INTRODUCTION
RATIONALE
Despite numerous studies on idioms and proverbs related to various themes such as animals, plants, and colors, there remains a notable lack of research focused on bird-related expressions in both English and Vietnamese This gap highlights the need for deeper exploration of the cultural and semantic aspects of these idioms, particularly given their rich diversity and significance in social relationships This research aims to address that deficiency and shed light on the unique semantic features of bird-related idioms and proverbs.
Many Vietnamese learners struggle to understand the meanings of English idioms and proverbs related to birds due to cultural differences This study aims to enhance their comprehension and usage of these idiomatic expressions, ultimately making their communication more effective, natural, engaging, and imaginative.
Idioms and proverbs enrich language by reflecting cultural traditions, making communication more vibrant and engaging This cultural significance is why idioms and proverbs enjoy widespread popularity.
Birds play a crucial role in enriching our lives, providing nourishment for both our bodies and spirits They contribute to our overall lifestyle, offering a vital source of energy that enhances our existence The prevalence of idioms and proverbs related to birds in English and Vietnamese reflects their significance in our language, serving as a fascinating linguistic phenomenon In everyday conversations, these expressions not only convey literal meanings but also express the attitudes, emotions, and perspectives of speakers and listeners alike.
The diverse meanings of idioms and proverbs related to birds in both English and Vietnamese can confuse language learners By clarifying their semantic features, learners can better understand and effectively use these expressions to meet their communication goals Therefore, the exploration of "Features of idioms and proverbs relating to birds in English and Vietnamese" is essential for enhancing language proficiency.
Therefore, it is necessary to research this matter to enrich characteristics of the IPRBs and IPRC, “ Idioms and Proverbs relating to Birds in English and
This article aims to provide an overview of proverbs and idioms, focusing specifically on a contrastive analysis of bird-related expressions in English and Vietnamese The insights offered here are intended to assist learners and translators in navigating the complexities of translating proverbs and idioms between these two languages.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The study aims to help Vietnamese learners master idioms and proverbs relating to “birds” in English and “chim” in Vietnamese in terms of semantic and cultural features
To gain the aims, the following three main objectives are put forward:
✓ To identify, describe and analyze the semantic and cultural features of idioms and proverbs relating to “birds” in English and “chim” Vietnamese
✓ To explore and explain the similarities and differences of semantic and cultural features of idioms and proverbs relating to “birds” in English and “chim” in
✓ To give some suggested implications for teaching and learning idioms and proverbs relating to “birds” in English and “chim” in Vietnamese effectively.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The objectives of the study can be elaborated into the research questions as follow:
- What are the semantic and cultural features of idioms and proverbs relating to the word “birds” in English and “chim” in Vietnamese?
- What are the similarities and differences between English and Vietnamese idioms relating to “birds” in English and “chim” in Vietnamese, in terms of semantic and cultural features?
- What are the implications of the study to help Vietnamese learners to master to idiom and proverb teaching and learning?
RESEARCH METHODS
- Descriptive methods are used to describe the semantics and cultural features idioms and proverbs relating to the word “birds” in English and “chim” in Vietnamese
- Comparative methods are used to make a comparison to find out the similarities and differents between idioms and proverbs relating to “birds” in English and “chim” in
Vietnamese in terms of semantic and cultural features
This thesis focuses exclusively on idioms and proverbs related to birds in English and "chim" in Vietnamese A key aspect of the research involved gathering relevant materials, ensuring a careful selection of the most appropriate examples The collected data is systematically described, classified, and analyzed to facilitate a comparative analysis.
The analysis of semantic and cultural features of IPRBs and IPRCs will significantly benefit both Vietnamese learners of English and English learners of Vietnamese.
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This study focuses on idioms and proverbs related to birds in English (IPRBs) and Vietnamese (IPRC), emphasizing their linguistic, semantic, and cultural features A total of 222 English idioms and proverbs and 193 Vietnamese equivalents were gathered from various reference books, dictionaries, and online resources The research specifically examines the comparative structures of these idioms and proverbs in both languages.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
A common theoretical framework for idioms is applicable to both English and Vietnamese, allowing for the exploration of similarities and differences in idioms related to birds in each language This analysis highlights the semantic and cultural features inherent in these idioms, contributing significantly to the broader field of linguistics and specifically to the study of bird-related idioms and proverbs Given the close relationship between language and culture, the findings enhance our understanding of the cultural nuances expressed through these idiomatic expressions.
Practically, the work will provide assistance to English-speaking learners of
This article aims to assist Vietnamese learners of English, particularly high school students, in distinguishing between different types of idioms in both languages It highlights the similarities and differences of bird-related idioms in English and Vietnamese, which can enhance their language studies Furthermore, it provides valuable insights for language teachers to help students achieve effective communication For translators, understanding idioms and proverbs is crucial for finding accurate equivalents in the target language, as idiomatic expressions are deeply rooted in culture, making their translation challenging This knowledge will greatly benefit translators by aiding them in identifying potential equivalents in their work.
STRUCTURE OF THE STUDY
The study consists of four chapters
Chapter 1, "Introduction," presents the study's background, offering essential details including the rationale, aims, objectives, research questions, scope, methods, significance, and overall structure of the research.
Chapter two, titled "Theoretical Background and Literature Review," presents a comprehensive examination of prior research, providing insights into semantics, culture, idioms, and proverbs This section also outlines the theoretical framework guiding the study and concludes with a succinct summary of the key findings.
Chapter three explores the semantic and cultural characteristics of idioms and proverbs associated with "birds" in English and "chim" in Vietnamese It provides a comparative analysis of these expressions in both languages, highlighting their similarities and differences The chapter concludes with a summary of the key findings regarding the use of bird-related idioms and proverbs across cultures.
Chapter four is “Conclusion”, which provides the recapitulation, implications for the EFL teaching, learning and the translation and suggestions for further studies The study ends with the “References”.
LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 5 2.1 REVIEW OF PREVIOUS STUDIES
Previous Research Works on Idioms in English
Delahunty, G.P (2010) stated his linguistic view of meaning in his study
“Semantics involves the literal meaning of words and the literal meaning of sentences considered outside their contexts”
Makkai (1972) categorizes idioms into two primary types: encoding and decoding, with decoding further divided into lexemic and semantic idioms Semantic idioms encompass six categories: phrasal verbs, tortures, irreversible binomials, phrasal compounds, incorporating verbs, and pseudo idioms Seidl and McMordie (1988), along with Cowie, Mackin, and McCaig (1993), classify idioms based on their thematic content and grammatical structures Fraser (1970) views idioms through the lens of transformational grammar, defining them as constituents whose meanings are not derived from their individual components, and proposes a six-level scale of idioms: unrestricted, reconstitution, extraction, permutation, insertion, adjunction, and completely frozen Additionally, Dr Phan Van Que (1996) explores idioms and proverbs featuring animal constituents in English, highlighting the cultural significance embedded in these expressions and marking a foundational study of their semantic properties from a component perspective.
Fernando and Flavell (1981) highlight the shortcomings of earlier linguistic studies by distinguishing between idioms and idiomaticity Their research delves into the characteristics of idioms, examining aspects such as morpho-syntactic composition, semantic properties, homonymy, and syntactic properties.
The article explores the concept of idioms as unique lexemes that lack a direct correlation in syntax, making them non-literal in their components The most effective criterion for determining idiomaticity is undoubtedly based on semantics.
Fernando & Flavell (1981) establish the transparent-opaque axis for analyzing idioms In defining idiom, they stress three features in particular: a non-correlative syntax resulting in non-literalness, homonymy, and institutionalization
Nunberg et al (1994) categorize idioms into two distinct types: first, idiomatically combining expressions, where the individual components contribute recognizable elements to the overall idiomatic meaning; and second, idiomatic phrases, where the meanings cannot be deduced from the individual parts.
(1996) also divides English idioms into three categories: pure idioms, semi-idioms, and literal idioms
According to Taylor (2002), idioms and constructions are closely related topics in grammar, as both can be viewed as symbolic units that connect a phonological representation with a specific semantic interpretation.
Constructions are typically defined at a high level of schematics, allowing for a wide range of expressions, yet their usage can be unpredictable, exhibiting varying degrees of idiomaticity In contrast, idioms require a lower level of schematics for specification Taylor (2002) emphasizes that the distinction between idioms and constructions is a gradient, primarily related to the schematics involved Langlotz (2006) investigates different forms of adnominal modification in English verbal idioms, arguing within a cognitive-linguistic framework that the transparency of idioms arises from the user's ability to reinterpret their semantic structure through conceptual metaphors and metonymies.
In English language studies, idioms are analyzed through various lenses, including grammar, semantics, rhetoric, and pragmatics Most researchers focus on two primary approaches: the first emphasizes structural properties to define idioms and their idiomaticity, while the second explores idiomaticity as a reflection of underlying cognitive concepts This cognitive approach provides valuable insights into the nature of cognition and has significant psycholinguistic implications.
In the Vietnamese vocabulary system, idioms often occupy specific positions that allow them to interact with other linguistic units like compounds, collocations, and proverbs This interrelation has prompted various studies focused on vocabulary, grammar, and the boundaries among different lexical units, as noted by researchers such as Đỗ Hữu Châu (1981), Nguyễn Văn Mệnh (1986), Nguyễn Thiện Giáp (1985), and Hồ Lê.
1976, etc) Some other Vietnamese authors such as Trương Đông San (1974), Hoàng Văn Hành (1976) study the forms and meanings of similized idiom Nguyễn Công Đức
In 1995, a study systematically examined Vietnamese idioms from both structural and semantic perspectives, categorizing them into three types: symmetrical, comparative, and non-symmetrical Symmetrical idioms are characterized by the reciprocal or contrasting meanings of their components, leading to relationships of symmetry or repetition Comparative idioms follow a general formula, such as "A như B," exemplified by "chậm như rùa," meaning "very slowly." Non-symmetrical idioms often consist of phrases, particularly verb phrases like "bắt cá hai tay," indicating greed, and can also follow subject-predicate patterns, as seen in expressions like "chuột sa chĩnh gạo," meaning "to be very lucky." The process of meaning formation in idioms occurs in three stages: creating constituent parts with explicit and implicit components, establishing meanings through internal relationships, and generalizing idiomatic meanings related to everyday life concepts The study concludes that idiomatic meanings are shaped by various relationships, including symmetrical, contrastive, harmonious, convergent, and random connections.
Hoàng Văn Hành (2008) defines idioms as fixed expressions with stable forms and fully figurative meanings, characterized by the stability of their vocabulary components, which are typically irreplaceable by synonyms This stability arises from a diminished connection between grammar and semantics He emphasizes that the stability of idioms within the standard system coexists with their flexibility in usage Idioms possess bipartite meanings, consisting of literal and figurative interpretations, with the latter formed through an emblematized process that can be comparative or figurative Based on meaning formation, Vietnamese idioms are categorized into two types: similized and figurative, with figurative idioms further divided into symmetrical and non-symmetrical Additionally, idioms are classified structurally into symmetrical and non-symmetrical, with non-symmetrical idioms further categorized into non-symmetrical similized.
The classification differences highlighted by Hoàng Văn Hành (2008) emphasize the criteria used for each classification level, treating each sub-category as a distinct area for investigation He further refines these sub-categories into smaller divisions, exemplified by the classification of symmetrical figurative idioms into two main types: coordination, which involves a meeting of meanings, and non-coordination, which lacks such a meeting The non-coordination category can be further divided into three specific types: balance, focus, and alternative.
Hoàng Văn Hành (2008) critiques the general pattern of similized idioms (A như B) proposed by earlier authors, arguing that it is overly simplistic and fails to capture the full complexity of comparison in both logic and language He introduces a more comprehensive logical structure of comparison, At1 như Bt2, where t1 represents an attribute of A and t2 an attribute of B His analysis categorizes idiomatic meanings into two main structures: t như B and như B He further divides t như B into two subcategories based on the degree and manner of t indicated by như B Additionally, Hành emphasizes the importance of understanding the usage and cultural values of idioms, suggesting that the cultural factors influencing these expressions warrant deeper exploration While he acknowledges that this approach to studying Vietnamese idioms is still evolving, his contributions are significant.
This study aims to enhance the translation, learning, and teaching of English by focusing on the understanding of idioms and proverbs that feature animal words in both English and Vietnamese Additionally, it seeks to assist cross-cultural communicators in navigating interactions with individuals from different cultures, thereby minimizing the risk of cultural shocks.
J Lyons (1995:xii) says about linguistic semantics:“…and linguistic semantics is the study of meaning in so far as it is systematically encoded in the vocabulary and grammar of natural language”
We discussed the subject matter of semantics We sketched out a brief introduction of semantic perspectives: lexical semantics, cognitive semantics, and formal/logical semantics
In general, idioms in both languages are motivated by external semantic cognition including metaphors, metonymies, and conventional knowledge (Gibbs 1990,
Cognitive semantics, an emerging field rooted in cognitive linguistics since the 1970s, is increasingly gaining traction among scholars Frawley (1992) emphasizes that linguistics is inherently a branch of cognitive science, suggesting that cognitivism is essential rather than optional Similarly, Barbar Abbott (1999) highlights the significance of this perspective in understanding language.
AN OVERVIEW OF SEMANTICS
J Lyons (1995:xii) says about linguistic semantics:“…and linguistic semantics is the study of meaning in so far as it is systematically encoded in the vocabulary and grammar of natural language”
We discussed the subject matter of semantics We sketched out a brief introduction of semantic perspectives: lexical semantics, cognitive semantics, and formal/logical semantics
In general, idioms in both languages are motivated by external semantic cognition including metaphors, metonymies, and conventional knowledge (Gibbs 1990,
Cognitive semantics, emerging from cognitive linguistics since the 1970s, is increasingly recognized as a significant field of study Frawley (1992) emphasizes that linguistics is inherently a cognitive science, suggesting that cognitivism is essential rather than optional Additionally, Barbar Abbott (1999) highlights the importance of this perspective in understanding language and meaning.
Recent developments in linguistic semantics have shifted the focus toward cognitive aspects, emphasizing that the meanings of expressions are fundamentally mental A Paternoster (1999) argues that language serves to describe reality and convey information about the world, suggesting that any semantic theory neglecting this role would overlook a crucial aspect of language use Consequently, semantics is viewed as a mapping between linguistic expressions and cognitive structures, with language integrated into these cognitive frameworks Talmy further reinforces the significance of cognitive semantics by asserting that semantics is inherently cognitive.
The main tenets of cognitive semantics
- Meaning is conceptualization in a cognitive model
- Cognitive models are mainly perceptually determined
- Sematic elements are based on spatial or topological objects
- Cognitive models are primarily image-schematic Image-schemas are transformed by metaphoric and metonymic operations
- Semantics is primary to syntax and partly determines it- Concept shows prototype effects
Understanding that the meaning of an expression consists of various features allows us to break down a word's meaning into semantic properties These properties serve as the foundation for defining a word's meaning The approach that utilizes these properties is known as the componential method.
We distinguish four major components of word meaning:
(a) Denotation , which includes: conceptual and referential meanings; denotation exists by virtue of what it refers to
Connotation refers to the pragmatic communicative value that words gain based on their context, including factors such as time, place, speaker, purpose, and audience This encompasses stylistic, affective, evaluative, and intensifying aspects, highlighting how meaning can shift depending on various situational elements.
(c) Structural meaning, which is the meaning a word acquires by virtue of its membership in a system or a set; and
(d) Categorical meaning, which serves as a classificatory basis
Denotative meaning: Conceptual meaning (sometimes called “denotative” or
Cognitive denotation plays a crucial role in linguistic communication, serving as a key element in understanding meaning This concept is underpinned by two fundamental structural principles: contrastiveness and structure, which contribute to the intricate organization of language Referential meaning, in particular, allows us to identify and refer to specific objects or entities, known as referents, enhancing our ability to convey and interpret information effectively.
Denotation refers to the specific meaning of a word or phrase that connects it to real-world phenomena or to fictional and hypothetical scenarios, as outlined in the Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics.
Connotative meaning refers to the communicative value of an expression beyond its literal definition, influenced by cultural context, historical period, and individual experiences This type of meaning is inherently unstable and can vary based on factors such as dialect, the era of language use (e.g., 18th-century English), regional legal terminology, social status (including polite, colloquial, and slang language), the modality of communication (like memoranda, lectures, or humor), and the unique style of individual authors, such as Dickens or Hemingway.
- Structural /associative meanings include: Reflected meaning, Collocative meaning, Associative meaning, Thematic meaning
Categorical meaning refers to a segment of grammatical meaning that determines how words are classified based on their membership in specific categories, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, prepositions, and conjunctions Each word's function and meaning are influenced by the category it belongs to, distinguishing it from other types of words.
Transference, derived from Greek, refers to the process of assigning the name of one object to another based on shared characteristics, effectively creating implicit comparisons known as metaphors In cognitive linguistics, as noted by Barcelona (2000:3), metaphor serves as a cognitive mechanism that allows one experiential domain to be mapped onto another, facilitating understanding through similarities This conceptual projection enables us to comprehend one domain in terms of another, highlighting the connections between them For instance, we can draw parallels between two objects based on specific attributes, enriching our understanding of both.
For example, a wise person is commonly referred to as an owl
- Living (poetic, individual) (tư duy tương đồng)when a word is used in unusual meaning and metaphor is felt as such ( fight like Kilkenny cats, chatter like a magpie)
A faded metaphor, often referred to as a trite metaphor, is a figure of speech that has lost its originality due to overuse, becoming a habitual expression Examples include phrases like "as hoarse as a crow" or "like a sitting duck," which no longer evoke vivid imagery Such metaphors can diminish the impact of writing, making it less engaging and memorable for readers.
- Dead metaphor – where metaphoric sense is not felt Dead metaphors are words that have lost their direct meaning and are used only figuratively (to ponder, capital, sarcasm)
Metonymy is a linguistic phenomenon where one word is substituted for another based on a strong association or contiguity between concepts, rather than similarity This means that instead of using the name of one object, we use the name of another that is closely related or associated with it According to Nunberg (1978, 1979), metonymy exemplifies this unique extension of word meaning, highlighting the intricate connections within language.
“deferred reference”, in which a speaker users a description of A and succeeds in referring to B
Similes are expressions that compare two different things, typically using the words "as" or "like," as noted by Felicity O'Dell and Michael McCarthy (2017, p.22) According to the Oxford English Dictionary (OED), a simile serves as a comparison between two entities, often enhancing poetry or rhetoric The term also encompasses notions of likeness, resemblance, and similarity In contemporary English, similes are frequently employed to create vivid and clear language.
Cù Đình Tú (2001) định nghĩa phép so sánh tu từ là phương pháp công khai đối chiếu hai hoặc nhiều đối tượng dựa trên một nét chung nào đó, nhằm diễn tả một cách hình ảnh đặc điểm của đối tượng.
The theory of semantic fields, introduced by German and Swiss scholars in the 1920s and 1930s, notably by Trier in 1934, builds upon Saussure's concept of language as a network defined by differences, oppositions, and values.
AN OVERVIEW OF CULTURE
Cultures are seldom monolithic or completely uniform Every culture has many subcultures which may influence how individuals define themselves
2.3.2 The relationship between language and culture
The term "culture" derives from the Latin word "cultus," which originally meant cultivating Over time, its meaning has expanded metaphorically across various languages Fundamentally, culture can be understood as the organic system of material and spiritual values developed and accumulated by people through their interactions with both the natural and social environments.
Culture serves as the social foundation and driving force behind national development, with diverse methods for expressing, storing, and communicating it Among these, language stands out as a primary means of cultural expression Essentially, culture encompasses both material and spiritual values, characterized by unique traits that are developed over time by human societies Each nation and community possesses its own distinct culture, which may include universal cultural values as well as those that are unique to specific groups These unique cultural traits define the identity of each nation, distinguished by the differences that set them apart from others.
Cultural characteristics refer to the dominant aspects of a nation's or community's culture, which establish foundational values that are sustainable and representative of its identity These characteristics encompass both spiritual and material values that have been accumulated throughout history, providing long-term significance and localized meaning Understanding natural culture involves recognizing these unique characteristics and identifying the differences that define a community's cultural identity.
Language serves as a vital medium for expressing and preserving the cultural characteristics of a nation, acting as a bridge between external phenomena and the internal world of individuals It embodies the unique identity of each nation through its mother tongue, encapsulating the national spirit and cultural heritage passed down through generations Language not only reflects current behaviors but also influences future human development, making it essential for cultural continuity As Vinocua noted, language is both a condition for existence and a cultural product of humanity Furthermore, E.D Sapir emphasized that while language is a cultural product, it transcends mere functionality, highlighting its complex role in the interplay between culture and communication.
In "Identifying the Vocabulary of Vietnamese Culture," Chien emphasizes that language is a cultural phenomenon, where culture encompasses a broader scope while language, although narrower in definition, carries deeper connotations The relationship between culture and language is intricate, characterized by differences, overlapping traits, and shared similarities.
Researching cultural studies necessitates an examination of linguistic materials, as all human creations are inherently cultural and reflect language To effectively decode a nation's culture, various parameters can be considered, but a crucial element is the language spoken within that nation.
Language and culture are intricately connected, as language serves as the primary means of conveying, preserving, and expressing the unique cultural identity of a nation It is a vital cultural element that distinctly reflects national characteristics Conversely, the cultural traits of each nation significantly influence the evolution and development of its language.
2.3.3 Characteristics features of Vietnamese and English cultures
Based on principles of cultural types
“If you want something to be done well, do it yourself.” – American proverbs
In regions such as North America, northern and western Europe, as well as Australia and New Zealand, there is a strong emphasis on individuality, independence, and self-reliance These values are fundamental to the core beliefs of individuals in individualist cultures.
In individualist cultures, the primary focus is on the individual, with the aim of fostering responsible citizens who can take accountability for their personal challenges, including life decisions, individual identity, and the management of breakable contracts.
Space and privacy are important, because individualist cultures value person freedom, most of them have a greater physical space and privacy requirement than that seen in collective cultures;
Effective communication is characterized by its directness, clarity, and personal touch It serves as a vital means for individuals to showcase their uniqueness, as the way we convey our thoughts, ideas, opinions, and emotions reflects our individuality.
Business is inherently transactional and competitive, where achieving results is crucial The focus lies on the deals made, which are typically assessed through thorough examination of facts such as due diligence, credit reports, and quarterly earnings Additionally, technical competence, including past experience and educational credentials, plays a vital role in the business transaction process.
England – a Western country has the nomadic culture
When conducting business in individualist cultures, remember to
• Focus on the transaction: Emphasiza the contract or deal and support your proposal with hard data about short-term gains
• Use data and logic: Appeal to competitiveness and present facts, numbers, statistics, benchmarks, best practices, and comparative analyses Construct your
• Communicate directly: Prefer direct, clear, and explicit messages Remember that silence can cause discomfort and doubt
Recognizing the significance of time is crucial for businesspeople from individualist cultures, who often regard it as a valuable asset To enhance decision-making efficiency, it's essential to accurately estimate the time needed for tasks while allowing for flexibility by potentially doubling your initial estimate Additionally, providing a specific date for when a response will be available can further streamline communication and expectations.
- Transaction oriented (focus on results)
Based on principles of cultural types
“Two is better than one; three, better than two; and the group is best all.” – Afghan
Collective cultures prioritize the group over individualism, influencing actions and decisions This cultural orientation is prevalent in regions such as Asia, Africa, the Middle East, Central and South America, and the Pacific Islands Understanding the core beliefs that underpin these collectivist societies is essential for appreciating their social dynamics.
In collective cultures, individuals perceive themselves as integral parts of a tightly connected network, emphasizing strong loyalty to cohesive units such as family, clan, profession, corporation, or religion This interconnectedness fosters group decisions and collective values, highlighting the importance of community in shaping identity and behavior.
In collective cultures, relationships take precedence over personal space and privacy, as individuals often prioritize physical closeness to their group These cultures typically require less personal space, fostering a tolerance for shared environments in both personal and professional settings, whether at home, in the office, or in crowded spaces.
Communication is intuitive, complex and impressionistic Explicit and direct communication is less important in collective cultures
AN OVERVIEW OF IDIOMS
According to Seid (1998), an "idiom" refers to words that have become fixed in their collocation, evolving into a fossilized term Glucksberg emphasizes that idioms are intricately linked to cultural contexts Furthermore, Agar (1991) suggests that biculturalism and bilingualism are interconnected concepts that complement each other.
According to the Cambridge International Dictionary of Idioms, idioms are vibrant and engaging elements of the English language, utilized across various forms of communication, including both informal and formal contexts, as well as spoken and written discourse.
Idiom regularly has a stronger meaning than non-idiomatic phrases
For instance, “cock of the walk” has more highlighting meaning than “Someone who dominates others within a group”, although they signify a similar thing
Idioms reflect the speaker's attitude, conveying emotions such as disapproval, humor, irritation, or admiration These expressions, often used within specific groups, are a common form of communication (Wright, 2002) Additionally, idioms have their own grammatical structure, with many being fixed phrases that cannot be altered.
“The early bird catches the worm.”
(Chỉ người nhanh nhẹn và biết lo xa)
“Kill two birds with one stone”
(Mục đích , mục tiêu cần nhắm tới)
However, in most cases, we can change the tense and the pronoun
According to Wright, idioms are expressions characterized by their fixed nature, which is recognized by native speakers, meaning they cannot be created arbitrarily Additionally, idioms employ language in a metaphorical, non-literal manner.
- My mom can be fussy as a hen with one chick sometimes
- Bob was screaming and shouting - as mad as a wet hen
-They're losing $200,000 on this deal, but that's chickenfeed to/ for a company with yearly profits of $25 million
My mom is incredibly busy, often resembling a fussy hen with just one chick The phrase "mad as a wet hen" describes someone who is extremely angry or agitated, often expressing their emotions loudly Additionally, when something is referred to as "chicken-feed," it implies that it is insignificant or trivial These examples highlight the traditional understanding of idioms as complete expressions that convey specific meanings.
Idioms play a crucial role in everyday English communication, as they are frequently encountered in speaking, reading, and listening Understanding idioms is essential because their metaphorical meanings often take precedence over literal interpretations Knowing the literal meanings helps create mental images, making it easier to grasp their other meanings Additionally, idioms add color and interest to the language, enhancing our learning experience and improving our ability to remember and use English more naturally.
In Vietnamese, idioms often consist of fixed expressions that are not complete sentences, relying on words or phrases These idiomatic expressions typically lack comments, experiences, ethical lessons, or critiques, serving primarily a figurative purpose rather than an educational one.
In Vietnamese, the idiom "Đất lành chim đậu; đất lành cò đậu" illustrates a place with favorable conditions that attracts many people to live and conduct business.
Idioms, particularly in Vietnamese culture, are often composed of incomplete words that require context to convey their full meaning These idioms frequently appear in proverbs, folk songs, and literary works, emphasizing that their significance is only realized within complete sentences For instance, the idiom “chim đầu đàn” gains depth when used in a sentence like, “Họ như những cánh chim đầu đàn vững vàng, kiên cường dẫn dắt cộng đồng sở tại vượt qua mọi khó khăn, thử thách.” Rather than stating ideas literally, speakers often prefer idioms to enhance the beauty and humor of their language.
Idioms are concise expressions rooted in historical stories, folk tales, or classic references that convey specific meanings in contemporary situations When used, they enable listeners to easily grasp the speaker's intent While many Vietnamese idioms originate from Chinese, the Vietnamese language has skillfully adapted these expressions to fit its own cultural context.
For example, “Điểu tận cung tang” in Vietnamese, we have this equivalence
“Chim hết thì cung nỏ bỏ đi”
2.4.2 Some common features of idiom
Language is governed by rules that enable effective communication; without these rules, users would struggle to understand random utterances However, idioms challenge these norms, deriving from the Greek word ‘idiot,’ which means ‘one’s own, peculiar, strange.’ As linguistic anomalies, idioms are often studied for their unique characteristics, which can be categorized into two primary aspects: semantic and syntactic peculiarities.
In terms of semantic peculiarities, Jackson and Amvela (2000, page 67) indicate that idiom has “ambiguity”; it means that idiom may have either a literal or idiomatic meaning
The phrase "goes on a wild goose chase" can refer to the literal act of pursuing a goose or, more commonly, to wasting time on a matter that has already been resolved Likewise, "get one's ducks in a row" can be interpreted literally as arranging ducks in a line, but its idiomatic meaning emphasizes the importance of being well-prepared or organized for an upcoming event For instance, one might say, "I wish we could join you, but we have to get our ducks in a row before our move this weekend."
When a reader or listener identifies an expression as an idiom, they instinctively set aside its literal interpretation and search for its idiomatic meaning, even if the exact definition eludes them Additionally, the context in which the idiom is used significantly helps to clarify any potential ambiguity.
An idiom, as noted by Cruse (1986), exhibits a unique internal cohesion similar to that of single words, despite being composed of multiple words This characteristic allows idioms to be viewed as "lexical complexes" that maintain semantic simplicity Consequently, the semantic integrity of an idiom contributes to its lexical integrity, indicating that idioms are subject to various syntactic and grammatical constraints.
In his 1996 study, Fernando highlights that idioms can be altered through substitutions, including changes in number and tense, as well as the replacement of structural elements such as articles, which can be substituted with another article or omitted entirely.
- Idiom also resists re-ordering its parts
AN OVERVIEW OF PROVERBS
Proverbs have been defined in various ways by both Vietnamese and international researchers, yet no single definition comprehensively encompasses all their aspects.
Proverbs are concise expressions or phrases widely recognized by people, often conveying wisdom, truth, or moral lessons grounded in common sense and practical experience.
A short saying that everyone knows, expressing a truth, an experience, or giving advice (English version by Bach Anh Hong/Viện ngôn ngữ học, 1992)
Although the above definitions are different in some ways, they still have similarities: a saying expressing a truth, moral instruction, or giving advice
Proverbs versus Idioms: According to Hornby (1995), in his Oxford Advanced
A proverb is a concise and widely recognized phrase that conveys a general truth or offers advice, such as "Better safe than sorry" or "Don't put all your eggs in one basket." According to Vu Ngoc Phan (2000), a proverb is defined as a complete expression that encapsulates a single idea related to experience, morality, justice, or criticism.
It is easy to find that idiom and proverb have much in common and it comes as no surprise that they are traditionally studied together
Both idioms and proverbs are established expressions that reflect human thought and culture, emerging from extensive learning and experience Typically passed down orally through generations, they are seamlessly integrated into everyday life.
Idioms and proverbs are fixed expressions with stable components that cannot be altered, meaning their meanings cannot be inferred from individual words but must be grasped as a whole Any changes to the components of these expressions can lead to significant alterations in their overall meaning, rendering them nonsensical Additionally, idioms and proverbs often employ metaphorical language, making it impossible to determine their meanings through a dictionary; instead, their meanings must be interpreted metaphorically.
Despite their similarities, idioms and phrases possess distinct characteristics that set them apart The most noticeable difference is found in their grammatical structures; idioms function as phrases within sentences, making them comparable to single words in terms of usage.
2.5.2 Some common features of Proverb
A proverb is a concise and well-known expression that conveys a complete idea, often reflecting a general truth or offering advice It serves three main literary functions: perceptive, educational, and aesthetic The perceptive function highlights the negative impact of money as a dominating force in society, while the educational function critiques this aspect and encourages awareness of its ill effects Additionally, the aesthetic function employs vivid imagery to enhance understanding In contrast, idioms lack the ability to express judgments or provide advice, focusing solely on their aesthetic value without the perceptive or educational functions.
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
2.6.1 Semantic features of Idioms and Proverbs relating to “birds” in English and
Both English and Vietnamese idiomatic phrases (IPRBs) and idiomatic representations of concepts (IPRCs) are utilized within similar semantic fields, encompassing aspects such as physical traits, physiological responses, emotional states, behaviors and attitudes, intellectual attributes, evaluations, diseases, and time measurement contexts.
Furthermore, both languages use certain familiar images, daily events, and phenomena to express the abstract sense thanks to the means of metaphor, simile
Metaphor involves the transference of meaning from one object to another based on their similarities, as highlighted by Nguyen Hoa It plays a crucial role in the meaning transfer of idioms, allowing us to understand one concept through another Both English and Vietnamese idioms, such as "eat like a bird" and "ăn như mèo," utilize metaphors to convey figurative meanings derived from shared characteristics The essence of idioms is rooted in metaphors, which facilitate meaning alterations by connecting different conceptual spheres However, the underlying metaphors are not always immediately clear, as seen in the idiom "to goose up," which means to increase something but cannot be understood through logical deduction alone A comprehensive understanding of such phrases requires familiarity with their usage in conversation.
According to 1992, metaphors serve as structural mappings between different conceptual domains When a metaphor becomes conventional, it integrates seamlessly into our daily understanding and is processed automatically and effortlessly The scholar highlights that while there is a vast number of everyday conventional metaphors, many remain unnoticed due to their commonality and ease of use.
Let’s examine the following example to clarify the above ideas
Similes serve as a significant method of meaning transfer in both English IPRBs and Vietnamese IPRC This stylistic device compares two distinct entities by highlighting a shared quality, utilizing comparative words like "as," "like," or "than" in English, and "như," "bằng," or "không bằng" in Vietnamese.
To be as gay as a lark Curses like chickens come home to roost
Like like a fighting cock Sing like a lark / bird / nightingale Run around like a chicken with its head cut off Cao như sếu vườn
Chữ như rồng bay phượng múa Tìm như thể tìm chim
2.6.2 Cultural features of Idioms and Proverbs in English and Vietnamese
2.6.2.1 Based on principles of cultural types
Southeast Asia, especially Vietnam, is recognized as one of the earliest centers of agriculture in human history The fertile soil of Vietnam, characterized by its thick strata, creates ideal conditions for agricultural and forestry development The lives of Vietnamese people are intricately connected to agriculture, particularly the cultivation of rice and various other crops, alongside their familiarity with local livestock and poultry.
Unlike Vietnam's dry and cold climate, England boasts a higher proportion of grassland, making it more suitable for livestock farming, particularly sheep, rather than rice cultivation Historically, England's economy relied heavily on sheep for wool, milk, and meat, establishing sheep as the most favored livestock in the country While sheep are frequently referenced in English proverbs and idioms, attitudes towards them vary, and lambs are not typically regarded with high esteem.
The contrasting weather conditions between England and Vietnam have shaped their distinct cultural identities, with English culture rooted in agriculture and Vietnamese culture reflecting a nomadic lifestyle This divergence is evident in the idioms and proverbs of each country, where Vietnamese expressions often feature agricultural animals like buffaloes and cows, while English sayings prominently include sheep and horses Consequently, similar concepts may be conveyed through different imagery, highlighting the unique characteristics of each culture.
Proverbs serve as a linguistic reflection of cultural identity, acting as mirrors that reveal the socio-cultural traditions of a community They are deeply rooted in tradition and specific to each culture, making their understanding essential for gaining insights into a nation's values and beliefs By analyzing and comparing English and Vietnamese proverbs through the lens of cultural identity, we can uncover both the similarities and intriguing differences in how these expressions encapsulate the socio-cultural lives of their respective communities.
Ethnology researchers have consistently shown that, regardless of the country, individuals generally exhibit traits such as hard work, patience, and simplicity However, socialists argue that the social environment significantly influences people's characteristics, leading to a transformation from shared similarities to distinct differences.
In Vietnam, where 80% of the population are peasants, the success of their agriculture heavily relies on favorable weather conditions Adequate rainfall and sunlight are essential for producing bountiful crops, ensuring a steady supply of rice and nourishing meals As a result, the Vietnamese people place great importance on the interconnectedness of various natural factors that influence their farming outcomes.
The English, known for their analytical mindset, often perceive things that are abstract or intangible as strange and wicked, as their thinking tends to focus on the concrete and tangible.
SUMMARY
Language is intrinsically linked to culture, as it cannot exist independently of it; this highlights the complex relationship between the two Additionally, humans are not the only sentient beings on the planet, and our understanding of our own behaviors and traits often influences the language we use Consequently, terms related to animals appear frequently in human language, reflecting this deep connection.
It is apparent that people habitually relate to a certain person with certain creatures These qualities frequently provoke certain reactions or emotions
The relationship between culture and language is significant, particularly in the context of idioms This raises the question of whether students should learn culture and language independently or together Understanding idiomatic expressions requires a grasp of cultural nuances, suggesting that an integrated approach to learning may be more effective.
As global interactions increase, the importance of learning new languages extends beyond mere communication to encompass cultural understanding This is particularly evident when examining the cultural nuances embedded in English and Vietnamese idioms By exploring these idiomatic expressions, we can identify key cultural differences and establish effective strategies for navigating these disparities in the process of learning English.
Idioms, like other fixed expressions in any language, must be memorized, and the ease of this process can vary greatly among learners Children often acquire idioms in their native language effortlessly, treating them as regular language components However, understanding the individual meanings of idiom parts can complicate both the initial learning and appropriate usage of these expressions Consequently, idioms present unique challenges for second language learners (Glucksberg, 2001).
When learning a second language, many individuals initially translate phrases into their native language, which works well for literal expressions but can be challenging for idioms Idioms often cannot be directly translated, making it essential to study them within specific contexts and cultural backgrounds to grasp their true meanings Understanding idioms requires an appreciation of the situations in which they are used.
A COMPARISON OF SEMANTIC AND CULTURAL FEATURES
THE SEMANTIC AND CULTURAL FEATURES OF IDIOMS AND PROVERBS
3.1.1 Semantic features of Idioms and Proverbs relating to birds in English
Birds maintain their unique identities and are often linked to themes of freedom and independence due to their ability to fly Notably, various idioms and proverbs featuring birds highlight these associations Defined as warm-blooded, egg-laying creatures with wings and beaks, birds exemplify the essence of flight and liberation.
3.1.1.1 Physical characteristic (incl Appearance, Movement, Color):
The idiom "as free as a bird," defined in the American Idioms Dictionary (1994) as "carefree" or "completely free," reflects human observations of the natural world This expression captures the essence of freedom and can describe both a person's attitude or behavior and the state or situation they find themselves in The distinction between these uses is evident in various examples.
“The convict escaped from jail and was as free as a bird for two days “ or
“ Jane is always happy and free as a bird”
In the first sentence, the situation of a specific individual is highlighted, while the second statement clearly illustrates the meanings of the idioms involved.
While birds are often celebrated for their beauty and grace, they also face challenges due to their small size and inherent fragility, which can lead to vulnerability in their lives This reality is often encapsulated in the phrase "it's over and done with," highlighting the transient nature of their existence.
In English, a person who avoids their duties and responsibilities is referred to as an "adventurer" or "freebooter," terms that are unrelated to any bird metaphor, highlighting a clear lexical distinction.
Idioms are often unique to their respective languages and typically resist direct translation For example, the phrase "Robert is an adventurer – he always makes excuses to finish work earlier" illustrates how idiomatic expressions convey specific meanings that may not translate well across languages.
The two idioms refer to individuals who enjoy waking up early and do so effortlessly, showcasing their hardworking nature Additionally, the second idiom highlights a particular type of human relationship.
“Birds of a feather flock together”
The former idiomatic expression serves as a concise version of a longer saying, demonstrating both lexical and semantic equivalence when translated from one language to another.
“The early bird catches the worm”
Birds are often viewed as a powerful symbol of freedom, soaring through the skies and gaining a unique perspective of the world However, they are also subject to various stereotypes that emphasize their perceived fragility and small size.
Such proverbs may point out the individual features of birds
“Young rooster or old, what’s the difference”
“A crow, a sparrow, an owl, a goose, a pigeon will never become an eagle or a hawk”
“A crow, a sparrow will never be a nightingale”
Sometime the pairs are randomly selected
“ A crow will never become a water bird”
“Truth will not arise from an empty place, a wood grouse will not turn into a black grouse”
“A sparrow will never become a nightingale, a duck will never get its wings wet”
“A turtle can never become an eagle”
Bird retains the somatic features of its species (incl fur, color; There cannot be eliminated or changed
“Magpie’s plumage is always everywhere black and white It can’t be changed” “
A bird never loses its feathers”
Though the bird might change its fur, its skin , but it preserves its specific identity
“ No matter how hard you try, crow, it will be a long way”
A duck may strive for greatness, but it will never transform into a swan or goose This highlights the perception that flying birds are often viewed more favorably than their domesticated counterparts, such as hens, geese, and ducks In contrast, wild birds like geese, eagles, and swans are typically regarded with higher esteem This distinction is also evident in language and expressions that reflect these societal views on different types of birds.
3.1.1.2 Intellectual characteristics (including Intelligence, Stupidity, Cowardice) : The majority of idioms that include the names of domesticated birds refer to such human features as stupidity, unreasonable thinking, cowardice, or even calculation
For instance, goose used to describe a woman
“ it’s like water off a duck’s back”
Contrary to popular belief that associates geese with a lack of intelligence, these birds are actually quite intelligent, while owls, often seen as symbols of wisdom, may not be as wise as they seem This misconception is reflected in various idioms and phrases in the English language.
“as wise as an owl” someone learns by rote, without knowing or understanding the actual substance of it
Or someone plays (cricket) a score of nothing by a batsman
Or someone is lacking courage; cowardly
Furthermore, the phraseological units discussed point out flaws of both appearance and age, for example
“to be no spring chicken” “an ugly duckling”
Bird-related idioms often feature in everyday language, highlighting various negative human traits Common examples include ravens, magpies, sparrows, and crows, each symbolizing distinct characteristics For instance, the magpie represents excessive talkativeness and a tendency to collect items, reflecting behaviors that are commonly critiqued in society.
“Of course it's just my luck to be stuck sitting next to some chirpy magpie for the whole wedding dinner.”
“I was trying to sleep on the bus ride to work, but these magpies in the back wouldn't s shut up!”
3.1.1.3 Physiological characteristics (Tiredness, Fret, Fear):
Such characteristics as aggression or pride or tiredness can also be pictured by means of bird metaphors
“To strut around like a peacock”
Bob was screaming and shouting - “As mad as a wet hen”
The two features discussed are primarily associated with men and describe the sensation of fear that can lead to goosebumps, which are also known as goose pimples, goose skin, or "goose flesh."
3.1.1.4 Behaviors and attitudes (Dishonesty, Diligence, Laziness, Care)
While many negative traits have been associated with birds to describe humanity, there are also positive attributes observed These positive characteristics often pertain to birds' abilities rather than inherent traits and are frequently used to describe objects or concepts rather than people.
“Selling this company is like selling the goose that lays golden eggs”
A company is compared to a goose Additionally, the idioms describing people’s temperament or behavior include
“To go off at half-cock”
(To act hastily or impulsively.)
This means to be nasty or acts prematurely, impulsively, or rashly
“To play ducks and drakes with somebody”, meaning to treat someone disrespectfully or
In other words to get into a mess or ruin someone's plans or chances of success
3.1.1.5 Evaluative characteristics (Carelessness, Talkativeness, Uncontrollableness, Uselessness)
THE SEMANTIC AND CULTURAL FEATURES OF IDIOMS AND
3.2.1 Semantic features of Idiom and Proverb relating to “Chim” in Vietnamese
This section explores the semantic features of various bird types, focusing on their denotative and connotative meanings through metaphor, metonymy, and simile The analysis classifies their collocation into semantic fields in the Vietnamese language, highlighting characteristics such as form, size, color, sound, movement, habitat, and behavioral traits It also examines physical and physiological attributes, emotional responses, intellectual behaviors, evaluative qualities, health conditions, and time-related characteristics.
The literal meaning has been transferred from the bird to describe one of the characteristics of a human being as follows
3.2.1.1 Physical characteristics (Appearance, Movement, Color)
An idiom is a unique phrase whose meaning cannot be deduced from its individual components These expressions are often specific to a particular language, making them easily understood by native speakers but potentially confusing for non-native speakers.
The Vietnamese idiom "to mắt bồ câu" is used to describe a girl with beautiful eyes, drawing a comparison to the appearance of a bird, specifically a pigeon, despite the phrase having no direct connection to the bird itself.
To describe a girl’s appearance very beautifully through the chim image
(đẹp nghiêng nước nghiêng thành)
Or “Chị kia tóc bới đuôi gà Nắm đuôi chị lại hỏi nhà chị đâu?”
(tả người con gái xinh đẹp, khỏe mạnh)
The phoenix is a mythical bird that embodies the exquisite traits of various avian species, featuring the head of a chicken, the elongated neck of a crane, and the elegant tail of a peacock This majestic creature symbolizes beauty and is often associated with the striking appearance of humans.
(Lân con, phượng con – khôi ngô tuấn tú, chàng thiếu niên khôi ngô tuấn tú)
“Long chương phượng tư =màu sắc rực rỡ của rồng, dung mạo của phượng hoàng”
Every ethnic group possesses unique natural and social conditions, along with distinct customs and psychological perspectives, leading to varied interpretations of the world This diversity is often reflected in their idioms and proverbs, such as the use of bird body parts to symbolize individuals with unattractive appearances.
“Bụng gà, lưng rùa” = (Ngực nhô , lưng còng)
To describe the ugly appearance, negative reviews, unfriendly, ugly, smelly, dirty, and black
To refer to tall or thin physical characteristics:
In folklore, the characteristics of the external appearance of some typical birds are used to express those characteristics
The words have been coined to denote bird metaphors used to describe humans in addition to both their appearance-like movement and another feature of character For examples:
“Mổ cò”, “Lạch bạch như vịt bầu”
Or “Lủi nhanh như cuốc”
The metaphor in this phrase is easily understood by its users and does not require extensive knowledge, as people often associate the colors of objects with those of birds.
“Màu gà non”, “Đất gan gà”, “Đất mỡ gà”
Thế Đức, Lưu Bội và Mạnh Thần là ba loại ấm trà quý được làm từ đất chu sa (đất sét đỏ), có nguồn gốc từ Trung Quốc Những sản phẩm này không chỉ mang giá trị văn hóa mà còn thể hiện nghệ thuật chế tác tinh xảo của người thợ gốm.
3.2.1.2 Physiological characteristics (Fret, Fear, Sad)
The understanding of idioms often hinges on shared knowledge between the speaker and listener, as their metaphors can be obscure For instance, the Vietnamese idiom “chửi như mất gà” describes a state of anger through the act of swearing loudly and cruelly To effectively communicate using such idioms, both parties must be familiar with the phrase and its context, ensuring clear comprehension during conversations.
Similarly, “gân cổ như con gà chọi” means someone argue fiercely
Someone who is less able to comment, recognize, not detect even the conspicuous
The state of birds is the psychological state of fear’s people
(ví người nghe một chút tiếng động đã sợ, có tật giật mình)
In the picturesque countryside of Vietnam, it's common to see chickens scurrying about, their chirping echoing as they search for their lost hens This behavior serves as a vivid illustration of fear, capturing the essence of their instinctual drive to reunite with their flock.
“Nháo nhác như gà lạc mẹ”
Activity or condition’s birds is a sad psychological state of humans
“Nháo nhác như gà phải cáo”
“Thất thểu như cò phải bão”
“Day dứt như quạ rỉa mồi”
The imagery of a stork struggling to find food on a rainy day and a crow persistently nibbling on its bait reflects the melancholic psychological states of humans In Vietnamese idioms, a significant number relate to the emotional domains of sadness and fear, predominantly featuring comparative structures These idioms effectively convey the complexities of human emotions through avian symbolism.
3.2.1.3 Emotional characteristics (Embarrassment, Unstableness or Joy)
The idioms and proverbs relating to birds are mostly mentioned as bad or negative personalities, such as
(chỉ dáng vẻ bối rối trước công việc)
Chickens and ducks are common birds found in gardens, foraging for food in their confined habitats This behavior serves as a metaphor for individuals with shallow knowledge, highlighting the importance of deep thinking and understanding Just as these birds thrive in a limited space, so too do those who fail to seek broader perspectives and insights.
“Lép bép như gà mổ tép”
(chỉ những người nói nhây, nhiều chuyện)
(chỉ những người làm ăn qua loa)
“Lờ đờ như gà ban đêm”
The state of birds is the happy psychological state of humans For example:
“Chim kêu hoa nở, chim hót hoa tỏa hương”
“Vịt trời chạy nhanh, chim sẻ nhảy nhót” – (Tưng bừng phấn khởi)
3.2.1.4 Behaviors and attitudes (Dishonesty, Diligence, Laziness, Care)
Bird-related idioms and proverbs serve as a lens through which we can explore social relationships, highlighting various aspects of human behavior This rich domain encompasses numerous expressions that reflect themes such as dishonesty, diligence, laziness, and care, illustrating the intricate connections between avian imagery and everyday human activities.
(Ví với quan hệ mẹ con hình thức, không cùng máu mủ ruột thịt)
(Ví với người đàn ông vừa làm cha vừa làm mẹ chăm sóc cho con cái)
3.2.1.5 Intellectual characteristics (Intelligence, Stupidity, Cowandice)
The assessment of birds is an assessment of human intellectual properties such as intelligence, stupidity, or cowardice For example:
(chỉ một người có nét chữ thư pháp sinh động mềm mại, uốn lượn có hồn và đặc biệt là nét chữ đó rất đẹp)
(Tài hoa xuất chúng, tài hoa hơn người)
• Negative character such as stupid personality
“Ngây ngô như gà cồ
Lờ đờ như đom đóm đực”
“Học như vẹt” or “Học như cuốc kêu mùa hè”
(Học hành lôi thôi kém cỏi)
(Yếu đuối, không làm việc trọng đại được)
All the statuses used to criticize the people with weak qualifications
3.2.1.6 Evaluative characteristics (Carelessness, Talkativeness, Uncontrollableness, Unsafeness)
Birds often symbolize human personality traits in cultural expressions, with idioms and proverbs frequently highlighting negative characteristics such as carelessness, talkativeness, uncontrollability, and unsafety The metaphor of birds effectively captures the essence of carelessness, illustrating how these avian representations reflect undesirable human behaviors.
“Mắt như quáng gà” or “Trông gà hóa quốc”
The terms Sáo, Khướu, and Chích chòe not only refer to specific birds but also symbolize traits such as bragging and talkativeness This is exemplified in idiomatic expressions like "Tán như sáo," "Hót như khướu," and "Ba hoa như chích chòe," which highlight the characteristics of being overly chatty or boastful.
To describe the imbalance, loss of control metaphorically through the image of birds:
(chỉ sự không công bằng)
(chưa đủ bản lĩnh mà hay gây sự như ngựa non háo đá)
Another example of bird metaphor with gà, that is to predict something bad and is more, to describe somebody’s bad manner it can be said that someone
(chỉ trích những kẻ bất tài mà mượn uy thế người khác dọa người)
Bird X will not give birth to bird Y The eggs of a certain bird will not hatch another bird
“Gà đẻ gà cục tác”
( giấu diếm vô tình chỉ ra lỗi của mình)
Bird metaphors are often used in expressing figuratively the parent-child relationship
(ví việc con cái hiếu thảo phụng dưỡng bố mẹ già)
Bird X will never become bird Y (or subspecies Xm will never become Xn), no matter how hard it would work or try
Gà trống đẻ trứng (chuyện phi lý)
A bird will never learn to sound like another bird, though it has lived among another bird
“Gà người gáy, gà ta sáng”
(những cái hay, dở của người ta nên lấy đó làm gương)
“Gà ba lần vỗ cánh mới gáy, người ba lần ngẫm nghĩ mới nói”
(Khuyên cẩn thận lời nói)
One bird remains bird It will never become another animal, though its outward appearance is changed (tail or ears cut off, tail attached, etc.)
“Chó giữ nhà, gà gáy trống canh” or “Chó giữ nhà, gà gáy sáng”
(Mỗi người một nhiệm vụ)
3.2.2 Cultural features of Idioms and Proverbs relating to “Chim” in Vietnamese
3.2.2.1 Denoting Geography, Environment and History
The idioms relating to chim in Vietnamese: the idioms and proverbs have both positive and negative meanings
“Chim có cánh, cá có vây”
“Bặt tin chim cá, bóng chim tăm cá”
“Chim khôn mắc phải lưới hồng”
“Chim lồng cá chậu”, “Cá chậu chim lồng”
“Chim trên lửa, cá dưới đao”
The word “duck” in Vietnamese idioms tends to have a negative meaning :
“Thấp như vịt đội nón”
“Ù ù cạc cạc như vịt nghe sấm”
“Như nước đổ đầu vịt”
“Vịt chê lúa lép không ăn”
In Vietnam, where 80% of the population are peasants, the success of agriculture heavily relies on weather conditions, as good rainfall and sunshine are essential for prosperous crops that provide staple foods like rice This deep connection between natural elements is vital for sustainable development in farming practices Consequently, many Vietnamese proverbs and idioms reflect the cultural understanding of the intricate relationship between nature and agriculture, highlighting the importance of harmony in fostering growth and resilience in their communities.
“Quạ tắm thì ráo, sáo tắm thì mưa”
“Gió bấc hiu hiu, sếu kêu trời rét”
A COMPARISON BETWEEN IDIOMS AND PROVERBS RELATING TO “BIRDS” IN ENGLISH AND “CHIM” IN VIETNAMESE
“BIRDS” IN ENGLISH AND “CHIM” IN VIETNAMESE
3.3.1 In terms of semantic features
1 Firstly, the IPRBs and IPRC are employed very commonly to express speakers’ intentions in both English and Vietnamese It can be said that the IPRBs and IPRC are rich sources for metaphor in daily speech
2 Secondly, we found that the IPRBs and IPRC such as chicken, cock, hen, duck, crow, owl, dove, pigeon, parrot in English and gà, vịt, quạ , cú, bồ câu, vẹt in
Vietnamese are utilized in both languages with similar as well as different meanings
3 Thirdly, the IPRBs in English as well as the IPRC in Vietnamese can combine with other words that can be described in collocation and idiomatic phrases
4 Fourthly, the phrases containing the IPRBs and IPRC are classified into eight semantic fields carrying their denotative, connotative, and social meanings
1 Firstly, many IPRBs are found in English, such as goose, hawk, eagle but not IPRC in Vietnamese and vice versa, some IPRC occurs in Vietnamese but not in English, such as khướu, sáo, chích chòe, cuốc, én, phượng hoàng
2 Secondly, while the IPRBs “chicken”, “cock”, “hen” in English are used more specifically, the IPRC “gà”, “gà trống” in Vietnamese often appear with general names and they occasionally accompany with the word denoting animal “con”
3 Thirdly, while the English persons use the IPRBs “chicken”, “crow”, “hen” to express talkativeness and uselessness, these semantic features are not found in Vietnamese On the contrary, some such semantic features as movement, color, health, fear, unstableness, diligence, care, carelessness, uncontrollableness, unsafeness are found with the IPRC “gà” in Vietnamese but not in English
4 Fourth, to describe semantic features of color, the English writers often use the IPRBs “duck”, “dove” and “pigeon” due to their outward appearance Meanwhile, the Vietnamese normally employ these IPRC to describe the movement, unstableness, and diligence
5 Fifthly, the Vietnamese usually mention the semantic features of unsafeness, unluckiness with the IPRC “quạ” but not found in English
6 Sixthly, while the English use the IPRBs “owl” with positive meanings such as diligence and intelligence, the Vietnamese exploit further negative meanings of jealousy, dishonesty, and laziness
3.3.2 In terms of cultural features
Idioms that embody the "ethnic community character" reflect the unique cultural, material, and spiritual experiences of different nations These expressions often reveal the social dynamics and values inherent within communities, as seen in both English and Vietnamese proverbs The imagery of people within these idioms highlights the deep connection between language and cultural identity, showcasing how community perspectives shape understanding and communication.
I have made quite specific statistics about the image of people with body parts, people with activities, human states in idioms, and proverbs in English as well as Vietnamese
• Religious images in idioms and proverbs
Religious imagery in English idioms is subtle and infrequent, with Christianity only faintly represented In contrast, Vietnamese idioms prominently feature religious themes, reflecting the essence of the Vietnamese people, who cherish goodness and strive for positive ideals As a result, images of Buddhism and Confucianism seamlessly and warmly integrate into everyday language.
The representation of individuals in English and Vietnamese idioms and proverbs is significant, particularly in the context of familial relationships Vietnamese idioms vividly capture the essence of family dynamics, showcasing the importance of these connections through expressive language.
Vietnamese idioms present a more diverse and nuanced portrayal of society and human emotions compared to their English counterparts, showcasing a richer tapestry of feelings and experiences.
• Images of social community activities in English and Vietnamese idioms
Vietnamese daily life is vividly captured through a rich tapestry of images and expressions, particularly in the realm of eating, which boasts 21 unique idioms These idiomatic phrases not only illustrate the diverse culinary practices but also reflect the vibrant and distinctive nature of daily activities in Vietnam.
Vietnamese idioms vividly incorporate natural world images, particularly through the representation of plants and animals, reflecting cultural features and lifestyle characteristics Birds play a significant role, with expressions like "mắt như mắt cú vọ" (eyes like an owl's) and "đen như quạ" (black as a crow) illustrating various traits Additionally, idioms such as "nhanh như cắt" (quick as a whip) and "hót như khướu" (sing like a nightingale) highlight lifestyle attributes, while emotional nuances are captured in phrases like "ngơ ngẩn như chim chích lạc rừng" (dazed like a lost sparrow) These idioms not only convey meaning but also enrich the Vietnamese language with cultural depth.
SUMMARY
Birds images in Vietnamese proverbs and idioms: To start with, culture is a complex system of knowledge, ethical principles, beliefs, arts, law, and traditions, etc
Language is a vital aspect of culture, embodying wealth and various cultural phenomena Idioms, deeply intertwined with people's lives, reflect the culture in which they are formed and utilized In Vietnam, with its rich agricultural history, many idioms are rooted in farming practices, particularly emphasizing the relationship between farmers and birds they encounter daily.
Birds are often featured in English proverbs and idioms, reflecting the cultural significance of navigation and travel in English society Living on an island, the English have developed a rich language filled with expressions related to sailing This diversity in language arises from various cultures influencing one another, leading to differing interpretations of the same bird Consequently, birds can symbolize a range of meanings in English idioms.
As global interactions increase, the importance of learning new languages extends beyond mere vocabulary to encompass cultural understanding, particularly through idioms Both English and Vietnamese idioms reflect distinct cultural differences, highlighting the need for effective strategies in navigating these variations while learning English Memorizing idioms can be straightforward or challenging, depending on the learner and the idiom type Children often acquire idioms effortlessly, treating them as a natural part of language However, the complexity of idiom components can hinder proper understanding and usage, making them a unique challenge for second language learners (Glucksberg, 2001).
Language serves as a vessel of culture and a means of communication, with idioms acting as reflections of human wisdom and experiences These expressions encapsulate the richness of human life and mirror diverse social activities Originating from various cultural backgrounds, idioms reveal the cultural nuances inherent in a language Thus, understanding the cultural connotations of English idioms is essential for effective and meaningful communication.
We collected and analyzed a total of 222 idioms and proverbs in English and 193 in Vietnamese to identify their semantic features, providing a foundation for comparative analysis between the two languages.
CONCLUSION
RECAPITULATION
This thesis aims to analyze and compare the semantic and pragmatic characteristics of Indirect Polite Requests (IPRBs) in English and Vietnamese By exploring the diverse meanings associated with IPRBs, the study seeks to uncover the similarities and differences between the two languages and their respective cultures.
Intellectual Property Rights Blocks (IPRBs) encompass a range of meanings that can be better understood through their contextual usage To explore the various interpretations of IPRBs, it's essential to categorize them into distinct fields, including physical, physiological, emotional, behavioral, intellectual, evaluative characteristics, diseases, and time measurement Analyzing the data reveals that the meanings of IPRBs are significantly influenced by the nouns that accompany them.
The IPRBs reflect diverse facets of human life, making it essential to analyze them within relevant contexts to understand their implications effectively.
In the concluding chapter, this paper aims to offer suggestions for translational equivalents of IPRBs in both Vietnamese and English The goal is to assist learners in producing high-quality translations and to facilitate their progress in the field of translation.
CONCLUDING REMARKS
This study explores essential concepts such as collocation, idioms, semantic structures, semantic fields, and pragmatic features of idiomatic phrases and related expressions (IPRBs) The findings can benefit language learners by offering valuable insights into the proper usage of IPRBs Additionally, this research highlights the importance of encouraging students to leverage the diverse meanings of IPRBs, enabling them to use adjectives more flexibly and effectively in their language learning journey.
IPRBs, or Interpreted Phrasal Reference Blocks, are words that convey meanings beyond their literal definitions, including figurative interpretations Using IPRBs can be challenging, as improper usage may lead to miscommunication It is crucial for both the speaker and the listener to share a common understanding of these terms; differing interpretations can hinder effective communication In foreign language learning, learners often project their cultural understandings onto the target language, resulting in interlingua errors To mitigate these issues, educators should highlight the similarities and differences between the two cultures related to the topic at hand A contrastive and comparative analysis of language can be beneficial, enabling teachers to identify and address errors made by learners.
Linguistic theses often emphasize pedagogical implications, particularly in the study of semantic features of idiomatic phrases and relational behaviors (IPRBs) in English and Vietnamese This research reveals shared insights for both teachers and learners, highlighting the differences in perception of IPRBs that contribute to translative complexity Consequently, it is essential for Vietnamese and English learners, as well as translators, to strive for accurate translations to effectively convey meaning across languages.
LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
This paper acknowledges the limitations in fully exploring the meanings of the IPRBs due to time constraints and available resources Therefore, it is essential for future research to delve deeper into the various interpretations associated with the IPRBs.
This thesis examines the semantic and pragmatic characteristics of IPRBs in both English and Vietnamese However, certain aspects remain unexplored, highlighting the need for additional research in this area.
- Syntactic features of the IPRBs and IPRC
- Semantic and pragmatic features of the words denoting other aspects
In summary, proverbs and idioms are integral to the language and culture of every country Therefore, mastering English, especially its proverbs and idioms, should be an essential aspect of understanding English culture.
This research marks my initial exploration of the topic, and as such, it is subject to certain mistakes and limitations in both form and thesis ideas There are numerous aspects that warrant further discussion beyond the study's current scope I would greatly appreciate any feedback that could enhance the quality of my research.
RECOMMENDATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH 53
While the investigation criteria have been set, the current study's findings, particularly regarding the motivational aspects of idiom types, reflect the author's subjective input, which may be viewed as a limitation of the research.
Idioms serve as essential linguistic units that function similarly to words, enabling them to construct sentences in both English and Vietnamese This highlights the importance of exploring the roles idioms play in sentence formation within these languages Notably, the meanings of idioms often diverge from the literal interpretations of their individual components, reflecting the cultural factors that shape their unique nuances and styles The most significant differences between English and Vietnamese idiomatic expressions lie in these nuances and styles, presenting a gap that warrants further investigation.
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1 Bùi Khắc Việt (1981) Thành ngữ đối trong tiếng Việt [Symmetrical idioms in Vietnamese] In Giữ gìn sự trong sáng của tiếng Việt về mặt từ ngữ [Keeping the purity of the Vietnamese language in terms of words and phrases] Hà Nội: Nxb Khoa học Xã hội
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Typical Idioms in English and Vietnamese Unpublished doctoral dissertation,
ULIS Nguyễn Thiện Giáp (1985/2002) Từ vựng học tiếng Việt [Vietnamese lexicology] Hà Nội: Nxb Đại học và Trung học chuyên nghiệp/Giáo dục
4 Đỗ Hữu Châu (1981/1999) Từ vựng-ngữ nghĩa tiếng Việt [Vietnamese lexicology- semantics] Hà Nội: Nxb Giáo dục
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APPENDIX: IDIOMS AND PROVERBS RELATING TO BIRDS IN
ENGLISH AND CHIM IN VIETNAMESE
3 (as) wise as an owl
4 (Bird in a) Gilded (Golden) Cage
5 (learn, repeat, etc something) ˈparrot-fashion
9 a bird in hand is worth two in the bush
11 A bird never flew on one wing
28 a sparrow in the hand is better than the pigeon on the roof
29 a whistling woman and a crowing hen are neither fit for God nor men
32 a wild goose never laid a tame egg
33 All (one's) geese are swans
34 all someone's geese are swans
36 An early bird catches the worm
39 as a duck takes to water
41 as mad as a wet hen
42 as pround as a cock on his own dunghill
46 be as scarce as hen's teeth
47 be no spring chicken; be no chicken
48 be running around like a headless chicken
49 be up with the crows
50 be/ like water off a duck’s back
51 better an egg today than a hen tomorrow
53 bird has flown, the bird in (one's) bosom
54 bird in the hand, a bird of (one's) own brain
61 birds in their little nests agree
64 birds of a feather flock together
72 chickens come home to roost
77 cock an eye at (someone or something)
86 could eat the crutch out of a low-flying duck
91 curses, like chickens, come home to roost
92 dive in with both feet
96 don't count your chickens before they're hatched
105 Each bird love hear himself sing
110 every cock will crow upon his own dunghill
111 fine feathers make fine birds
113 flip/give/shoot somebody the bird
114 flush the birds out of the bushes
115 fussy as a hen with one chick
117 get/have your ducks in a row
120 go off at half-cock/half-cocked, to
121 go to bed with the chickens
124 grain by grain the hen fills her belly
132 hit two birds with one stone
134 I wasn't brought up in the woods to be scared by owls
135 If it ain't chickens, it's feathers
136 in two shakes of a duck’s tall
137 In vain the net is spread in the sight of the bird
138 It’s an ill bird that fouls its own nest
139 it’s fine for young ducks
140 kill the goose that lays the golden egg(s)
141 Kill two birds with one stone
142 knock (someone or something) into a cocked hat
147 like a dying duck in a thunderstorm
149 like a hen with one chicken
151 like an owl in an ivy bush
156 make ducks and drakes of (something)
162 not count your chickens before hatched
164 one chicken make a hen busy
165 one day chicken and the next day feathers
171 pour water on a duck's back
172 put the cat among the pigeons
174 rare (or scarce) as hen's teeth extremely rare
175 rock out with (one's) cock out
176 run around like a chickenwith its head cut off
177 run around like a headless chicken
178 running or rushing about like a headleschicke
179 sauce for the goose is sauce for the gander, what's
189 take to something like a duck to water
193 the birds and the bees
195 the day the eagle flies
196 the day the eagle shits
200 the old woman is plucking her goose
201 the way the crow flies
202 There are no birds in last year’s nest
203 There are no birds in last year’s nest
204 there’s many a good cock come out of a tattered bag
205 To flip / give someone the bird
207 To give someone the bird
208 to play duck and drakes with
213 want to have eggs must endure the cackling of hens
214 watch (someone or something) with an eagle eye
218 whistling girls and crowing hens always come to some bad end
219 wouldn't say boo to a goose
222 You can not catch old bird with chaff
VIETNAMESE IDIOMS: Names of birds
(bồ câu, cò , cú, diều hâu, đại bàng, én , hạc,khứu, phượng hoàng), gà , vịt , ngỗng
1 Ác đẻ ác la, gà đẻ gà cục tác
3 Ăn chặn cả cơm chim
6 Bán gà ngày gió, bán chó ngày mưa
7 Bắt gà xuống bơi như vịt
9 Bể rộng cá nhẩy trời cao chim bay
10 Béo như chim cu ra giàng
11 Béo như cu cu men giàng
12 Bìm bịp chê mỏ sáo đen
13 Bồ câu bay thấp liệng cao /Bay ra cửa phủ bay vào trong dinh
14 Bồ câu trong ổ bay ra, /Chân tay mềm mại, cổ hoa hột cườm
15 Bồ câu ăn lúa, chích chòe ăn khoai
16 Bồ câu ăn lúa, chích chòe ăn khoai
17 Bỡ ngỡ như chim chích lạc rừng
18 Bơ vơ như gà con lạc mẹ
22 Cắt cổ gà không cần dao phay
23 Cha mẹ cú đẻ con tiên
25 Chân gà, lại bới ruột gà
28 Chấp cha chấp chới như quạ vào chuồng lợn
Chí chiu như gà con lạc mẹ
31 Chim bay cung xếp, thỏ chết chó thui
32 Chim bị tên sợ làn cây cong
34 Chim có cánh cá có vây
35 Chim có tổ, người có tong
36 Chim đậu chẳng bắt , bắt chim bay
38 Chim khôn mắc phải lưới hồng
39 Chim liền cánh cây liền cành
40 Chim loan rẽ phượng; Chim phượng rẽ loan
43 Chim ngói mùa thu, chim cu mùa hè
44 Chim ra khỏi lồng , không trông trở lại
46 Chim sổ lồng, gà sổng chuồng
47 Chim sổ lồng, gà sổng chuồng
48 Chim trên lửa, cá dưới đao
51 Chó cậy gần nhà, gà cậy gần chuồng
53 Chó giữ nhà, gà gáy trống canh = Chó giữ nhà, gà gáy sang
54 Chó liền da, gà liền xương
55 Cho gà trống, không ai cho giống gà mái
56 Chơi gà, gà mổ mắt
62 Cò ỉa lọt miệng ve
Cổ ngẳng như cổ cò
68 Cõng rắn cắn gà nhà
71 Cú kêu dữ miệng cú
73 Da đỏ như da gà chọi
76 Đắc thời cu đá phượng hoàng/ thất cơ cọp cũng thua chồn lạ chi
77 Đãi cứt gà lấy hạt tấm
78 Dáo dác như gà mắc đẻ
80 Đầu gà còn hơn đuôi phượng
82 Đầu gà hơn đuôi trâu
83 Đầu gà hơn đuôi voi
86 Dâu vào nhà như gà bỏ rọ
87 Đáy bể tìm kim, bắt chim ngoài đồng
88 Day dứt như quạ dỉa mồi
91 Diều tha , quạ mổ; Quạ tha, diều mổ
92 Dòm như cú dòm nhà bệnh
94 Đươc chim bẻ/ quăng ná, được cá quên/ quăng nơm
95 Ễnh ương nuốt bò, chân cò đổ núi
97 Gà ba lần vỗ cánh mới gáy, người ba lần ngẫm nghĩ mới nói
98 Gà ba tháng vừa ăn, ngựa ba năm cỡi được
99 Gà béo bán bên Ngô, gà khô bán láng giềng
100 Gà chân trắng mẹ mắng cũng mua, gà chân chì mua chi giống ấy
101 Gà chê thóc chẳng bới người mới chê tiền
102 Gà chết vì tiếng gáy
103 Gà chín cựa , ngựa chin hồng mao
104 Gà có lông, người có giá
105 Gà cỏ trở mỏ về rừng
107 Gà con đuổi bắt diều dâu
110 Gà cựa dài thì rắn, gà cựa ngắn thì mềm
112 Gà đẻ gà cục tác
113 Gà đẹp mã nhớ lông, người dễ trông nhờ của
116 Gà tức nhau tiếng gáy
120 Gầy như con cò hương
122 Giàu nuôi lợn nái /Lụn bại nuôi bồ câu
124 Hăng máu vịt; hăng tiết vịt
125 Hau háu như mắt diều hâu
Khan khan như giọng vịt đực
130 Lấc láo như quạ vào chuồng lợn
131 Lạch bạch như vịt bầu
132 Lò dò như cò bắt tép
133 Lò dò như cò phải bão
134 Lò khò như cò bợ
145 Mặt ngây như ngỗng ỉa
149 Nghệch mặt như ngỗng ỉa
150 Ngựa chạy có bầy, chim bay có bạn
157 Như cò/vạc ăn đêm
158 Như nước đổ đầu vịt