Rationale
In the world, everywhere around us, everything and phenomenon has a name The strange thing is the name appears as soon as people recognize and understand them
Names such as those of people, rivers, mountains, villages, neighborhoods, streets, and tools emerge from the fundamental need for clear distinctions among various entities Humans require unique identifiers to differentiate between objects and spaces, facilitating communication and understanding While these names may vary across regions and landscapes, they serve the essential purpose of providing clarity in our interactions with the world around us.
The community has long utilized and reused certain names, which continue to hold significant vitality even after the associated phenomena may have vanished These enduring names, whether referring to individuals or geographical locations, are the focus of a specialized field known as onomasiology In onomasiology, the study of personal names is termed "name," while the examination of names linked to geographical spaces is referred to as "toponymy."
The study of place names, or toponymy, is crucial in linguistics and language history, as it offers insights into language structure and evolution Place names are stable and enduring elements of vocabulary, making them valuable for research, providing more accurate conclusions than other word types Their primary function is to identify and personalize locations, allowing them to retain significance even when the original object is no longer present or has lost its relevance Often, individuals use place names merely for identification, without fully grasping their deeper meanings.
The study of place names, particularly street names, reveals the intricate connections between language structure and the culture, history, and traditions of a region Each street name carries its own significance and interpretation, often linked to historical events and local customs These names serve as a gateway to the past, allowing us to explore the cultural evolution and historical milestones of a nation Ultimately, place names act as a mirror, reflecting both contemporary and historical values embedded in language.
2 and culture Obviously, the study of street names is closely related to the study of culture and history, which is an urgent issue in the current period
The analysis of street names in various districts of London and Hanoi holds significant cultural and historical insights for both cities This exploration enhances our understanding of the rich histories and cultural identities of London and Hanoi Therefore, we have selected the topic "A Contrastive Analysis of Street Names in London and Hanoi" for our master's thesis.
Aim and objectives
This thesis aims to compare the street names of London and Hanoi, highlighting the structural and semantic characteristics of their naming conventions from a linguistic viewpoint.
- Finding out the structural and semantic features of street-names in London and Hanoi
- Investigating the similarities and differences between street-names in London and Hanoi
- Suggesting the implication of the thesis.
Scope of the study
This thesis focuses on the analysis of street names in selected districts of London and Hanoi during the current period Due to the extensive number of street names, the research is limited to specific areas: Marylebone, Westminster, and Soho in London, and Ba Dinh, Hoan Kiem, and Hai Ba Trung in Hanoi.
Research questions
1 What are the structural features of street-names in London and Hanoi ?
2 What are semantic features of street-names in London and Hanoi ?
3 What are the similarities and differences of language of street-name in London and Hanoi ?
Methods of the study
The methods used in this study include:
The mixed method (quantitative method and qualitative method) and contrastive method is based on the foundation below in applying in this dissertation:
Quantitative research, a key example of hypothesis-testing, starts with a question or hypothesis that is explored through data quantification and numerical analysis This method focuses on inquiries related to 'how much, how often, or how many' (Judd et al., 1991, p 174), making it synonymous with 'numerical research' (Brown).
Quantitative research involves systematic measurement and statistical analysis to derive findings, with researchers potentially viewing categories as socially and cognitively constructed rather than strictly objective (Rodgers, 2002; Ender, 2012) However, this approach may have weaknesses, such as an excessive focus on technical details and an over-reliance on numerical data, which can be misinterpreted as objective phenomena (McMillan & Schumacher, 1993; Jonker & Pennink, 2010) Data analysis can be conducted using statistical methods and tools, with SPSS being a popular software package for social science research Known for its user-friendly interface, SPSS enables individuals with limited statistical experience to perform their own analyses, making it a significant resource in the field of sociology (Nie, Bent & Hull, 1970).
Qualitative approach is chosen to analyze linguistic data because of the provision of a thick description and analysis of a specific program, practice or setting (McMillan
The primary objective is to uncover previously undocumented phenomena and gain insights from the viewpoints of those involved in the activity Understanding diverse perspectives is essential for comprehending the reasons behind individuals' varied thoughts and behaviors, especially concerning key measurement factors such as personal values, individual histories, and characteristics like gender.
Qualitative research is an interpretive method that emphasizes understanding phenomena through the meanings individuals attach to them, relying on the researcher’s subjective interpretation of collected data This approach focuses on small, purposefully selected samples and employs open-ended inquiries into participants' words, thoughts, actions, and intentions By prioritizing the informants' perspectives, qualitative research aims to create a comprehensive and nuanced understanding of the issues at hand While it offers in-depth insights and a wealth of detailed information, it also presents challenges such as difficulties in distinguishing between facts and interpretations, low repeatability, and reduced generalizability, highlighting the importance of acknowledging the researcher’s subjectivity.
Contrastive linguistics involves the systematic comparison of two or more languages to identify their similarities and differences (Johansson & Hoffland, 1994) This comparative method focuses on specific phenomena across related languages (Bussmann, 1996) The contrastive approach emphasizes the differences between languages rather than their similarities (James, 1980) Defined as a sub-discipline of linguistics, it aims to analyze and compare languages or their subsystems to highlight both their distinctions and commonalities (Fisiak, 1981) This dissertation will explore contrastive analysis in depth.
5 considered as ‘a linguistic enterprise aimed at producing inverted (i.e., contrastive, not comparative) two-valued typologies… and founded on the assumption that languages can be compared’ (James, 1980: 03)
This study employs a mixed-methods approach, utilizing both qualitative and quantitative research designs through descriptive and contrastive analysis The qualitative methods focus on contrastive analysis and description, while the descriptive method is specifically used to elucidate the meanings of street names in London and Hanoi.
This study employs a documentary technique for data collection, focusing on street names from three districts in London—Marlybone, Westminster, and Soho—as well as Ba Dinh, Hoan Kiem, and Hai Ba Trung districts in Hanoi.
The analysis of collected data will focus on semantic features, specifically examining the classification of street names in London and Hanoi This includes categorizing streets based on typical semantic characteristics, such as those named after specialized occupations and those honoring famous individuals.
Street names can be classified based on their structural features, which include complex structures characterized by various relationships These structures may exhibit a main-sub relationship, where a primary name is supplemented by additional descriptors, or a coordinated relationship, where multiple names are linked together Understanding these structural classifications is essential for analyzing the complexity of street naming conventions.
Significance of the research
The study of place names, particularly street names, is crucial in linguistics and language history, as it reveals significant insights into language structure Place names are stable and enduring vocabulary, making them reliable for research compared to more transient words Their primary function is to identify and personalize objects, allowing them to persist even when the original object is no longer relevant or meaningful Often, individuals use place names merely to differentiate between objects without fully grasping their meanings.
The study of street names not only elucidates the rules and ways of language structure, but also clarifies the culture, history, tradition of each region Street
Place names are deeply intertwined with the culture and history of their origins, each carrying unique meanings and interpretations shaped by local communities These names often reflect various events and can have multiple designations for the same location, highlighting the rich tapestry of cultural significance Studying these names allows us to explore historical narratives and cultural transformations, serving as a mirror to the synchronic and diachronic values of language and culture Consequently, the examination of place names is essential for understanding regional cultures, making it a pressing topic in contemporary discourse.
Structure of Thesis
The thesis consists of 4 chapters as follow:
Chapter 1 is the Introduction of the study which shows the reasons why the topic is chosen, what the research aims at as well as the scope, the structural organization of the study
Chapter 2 is the Literature review and Theoretical background of the study This chapter will give the brief review of related literature and theoretical background of every matter mentioned in the study
Chapter 3 is Comparison It presents and analyzes the collected data from questionnaires as well as gives the similarities and differences of between street names in London and Hanoi
Chapter 4 is the Conclusion of the study which presents the recapitulation of the study, the limitations of the study and some suggestions for further study
LITERATURE REVIEW
Review of previous studies
The theoretical framework of this study draws upon diverse perspectives from prominent linguists and insights gained from prior research These foundational ideas provide valuable support for the thesis, enabling the author to explore and develop key concepts effectively.
2.1.1 Previous studies of foreign Linguists
George R Stewart noted that "in the beginning, the lands stretched out without a name," highlighting the importance of place names in distinguishing geographical entities Place names emerge when communities seek to identify and orient themselves within their environment These names often reflect the community's earliest landmarks and living spaces, serving as a connection to their history Stewart further asserts, "The simpler a name (proving) the place (with that name) the more ancient it is," indicating that the simplicity of a name often correlates with its historical significance.
Le Trung Hoa believed that history which studies places in the world can be divided into three stages: embryonic stage, formation stage and development stage [19, p.22-
Maoz Azaryahu argues that the study of places has shifted from mere description and classification to analyzing the political factors influencing identity and cultural products of locations Research on place names reveals two main trends: one focusing on the description and classification of street places, and the other examining the socio-political factors affecting these areas The first trend emphasizes the relationships between street landmarks, while the second explores external influences on the identification process Additionally, there is potential for further classification in place name studies internationally Notably, the issue of street names in urban areas, particularly in France, has garnered significant attention from researchers.
Daniel Milo's article, "The Name of the Street" (Les noms des rues), featured in the anthology "Les Lieux des mémoires," edited by Pierre Nora, explores the significance of street names in relation to memory and history This anthology, stemming from a conference held between 1978 and 1981, is divided into three sections: Republic, Country, and French Countries, with Milo's work positioned in the Country section He raises critical questions about the relevance of studying street names for historians, pondering their importance and the depth of research required Building on Milo's insights, Jean-Claude Bouvier and Jean-Marie Guillon published "La toponymie urbaine: Significations et enjeux" in 1998, which delves into various issues related to urban places, including memory, identity, and the origins of urban nomenclature While Milo focuses on Paris and its local comparisons, a research team from several European universities expanded the study to street names in eight Central European cities—Graz, Kraków, Olomouc, Prague, Maribor, Zagreb, Zadar, and Mostar—analyzing them across three historical periods: pre-World War II (1935), during the socialist revolution (1985), and the present Their findings categorize street names into five main groups: personal names, geographical features, historical events, institutions, crafts and trades, and other categories, with each group further subdivided for detailed analysis.
Urban places, particularly street names, serve as a significant reflection of contemporary society's identity and context The authors argue that the renaming of streets and urban structures is a means for modern governments to assert their power and vision for society Additionally, the previous administrations' abolition of the urban naming system was another demonstration of authority However, this process of eliminating old names varied across cities, with differing rates of name changes.
*) Research on street place according to descriptive and sampling trends in the US
The study of street places in the United States began in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, marked by a significant increase in research papers Notable early works include W.J McGee's 1895 article "Some Principles of Nomenclature" published in the American Anthropologist, and Alexander B Hagner's influential 1897 speech, "Street Nomenclature of Washington City," presented to the U.S Congress and later published in the Records of the Columbia Historical Society Hagner's 25-page address played a crucial role in shaping street naming conventions in America, proposing a structured approach to naming streets in Washington, D.C Additionally, George R Steward's acclaimed work, "Names in the Land," categorizes street names into two distinct groups, further contributing to the understanding of street nomenclature in the U.S.
Pragmatic Americans favor street names that feature numbers and letters, reflecting a preference for expressions of satisfaction, patriotism, and local achievements George Stewart's 1967 analysis of street naming in Philadelphia, Washington, New York, and Boston reveals that these cities predominantly utilize a numbering system and trial numbers in specific distributions for street names.
*) Research on street places in China and some Asian countries
In his 2002 master's thesis, "A Preliminary Study on Political Street Names in China," Li Huajun (FH) conducted an analysis of street names in various Chinese cities using data from the 1973 and 1979 Atlases Additionally, Shen Yiru referenced street names in Nanjing in his work published in 2005 and 2011.
In his master's thesis, "A Linguistic and Cultural Analysis of Nanjing Street Names," Jonathan Hassid, a postdoctoral scholar at the University of Technology Sydney, recently addressed the significance of street landmarks in Sydney, drawing parallels to place names in China in his article "Place Names, Symbolic Power and the Chinese State." Additionally, Brenda's 1992 article, "Street Names in Colonial Singapore," published in the Geographical Review, offers a comparative analysis of the official street naming system established by the British colonial government and the alternative system created by the Chinese community Brenda's notable monograph, "Toponymics: A Study of Singaporean Street Names," categorizes Singaporean places into seven subcategories based on the origin and cultural significance of the names, including colonial, Asian, multi-ethnic, descriptive, Malayized, numerical, and themed places This classification underscores the diverse influences on place naming in Singapore.
2.2.2 Previous studies of Vietnamese Linguists
2.2.2.1 Study on places in Vietnam
The earliest toponymy works in Vietnam can be traced back to historical chronicles and geography books from centuries ago, including notable titles such as "Vietnamese Historical Summary," "Vietnam Records of the Historian" by Ngo Si Lien, "General History Summary of Vietnam," "An Nam Miscellaneous Literary Works," and "Geography Book" by Nguyen Trai, as well as "Lich Trieu Hien Chuong Loai Chi" by Phan Huy Chu Since the mid-20th century, research on place-names has evolved into a scientific discipline, exploring toponymy from linguistic and interdisciplinary perspectives, thereby establishing it as a legitimate field of study in Vietnam.
We may quote the typical works as follows:
- “ Relation of ancient language in Southeast Asia through some names of river
- "Changes in administrative geography in the French domination period " (1972) by Vu Van Tinh
- “ Method of applying toponymy in research of geography, ancient history of Vietnam” ( 1984 ) by Dinh Van Nhat
-“ Test discussion about Vietnam place-names ” (1976) by Tran Thanh Tam
The study of place names in Vietnam emerged later than in Western countries, initially focusing on basic listings and explanations without addressing key toponymic issues Early works primarily included historical and geographical texts, such as Nguyen Trai's "Geography Book" (1380 - 1442) and Ngo Si Lien's "Complete Annals of Dai Viet" from the 15th century.
As the twentieth century began, Vietnam saw the emergence of in-depth theoretical studies on place names, building upon global research methodologies and findings This advancement was significantly influenced by prominent scholars such as Dao Duy Anh, Hoang Thi Chau, and Pham Duc Duong, among others Their impactful works employed comparative historical methods, enhancing the theoretical understanding of place names in Vietnam Consequently, their research has clarified various aspects of place names, making them valuable across multiple fields.
In the realm of domestic research on place names, notable contributions include Hoang Thi Chau's 1964 article, "Relations of Ancient Languages in Southeast Asia through Some River Names," which employed innovative linguistic methods Following this, Le Trung Hoa's 1990 doctoral thesis, "Main Features of Place-Names in Ho Chi Minh City," and Nguyen Kien Truong's study on Hai Phong place names provided significant insights into regional naming conventions, marking the first focused examinations of Vietnamese place names in distinct areas More recently, Tu Thu Mai's 2003 doctoral thesis, "Research on Places in Quang Tri," further expanded the body of knowledge in this field.
"Main features of place names in Dak Lak" by Tran Van Dung in 2003
Several reference books have been published that explore Vietnamese geography, including "The Handbook of Vietnamese Places" by Dinh Xuan Vinh (1995) and "The Handbook of Vietnamese Places" by Nguyen Duoc and Trung Hai (1998), as well as the "Encyclopedia of Hai Phong Places." These resources provide valuable insights into various locations throughout Vietnam.
12 edited by Ngo Dang Loi (1998), "Dictionary of Hanoi places and places" by Bui Thiet (1993), or some regional geographies such as "Geography of Nam Dinh"
These works tend to collect documents but lack the theoretical nature, so they are not real place research works
2.2.2.2 Study on street names in Hanoi
Despite numerous collections and dictionaries of street names in Vietnam, particularly in urban areas, there has been a lack of in-depth research focusing specifically on street names, especially those in Hanoi Previous studies have mainly treated street names as a subtype of place names without comprehensive analysis Notably, early works like "Biography of the Names of Hanoi Streets" by Thi Nham Dinh Gia Thuyet (1951) and "Ha Noi's Internal Guide" by Nguyen Ba Chinh (1923) provided historical context for these names Recently, there has been a surge in the compilation of street name dictionaries across the country Among these, Nguyen Van Uan's article "About the Street Names in Hanoi," published in "Nguoi Hanoi" in 1988, stands out as one of the first detailed examinations of the street naming process in Hanoi Uan identified key limitations in street naming, including duplicate names, inappropriate names for specific locations, and erroneous names, with the latter being the most prevalent issue To address these concerns, Uan suggested relocating names of lesser-known figures to more appropriate localities.
Review of theoretical background
Naming is a linguistic process that involves identifying, referencing, and categorizing various entities and phenomena This process results in the creation of different types of names, such as personal names, ethnic names, and place names The term "place-name" originates from the ancient Greek words "Toponima" or "Topoma," which translate to "name of a geographical place" in Vietnamese Place names carry significant meaning and serve to define geographical locations.
The term "land name" serves as a fundamental method for comprehending geographical features, primarily when translated in terms of topography This designation encompasses the names of various natural elements, such as mounds, hills, rivers, and streams, as well as human settlements, including villages, hamlets, and provinces.
14 city ), construction works existing on a defined geographic space (temple, pagoda, factory, market, street )
Place-names represent a distinct layer within a language's vocabulary, influenced by general linguistic laws such as pronunciation, while also reflecting the unique characteristics of that language, including grammar and spelling rules Additionally, each place-name adheres to specific structural guidelines regarding composition and identification methods Although place-names are widely recognized, the understanding of this concept varies, leading to diverse interpretations that are not entirely uniform.
In her renowned study "What is place-name?", A.V Superanxkaja defines place-names as all geographical names, including additional terms derived from Latin nomenclature, which translates to "write name."
Geographical places, whether natural or artificial, encompass a range of objects on the Earth's surface, from vast continents and oceans to individual houses and gardens, each assigned a name Historically, people across various cultures have documented their surroundings through place-names, which serve as linguistic markers for geographical entities This concept aligns with the study of names in other fields, such as onomastics for personal names and zoology for animal names According to A.V Superanxkaja, place-names represent distinct geographical objects and topographical features, highlighting the significance of naming in understanding our environment.
Place-names often reflect the names of people or animals, as noted by Vietnamese scholars like Dao Duy Anh and Hoang Phe in their dictionaries They define place-names as "the name of land regions" or "name of land, name of locality." While these definitions are straightforward and concise, they do not fully capture the deeper connotations associated with place-names.
Le Trung Hoa, Nguyen Kien Truong, and Nguyen Van Au have each contributed to the understanding of place-names in their research Le Trung Hoa, with extensive experience in Vietnamese toponymy, defines place-names as fixed terms or expressions that identify natural landscapes and constructed features.
The concept of place-names encompasses specific designations for natural and human-made features on the Earth's surface Nguyen Kien Truong defines place-names as names that identify geographical and human objects, while Nguyen Van Au expands this definition to include names of rivers, mountains, and localities, as well as ethnic groups However, we find Nguyen Van Au's definition to be both incomplete and excessive, as it overlooks significant constructions like temples and houses, and conflates ethnic names with locality names In contrast, the definitions provided by Le Trung Hoa and Nguyen Kien Truong are widely accepted for their clarity and comprehensive representation of the concept.
A place-name refers to fixed terms or expressions that designate natural features, constructed landmarks, administrative regions, and territories, all of which have a specific location on the Earth's surface.
Place-name classification is a fundamental operation in scientific research, allowing researchers to categorize specific objects into defined groups and subgroups This process enhances the understanding of the research problem by revealing the multifaceted nature of the objects under study Additionally, classifying place names facilitates the recognition of relationships among different groups, leading to clearer scientific conclusions from the outset By organizing place names into categories such as mountain names, water names, administrative names, and construction works, researchers can identify the predominant groups within a given area.
Topography, landscape, and the economic and social levels of an area can be generalized to some extent When classifying a research object, it is essential to consider various perspectives, as each viewpoint highlights distinct characteristics Specifically, classifying place names based on the inherent nature of the objects themselves, such as natural landmarks, provides valuable insights into their unique features.
The analysis of 16 names and artificial place-names provides insights into the topographical landscape and socio-economic development of the region By classifying place-names based on their etymological origins—such as pure Vietnamese, Sino-Vietnamese, ethnic minority languages, and foreign languages—we can uncover significant historical markers that reflect the origins of inhabitants, cultural exchanges, and the migration processes within the area.
Place-names, which refer to geographical objects, come in various forms and types that continue to evolve with societal development This evolution complicates the classification of place-names, as highlighted by Nguyen Van Loan in his doctoral thesis on the place-names of Ha Tinh, where he notes that the vast number of place-names presents challenges in organizing them by type Additionally, the complexity arises from differing interpretations and approaches among researchers As a result, a universal classification system for all place-names is elusive, as it risks being either incomplete or arbitrary Various classification trends have been proposed by toponymists worldwide; for instance, G.P Xmolixkaja and M.V Gorbanhexki categorize place-names into residential point names, water names, mountain names, and city names, while A.V Superanxkaja offers a different classification approach.
There are eight distinct types of place names: 1 Direction names, 2 Water names, 3 Mountain names, 4 City names, 5 Road names, 6 Park names, 7 Religious names, and 8 Names of sparsely populated areas A Dauzat categorized these specific place names into four main sections, focusing on fundamental general issues related to Pre-Indian nomenclature.
- European language; 2 Pre-Latin nouns about water in water name studies; 3 Goloa
The study of Roman etymologies in Auvergne and Velay, as explored by Ch Rostaing, delves into various layers of place-names, including Pre-Indian European foundations, Pre-Xetich layers, and the Goloa-Roman influences Rostaing identifies ten key aspects of place-name classification: the Goloa layer, Roman formations, contributions from the Giecmanh language, feudal-era forms, nouns of religious origin, contemporary forms, and the naming of rivers and mountains This classification highlights significant differences in the perspectives of foreign authors on place-names, reflecting diverse scientific viewpoints and cultural interpretations.
Summary
Chapter 2 of the thesis explores the research landscape surrounding place names, with a specific focus on street names By analyzing the perspectives of both domestic and international scholars, the chapter provides a comprehensive overview of theoretical concepts related to place names Additionally, it conducts a contrastive analysis of street names, establishing a theoretical framework for the subsequent study of street names in London and Hanoi.
Research by leading international topographers reveals two main trends in the study of street landmarks worldwide: a) descriptive and categorical approaches, and b) point or sample-based studies.
22 c) mixture of tendency because in a research project there can be both descriptive and categorical contents and at the same time there are sampling parts for analysis
Recent research has increasingly examined the connection between street names and various political and socio-cultural factors worldwide In Vietnam, the exploration of place names from a geographical perspective began early, but significant studies on Hanoi's street names emerged primarily in the latter half of the 20th century These studies typically address identification methods, practical applications, and comparisons of street names across different cities.
This thesis builds upon the achievements of topographic research both globally and nationally, highlighting the extensive studies conducted by international and domestic scholars on various locations in Vietnam, with a particular focus on the analysis of street names.
The thesis examines street names as integral lexical units within a language's vocabulary, serving as geographical identifiers that distinguish one location from another These names not only signify specific places on the earth's surface but also reflect the distinct perspectives of various ethnic groups.
The features of language of street name in London
*) General structural model for street names
To understand the structural elements of street names, we must explore the concept of "complex place names," which consists of two main components The first part typically includes terms that describe the type of location, such as "place," "street," or "road," representing the general property The second part is the specific name of the location, like "Air," "Brewer," or "Dean," highlighting its unique attribute This distinction allows us to easily identify and differentiate the components of complex place names, as seen in examples like Air Street, Brewer Road, and Dean Place.
*) Structural model of street names
First element Second element Thrid element
Street(St)/Place (Pl)/Walk (Wk)/Close (Cl)/ Drive (Dr)/Court ( Ct)/Yard (Yd)/ Row (Rw)/ Mews/Avenue (Ave)
Table 3.1 Structural model of street names
The above structural model was based on the criterion of length from small to large of complex of places appearing of 3 London’s districts The elements mentioned in
The analysis of place names involves two key components: examining the structure of the common element and the street name itself Each component is further broken down into its constituent syllables In London's district street names, the common element typically contains a maximum of one syllable, while street names can have up to three syllables.
The following are some examples of common elements:For instance: Oxford street, Castle Lane, Salisbury place, Great Cumberland Mew, etc
Researchers have used various terms to describe the concept, including "common name" by Superanskaja, "common noun" by Paster, "generic element" by Thomas Mener, and "common factor" by Le Trung Hoa Despite these differing terminologies, there is a general consensus among scholars regarding the underlying principles of the concept.
+ One of the two elements that make up the place name complex
+ They are common nouns (nouns)
+ Having the ability to denote a group of items and objects that share the same attributes
+ Standing in front of the site name, indicating the type of object that has been identified
AVSuperanskaja defines geographical targets as common names that link them to the broader real world These targets are expressed through common nouns, which refer to all objects of the same type possessing specific qualities.
C) The models reflect the complex structure of street names
In London and across England, street names are categorized into two types: simple and complex structures Complex street names can be further divided based on various relationships, such as equality and main-subordinate connections.
The models reflect the complex structure of street names
Model 1: Bird Cage Street, Horsefarry road
Model 2: Graycoat street, Whilehall street
Model 3:Loookaroundland close, Meetupzing row
Model 4.1: Upper James street, Upper Berkeley, Lower Jonh street
Model 4.2:Old Pye Street, New Quebec Street
Model 4.3:Great Pulteney Street , Little Argyll Street
Types of complex structure The number of street
Table 3.2 The complex structure of street names
The data indicates that complex structures constitute the largest portion of London street names at 54%, highlighting that these names are predominantly derived from individuals In contrast, the occurrence of complex structures defined as Verb + Preposition + Noun is notably low, comprising only 3.4% of the total.
D) Street names have simple structure
According to Le Trung Hoa, a place name is defined by a singular structure, which can be either a single-syllable word or a single polysyllabic word This definition encompasses both pure Vietnamese and non-Vietnamese place names.
Street names often consist of a single element or syllable and are frequently derived from people's names This simple structure accounts for 19% of the various types of street names.
For example: Monk Street, Lexington Street
E) Street names have complex structure
Street names exhibit a complex structure, comprising 81% of the overall types of street names These complex street names consist of two or more meaningful elements, such as words or phrases They can be categorized into two subtypes based on the relationship between these elements: the main-subordinate relationship and the coordinated relationship.
Street names have a complex structure according to the main-sub relationship:
The number of street names with complex structure according to main-sub- relationship includes one main component and one minor component
In place names, the primary element typically precedes the secondary element, with the main component often being a noun For instance, in street names like Bird Cage Street, Moss Church Street, and Erapt Cathedral Street, the principal elements "Bird," "Moss," and "Erapt" appear first, while the supplementary elements "Cage," "Church," and "Cathedral" follow to provide additional context and distinction for each location.
The street names have complex structure according to coordinated relationship
The number of street names with complex structure according to cooridnated relation accounts for very little in the total number of street names with complex
27 structure, This type of street name with equal relationship has equal elements in term of meaning and the same function
For example: Economy University Road, Century Hospital Street
Types of structure Number of street names Rate (%)
Table 3.3: Statistics of street names by types of structure
Likely, other regions, street names in London are also named according to the following criteria such as:
The street is named after the British aristocracy and royalty (King, Queen, Prince, Duke, Earl, Baron, etc…)
In the UK, streets named after royalty and aristocracy represent the largest portion of street naming, comprising 23.2% of the total in the three locations examined in this thesis.
King Charles Street, Kingly Street, George Street, and Victoria Street are notable thoroughfares named after significant figures in British history Victoria Street, in particular, honors Queen Victoria, who reigned over the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland for an impressive 63 years and seven months, marking the longest reign of any British monarch prior to her time Her era, known as the Victorian era, was characterized by profound industrial, political, scientific, and military transformations within the UK Born to Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, and Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, she played a pivotal role in shaping modern Britain.
Holles Street, located in Edwinstowe, Nottinghamshire, is notable for being the birthplace of the son of the 3rd Earl of Clare, alongside his mother, Grace Pierrepont Grace, a descendant of The Hon William Pierrepont, is also the granddaughter of the 1st Earl of Kingston-upon-Hull.
Street names that describe colors account for only 2.2 %
For example: Orange street, Green street…
3.1.2.2 Street names reflect the direction and position of objects relative to other objects
Street names often indicate the relative positions of roads, with variations in naming reflecting their elevation, such as "High" and "Low" streets This naming convention accounts for approximately 2.2% of all naming groups, highlighting the significance of direction and location in urban planning.
For example: Lower John Street, Upper John Street
Names reflect the direction and position of objects
For example: North Carteret Street, Southeast Chapter Street
3.1.2.3 The streets are named after the Abbot, bishop, Dean’s name
Street names based on historical figures constitute 11.8% of all naming criteria An example is Robert Stillington Street, named after Robert Stillington (1420 – May 1491), who served as the Bishop of Bath and Wells from 1465 to 1491 and was a prominent courtier under Edward IV of England He played a key role in Richard III's rise to power in 1483, which later led to reprisals against him during Henry VI's reign Stillington was appointed Bishop on October 30, 1465, and consecrated on March 16, 1466 He became Lord Chancellor on June 20, 1467, holding the position until September 29, 1470, when Henry VI regained the throne Following Edward IV's return, Stillington was reappointed as Lord Chancellor until his dismissal on June 18, 1473.
For example: John Islip Street, John Islip (1464–1532) was abbot of the monastery of Westminster, London, in Tudor times
Margaret , Duchess of Portland (11 February 1715 – 17 July 1785) was a British aristocrat, styled Lady Margaret Harley before 1734, Duchess of Portland from
The features of language of street name in Hanoi
General structural model for street names
To analyze the structural features of street names, we must understand the concept of "complex place names," which consist of two components The first part typically includes words that denote the type of location, such as "alley," "street," or "road," while the second part represents the specific name of the place, such as "Ngach," "Hue," or "Buoi." The first component conveys a general property, whereas the second part provides a specific characteristic This distinction allows us to easily identify and categorize street names, enhancing our understanding of their structure and meaning.
In writing, category words are typically not capitalized, while place names are However, this rule often leads to misunderstandings For instance, in "Duong Thanh street," "street" indicates the type of location, and "Duong Thanh" is the proper name Many mistakenly believe that "Thanh" is the only proper name, leading to the incorrect interpretation of the phrase as "road Thanh."
A.V Superanskaja noted that geographical objects possess two types of names: a general name that categorizes them within a conceptual framework (such as mountain, river, city, or village) and a specific name for each individual object This distinction serves as a fundamental basis for our analysis of geographical naming conventions.
"two kinds of names" in this thesis is different With the "common name" we call the "common element", with the "proper name" we call its true name "street name"
*) Structural model of street names
Table 3.5 Structural model of street names
The structural model categorizes complex place names from three districts based on their length, ranging from small to large Each name consists of distinct syllables, exemplified by "Pho Vong," which contains one element; "Đội Cấn," with two elements; "đường Hoàng Hoa Thám," comprising three elements; and "đường Phù Đổng Thiên Vương," featuring four elements.
The term "common component" is referred to by various names, including "common name" by Superanskaja, "common noun" by Nguyen Kien Truong, "general element" by Pham Van Lam, and "common factor" by Le Trung Hoa Despite these different terminologies, researchers generally share a unified understanding of the concept.
+ One of the two parts constituting the complex of place names
+ Having the function of indicating a class of things and objects with the same properties
+ Standing in front of the place name, reflecting the type of the identified object
+ Do not capitalize like place names
To establish a foundational understanding, we refer to AVSuperanskaja's definition of a common component: it consists of common names that connect geographical targets with various real-world elements These are expressed through common nouns that designate all objects of the same type, sharing a specific characteristic.
The relationship between common elements and their locations highlights the distinction between the definite and the defined The definite refers to the common component that signifies totality, while the defined pertains to the specific place that differentiates one object from another For instance, in the name "Chau Long Street," "street" serves as the defined element, while "Chau Long" is the definite component, distinguishing this particular street from others.
C Number of elements in the street name
The number of street names surveyed is 337 The number of elements (syllables) in the total of 337 street names is counted follows.:
Table 3.6 Statistics of places by number of elements
Statistics reveal that street names in Hanoi predominantly feature two elements, comprising 62.6% of the total, while those with three elements account for 36.2% In contrast, street names with one element and two factors are significantly less common, at 0.89% and 0.3%, respectively The street names in Hanoi, similar to those in other regions of Vietnam, exhibit two structural types: simple and complex The complex structures can be categorized into various relationship types, including equality relations, main-subordinate relationships, and verb-subject relationships.
*) Street names have simple structure
Base on Le Trung Hoa’s opinion,These are street names that consist of an element or a syllable, and street names was named after people's names
For instance: Buoi Road, Vong Street, Tram Alley, Hoàng Hoa Thám Street
Street names have a simple pure vietnamese structure:
Vietnamese place names typically have a straightforward structure, consisting of nouns, verbs, and adjectives These elements, when combined with common nouns, are "nominized" to identify specific objects In the context of street names, the noun predominates in the simple structure, as it plays a crucial role in the naming process.
Ví dụ: Buoi Road, Vong Street
Street names have a simple structure that is non-pure Vietnamese:
Includeing places of different origins:
Places of Sino-Vietnamese origin: Ngo Huyen, Ngo Dong
Place names of undefined origin: mostly names of people As can be seen, place names with a single structure are quite high in number They consider not only
Single-syllable words and polysyllabic words can both belong to a single structure, which is defined as a word or fixed phrase that remains intact and cannot be divided.
Types of structue Quantity Rate %
Street names have simple structure
Street names have complex structure
Table 3.7 Street names has a simple structure according to the criteria from a single syllable structure and the name of a polysyllabic person belongs to single structure
*) Street names have complex structure
Street names with a complex structure consist of two or more meaningful elements, such as words or phrases These structures can be categorized into three types based on the relationship between the elements: main-subordinate, equality, and verb-subject relationships.
Street names exhibit a complex structure characterized by a main-sub relationship, with over 80% of names featuring one main component and one minor component This analysis will explore street names with complex structures, dividing them into two categories: pure Vietnamese street names and non-pure Vietnamese street names.
In place names, the primary element typically precedes the secondary element, with the main element often being a noun For instance, in street names such as Chua Mot Cot Street, Cot Co Street, and Nui Truc Street, the naming convention reflects this structure Notably, Nui Truc Street is named after Truc Mountain, a prominent geographical feature located to the north of Kim Ma.
Nui Truc Street, located near the Swedish Embassy, leads to Doi Can Street, now referred to as Lane 214 Doi Can Historically, during the French colonial period, this area was known as Street 358 (voie 358) and Phu Doan Street, where key elements such as "Chua," "Cot," "Nui," and "Phu Doan" played a significant role in the street's identity.
39 minor elements "Mot Cot", "Co", “Truc”, “Doan” are behind to supplement and distinguish the object
Street names are non- pure Vietnamese
Sino-Vietnamese place names: The main component can be before or after With the sub-component in front, the main component after, it is according to the Chinese structure
In Vietnamese street naming conventions, the primary elements often appear at the beginning of the name, while the secondary elements follow For instance, streets like Ham Long, Bach Mai, Kim Ma, and Quan Thanh feature main components such as "Long," "Mai," "Ma," and "Thanh" at the end, with minor elements like "Ham," "Bach," "Kim," and "Quan" preceding them Conversely, in names like Lang Ha, Ma May, and Dai La, the main components "Lang," "Ma," and "Dai" are positioned before the sub-components "Ha," "Mây," and "La." This structure highlights the unique characteristics of Vietnamese street naming.
The similarities and differences between the street names in London and Hanoi
The analysis reveals notable similarities in the structure of street names between London’s districts, such as Westminster, Marylebone, and Soho, and Hanoi’s districts, including Hoan Kiem, Ba Dinh, and Dong Da.
+) Street names both London and Hanoi have a common component to indicate their groups
For example: Oxford street ( street is common component) Đường Lê Thanh Nghị ( Đường is common component)
Street names in both London and Hanoi exhibit a mix of simple and complex compositions Simple street names typically consist of a single element or syllable, while some are derived from people's names In contrast, complex street names are formed from two or more meaningful elements, such as words or phrases, reflecting a richer linguistic structure.
Street names in London and Hanoi exhibit a complex structure, often categorized into two main types These names typically follow a main-sub relationship, as seen in examples like Bird Cage Street in London and phố Chùa Một Cột in Hanoi.
Street names in London and Hanoi exhibit a complex composition influenced by their coordinated relationships Semantically, both cities feature street names that honor famous individuals and historical figures Additionally, these names often reflect the orientation and location of objects in relation to one another, as well as embody the aspirations and desires of the community.
Besides some similarities, street names in London and Hanoi also have major differences in many aspects:
London street names feature a diverse array of common components, such as Street, Road, Row, Close, Avenue, Yard, and Lane, indicating a greater variety compared to the street names in Hanoi This variety highlights the rich linguistic landscape of London's street naming conventions.
Complex of place names Street name
First element Second element Third element
Street(St)/Place (Pl)/Walk (Wk)/Close (Cl)/ Drive (Dr)/Court ( Ct)/Yard (Yd)/ Row (Rw)/
Complex of place names Street name
First element Second element Thrid element Đường, phố
The common components of street names of Hanoi are only đường and phố
Hanoi's street names exhibit a more complex and diverse structure compared to those in London, which predominantly feature proper names In Hanoi, many streets are named based on occupational characteristics, particularly in the Hoan Kiem district, following the pattern of "Hang + X." The influence of a thousand years of Chinese rule is evident, resulting in a blend of pure Vietnamese names and those of Chinese origin In contrast, London’s street names are largely unaffected by foreign influences and often honor royalty and aristocracy, with examples like King Charles Street and Victoria Street reflecting the cultural significance of the British royal family While both cities share some similarities in naming conventions, their street naming practices highlight distinct cultural differences.
Christianity is the predominant religion in England, with numerous religious schools primarily affiliated with the Anglican and Catholic traditions The Church is led by the Bishop, while Priests carry out various rites for the laity This religious influence is reflected in the names of many streets across England, which often honor bishops and priests.
Example: Matthew Parker Street ( Matthew Parker (6 August 1504 – 17 May
The English bishop who served as the Archbishop of Canterbury from 1559 until his death in 1575 was a significant theologian and co-founder of the Church of England, alongside Thomas Cranmer and Richard Hooker Additionally, Palmer Street is named after James Palmer, a priest and philanthropist, whose almshouses were located on the east side from 1654 to 1881.
In Hanoi, street names often reflect local flora, fauna, and notable landmarks, showcasing a unique cultural identity that differs from cities like London For instance, streets such as Lieu Giai and Nui Truc highlight the city's connection to its natural environment and historical significance, illustrating how urban naming conventions can vary significantly across different regions.
In London, many streets are named after local landowners, reflecting the history and influence of these property owners in the area For instance, Bulstrode Street is named after a local landowner who also possesses land at Bulstrode Park in Buckinghamshire This practice highlights the connection between street names and the villages where these landowners held significant properties However, this trend is not observed in the naming of streets in Hanoi's district 3.
In London, street names exhibit a remarkable diversity, often honoring a wide array of individuals such as merchants, poets, and philanthropists For example, Ganton Street is named after a merchant, while Robert Adam Street pays tribute to the renowned artist Robert Adam This contrasts with the more uniform naming conventions found in Hanoi.
Hanoi's streets reflect the city's rich history, with names honoring significant historical events and figures who contributed to the nation's defense and development, such as Hung Vuong Street and Ngo Quyen Street In contrast, London features fewer street names dedicated to historical personalities, highlighting a notable difference between the two cities in commemorating their historical legacies.
Implication
This thesis aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of street names in three areas of London and three areas of Hanoi, highlighting their significance in various fields, particularly linguistics By comparing the street names of both cities, the study reveals notable similarities and differences, making it a valuable resource for scholars and researchers interested in urban naming conventions Furthermore, the thesis emphasizes the importance of place names as a vital tool for cultural studies and other scientific disciplines, showcasing them as unique cultural artifacts.
This thesis highlights the scientific significance of naming and renaming streets in London and Hanoi, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of urban place identity By researching street names, the study plays a crucial role in preserving the cultural heritage of these two capitals, ensuring that their historical values are recognized and maintained.
Summary
Analyzing street names in three districts from a linguistic and cultural perspective reveals the significant cultural characteristics of each area This examination highlights the unique meanings embedded in the names, reflecting the local heritage and identity The findings underscore the importance of street nomenclature as a reflection of community values and history.
To comprehend street places through a linguistic-cultural lens, it is essential to explore the relationship between them and the significance of place-name words These names carry both symbolic and metaphorical meanings, reflecting deeper cultural insights The linguistic-cultural perspective reveals implicit meanings, serving as a vital connection between language and culture Understanding this interplay enriches our appreciation of the significance embedded in place names.
"soul" of the language shell, but it is also the basis for cultural expression
The street names in the three districts serve as a unique method of identification, ultimately aiming to explain the significance behind each name These explanations may reflect sensory experiences related to the objects, the relationships between different entities, or they may convey emotions, love, shared aspirations, and the moral character of society.
Recapitulation of the study
London and Hanoi, both rich in history and culture, feature diverse street names that reflect their unique characteristics Analyzing these street names linguistically reveals the meaningful and cultural traits of each city In Hanoi, the names carry not only symbolic meanings but also deeper, hidden significance, serving as a basis for cultural expression The identification of Hanoi's street places encapsulates the essence of the location, revealing connections to sensory experiences, emotions, and societal values This linguistic analysis highlights the material and spiritual life of the local people The study of six street landmarks in both cities serves as a foundation for broader research on street names, contributing to the understanding of place-name significance in Vietnam and informing policies on street naming and standardization in the expanding urban landscape of Hanoi.
Concluding remarks
We came to the following conclusions based on a comparison of street names in three neighborhoods of London and three parts of Hanoi:
London and Hanoi, two historic capitals, offer a fascinating insight into the study of street names, reflecting the evolution of urban landscapes As these cities expanded, their streets transformed from war-torn wastelands to vibrant, modern thoroughfares Each street name carries a unique significance, contributing to the rich historical tapestry that defines both cities.
2 Although research on street names has had many works in both London and Hanoi, the comparison of street names between the two capitals is a relatively new topic By applying comparative knowledge in a scientific way, and knowledge in terms of cultural history, the thesis has pointed out some basic similarities and differences between the structure and meaning of each name Different of streets in London and Hanoi Each street name has great significance Especially, the names of some streets in Hanoi have relatively complex meanings Each street name is an overlap of cultural, social, historical and political factors Over time, each street gradually has an important place in everyone's memory and it becomes a place to keep the memories of individuals, groups, communities about traditional values or become the traditional peoples
3 In terms of naming streets according to groups in London, the street places are mainly people's names, meaningful layers of identifiers according to business areas, or streets associated with historical events are not many, in contrary, there is a structural model of street names that accounts for a relatively high proportion of street naming groups in Hanoi, this represents the historical and cultural elements of the people here, with the saying " Trade has Friends, Sale has wards
” Hanoians take the object that the street trades in to name after the street
4 The results of the study on London and Hanoi street places have partly contributed to find out the structural method, as well as the linguistic characteristics in many aspects These results also have contributed to the practice
Researching street names in London and Hanoi highlights the significant relationship between place names and various scientific disciplines This connection is particularly relevant in the context of urban planning policies that involve the establishment, modification, and renaming of streets As Hanoi expands, there is a pressing need to standardize place names throughout the country, which plays a crucial role in the construction of geography and regional geography.
Limitation of the research
This study faced certain limitations due to time constraints and unforeseen factors, which impacted the research process Consequently, some street names remain unexplained regarding their origins and naming conventions in my thesis.
The thesis has not studied deeply the cultural issues that affect the naming of streets, cultural characteristics considered from the linguistic origin of the elements constituting the place
However, I hope that the serious work had well served the research questions as a contribution to the rich collection of other previous studies on the same area.
Recommendation/ Suggestion for further research
Due to time constraints and limited knowledge in this field, this research cannot explore the topic of street names in London and Hanoi as deeply or widely as desired For further studies, it is suggested to examine street names from 1900 to 2021 and to include all districts of both cities rather than focusing on just three Additionally, a deeper investigation into the cultural factors influencing street naming is necessary, particularly regarding the linguistic origins of place names Cultural characteristics manifest not only through external expressions but also through the internal structure of names, with different linguistic origins reflecting diverse cultural traits and thought processes.
I would like to send my sincere thanks to the ones who I love for their support and encouragement during this thesis
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The article presents a comprehensive overview of the various places in London, highlighting the informal designations of contemporary districts that are influenced by historic parish boundaries Greater London is composed of the City of London and 32 boroughs, categorized into Inner and Outer London, which each have distinct sub-regions and wards The text also details significant geographic features, including hills, waterways, parks, and notable buildings, alongside a discussion of London's extensive transport system, markets, and cultural institutions Furthermore, it emphasizes the importance of public spaces and urban farms, showcasing London's rich heritage and diverse urban landscape.
0.3817765,10z/data=!3m1!4b1?hl=en https://delveintoeurope.com/famous-streets-in-london/
E1%BB%9Dng_ph%E1%BB%91_H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99i https://haiermobile.vn/danh-sach-ten-duong-pho-ha-noi/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Cramer
23-Crawford Mews, Crawford Place and Crawford Street 24-Cole Ave
60-New Quebec Street and Old Quebec Street
II) Street names in Hanoi