Intermediate Oxford English Practìce Grammar with answers NGỮ PHÁP TIẾNG ANH TRUNG CẮP John Eastvvood Hồng Đức (Dịch Giới thiệu) i NHÀ XUẤT BẢN TỪ ĐiỂN BÁCH KHOA Ngữ pháp tiếng Anh Trung cắ p Oxford English Practice Grammar Intermediate with ansvvers John Eastvvood Giới thiệu: Hồng Đức NHÀ XUẤT BẢN T ĐIẾN BÁCH KHOA Contents I n t r o d u c t io n pagc \ íií 2/ Ke\' to svĩiibols pac;e \ VVords and sentences \Vord classes: nuuns, vcrbs, adicLtivcs, ctc, ) Sontence Slructure: sLibịecĩ, verb, objcct, t’lc n ire c t and indirect obiects Verbs Present C o n tiiu io u s Prcsont Sim pk' ỈO Prescnt c^ontiiuious o r Prcsont Simplc? Ĩ2 State \erbs and action verbs Ỉ4 lest A: Tenses - prescnt 16 10 Past Simple Ỉ8 Past (À )ntinuous 20 Past clo ntin uo u s o r í\ỉst Sinìpìc? 22 Test B: Past Sim ple and Past C ontinư ous 24 11 ỉ^resent Períect (1) 26 12 ỈVesenl Períect (2): just, already, vel; tu r and since 2H 13 Proscnt Pcrícct (3): ever, this week, etc 14 í*resent Perícct Oĩ Pasl Siniplc? {1) ]5 Prcsení Pcrícct o r Piist Simplc? Í2) ỉcst F: The íiitu re vvith vvilỉ, bc going to and present tenses 68 28 29 30 Test D: Tenses - pasl ;ind perfect 48 21 31 32 33 34 33 3b 37 38 39 80 Yes/no questions 84 Short ansvsers, e.g Yes, it is 86 \Vh-questions 88 Subject/object questions 90 Propositions in wh-questions 92 W ho, vvhat or vvhich? 94 ĩesl H: Questions 96 40 41 42 43 Negative statemems 98 Negative qucstions ỈOO Q ucstion tags, e.g is n ì it? Ỉ02 S o/N either ỉ and I th in k so Ỉ04 1'est I: Questions, ncgativcs and ansvvers ì 06 Modal verbs 14 45 46 47 48 49 Revievv o\' prescní and past teiìses 50 50 31 'lest E: Tenses - present and past 54 52 ỉntrciduction tcì tlie U iturc 56 \V ill and shalỉ 58 Be g o iiiịí to ờí) VVilỉ and be going to 62 Prcscnt lenscs ío r ihc ĩu tu rc Ơ4 The verb have 78 Short íornìs ( it ’s> d o n ’t Eniphatic 82 76 Questions, negatives and ansvvers 33 22 23 JÌ 23 Jt* \V ill be d o in g 70 W ill havc donc and was going to 72 Review o f thc íu tu re 74 Test G: Tenses - íu tu re Test C: Presenl Ferfect and Past Siniple 36 16 Prcsent Períect ('o iitin o u s 17 Prescnt Pciíecl (A )n tin u ou s o r Sim pler 40 18 Past Períect 42 19 Rcvicw of' the Past Simpie, C o n tiiiu o u s and Pertcct 44 20 Past Perícct (^o n tin u o iis 46 \V Iien I get therc, h cfo rc ỵou Icavc, ctc 66 A b ility : can, couid and be able to ỈOS Pcrmission: can, may, could and be allo\vcd to ỈỈO Possibility and certaintv; may, might^ could, mưst, etc / Ì2 Necessity: m ust and have to Ỉ Ì iNetcssity: m ustn’t, needn't> etc ỈỈ6 Should, ougbt to, had better and be supposed to Ỉ Ỉ S A skiiig people lo things 120 Suggcstions, offers and in vita tio n s ì 22 VVill, w ould, shalỉ an d sh o u ld ỈJ ^ It n ia y/co u ld /m u st have been, ctc Ỉ26 Test Moda) verbs Ì28 CONTENTS • p-\(ìl' \ The passive 54 35 s Passivc vorh hM'iiis /30 A ctivc and passi\'c ( I Ỉ32 Active and passi\'c Í2 j !3-1 Specia! passivc síructures ;36 Have so m e th in g clone Ỉ3S To bc donc and being donc Ỉ4(} 83 84 85 Sò 87 S8 89 90 A /iin and thc ( ỉ ; / ‘■'^6 A /an Jnd thc ( A /im one aiKÌ sotno 0 ('a rs t)i the carsĩ' 202 Prison, scỉìool, bcd, ctc 204 O n rrid a v , fo r lunch ctẽ 2l)('t Q u ite a, such a, \vhat a, ftc 208 Plact- narne^' a iiJ th c Ỉ Test K: The passive ỉ 42 '['est C); A/an and the Ì The iníinitive and the -ing form 60 òl 62 63 64 \c r b ■t' to in íin iti\'c 144 \'c rb -in g ío rm Ỉ4 ị V evb -i- to - in í'in iliv f o r verb íorm ? Ỉ48 L i k c , s t a r t , c tc -in g Ỉ50 R cm em bcr rcgrct, trỵ , ctc Ỉ5 ĩcst L: Verb + to -in fin itiv e o r -in g fo rm ỉ 54 65 6ò 67 68 69 70 / I 7.^ 73 \ c r b * obịcct o r -in g t'orm /56 Q u cstio n \vord -r- to -in fin itiv e 158 Adịective + t()-ịn fm itiv e Ị6 For \vith the to -in tìn itiv e Ỉ62 'l'h c in íĩn itiv e \v ilh and vvitíiout lo Ỉ64 V crb /A d jcctivc + p rcp o sitio n ^ -ing to rm /66 A íra id lo o r a fra id o f doing? I6H Uscd to and be useci lo d o in g ì 70 PrcpositiotT í)r lin k in g \vord + -ing ío rm ỉ 72 See it happcn o r sec it happenìngí' /74 Some structures w ith íhe *ing ío rn i 176 This, my, some, a lot of, etc 91 92 93 94 93 96 97 This, th iit, thesc and thosc ỉ \ \ w \o iir , (UKỈ n iin e , \o u rs , ctc :/cS’ The Ịiosscssive lo rm and ()f 220 Somc and anv 222 A ỉot oì\ lots of, m anv, m uch, (a) ũ-\\ tìnd ( a ! little 224 A ll, haỉí, niost sonie, no aiul noiie tv e rv each w ỉìo Ị l\ b o th either aĩKỈ neith er 'ĩesl F: This, m y, some, a lo t of, alỉ, etc 230 Pronouns 98 99 (K) 01 02 03 IVTsoỉiai pronouns (1, vou) 2J2 rh c rc and it proiuìuns rin p h itiè ỊT o n o u iis and each other 'ỉ ỈIC [iro n o u n onc/oncs 240 Evcrvonc, som cthing, ctc 242 Tcsl Q; PruiK)uns 244 ỉèst M : ĩh e in tìn itiv e and ih e -ìng fo rm ỉ 78 Nouns and articles 76 s h ip and vvater: Lountahle and u n c o u n ta b ỉ e n o L iiis 78 79 80 81 S2 Ì 80 A carton of m ilk , a piecc of' in ío rm a tio n , ctc ỈH2 N ouns that can be countabìe or Iincountahle A ^re e nicn t ỈH6 S iriiỉular o r pỉuraỉ? 188 Pair nouns and group nouns 190 'r\vo nouns l()gt'ther 192 Adjectives and adverbs 104 105 lOb 107 108 10erỉative toi nis 2à() ] ỉ í A)nìptìrcíti\'0 anti siiperlative pattenis { ) 264 12 Test N: N ouns and agreem ent ỉ 94 \(it \ • CONTENTS Aciioctuos 24(y Adicctivcs (o rd c rì 2-ỈS 1he old- thc rich , ctc 250 In lc re s tin g and in tcre stcd 252 Atiiective (>r advc*rl)ĩ' [ ) 254 Adioclivt.' o r acivorh? (2) ( '.oỉiiỊíaráxc and supeĩi«ỉti\'e patterns (2) Test S: C om p arative iin d superlativo 268 13 14 15 16 17 Advcrhs and w o rd o rd o r 270 Yet, s tiỉl and already 274 A d \e rb s ot cỉcgrcc (v e rỵ , q u itc ) 276 Q u ile and th e r 278 Too and enough 280 ỉ 38 139 140 141 142 143 riìc relative p ro n o u n as t)hịect 332 Prcpositions in rclative clauses 334 keìative structures vvuh \vhose, w hat and it 336 The use o f relative clauses 338 Rckitive pronoun s and relativc adverbs 340 Rclative cỉíiuses: p a rticip le iind t(>in íìn itiv e 342 Test T: Adverbs and vvord o rd e r 282 Test X; Relative clauses 344 Prepositions 18 19 120 121 ! 22 123 124 123 Prepositions of' place 284 In> on and at (place) 28 In , on and at (tim e ) For> sínce, ago and beíore 292 D u rin g o r while? By o r u n til? As o r like? 294 P rcp ositio n + noLin (o n h o líd a y) 296 N o u ii i p re p o s itio n (tro u b lc w ith ) 29H Adịcctive + p re p o sitio n (proLid oO 300 Conditionals and wish 144 145 146 147 148 149 Test Y: C o n d itio n a ls and w ish 358 Test U: P repositions Verbs with prepositions and adverbs 126 127 I 28 129 130 131 P repositionai vcrbs (w a it fo rì 304 V crb + obịect -+ p rc p o s itio n 306 Plirasal verbs ( 1) 308 Phrasal verbs (2 ) 3W Phrasal vcrbs (3) M2 Vcrb + adverb + p rc p o s itio n 314 Tcst V; Vcrbs w ith p re p osition s and acỉverbs 16 ('o n d itio n a ls (1) 346 C o n d itio n a ls (2) 348 C o n dition aỉs (3) ^50 Review o f c o n d ilio n a ls 352 If, \vhen, unỉess and in case 35^1 W ish and i f o n ly 356 Linking vvords 150 131 152 153 But, a lth o u g h , in spite of', vvhereas, ctc 360 To, in o rd e r to, so that and fo r 362 Revievv o f lin k in t '\vords 364 Links across scntences 366 Appendices W ord fo rm a tio n 368 The spcliing o f cnciings 370 P in ictu a tio n 372 P ro n u n cia tio n 37-1 A m erican English 377 Irre g u la r vcrbs ^82 Reported speech 13i2 133 134 135 LHít D ire ct specch and reported specch 3ÌH Rcported speech; person, place and tim c 20 Reported specch: thc tense chan^c 322 Reportcd qucstions 324 Rcportecì reqiiests, otĩers, ctc 326 Key to the exercises Key to the tests Exit test 384 412 424 Key to the exit test 43Ỉ Test W; R cported speech 328 Index 433 Relative clauses I 37 Rcltitive cliiuses w ith vvho, \vhich and that 330 CONTENTS • v v \ \ \'í! Introductlon 'i‘he OxỊorả Practice Grummar is a series ot three 'i'hc Oxịoni Priìcỉicc Cimniniar - interm edỉate is b (X )k s , e a ch v v r itte n a t th e r ig h t le v c l fo r y o u at w r it t e n t b r in te r m e d ia te s tu d e n ts o f H n g lis h each stage in your study o f English The scries is intended for your use either in a classrooin or when vvorking independently in your own time The books are divided into unils, each o f \vhich covers an important grammar topic Each unit starts with an expianation o f the grammar and this is folỊowed by a sct o f practicc cxcrcises Tests at the end o f each unit or section o f units give the opportunity for more practice and enable you to assess how much you have learned Answers to the exercises and the tests arc given at the back of the book You may want to choose the order in which you study thc grammar topics, pcrhaps going first to those giving you problems (Topics are listed in the Contents page al the íront o f each book and in the Index at the back.) Alternatively you may choose to start at the beginning o f each book and work through to the end An In te c tiv e CD-ROM is included at e a ch of the three levels, oíTering alternative ways to practise You can recognize and correct vvritten mistakes, and you can also take part in spoken dialogues; you can record and listen to your own voice and learn to speak more naturally E xam practice 'Phe fírst level in the series is Oxford Pracĩice Grammar - Basic l'his is suitable for eiementary to pre-intermediate learners, and those vvorking for the PKT exam and IEU'S 'l'he s e c o n d is OxỊorà Practỉce Grammar ỉnterm ediate, for students who are no longer beginners but are not yct advanced ìn their use o f English It is suitable for those studying for the Cambridge FCE OxỊorả Pracĩice Grarnmar Advanced is for those who have progressed beyond the intermediate level and who wish to increase their knowledge o f English grammar and become more confident when using it It helps students prepare for CAE, CPE, TOEPL, and othcr advanced-level exams HA(,i VUI • INTRODUCTION The units cover the main areas o f English grammar Speciaỉ attention is given to those poinls \vhich arc otten a problem for learners, such as the meaning o f the ditĩcrent verb íorms, the usc o f the passive, thc different conditiona! tenses, or the use of prepositions Many units contrast r\vo or more ditĩerent structures, such as the Present Períect and Past Simple íưnits 14 and 15) 'ĩhere are also a number of revievv units The emphasis throughout thc book is on the meaning and use of the grammatical torms The cxplanalions of grammar are dcscriptions o f how English \vorks; thcy are a guide to help you understand, not rules to be memorized It is oítcn more eíĩective to look at examples of English rather than to read statemcnts about it, and ihe grammar explanations are supported by lols o f examplcs ot everyday conversational English There are also appendices at the back of the book on word íbrmation, the spelỉing of endings, punctuation, pronunciation* Amcrican English, and irregular verbs The tcsts cnable you to asscss how niuch you have learned, and theỵ also give you practice in answering thc kinds of qucstions you mect in exams An exit test provides an opportunity for niore practice, and prepares the student for Oxford Practice Grarnmar - Advanced The ansvver key to this exit test reíers back to the relevant unit o f the book, so if you makc a mistake you can reađ thc cxplanation again There is an interactive Oxíord Practice Grammar vvebsite at ww\\'.oup.com/elt/practiccgrammar Key tosym bols The s ỵ rb o l / (oblique stroke) betvveen two words means hat either word is possible I mayỊmight go means hat I m a y go and / mìght go are both possibk In exercise questions thls S ym bol is also used to ỉe p a te words or phrases which are possibU answers Bracketi ( ) around a word or phrase in the middte of a sertence mean that it can be left out There's {som e) nilk in the tridge means that there are two possiblí sentences: There^s so m e milk in the fhdge aid T h e r e s milk in the ĩridge The synbol - means that there is a change of speake; In the example H ow are y o u ? - 1'm fine, thanks, he question and answer are spoken by differen people The synbo! means that you can go to another place ir the book for more iníormation i means that yoi can find out more in Unit The synbol ► in an exercise indicates that a sample ansvver is gỉven For phoietic symbois see page 374 KEY TO SYMBOLS VM,\ \ \ Practice A What is the difference? (1) Look at the underlined nouns Are they are countabỉe o r uncountable? ► There was a car behind us cpụẠÌAblẹ Love makes the world go round ► I never eat Diẹạt WẠCourtứ.b)e Good lưck in your new job Do you play golt? Povver stations produce energy I had to wait ten minutes Tm taking a Bbotọ Just tell me One thinq VVould you like an apple? B A and some (2-3) Laura has been to the supermarket What has she bought? Use a or some with these words: banana., biscuits, butter, c h ẹ e ^ , eggs, flowers, lemon, light bu/ò, m inerai water, magazinej soap, vv/ne p ^ ^ ÍỌỳẠệ ■fìọWỊÊ.rí A, ỉọềAe chạcíe Countable and uncountable nouns (1-3) C om plete Uessica: Andrew: dessica: the conversation Choose the correct form What are you doing, Andrew? Tm writlng (►) es6ay/an essay Oh, y o u ’v e g o t (1) c o m p u t e r / a C om p u te r Do y o u a lv v a y s w r ite (2) e s s a v /e s s a v s on y o u r Com puter? Andrew: Uessica: Andrevv: Jessica: Andrevv: dessica: Yes, but rm not doing very well today I’ve been vvorking on my plan for about three (3) hour/hours now YouVe got lots o f books to help you, though I haven’t got as (4) many/m uch books as yo)U That’s because I haven’t got much (5) m oney/ m oneys Quite often 1can’t even afford to biuy (6) food/a foo d Really? That can’t be (7) manv/much tun Vó like to get (8) job/a iob I can in my spare tim e and earn (9) a/som e money Tve got (10) a few/a little ideas, but what you think I should do? I know someone who paints (11) picture/pìctures and sells them Why don’t you that? Because i’m no good at paintỉng NOUNS AND ARTICLES • Pa G E 1.81 77 A carton of milk, a piece of iníorm ation, etc A carton o f milk íi ca rto n o f miỉk two tin s o f soup a kilo o f sugar a lo a f o f bread M ilk , Soup, etc are uncountabỉe nouns We cannot use a or a number in front o f them We not usualìy say Q-m iịk or tw o sôttps But vve can say a carton o f m ilk or two tins o f soup Here are some more examples CAR TO N, T IN , ETC Mt:ASUKFM KNTS PIKCE, SLICE, F.TC a ca rto n o f orange juice a tin o f paint a b o ỉe o f water a b o x/p a cket oỷcereaỉ a ị a r o f ịam a tu b e o f tooĩhpaste a gìass o f water a k ỉỉo o f cheese ỷìve m etres o f cabỉe twenty litres o f petrol haỉf a p o u n d ofbutter a piece o f wooả a piece/sỉice o f bread a piece/sh eet o f paper a b a r o f chocoỉate a ỉo a f o f bread a c u p o f coffee We can also use this structure w ith a plural noun aíter of a p a c k e t o f crisps a box o f matches ĩhree kilos o f poĩatoes a coỉỉection o f pictures A piece o f information Advice, in fo rm a tio n and nevvs are uncountable nouns VVc cannot usc them w ith a/an or in the plural Can I give you som e advice? NOT iifĩ a d vke We got som e inịorm atỉon from the tourist offic€ NOT 50fne m ỷormứtiorĩs That's wondcrfĩiỉ n tw s! NOT a Wơtì(1eỉfi4l new5 But we can use piece of, b it o f and item of Can l give you a piece of/a bit o f advice? There are tw o pieces/bits o f inform ation we need to compỉete the questionnaire There's a b it of/an item o f new$ thaĩ might interest you These nouns are uncountabỉe in English, ailhough they may be countabỉe in other languages: accommodation, baggage, behaviour, equipment, fun, íurniture, homework, housework» litter, luck, ỉuggage, progress, rubbish, scenery> traííĩc, travel, vveather, work Some countabie nouns have simiỉar meanings to the uncountabic nouns above COUNTABLE There a re n t a n yịo b s ỉt^s a longỷourney There were sofas and chairs for saỉe VVeVe booked a room V veg o t three suitcases PA í t E 182 • NOUNS AND ARTICLES UNCOUNTABLE There isn t a n y w o rk Traveỉ can be tirÌTĩg There was /u r n itu r e for sale W e \e booked some a cco m m o d a tio n Vve got three pieces ofỉuggage Practice A A carton of milk (1) What did Tom buy at the supermarket? Use of Mitk Mitk kìlo flour Jam Matches Bread Bread Chocolate kilos potatoes Breakíast cereai Mineral vvater Mineral vvater Toothpaste Total 0.35 0.35 0.85 0-95 0.39 0.65 0.65 0.95 1.59 1.38 0.74 0.74 1.89 £11.48 ► ► tw o CArtpfví MÌlX A k.ilo o-t “O o u r B Countable and uncountable nouns (2) Complete the sentences Put ỉn a/an or some ► I realíy ought to housework The people who cam ped in the field have left Tve been vvorking on the business plan I’ve made The vỉsitors are here for tw o nights TheyVe ỉooking for That shop has nice sofa You’ll have to pay extra for the taxi because youVe got The flat is quite empty I need turniture I can’t possìbly frt this guitar into suitcase You need luck to win at this game rubbish progress accommodation luggage c Countable and uncountable nouns (2) You are talking about the hoiiday you had with a ừiend Use these words: accom m odatton, aw fui joum ey, beautítuỉ scenery, chair, fun, good weather, meaỉ You have to decỉde vvhether you need to put a/an or not ► (It was qulte easy to book a place to stay.) B o o k in g ACC0MM 0d A t Ì Q i \ w a s q u ite e a sy ► (There was nothing to sit on in your room.) But my room wasn’t very nice ỉt didn’t even have A cka.ir In it (You were in a beautỉtul part of the country.) it was a lovely place, though There w a s all iround us (The weather was good.) And we h a đ vvhile we were there (One evening you went to a restaurant with some other people.) One evening we h a d vvith some people we net (You enịoyed yourselves at the disco.) We went to a disco We had there (Travelỉing hom© was awful.) We h a d home last Saturday NOUNS AND ARTICLES • PAGE 183 78 Nouns that can be countable or uncountable A potato or potato? Some nouns can be either countable or uncountabỉe For example, a potato is a separate, inđividual thing, but potato cannot be counted potaĩocs UNCOUNTABLE c o u n table Vm peeỉing the potatoes Meỉanie baked a cake for David Vicky was eating an apple Someone threw a stone at the pợỉice There's a hair on your shirt Wouỉd you ỉike some potato? Have some cake/a piece o f cake ỉs there appìe in thừ saỉad? The house is buiỉt o f stone ỉ must brush mỵ hair NOT hairs A sport or sport? Often the countabie noun is speciíìc, and thc uncountabU* noun is more gencral COUNTABLE UNCOUNTABLE Rugby is a sport (= a particular sport) That’s a nice painting over there We heard a sudden noise outside Ịohn Lennon had an interesting ỉife A paper OI Do you ỉike sport? (= sport in general) Paul is good atpainting Constant noise can make you iỉỉ Life is compỉicated sometimes paper? Soiiìc nouns can be countable or uncouniable w iih differcnt meanings COUNTABU UNCOUNTABLE / bought a paper ( - a newspaper) /7/ have a gỉass of orangeịuicey pỉease Have ỵou goĩ an iron? (for clothcs) / need some paper to wriĩe on ỉ bought a piece ofglass for the window The bridge /5 made ofiron Ị switched aỉỉ the Ughts on /Ve been to Prance m anỵ times The journey »VÍJ5 a great experience ỉ run a small business (= a company) Weỷinaỉỉy found a space in the car park There^s more ỉight by the window Ị cant stop I haven*t got tỉme He has enough experience Ịor the ỷob I enjoy doing business (= buying and selling) Theres no space for a piarto in here There are hundreds o f sateỉlites out in space A coffee or coffee? Words for drink are usually uncountable: Coffee is more expensive than tea But when we are ordering or offering drinks, vve can say either a cup o f coffee or a coffee Two coffeeSy pỉease ( - two cups of coffee) Wouỉd ỵou ỉike a beer? { - a glass/bottle/can o f beer) Some nouns can be countable vvhen we are taiking about a particular kind or about diíĩerent kinds Chiatiti is an ỉtaliarí wine i= a k ind o f Italian wine) The use oỷplastics has greatỉy increaseả (= the use o f different kinds o f plastic) PAGE 184 • NOUNS AND ARTICLES Practice A A potato or potato? A sport or sport? (1-2) Complete the conversations Choose the correct form ► 10 Can I pick ạn apple/oom o QDPÌO trom your tree? - Yes, of course I think sport/a sport is boring Me too I hate it We ought to buy some potato /so me potatoes - OK, riỉ get them t h i n k p a in t in q / a p a in tin Q is a t a s c in a t i n g hobby ~ Well, y o u V e c e r t a in ly v e r y Did you hear noise/a noise in the middỉe of the night? ~ No, I don't think so Is there cheese/a cheese in this soup? - Yes, a little had conversation/a conversation with Vicky iast night ~ Oh? W hat about? Shall I put c hicken/som e chicken in your sandwiches? ~ Yes, please Are you a pacỉtist? - Well, i d o n ’t believe in war/a w ar so ỉ suppose I am It isn’t fair ~ No Iife/ạ Ịifẹ just isn’t fair, Tm atraid W hat’s the matter? You’ve got some eqq/som e eọqs on your shirt g o o d a t it, B A paper or paper? (3) Complete the conversations Put in these nouns: business (x2), experíence (x2), g/ass, /ron, Ịịght, paper, space, tim e Put a/an or some before each noun ► Harriet: Mike: Did you manage to park in town? It t o o k m e a g e s t o ĩt n d A And ali I vvanted was to buy líPMe to w r a p t h is p r e s e n t in c Sarah: Mark: Trevor: Laura: Vicky: Rachel: Claire; Mark: Daniel: Emma: Are you busy tom orrow ? I’m m eeting som eone in the office We've got to discuss Do you think I need to take with me for my shỉrts? Oh, surely the hotel will have one ! was going to have som e juice, but I can’t f in d lf you turned on you m ight be able to see properly Tve never m et your brother, Oh, he’s usually very busy because he runs But he’s beon íll recently The doctor has ordered him to spend resting How did your intervievv go? Well, I d id n 't get the job 1think they realiy wanted someone with of the work and th a t’s w hat I haven’t got So it w a s a b it o f a w a s te o f tim e And the t r a in C o rn in g back w a s t w o hours !ate That’s I don’t want to repeat Countable or uncountable? (1-4) Complete Claire’s postcard to her síster Choose the correct lomrì The island is very peacetul {►) Life/A lifo is good here Everybody moves at a nice slow pace People have (1) tim e/a tim e to stop and talk It’s (2) experience/an experience ! won*t torget for a long time There aren’t many shops, so I can’t spend atl my money, although I did buy (3) painting/a paintỉnọ y e s te rd a y N ow i ’ m s it t in g o n t h e b e a c h re a d in g (4) D a p e r/a p a p e r The h o te l b r e a k ía s t is s o e n o r m o u s that I d on ’t need to have lunch Pve just brought (5) oranọe/an orange with me to eat later !’ve been trying alỉ the dỉfferent (6) fruit/fruits grown in this part of the vvorld and theyYe al( delicious NOUNS AND ARTICLES • PAGE 185 79 Agreement Subject and verb Look at these exampỉes o f agreement betvvccn ĩhe subject (e.g the w indow ) and the verb (e.g is) SỉNCiULAR PLURAL The window is open She was upset It has been raining The Soup tastes good This method do€$n't work After a singular or an uncountable noun and after he, she or it, we use a singular verb The w indows are open The door and the window are open Her eỵes were wet They have got wet The bừcuits taste gooả These methods don*t work Aíter a piural noun or they, and aíter nouns joined by and, we use a plura! verb Kveryone, something, every, all, etc After everyone, something> nothing, etc, vve use a singuỉar vcrb (see also Unit 103.3) Everyone was pleascd Som ething is wrong Bui compare these examples vvith every, each and ali After a phrase w ith every or each, vvc use a singular verb After ail and a pluraỉ noun, we use a plural verb Every seat has a number Each ảoor is a differenĩ coỉour AU the seats have a number One of, a num ber of and a lot of Aíter one o f » we use a singular verb After a number o f we normaily use a plural verb One o f the photos is missing After a lot o f A numher o f questions were asked the verb agrecs vvith the noun Every ỵear a ỉot oỊpollutỉon i$ created, and a h t o f trees are cut down Any of, either of, neither o f and none of When a plural noun comes after any of, either of, neither o f or none of, we can use either a singuiar or a plural verb Ĩs/Are anỵ o f these oỉd maps worth keeping? Ị worĩder if either of those aỉternatives is/are a good idea Neither of these catneras works/work properìy None o f the pỉants has/have growrĩ very much An am ount + a singular verb After an amount o f money, a distance, a weight or a length o f time, we norm ally use a singular verb Eight pounds seems a fa ir price A hundred metres isn*t far to swim Ninety kiìos is too heavy for me to ỉift Five minutes doe$n*t seem long to waiĩ We are talking about the amount as a whoie, not the individuai pounds or metres PAGE • N O U N S AND ARTICLES Practice A Subject and verb (1) Mark and Sarahi are in an antique shop Complete the conversation by choosing the correct torm of the verb Sarah: Mark: Sarah: Mark: Sarah: Mark: Sarah: This table (►) ịs/ạfe lovely Yes the w ood (1) is/are beautitul, isn’t it? The stylô and the colour (2) L$/arẹ both períect for what we want These chairs (3) looks/look very stylish, too, but they (4) is/are rather expensive Can you see if the table (5) has/have got a price on? Yes, it has It says it (6) costs/cost £2,000 That’s ridiculous Don’t you think prices (7) has/have gone up recently? Those tabỉes we saw last m onth (8) w asn’ưw eren’t so expensive B Everyone, evety, etc and phrases with of (2-4) Vicky has been to a very grand party She is teỉling her parents about it Put in wa$ or were I realỉy enjoyed the party It (►) wonderful Each guest ( ) welcom ed by the hostess in person All the rooms (2) crovvded with people Everyone (3 ) enịoying themselves A ỉot of people (4) dancing, and a number o f people (5) svvimming in the pool in the garden All the people there (6) very smart One of the guests (7 ) a TV personality - the Chat show host Guy Shapiro I did n ’t know many of the guests None of my triends (8 ) there c Agreement (1-4) The BBC ỉs making a documentary about police work A poiíceman is talking about his job Choose the correct form ► Every policeman is/afe-qiven speclal training for the job No tw o days are the same Each day is/are different But the job ỉsn’ưaren’t as exciting or glamorous as some people think Not all policem en is/are allovved to carry guns A num ber of police officers here wọrKs/worK with dogs An officer and his dog has/have to w ork closely together One of our jobs is/are to prevent crim e happening in íhe íirst place A lot of crim e ís/are caused by people being careless Sorry, I have to go now Someone has/have just reported a robbery D An amount + a singular verb (5) Combíne the questỉons and answers about travel and holỉdays ìnto one sentence usíng ỉs or are ► Do you know the price of a room? ~ Fỉfty pounds ► How many public holidays are there? - Ten days in the year Ì5f Te^ tK e y e ^ r A r e pÍ A rpỌM - k p iid Ạ y í Are you going on a long walk? - Fifteen miles W ho’s travelling on the bus? - Eight students Was som eone waiting for the museum to open? - Yes, three people Do you know the baggage allovvance? - Tvventy kilos N OUNS AND ARTICLES • Pa GE 80 Singular or plural? Clothes, etc Some nouns have oniy a plural form (with s) and take a plura! verb The cỉothes were in the dryer NOI Thử doihe-w m The goods have been sent to you direct frotn our facĩory NOT The ^ 00^ has My beỉongings are aỉl packed up in suĩtcases PI.URAL NOUNS arms (v/eapons), belongings (the things you own), clothes, congratulations, contents (what is inside something), customs (bringing things into a country), earnings (money you earn), goođs (products, things for sale), outskirts (thc outer part of a town), remains (what is left), surroundings (the environment, the things around you), thanks, troops (soldiers) S o n ic n o L in s h a v e b o t h a s in g u la r a n d a p lu r a l í o r m w it h a d iff e r e n c c in m e a n in g SINGULAR PLURAL Our speciaỉ price is £10 cheaper than normaỉ So d o n t miss this saving o f £10 The stortn did a ỉot o f damage to buildings Vve got a pain in my back It realỉy hurĩs My savings are in the hank Vm going to take out aỉl the money and buy a new car The newspaper had to pay £2 miỉỉion in damages after printirìg untrue stories about a poỉitkian I great pains to get them exactỉy right Nevvs, ctc Some nouns have a plural form (with s) but take a singular verb The news was worse than Ị hnd expected Economics is a d if f ĩc u ỉ t su b ịe ct Nt)T N(T! NOUNS TAKiNG A SINGULAR VERB The The The The The word news subjects economics> mathematics/maths, physics, politics and statistics activities athletics and gymnastics games biỉliards and darts illness measles Means, etc Some nouns ending in s have the same singular and plural form This means o f transporĩ saves energy Both means of transport save energy This species o f insect is quite rare AU these species o f irtsecĩ are quite rare NOUNS W ITH ONE FORM crossroads, means, series (e.g a serìes o fT V docurrĩentaries)y species (kind, type) Works (a f a c t o r y ) and headquarters (a main offìce) take either a singular or a plural verb The steeỉ works has/have cỉosed down P AGE Ì 8 • N O U N S AND ARTICLES checked Practice A Clothes, etc (1) Put in the nouns and add -s if necessary ► Claire had to take her luggage through cụốipMẶ (custom) Please accept this gift as an expression of our (thank) The vvoman is demanding (damage) for her inịuries The (pain) was so bad i called the doctor The old man carried his few (belonging) in a plastic bag lf we pay in cash, we make a .(saving) of ten per cent More (good) should be transported by rail instead of by road The gas explosion caused some (damage) to the flats We're going to spend alt our (saving) on a new car The com pany alvvays takes (pain) to protect its image B News, etc (2) Look at each group o f w o rd s and say w hat they are part of s ta rt your ansvvers like this: a th , e c o j g e o , h is , m a t , p h y., ► atoms, energỵ, heat, light algebra, numbers, shapes, sums dates, nations, past times, wars the high jump, the iong jump, running, throwing industry, money, prices, work the climate, the earth, mountains rivers c Clothes, news, etc (1-2) Choose the correct verb form ► The television news is/ai:^ at ten o ’clock These clothes is/are the tatest tashion Maths is/ạrẹ Emma’s íavourite subject The troops was/were involved in a training exercise The contents of the brieícase seems/seem to have disappeared Darts is/are sometimes piayed in pubs in England The athletics we vvatched wạs/wẹre quite excỉting The remains of the meal was/were thrown in the bin D Clothes, news, means, etc (1-3) Complete this emaiỉ Rachel has received from her sister Choose the correct torms (►) ~ fíw tk/ĩh a n k s for your email Your news (1) was/were ỉnteresting We m ust talk soon What about us? Weli, w e’re living on the (2) outskirt/outskirts of town, not far from the com pany (3) headquarter/headquarters vvhere Jeremy works We’ve spent nearly all our (4) savinọ/savínas on the house That w ouldn’t matter so much if I hadn’t crashed the car last week and done some (5) damaọe/damaaes to the tront of it More bills! But at least I wasn’t hurt The house is nice actually, but the surroundings (6) isn*t/aren*t very pleasant We’re on a very busỵ (7) crossroad/crossroads Tm doing the course ỉ told you about Statistics (8) is/are an easy subject, I tind, but econom ics (9) ọìves/give me problems! NOUNS AND ARTICLES • PAGE 189 81 Pair nouns and group nouns Pair nouns W e US€ a p a ir n o u n f o r a t h in g m a d e o f t w o p a r ts vvhich are the same Some pair nouns are binoculars, glasses, jeans, pants, pyjamas, scissors, shorts, tights, trousers A pair noun is pỉural and takes a plural verb hiìĩợculars M y ị e a n s n e e d yva sh in g NOT m y ịe a n These tights were quite expensive NOi' this ti^ht We've got som e scừsors somewhere NO r a sàssor We cannot use a/an or a number w ith a pair noLin But we can use pair of / need som e ỷeans OR Ị need a p a ir oỷịeans NOT aịean Laura bought/our pairs oftights NOT fơur tights G roup nouns A group noun can usually take either a singuỉar or a plurai verb The team was pỉaỵitĩg weỉl OR The team were pỉaying weỉl The governm ent is in crisis OR The governm ent are in crisis The choicc dcpcnds on vvhether we see thc group as a \vhole o r as individual people Oíten it doesn t matter whether the verb is singular or plural But sometimes one form is better than the other SINGULAR PIU R A L The fa m iỉỵ is a very oỉd andỷamous orte The orchestra consists o f eighty-six musicians Theỷam ilỵ are deỉighted with ĩheir presents, The orchestra ảon*t know whaĩ to pìaỵ VVhen we mean the group as a whole, we use a singular verb When we mean the individual people in the group, we norm ally use the pỉural We use ìt and its We use they, them and their The com m ittee has maảe its decisioỉì The cỉass w iiĩ miss their ỉessons because they are aỉỉ going on a trip Somc group nouns: army, audience, band, board, choir, class, club, committee, com m unity, company, council, crew, crowd, íam ily, government> group, management, orchestra, population, press (= nevvspapers), public, staff, team, unỉon AỊso: Harrods, the BBC, the United Nations, ctc and England (the England team), Manchester United Police, people and cattle These nouns have a plural meaning and take a pluraì verb The poỉice have warned motorists to take extra care, People don^t know what the ỷuture wiỉỉ bring The cattỉe are going to be soỉd with the farm > PAGE page 379 Group nouns in American English • N O U N S AND ARTICLES Practice A Pair nouns (1) Trevor and Laura are shoppỉng fo r clothes Choose the co rre ct form Trevor: Laura: Trevor: Laura: These trousers (► ) ịq/are a bit tight They (1) doesn ’t/d o n 't feel very comíortable And I think t h e b lu e o n e s (2) Q o e s/Q o b e t te r w ith th e ja c k e t That jacket (3) is/are too long Well, the Jeans (4) fits/fìt alt right Perhaps !’lỉ buỵ the jeans instead Yes, the jeans (5) looks/look good on you I like the style 1think they (6) suits/suìt you Now you get changed whỉle I look for (7) a/some shorts And I m ight get(8) a/some skirt B Pair nouns (1) C om plete w h a t Rachel says to Vicky Put one w ord in each space This old suitcase was in the corridor I n’t know who left ỉt here It’s been here for about three days, so rm having a look inside There’s a pair (► ) pyjamas, (1 ) jeans, tw o (2 ) of tights and a (3) of sunglasses There are (4) ređ shorts, too c Group nouns (2) Compỉete this TV n0ws report Choose the correct form of tho vert) Zedco (► ì-l=tave/has just announced that it made a loss of £35 million last year The management (1) is/are well aware that they have made mistakes The press (2) have/has all been printing stories anà articles critical of the compaưiy The Zedco board (3) know s/know that they now have some difficuít decisions to take Naturalỉy, the staff (4) is/are vvorrìed about their jobs and (5) wants/want a meeting with management as soon as possibte But Chief Executỉve Đarry Douglas says thỉngs aren’t really so bad He has said that the company stỉli (6) has/have a great tuture ahead of ỉt D Group nouns (2-3) Put in a group noun and /s or are, Use these nouns: cattle, choir, crew, crow d, orchesừ-a, pollce, populatỉon, team ► The crowd ATfc all enjoying the game This United the best one Tom has ever seen T h e hoping they can take part in a national singing contest The shỉp‘s all very tired after a long sea voyage T h e one of the biggest that has played at One of our concerts The installing cameras to photograph speeding motorists At the moment b e e f .cheap because sales of beef are lovv The country’s growing rapidly because of immigration NOUNS AND ARTICLES • PAGE 191 82 Two nouns together Introduction Look at these phrases a bread knỉỷe = a knife for cutting bread a bus drỉver = someone who drives a bus the Street ỉights = the lights in the Street In Engỉish we oíten use one noun beíore another a cookery book = a book about cookery m y hirthảaỵ party = a party on my bìrứiday a paper bag = a bag made o f paper like this The two nouns are often w ritten as separate vvords, but we sometimes use a hyphen (-), or we write them as a single vvord a tea break at the tea-tabỉe a large teapot There are no exact rules about whether we jo in the words or not I f ỵou are unsure, it is usually safest to w rite two separate words A souvenir shop, etc Look at these examples a souvenir shop - a shop selling souvenirs an anim aỉ hospitaỉ = a hospital for animals through the ỉetter-hox = a box for letters The ồrst noun is usually singuìar There are some exceptions, e.g a sports cỉuby a goods traiỉĩy a clothes-brushy a sales con/erence, A teacup and a cup of tea Look at these pictures a cup oỷtea a teacup A teacup is a cup for hoỉding tea A cup o f tea is a cup fu ll o f tea (see n it 77.1) Here are some more examples / picked up a cigarette packet Ị'ỉỉ wash the miỉk boưle Garỵ openeả a packet o f cigarettes Theres a bottĩe o f miỉk in the ỷridge An -ing form + a noun We can use an -ing form vvith a noun a sỉeeping-bag ~ a bag fo r sleeping in a waiting-room = a room for w aiting in a washing-machine - a machine for vvashing clothes Longer phrases We can use more than two nouns a glass coffee-table at Sỵdney opera House the bedroom carpet the winter bus tỉmetabỉe our Assistant Computer Technology Manager PAG E 192 • N O U N S AND ARTICLES Practice A Two nouns together (1) Say what these things are For each picture use tw o of these nouns: a/arm, camera, chaịr, clock, cycie, iuggage, m otor, offic e , racket, tetevision, tennis, troiley B Two nouns together (1-4) Can you say it a better way? Use two nouns together c ► (I read an interesting article in a newspaper yesterday.) I re.ẠĨ ị^ te r Ê ítỉ^ í AewíỊ>