Oxford english practice grammar ngữ pháp tiếng anh căn bản phần 1

Basic Oxíord English Practice Grammar wỉth answer NGỮ PHÁP TIẾNG ANH CÀN BẢ Norman Coe Mark Harrison Ken Paterson Hồng Đ iíc (Dịch Giới thiệu) M ì NHÀ XUẤT BẢN T ĐIỂN BÁCH KHOA Oxford Practic^ Grammar Basic with ansvvers Norman Coe Mark Harrison Ken PatersoE O XFO RD UNIVERSITY PRESS NhÀ XUẤT BẢN Từ ĐIỂsl BÁCH KHOA Contents ỉntroduction Key to symbols IX IX Tenses: present Be: Presenl Simple (1) Bc: Present Simple (2) Present Simple ( 1) Prcsent Simple (2) Prescnt Continuous (1) Present Contừiuoiis (2) Present Simple or Present Continuous Imperative 10 12 14 16 Test A 18 Tenses: past 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Be: Past Simple Past Simple Past Continuous Past Simple or Past Continuous Prescnt Pcríect (1) Preí^e.nĩ Perfect (2) Prescnt Pcrfect (3) Past Simple or Present Períect Present Períect Continuous Prescnt Pcríect Simple or Continuous Past Períect ưsedto 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 Test B 44 20 22 Tenses: future 21 22 23 24 25 26 Be going to WỈUandshaJl WiU or be going to Present Continuous for ứìc íuture Prescnt tcnse: when, before, ter, untiỉ, etc Putiưe 46 48 50 52 54 56 Test c 58 S e n t e n c e s a n d q u e s tio n s 27 28 29 30 Nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc Word order: subject, verb, object ‘Yes/no* questions where, wben, why, how 60 62 64 66 C O N TEN TS • PAGE V 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 Who, what, which How long/^ /often ? W hat ,like? Who and what: subject and obiect Whos€ is this? - It*s lohn^s Question tags Short answers So am I, I am too, Neither am ỉ, etc 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 Test D 84 Modal verbs 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 86 88 Ability: can, can’t, could, couldn’t Can/Could I? May I? Can/Could you? Must, inu$tn’t Have to Musưhave to, mustn*t/don't have to Must, may, might> could Should, shouldn’t Shouỉd, ought to, had better Need needn% needn't have Had to do/go> should have done/gone 90 92 94 96 98 100 102 104 Test E 106 Articles nouns, pronouns, etc 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 PA G E V I • C O N TEN TS 108 Articles (1): a, an or thc Artides (2): a/an, the or no article Plural nouns; onc and ones This» ứiat, these, those Countable and uncountable nouns A, some, &ny, no I and me (subject and object pronouns) There or it/they My, your; mine; yours Myself, yourseư, etc.; each oứier Direct and indừect objects Mudi, many; how much/many; more A lot of, lots of, a littlc, a few Something» anybodỵ, nothing, etc Every/each; one/another/other/others AU, most, some, none 114 116 118 120 122 124 126 128 130 132 134 136 138 Test F 140 110 112 A d je c tiv e s a n d a d v e r b s 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 Adjectives (order) Adjectives: -ed or -ing Cardinal and ordinal numbers Comparison: (not) as as Too and enough So and such Comparative adjectives Superlatíve adjectives Adverbs (1): adjectives and adverbs Adverbs (2): adverbs of írequency Adverbs (3): place, directíon, sequence Adverb + adjective; noun + noun; etc Position of adverbs in a sentence 142 144 146 14« 150 152 154 156 158 160 162 164 166 TestG 168 Prepositions 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 Prepositìons of place and movement Prepositions of tiine As/like; as ií/as though In; with; preposition + -ing Other uses of prepositìons Verb + prepositìon Adjcctive + prejx)sition 170 172 174 176 178 180 182 TestH 184 Verbs 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 Have and have got Make, do, have, get Phrasal verbs (1): meanings and types Phrasal verbs (2): separability Passive sentences (1) Passive sentences (2) Have something done Iníìnitive wiứiywithout to Verb + -ing; like and would like Verb + to or verb + -ing Purpose: for ing Verb + object (+ to) + inlìnitive 186 188 190 192 194 196 198 200 202 204 206 208 Test 210 CONTENTS • PAGEVII Conditionals and reported speech 97 98 99 100 101 102 Zero Conditional and First Conditional Second Conditional Third Conditional Reported speech (1) Reported speech (2) Reported questions 212 Test J 224 214 216 218 220 222 Building sentences 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 And, but, so, both and, either, etc Because, in case, so, so that Since, as, for Although, vvhile, hovvever, despite, etc Relative dauses (1) Relative clauses (2) Relative clauses (3) 226 228 230 232 234 236 238 TestK 240 Appendices HAGE VIII • CONTENTS Nouns Regular verbs Irregular verbs Adjectives and adverbs 242 243 244 245 Key to the exercises 246 Key to the tests 275 Exit test 281 Key to the exit test 288 Index 289 Introduction The Oxford Practice Grammar is a series of three books, each vvritten at ứie right level for you at each stage in your study of English The series is intended for your use either in a classroom or whcn working independently in your own time The books are divided into units, each of which covers an important grammar topic Each unit starts with an explanation of the grammar and this is followed by a set of practice exercises Tests at the end of each unit or section of units give the opportunity for more practice and enable you to assess how much you have learned Answers to the exercises and the tests are given at the back of the book You may want to choose the ordcr in which you study the grammar topics, perhaps going íìrst to those giving you problems (Topics are listed in the G)ntents page at the ÍTont of each book and in the Index at the back.) Alternatively you may choose to start at the beginning of cach book and work through to the end An interactive CD-ROM is included at each of the three levels, oíĩering altemativc ways to practíse You can recognize and correct written mistakes, and you can also takc part in spoken diaỉogues; you can record and listen to ỵour own voice and leam to speak more naturally Exam practice The Oxford Practice Grammar - Basừ is vvrittcn for elementary to pre-intermediate students of Engỉish Grammar topics are explained simply and clearly and you are given lots of opportunity to practise Each new topic is presented on a left-hand page and the practice section foUows on thc same page or the fecing page You can thereíore look aCTOss to the explanation while you are working through the exercises Appendices at the back of the book summarize how to form plurak of nouns, verb endings, comparative forms of adj€ctives, and adverbs They also indude a table of ừregular verbs An exit test providcs an opportunity for more practice, and prcparrs you for OxfoTd Practice Grammar - Intermediate There is an interactive Oxfoni Practice Grammar website at www.oup.com/elt/practicegrammar Key to symbols Tho Symbol / (oblique sứoto) betw®en two W0fds means that ther word is pó»ible Wa put d o n betore hBlstMlít means that W9 ịmA dO0s befon h9,W eput do*a bators */w and Wb put đoM betore H are all possible In exerdse questlons this Symbol Is ateo I^ed to separate words or phrases wtiich are possible answere The first level in the series is Oxford Practice Grammar - Basic This is suitable for elcmentary to pre-intermediate learners, and those vvoridng for thc PET exam The second is Oxford Practice Grammar - Intermedùite, for students who are no longer beginners but are not yet advanced in their use of Engiish It is suitable for those studying for the Cambridge FCE Oxford Practice Grammar - Advanced is for those who have progressed beyond the intermcdiate Icvel and who wish to increase theừ knowledge of English grammar and become more confident when using it It helps students preparc for CAE, CPE, TOEFL, lELTS, and other advanced-level exams Brackets () around a word or phrase in the middle of a senteóo9 mean ttiat it can be l6ft out She said ịthat) she Hved in a small fíat means that there are tvvo póssible sentences: She sald that she llvữd in a smatl fíat and Sh0 sakỉ sh0 lìved in a smaH Hat The Symbol ~ means ttut there is a change of speaker In example When did Jane go to India? - In June, ttie question and answer are spoken by different people The Symbol ^ in an exerdse indicates ttìat a sampie an8wer Is glven INTRODUCTION • PAGE IX Be: Present Simple (1) Here are some examples of be in ứ\e Present Simple: This Ì5 m ỵ brother He*s ten years o l í ưm a student These are my books They aren*t at home They*re at the theatre We use be: We form the Present Simple of be like this: Pỉuraỉ F Ư UF OR M SHORTFORM ĩ a in Vm y o u a re y o u ’r e h e / s h e / i t is h e ’s / s h e ’s / i t 's w e are w e*re y o u a re y o u ^ re th e y a rc th e y V e FƯLL FORM SHORT N E G A T IV E Singuìar Pluraỉ Steve and t h i s i$ mỵ frtend BiỉL We're' from Scotland, Vm ]anet and these are tnỵ sisters, This is Sandra and this Patricia Sandra and Patricia are doơors rm ► to tâ lk a bo ut the vveather: P O S IT IV E Singuỉar ► to say w h o we are: I am not FORM Vm n o t y o u a re n o t y o u a r e n ’t h e / s h e / i t is n o t h e / s h e / ì t i s n 't we arc aot we a r c n ’t y o u a re n o t y o u a r c n ’t th c y a r e n o t ihey aren’t /f*5 cold todaỵ, /f a beautiỊul day /f's usualỉy hot here ỉt ỉsn*t very warm today ► to ta lk a b o u t the tim c : ỉt's ten o^clock ỉt'$ haỉf pastfour You're lâte! ► to ta lk a bo ut places: Miỉan is in the north oỊ Itaìy, Ịohn and Mary are in Yorkshire ► to ta lk a bo ut people’s ages: M ỵ sister is six years oỉd In speech, we usually use the short forms: She's my sừter He*s my brother ưm from ỉtaìy Theỵ*re German I^raclicc María is from Brazil She is writing about herselt and her family Put full form s o f bB in the gaps ► I ạiĩỊ a student from Brazil ► My parents arẹ.nọt (not) rich My fa th e r a teacher My m other (not) Brazilian S h e from America I twenty years old My little b ro th e r two My older b roữ iers (not) students T h e y in the army I t oflen very hot in Brazil PA G E T E N S E S P R E S E N T B Write out the followíng numbers ► (211) (462) (20th) ( 1st) ( 12th) (9,000,000) (310) (8th) ( 111) tw o hundred and e\even (14) 10 (2nd) 11 (5,000) 12 (68) 13 14 15 16 17 (34th) (150) (3rd) (25th) (19th) Look at w here these people live in the block o f flats Pinish the sentences, as in the example ► John Ịiy.ẹẹ Ịn f lạ t fọ rty pn thẹ tọ u rth ỷỊọqr Charles lives in f l a t Maria Diana Michael P e te r Jane Ann Oliver D Floor Ploor Floor Ploor R oor Fioor Ploor I o o o o o o o flat 72 PETER Flat 61 OLIVER f!at 59 Flat 40 J O H N Flat 37 D I A N A Flat 23 tKHLii Flat^ 25 M IC H Ã E L ANN Flat II M A r Ĩ a W rite the dates and years in w ords in this intervievv, using the inform ation in b cke ts ( ) A: When were you born? B: ỉ was born on (►)thạ phìrtẹenth ọf Ọctober^ ỊỊínẹtẹcn sẹvẹnty-fiỵẹ A: B: A: B: A: B: A: B: A: B: A: B: A: B; (13.10.75) When did you go to secondary school? In (1 ) (1986) And when did you leave secondary school? Seven years later My final exam was on (2 ) (16-6.93) Did you start universỉty in the same year? Yes, on (3 ) (29 September) Did you spend three or four years there? Well, ! Ieft in (4 ) (1997) That’s four years And your first job? When was that? I started work in an office on (5 ) (10.1.98) Did you enjoy it? How íong dld you stay? It was terrible! I left two lĩionths later, on (6) (9 March) What did you then? I went to America I spent two years in New York I returned to England in ( ) _ (2000) ADJECTIVẼS AND ADVERBS • PAGE 147 return (n) /ri't9 :n / về, quay trở lại march (n) /m a : t / / bộ, diễu hành 68 Com parison: (not) as as W e u s e a s + a d j e c t i v c + a s (c g a s o l d a s) to say that two things OI' people are the same in som e way: W e c a n a l s o u s e a s + a d v t r b +■ ữs ( e g a s v v e ll as): Jcan cưoks a s IVCỈỈ as Tom [= l e a n íUid T o m iire h o t l i ^ o o d L io o k s.) He í.ouỉdnU r u n as q u ic k ỉy as M a ria (— Ỉ V Í a ria r a n m o r c q u i c k ỉ ỵ t h a n h i m ) The chair as expensive as ĩhe tahíe Yoii're as old as me ( = W e are t h e sam e age.) VVc u s c a s n i a n y -r p l u r a l n o u n + a s ( e g a s n i a n y ft* ie n d s a s ) to s a y t h a t t h e n u m b e r s o f two things arc cqual: Ịane has ^Oĩ as m a n yỊrìen ả s as Mary N o te th a t w e say a s m c /a s h im /a s h c r/a s u s / a s them , a n d n o t a s / a s h e / a s s h e , e t c : She's as strong ns him (NOT a& he.) ĩ'm as fast as them ( n o t cis i h e y ) \V e u s e n o t a s a s t o t a l k a b o u t a d i í ĩ e r e n c e b c tw c c n tw o th in g s o r p e o p le : The íwo :>tar hoteỉ ĩsn't as bìg as the fourstar hote.l ĩ*m n o t as cle v e s her [ = S h e is c l e v e r e r \V e u s e n o l a s m a n y a s to s a v t ^ o t h i n g s a r e n o l e q v ỉiil: / doĩĩ^t huvi' us m an y books as you \V o u s c a s l ì ì u c h I u n c o u n t a b l c n o u n + a s (e g a s m u c h m o n e } ^ a s ) to c o m p a r c tw o tliiiig s U i iL o ỉita h k n i íu n s a r c v v o rd s fo r th in g s th a t W Ê ca n n o t c o u n t , a n d s o thcy d o n o t h a v e a p lu r a l f o r m (e g m o n e y , w o r k , lu g g a g e , tra fíìc j: ỉleỉeri eorns as ttiuch rtỉotĩeỵ as Cơỉin, Jack íỉoesn^t cìo as rnuch w ork us me They aren't carrying as m iich ds U.S (S etí a l s o U n i t ) than ine.) Practice A C o m p le te e a ch se n te n ce so th a t it m eans the sam e as the on e above It Use as + a d je c tỉv e Ịa d v e r b + as ► Svveden is bigger than Britain Đ r i t â i n i s n ’t ẹ ộvvợứổỊi The other students learn more quickly than me I don’t learn the other students YouVe very angry and rm very angry also Tm you The seats at the front are more expensive than the seats at the back T h e s e a ts a t th e b a c k a re n 't the s e a ts at the front Central Park in New York is bigger than Hyde Park in London Hyde Park in London isn't Central Park In New York, H e r la st film w a s v e ry g o o d an d her new film is a ls o v e ry good Her new film is her last fi!m The other students work harder than him H e d o e s n ’t w o rk the o th e r students P A O U 148 • A D J E C T 1V E S A K D A D V E R B S equal (a d j) /'i:k w a l/ tra ffic (n ) /tra e fik / giao thông (của xe cộ) clever (a d j) /'k le v a / khéo lé} angry (a d j) /'ae ng ri/ giận, tưc g iậ n , cáu B C om plete the sentences a b ou t each picture, using as as and a w ord fro m th e box Use ẽach vvord once bng clean fast fresh tall big Gheap strong w ide full ► The carrots aren’t ạ.?'.cheạp.ạ& the cabbages The black car is going the blue car The footballers aren’t the basketball players Janet’s hair i s Kathy's hair The car on the left isn’t the car on the right The flow ers on the right aren’t the flowers on the left The big glass isn’t the little glass Jane is Matthew High Street isn’t Main Street c The black book i s the white ix>ok Join each pair o f se n te n ces in b cke ts ( ) , using as m u ch a s o T as m a n y as ► (IVe got about 50 books Jack’s got about 100.) I haven t got ạs mạny bọpks aẹ Jack ► (You ve done a lot of work IVe done a I’ve done as much vvork ạs you lot of work also.) (Alan earns a lot of money earns a little.) Sheila only Sheila doesn’t earn Alan (George has been to five countries I Ve also been to five countries.) I’ve been to George (YouVe had five jobs I’ve only had two.) Ihaven’t had you (Tom has a lot of luggage Jane has a lot of luggage too.) Jane has Tom (Mary ansvvered m ost of the questions I only answered about half.) Ididn’t a n svve r Mary (Ruth spent £50 I also spent £50.) Ispent Ruth ADJfcCTIVES AND ADVERB3 • PAGF 149 Too and enough •Ị l.í)ok at th is c x a in p le : N 'o\v lo o k dt th is c x a m p lc : í'his case is big etĩough ỉ can p u t aĩỉ m y clorhes into It The small case isn't hig cnoi4gh T h e c a s e i s t ũ o h e a x y H e c a i i t c a r r v it, \Ve u se t o o lo n i e a n ‘m a r e i h a n is g o o d o r suitahle in the situiatioii’ \Vc* ustr enouị*h tu mean ‘as Iiuich or as inany VVc c a n u s c t o o l ì k e t l i i s : to o + a s \v o nccá\ W c u s c n o t c n o u g h t o m e a n ‘l e s s i h a n vve n e e d ’ a d i e c t iv e : / d o n t -vvưnr to go ouL ỉ'm too tireả io o m an y + PLURAL n o u n : / CỡUỈdnử fitìd her a t the concert hecause there C íỉii Lise e n o u g h lik t * t h is : A D ỊE C T IV E ^ c n o u g h : ỉs vour room warm enough? were too m any people there e n o u g h + PI URAL n o n : to o m uch -i- 17NCOUNTABLE NOUN: / ’vt' got ertough p y í ữ í o e s , thanks (e g t o o m c h w o r k / m o n e y / f o o d / n o i s e / s a l t y in fo rm a tio n /tim e /b re a d ) e n o u g h + UNCÌOUNIAIỈLK n o u n : / curĩ't tulk io y o u now I h a v e n t got OuT teacher ^ives us too m uch work criough time W e c a n u s e t o o w i t h t o -i- i n f i n i t i v e t o e x p la in w h y s o m c o n c c a n n o i d o so m cT h in g : Shc's too yourig to iỉrive ( - S h e c a n ’l d r i v c ' b c c a u s c s h c ’s t o o y o u n g ) W e Cản a l s o u s e n o t c n o g h + t o + iiifin itiv e to say w h y s o m e o n e c in n o t d o som cthm g; She isnU oỉả enough to drive, ( — S h e drivt? becaui^e ivhe uld enough.) Practice A C om plete the se n te n ce s u sing too o r e n o u g h and the w o rd in bra cke ts ( ) ► I can't eat thís soup because it’s ĩ^ỉọ.họp (hot) ► W e c o u ld n ’t buy thG tic k e ts b e ca u se w e didn't have (m oney) ► We didn’t buy the car because it wasn't (big) I couldn’t see her because it was (dark) I can’t decide what to because I haven t got (iníormation) You can’t change the situation now (l's (late) Have you had (food), or vvould you like some more? He did badly in the exam because he was (nervous) S low d o w n ! Y ou’re d riv in g (fast) He s h o ld n 't p la y in the te a m becausG he isn’t (g ood) I h a ve n ‘t g o t (clo th e s) m ust b uy so m e m ore Robert dỉdn’t go to work because he didn’t feel (weíl) 10 I couldn t lift the suitcase because I vvasn t (strong) 11 We d idnì go svvimming because the vvater was (cold) 12 Mary couldn't post âll the ỉetters because she didn’t have (stamps), P A G C ISO • A D JE C T IV E S A N D A D V E R B S heavy (adj) /'h e v i/ nặng, nặng nề suitcase (n) / ’su:tkeis/ quần áo, va li decide (v) /d i’said/ định B Complete the sentences using too much, too m any or enough and the word in brackets ( ) ► Tm not enjoying my job at the moment because they're giving me t o o muọh work (work) ► Is your coffee 5vyfiẹt ẹnọụ^h (svveet)? Shall we have another coffee? Have we got (time)? I couldn’t finish the exam because there were (questions) We didn’t go for a walk because it wasn’t (warm) I couldn’t eat the meal because there was (salt) in it Mary passed the test because she ansvvered (questions) correctly, 1didn’t enjoy the party because there were (people) there Is that c h a ir (comíortable) or vvould you like to sit here? George couldn’t work because the others were making (noise), We can’t play that game because we havenì g o t (pỉayers) 10 Shall I make some sandwiches? Have we got (bread)? 11 Her work isn’t very good She makes (mistakes) c Joỉn each pair o f sentences using too or enougtì with to + ịn tin ịtiv e (e.g to do, to go) ► Clare couldn‘t sleep She was too worried Clạrẹ wae 1^0 wọrr\ẹặ tọ ẹ>\eeọ ► I can’t go on holiday I haven’t got enough money ỉ hạvẹnt ẹnọụ^h mọnẹỵ to ạo ọn họỊidạy I can’t any more work Tm too tired Judy won’t pass the exam She isn’t good enough Clive can't play basketball He’s too short His girlfriend couldn’t go to the party She was too ilt David couldn t pay the bill He didn't have enough money Shalỉ we go to the beach? Is it hot enough? I can^t see you tonight Tm too busy I don’t want to go home It’s too early 10 Chris couldn’t repair the car He didn’t have enough tools I didn’t visit all the museums I didn’t have enough time ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS • PAGE 151 en o u g ti (adj) /i'n A f/ đủ c o rre ctly (a d v) /k s V e k tỉi/ cách thức, phù hỢp tool (n) / t u : l / dụng cụ 70 So and such W e Iise s o íin d s i i c h to in te n s if> ' a d ị e c t i v e s C o m p a r e : ỉỉelen got aỉĩ the answers nght Shc is n ckvcr Hclcri gol aỉì ihư atỊỳwcrs right Shc is such a ( - S h e is v e r y c l e v e r ) cỉever person ( “ s h c is a v c r y c l c v c r p c r s o n ) W c u s c s o b e í o r e a d ịe c tiv e s t h a t d o n o t h iiv e a n o i i n a t ì e r r h e n i , a n d b e í o r e a c lv e r b ỉ> : b c f o r c a p lu r a l n o u n (e g fe e t) o r a n uncoiintahle noiin ( e g food): AD]ECTTVE This lea is so Tom'sfe€ĩ are so W c u se s u c h a /a n b e fo re a n a d je c tiv e + siiigviliir IIOIIII (e.g p e rso n ) We use s u c h Sívựct! big! ADVERB 'ỉ 'hey get up Sỡ M arìa sang so ỉate beautifuỉỉỵỉ ADJECTI V£ + NOUN ỉt W ữ5 such an H eh a ssu ch rh a t was such amaxing carỉ big feetỉ cxceìỉent food ( F o r u n c o u n t a b l c n o u n s , s c c U n it ) VVt* isan u st s u c h w i t h a l o t o f : W e c a n use so w ith m a n y a n d m u c h : ► such a lot o f + p liira l noun: Thcre were such a ỉot o f peopie in the ► so m a n y + p lu ral n o u n ; Thcre were so m any people in ihe shop ► so m u ch shop u n c o u n ta b lc n o u n : ► su c h a lo t o f + u n c o u n ta b le n o u n : We had such a lùt o f w o rk ĨO We had so much work to S e n i e n c e s w i l h s o íin d s u c h c a n íilso d e s c r i h e t h e r e s u ll o f 's o m e t h i n g : RESƯLI I RESULT ĩí wưs so tỉark th at >vtí lỉidn^t see him I ỈĨ€ arrived so ìate, he missed his pỉane ' / / w a > ' such a dark Tĩight ỉt ^as such a ỉox^eỉy ảayy th at we d id n t see him we went to the heach Practice A Put in such or so ► Tom is very handsome He has ► beautifuỉ eyes It w a s a very p le a sa n t trip b e c a u s e the guide w as ỷ o nice My birthday was wonderfuỉ I got lovely presents It was difficult to drive because there was much snow I like Tom He is a nice person We couldn't play tennis because was vvindy Jack loves his children He is a vvonderíul íather Nobody listens to Jane because she says silly things The nurses are wonderful here They are heípíul Look at the stars They are bright tonight PAGK ' ADUECTIVES AND AOVERBS w onderful (a d j) /'wAnd0fl/ kỳ lạ, phi thường nurse (n) /n :s / y tá, n ữ y sĩ Put su c h , s u c h a or s u c h an in the gaps ► E d inburg h Is w o n d e rfu l City Motorbikes are dangerous machines I love skiing It’s exciting sport But it’s a dangerous sport, too My cousin had terrible accident He almost died I like these new dresses They have pretty colours We had wonderful meal The food was excellent Susan Strange i s interesting writer Use so, such, such a or such an to vvrite sentences using the words in brackets () Put the verbs in the correct tense ► I can’t believe that Tom is only thirteen (He/have/grow/tall) Hẹ hạẹ ^rovyn ẹp tạ[IJ ► I never believe those boys (They/be/always/teỉl/stupid ỉies) I enjoy John’s cooking (He/be/wonderfu! cook) I can’t hear anything (Those people/be/make/much noise) Fred won three prizes (He/be/lucky) Sara aívvays looks lovely (She/wear/pretty clothes) We had Ihree ice-creams (They/be/delicious) I don’t smoke (Iưbe/unhealthy habit) I enjoyed that test (Iưbe/easy) For each sentence, write another sentence with a sim ilar meaning U se so that ► We decided not to phone them because it was very late It w as ĨP Saily didn*t íinish the exam because she vvorked very slovvly She vvorked We didn’t buy the camera because il was very expensive The camera was Paul didn’t go out because he was very tired Paul was Peter couldn't see the holes because they were verỵ small The holes were I couldn’t finish the food because there was too much of it There w a s ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS • PAGE 153 grow n (a d j) /g ro u n / lớn, trưởng thành p re tty (a d j) /'p r iti/ xinh, xinh xắn, xinh đẹp m otorbike (n ) /'m o u ta b a ik / xe mô tô hạng nhẹ hole (n ) /'h o u l/ lỗ, lỗ thủng 71 Comparative adjectives ► l o n g a đ ị c c t i v c s ^tw u s y l l a b l e s o r Iiio re L o o k a t th e w a y w e c o rrip a re ih in g s: A D iỉ-cnvE ta m o u s difficult carí-íul e x p e n s iv e COMPARATIVE m o re ía m o u s n io re diftìcuU m o re caru l m o re ex p en siv e ► a d j e c t i v e s e n d i n g w i t h -y; £tOO pe.r nÌ0ht happy happier h u n g rv h u n g rie r ► irrc g u la r ad iectiv es; Thí' Phizư Hotcl is cheaper than the Exceỉsior The Exccỉsior lỉo tcỉ ĨS biĩỊỊỊer than t h c Pl{ỉza The Excetsior is rnore expensive than thc Pluza The Pìaz(i iio te ì IS sm aller th ím the Exceỉsior gooả b e ttc r bad vvorse I F o r m o r c in fo rm íitio n , see A p p e íìd ix 4, page 245) C h e íip e r a n d m o r e e x p e n siv e are c o m p a tiv o a d je c tiv c s W c f o r m t h c m lík e th is; ► s h o r t a d je c tiv c s ( o n c sy llab ic); T o c o m p a r c th in g s , w e u^e a c o in p iir a tiv e the happiesĩ day ol their lives W e c a n u s e í h e ĩ> u p < ^ rl.u iv e w Ì t h o u t a I i o i i n : rhe f>eats at the bí3í:k are tĩte cheapest L o u d o n ÌS th e h ìịịỊỊC S t c i í y in E ĩì g ỉ a n d T h e Tíỉj M a h a Ị ÌS the n i o s t b e a u t ị f u ỉ b u i ỉ d i n ị f in tht' wơrỉ(ỉ N o l e t h a t W f u s e in ( r io i o Ọ í b r p l a c c s đítci' the SLiperhnivc: the ríchesĩ rnan itì Enroịyc ( n o t oị iỉur±tịHĩ.) L o o k a t th c s c tab lc s: ► VVe dn I10Í aKvays use a noun altcr a iih o T i i id ị e c l i v e i ( o n e s y lla b le ): ADIECTIVE SUPF.RI-ATĨVF w a rn i th e th ^ th e th e th e th e ta ll lovv big hot vvet s u p e rla tiv e a d ịe c tiv e : G vo rịịc u m i M a r y h iiv e ih re e c h ild r e ỉu M ik c w arm est tallest lovvest biggcst h o ttesl w ettest is the oidest A; al>;hc 11vì: d iữ ic u lt c jre íu l c xp e nsivc W ỉ ù c h ĩ í i h l e íJiiJ y o u h ĩ í y ĩ B: T h e m osí expensive Wc c)flcn LISC ihc Prcbt*nt Perlect vvitli ever a íle r t h r s u p trl.itiv e : ► l o n g a d i e c l i v e s (tv v u s y lla b ic íi o r i n o r c ) ; tamous t h e best t h e vvorsl hâci bUi*t KLAi i v t th c mostyỉeaẨt fa m o u s th e m o sư le ast diffjcult th e m o st/least carcíul th e inost/lcaẪt expcnsivc ỉ ' h í ì r VVÍỈS ĩ h e b e s í f ì ! t ? ỉ r v t ’ e v t ' r :> ecrỉ A: //cnv’ VVÍ-Í5 voi4t h(yli{ỉuv? B: F a t i t i ĩ í i t i c ! ĩ c e l a n d ÍS t ỉ u ' r n o s t h c a u t ĩ f i i ì LOìẢtUry v e ev cr visiivci Practice A Put the vvords in brackets ( ) in the rig h t order to m ake sentences ► (the world - Antarctica - coldest A n tđ rọ tic a th e is - place the in ) p ì a c c i r t h ổ v / ' ’\à (city - the - M a n c h e s te r — in E rigland - is írie n d lie s t ) (in N e w York - expe nsive - re sta u n t - T h e M a n h a tta n - the - is — m ost — ) (is - river - the w o rld (tow n - m ost - in Spain — G ranada " beautiíu l - is - the - ,) the - The N ile - longest - in - ) PAŨF l*í^ • ADJ ECTI VES AND A[)VERQS supe rla tive (a d j) /s u :’p a :la tiv / tộ t bậc, bậc low (a d j) /lo u / thấp man (n) /m aen/ đàn ông, nari nhi w orst (a d j) /w a ;s t/ xấu n hất t õ t n hất (painting - The Mona Lisa - the - famous - in - is - most - the world - ) (the - Europe - mountain - in - highest - Mont Blanc - is - ) C o m p le te th e se n te n ce s usin g th e s u p e rla tiv e fo rm o f th e a d je c tiv e in b c k e ts ( ): ► Anna is W e s ta y e d in (young) person in the class People say that it is (funny) film of the year W hat is (tall) building in the world? Her teachers say that she is (good) student in the school M anỵ people say that Venỉce is (beautiful) City in the worỉd (b a d ) h o te l ỉn th e w h o le City L o o k a t th e in fo rm a tio n a b o u t th re e b o a ts and co m p le te th e se n te n ce s usìng the c o rre ct superlative form of the adjectives in brackets ( ) ỉ BOATS Queen Anne Red Devil Jol!y Jim LENGTH TOP SPEED PRICE 14 metres 35 knots 72 knots 28 knots £9,000 £23,000 £6,000 metres metres Ạnnẹịẹ thẹ lọn^eẹt ► (lo n g ) Thẹ Quẹ^n (short) (fast) (siow) (expensive) (expensive) The Red Devil is The Jolly Jitn is b oat boat boat boat boat boat Use th e w o rd s in b cke ts ( ) to w rite se ntence s Use íh e + s u p e rla tive , and th e P re s e n t P e ríect + ever ► (lt’s/coid/piace/l/visit) (lt's/btg/ship/l/see) (He’s/rich/m an/l/m eet) (lt’s/difficulưexam /l/do) (lt’s/sad/film /l/see) (She's/happy/person/1/meet) (lt’s/m odem /flaưl/see) {lt’s/hoưcountry/l/visit) (!t’s/sm a!l/dog/l/see) ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS • PAGE 157 knot (n ) /n o t/ g J t , nơ speed (n) /s p i;d / nhanh chóng, mau lẹ, tính nhanh /saed/ buồn rầu, buồn bã Adverbs (1); adjectlves and adverbs H c r c art* s t ) m c a d ị c c l i v e s a n d a d v c r b s ; A U i i i C l i VF: A u \ KR B q u ic k cỊ uickly c a rc lu l care tu ilv easily ciìvSy l asil and liard a r c botlì adịecTive.s and acivcrhs: f a s t —* f a s t C o m p a r e a d v c r b s a n d a d ie c tiv íííỉ: hard harcỉ Aíaria /> IV fiist ỉeamer (Ế ĩist = a d j e c t i v e ) Kíiìricĩ lenrtis fíJSt ( f a s t — a d v c r b ) Ịanies 15 a hard worktr í h a r d = a d j e c t i v e ) Ịuĩucs \vorks hưrả ( h a r d - i i d v e r b ) A [) VHRu s W e u se íid v c rb s lo d e s c r ib e h o w s u m e u n e o r s o n ie t h i n g dm »s a ii a t - lio n : Pctcr p ĩa ys the vioỉin hcauĩiỷuĩly \ V e í o r m tUc c o n ì p a r a t i v c o f r c g u l a r a d v e r b s \v irh m o r c o r less: caru lly —• m o re/less careíully í ^ e a u l i r u l l y d c s tr ib e s /u n v P e le r Ịy ỉu y s ) A n ĩ F.c TIV F s W e u sc a d ie c tiv e s to d e s c rib c p e o p le o r th in g s W e Iise a d ịe c tiv e s b e f o r e n o u n s , o r a f te r be/seem/get: Lởok a t that beautiful vioỉÌTt! Thar vioỉitĩ is beauTif, We lo r m in o s l r c g u la r advL*rbs hy a d d iiig ly to t h e iidiective: s l o w —* s l o w l y l f ati a d ie c liv e e n c ỉs w i t h -y , ih t ’ a d v c r b e n d b w ith -ily : e a s y —» easily VVt’ ỳoìrcii the prohỉcm casiìy ĩf iin a d i c c l i v e e n d í i v v ith b i e , liu* í u lv c r L i e n d s in b!y: c o m í o r t a b l c —► c o m í o r t a b l y Tíie coinparative oí \vell is better: / u ' c r la r iv c I ì f h a d l y is t h c w o r s t : Wlỉich m cnìber o f the tưdìrĩ pl(4vcd the hetit antỉ who played the \rorỉíí? I h e siip e rla tiv e s o f fast a n d h a rd a re th e ÍQ slC il a n d t h e h a r d e s t ; '1'heỵ ảecuied to fìnLỈ out \vho o u ỉd run tỉìe Ịastest \\'ỈĨ0 vvorks the hơrdest in yoiiĩ class? Practice A Put in the a d je ctive o r the adverbs in brackets ( ) p}o\v (slo w /slo w ly) and I arrived late ► T he tra in w as v e ry ĩ h f t jo u rn e y lo o k a lo n g tìrne bec>3usB 1hf? train w e n t very (slow /slow ly) PACE i:-8 • ADJfcCTIVES AND ADVERBS efficiently (ad v) / i 'f ij a n t li / có hiệu quả, hiệu nghiệm g u ita r (n) / g i't a ; / (âm nhạc) đàn ghi ta violin (n) /,v a ia 'lin / (âm nhac) đàn v iô ô n g , vĩ cầm Mrs Green went (quỉck/quickly) back to her office rm aíraid 1can’t give you an (im m ediate/im m ediately) ansvver The work that the builders did for us was very (bad/badly) The builders did the work for us very (bad/badly) She organized the party very (good/well), and everybody enjoyed it B C om plete th e se ntence s Put in th e a d ve rb fo rm o f the a d je c tiv e in b c k e ts ( ) ► She read the message (qulck) Read the inslructions (careíul) He looked at her (3ngry), but he didn’t say anything She passed all her exams (easy) I ran as (fast) as I could He thinks that he dld the test (bad) and that he’ll fail She was vvorking (busy) when I arrived He was playing (happy) when i came into Ihe room C o m plete the d ía lo g u e s by p u ttin g a s u ita b le adve rb in to th e gap s U se an a d je ctive from the box to m ake th e adverb slow ► A B A B A B A B A B A B o fast hard good (x 2) easy bad Were the questions difficult? No I ansvvered them eạp.ily Does she speak English ? No, she only knovvs a few words of English Hurry up! Tm vvaiting! Just a minute Tm Corning as as I can Did you lose at tennis again? Yes I played and I lost Have you been vvorking today? No, IVe done nothing all day! Have you íinished that book yet? No I alvvays read very It takes me a long tim e to finish a book P u t in th e c o m p a tiv e o r s u p e rla tiv e a d ve rb fo rm o f th e a d je c tiv e in b c k e ts ( ) ► You must your work mprổ cạrfifụỉly (caretul) in íuture He has run the 100 metres (fast) than any other athỉete in the vvorld this year Everyone else did the test (good) than me, because they‘d vvorked (h a rd ) th a n me You can travel (cheap) at certain tim es of the year He plays (coníident) than he did in the past because he has got (good) at the game You couỉd eat (expensive) if you didn't buy so many takeavvays You will be able to sit (comíortable) in this chair ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS • PAGE 159 else (ad v) /e ls / thém vào (cái đề cập) co nfid en t (adj) /'lo n íid a n t/ tự tin athlete (n ) /'a e li:t/ vận động viên điền kinh o rg an iie d (a d j) / ’D :ganaizd/ xếp 74 Adverbs (2): adverbs of frequency L o o k a t h o w o í t c n J a n e d o e s t h i n g s in n y e a r : S lic Shc shc She She h a s a c u p o ( le a a t b r e a k fa :> t g ocs to th e cin e m a w a l k s t o \v^ork goes sw im m in g g o e ii o n h o l i d a y 363 10 52 -y W e c a n c o n ì P '^ ^ '^ l u l v r r h s l i k f tlì i s : 0% 5% 10% 30% W e c a n s-dy: S lie a l w í ỉ y s h n s a ciip o f tca a t h r e a k / a s t m e n iiin g o f th e se never h a rd ly ever re ly so m e tim e s 10 % 90% 80% 70% alw a y s Iisu a íly n o rm â tly oữcn í\V e u s a lly sa y ih e w o r d o f te n w i t h o u t p r o n o L in c in g t h e le tte r t.) S h e aoĩrĩírtiiĩies ^oes ĩo ĩh e cineỉĩĩcì It \v e w a n t to s a y e x a c t l v h o w o f t e n w e d o tliin g s , w e u s e L hese e x p re s s io n s : She never \valks to work Shc {ỊOCS $w iĩnw wo every \veek S ỉie g o e s oti h o ỉ i d a y t-wicv a y e u r W e u s c t h c s c a d v c r b s t o t i ì l k a b o u t h o w o ù c n vvc d o t h i n g s : a lv v a y s u su ally s o m e tim e s rarely n o rm a lly lia rd ly e v e r \ V c p u t a l w a y s , u s u a l l y , lítc auxiliary ( e g havc, m u s t ) ; o fte n never b e o r ,in H e is w’ays la te /V í” often beưĩì to spain ịo r m y ỉ-ĩoỉìdays c v c ry o n c e a n v ic c /tw o tim c s a th re e tim e s a , f o u r tim e s a V\V pLil Lhese expressions at llìe end of se n le n c c s H e re are s o m e e x ain p les: ỉ run ronĩtíỉ ihe park every day ỉ pỉoy Ỉcnnỉs ơnce a week, she dritiks cofjee ihree titues a day I go ĩkiing once a year H e lirives to Loncion t ^ ’ice a m o n th You n tust ncver $wini aíier íi hig meaỉ B u L \v e p u l a l w a y s c tc b c f o r c m a i n v c r b s : / usuaily Wíiỉk ĨO work She liardly ever drìnks coffee Practỉce Put the vvords in brackets ( ) in the right place in these sentences► I w o rk late at the office ( o f te n ) I vvọrk th tí ọ ì i ì c t You must lock the front door when you leave (always) steve and Jill play golf (tvvice a month) I eat a sandvvich for lunch (u sua lly) I go to ja zz c o n c e rts at th e vveekend (sometimes) My teacher gives me a lot of homework (every day) We see our Mexican friends (hardly ever) PAG£ lf>0 • A D JE C T IV E S AND A D V ER B S vveekend (n) /'w i;k e n d / cuổi tuần rarely (adv) /'re a li/ khi, hardly (adv) / ’h a :d li/ khắc nghiệt, nghiêm khẳc, tàn t ệ , cứng They go to Morocco for their holidays (often) Bill and Marie go to the theatre (four times a year) They are at home in the evening (rarely) B Look at the table below, find the co rre ct adverbs from the tabỉe in section (opposite), then vvrite sentences com pahng Liz and Ken 10% ► 1 get up early watch TV take a taxi have supper at home ^ 20% :i 30% ^ 40% Ị 50% Ị 60% 70% 80% :; 90% ! 100% Liz ■ Ken Liz walk to work ' ' ! ị ị ' Llz ị Ken Ịạ7 ỗorrịõtịmẹẹ wa\kẹ tọ ^ork.^ I^ẹn t)ẹvẹr vvạỊkẹ tọ wọrk Look at the table below about John's activítỉes and w rite sentences, using the w o rd s in brackets ( ) and the P resent Simple DAY swimming a nevvspaper his mother a shower abroad sister tennis WEEK MONTH YEAR ịi Ị ' ► (He/go/SW ịmming/ ) He ^ọẹs ẹvyirrming^ tvvicc vvẹẹk (He/buy/a nevvspaper/ ) (He/phone/his mother/ ) (He/have/a shower/ ) (He/go/abroad/ ) (He/visiưhis sister/ ) (He/play/tennis/ ) ' ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS • PAGE 161 phone (n ) /fo u n / điện thoại abroad (adv) /a 'b n :c l/ hải ngoại ... none 11 4 11 6 11 8 12 0 12 2 12 4 12 6 12 8 13 0 13 2 13 4 13 6 13 8 Test F 14 0 11 0 11 2 A d je c tiv e s a n d a d v e r b s 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 Adjectives (order) Adjectives: -ed or -ing... SHIRUY 19 8(M6 19 8 3-? ? 19 66 19 86-K) 19 89 19 92 llved in New York studied at university lefl univereity worked as a ừanslator met Kevin married Kevin KEVIN 19 8 2-9 0 19 8 3-8 5 -1 9 19 89 19 9? ? -1 995 19 92... (thirsty - you - are) (a teacher - you - are) (they - bored - are) (is - afraid - he) (she - tired - is) (are - you - how) (cold today - it - is) (she - Spanish - is) (they - from London - are)