 theirs 97 them 97 themselves 100 then 214,215 there 103 thereare 32 therefore 214 these 83.98 ĩhey 97 third conditional see counteríactual conditionals thirdly 215 thừ 83,98 those 83,98,178 though 204,205,210 three times 93 three-word verbs 134,272 through 130 time adverbial dauses 198-9 adverbs 116 connectors 214 exprcssions 102 prepositions 126-7 tò 126, 130 to sum up 215 too 118,209,212 totaỉlỵ 118 toward 130 tơwards 130 ưansitive verbs 6,64, 272 turn 10 turn into 10 twice 93 two-word verbs see phrasal verbs uncountable nouns 68,69,74, 272 under 129 unless 192 unreal conditionals 186,188, 272 u n tii 127,199 us 97 used to 20 verbs 3, 272 + clauses + gerunds 142 + indirect objects + iníìnitíves 142 + objects 6,60 + prepositions 128 actionverbs 3,265 active verbs 57, 265 auxiliary verbs 3,17,265 baseform 17,265 contínuous forms 17,266 ergatives 64, 267 imperatives 17,268 intransitive verbs 6, 268 irregular verbs 263-4 linking verbs 3,10 268 main verbs 268 mođal auxiliary verbs see modals with objects see transitive verbs without objects see intransitive verbs passive vcrbs 56-65 phrasal verbs 134,270 regularverbs 263 reporting verbs 8,152,271 S ta te verbs 3, 18, 271 subject-verb agreement 4,271 three-word verbs 134,272 transitive verbs 6,64,272 very 118 viewpoint adverbs 118 279 vvarnings 41,62 we 97 w eather 102 well 120 H'/j-dauses 161, 166,272 wft-clefts 217>272 w/i-questions 44» 45,46, 50, 52, 154, 272 wh-words 272 180 or yyhich? 50 whatever 180 when 20, 22, ,180> 198, 205 whenever 180 where 180 whereas 204 wherever 180 whether (or naĩ) 192 which 173 ' ■ or whaâ 50 ofwhich 178 whichever 180 whiỈ€ 20 197,198,201,204,205 who 173 whoever 180 whole 88 the ìvhoỉe of 88 whom 173 whose 178 180 wiỉỉ 28,29 or be going to? 24 fủture 24 habits 33 prediction 32 preíercnccs 33 wiUingncss 33 wiUỉngness 33 wỉsh 33 mí/i 132 without 133 wonder 20 24, 29,33 word order 4,10 adjcctives 111,112 adverbỉaỉ dauses 197 adverbs 116,209 280 conditionaỉs 189 ửonling 208,209.216.267 inversion 48,216,268 negatives 45 nounclauses 168 objects and indirect objects prepositions 125 questions 45 relativc clauses 173,179 wouU 28,29 habits 33 prediction 32 preĩerences 33 willingness 33 yvouỉđnt 33 yes/no qưestiơns 44,45,46.52, 154,272 'yesterday 22 yet 116 you 97 your 83 yours 97 yourseỉ/ 100 ỵourseỉves 100 zero conditionals see íactual condỉtionals NHÀ XUẤT BẢN TỪ ĐIỂ n bách khoa 109 Q uán Thánh, Ba Đinh, Hà Nội ĐT: HC - TH 04.37339361; PH 04.38439034 Các ban biên tập; 04.37341742; 04.38438953; 04.38439033 Fax: (84-4) 38438951 - Email; nxbtdbkl998(®yahoo.com Website: www.nxbtdbk.vn ENGLISH PRACTICE GRAMMAR WITH ANSVVER - ADVANCE- Chịu trá ch nhiệm x u ấ t TS TRINH TẤT DAT B iên tập: HOÀNG THỊ Sửa in: MCBOOKS Vẽ bia: TRONG KIÊN PHƯƠNG THẢO In 2.000 cuốn, khổ 19*27, Cty CP TM Á Phi Q uyết định X B số: 108^rĐBK-QĐ K H X sô: -2 1/C X B /60-08/T Đ BK In xong nộp lưu chiểu năm 2011 Advanced English Practice Grammar withanswers NGỮ PHAP t iến g a n h n â n g cao • Detailed explanations, covering English gram m ar rules in depth, take your grammar knowledge to a much higher level • Practice activities stretch your language skỉlls • Extended texts for your analysis, rerence, and practỉce • Tasks challenge you to work out the gram m ar rules for yourselí, reactivating the grammar you know • The exit test shovvs if you are ready to take a higher-level exam • The Pratice-Plus CD-ROM gives you interactive exercises and tests Use English Practice Grammar either at home or in class and be more confìdent about grammar Practice-pius CD-ROM - you’ll find it inside thls book! — This is the only gram m ar CD-ROM with interactive find and correct the mistake exercises, to help you notice and correct your own mistakes Do the exercises and the multỉple-choice tests to check your progress Record and listen to your voice and learn to speak more naturally □ The English Practice Grammar three-level series - Basic, Intermediate, and Advanced - gives you the explanations and p c tic e th a t are r ig h t fo r y o u r le v e l o f E n g lish Basic gives you lots of practice and deao short explanations; Intermediate gives you more detail, balanced with extended practice; Advanced gives you challenging practice activities and in-depth explanations Revision u n its an d te s ts help you focus on the gram m ar that needs more practice English Practice Grammar - Advanced helps you prepare for S ta n d a r d exam questions asked in CAE, CPE, and TOEFL and other advanced-level exams I ... r t h a n ) w i t h a p o in t in tim e (1 ) 11 The cỉass meets fro m 2. 30 to 4.30 • VVe lived in Á thensfrom Ỉ998 to 20 02 W hat tim e is it? - ĩt's p a s t eight o'clock Actuaỉly, it's already... r t h a t h a v e .d o n e to m o rro v v 140 Simple inrmitives and gcrunds 139 Past participlcs 22 0 Passives 58 11 INPlNlTiVES ANDGERUNDS Iníinitives and gerunds Complete this table w ith... c a n D e c l a r a t i o n o f I n d e p e n đ e n c e w a s s i g n e d 126 in, Ort (place) 128 From w (raovím cnt an d pUce) 130 10 PREPOSITIONS Prepositions of time: duríng, for,