Research questions
This study, entitled “A contrastive analysis of deverbal nominalization in English and Vietnamese on the bbc.co.uk and the nhandan.com.vn from 2010 to 2014 from cognitive perspective”, is carried out in order to answer the questions that follow:
1 How isdeverbal nominalizationlinguisticallyrealizedin English and Vietnameseon the bbc.co.uk and the nhandan.com.vn from 2010 to 2014?
2 What are the similarities and differences in linguisticrealizationsbetween deverbal nominalization in English and in Vietnameseon the bbc.co.uk and the nhandan.com.vn from 2010 to 2014?
3 What are the underlying reasons for the differences in linguistic realizations betweendeverbal nominalization in English and in Vietnamese from cognitive perspective?
Scope of the study
Nominalization is quite a big linguistic phenomenon to be investigated and compared in English and Vietnamese in such minor thesis Moreover, nominalization can be studied from different perspectives Therefore, this research only focuses on the contrastive analysis of the phenomenon of deverbal nominalization in English and in Vietnamese from cognitive perspective The data for analysis is taken from English and Vietnamese online newspapers, the bbc.co.uk and the nhandan.com.vn, respectively, from 2010 to 2014.
Significance of the study
Since the study is concerned with a contrastive analysis of deverbal nominalization in English and Vietnamese on the bbc.co.uk and the nhandan.com.vn from 2010 to 2014 from cognitive approach, the researcher hopes that it will contribute to helping teachers and learners of English to not only be aware of but also compare the use of deverbal nominalization in English and in Vietnamese as well as how to form it To put it more specifically, the findings of the research will hopefully help teachers and students in the teaching as well as learning of writing and translating.
Research methodology
The study aims at investigating comparingdeverbal nominalization in English and Vietnamese based on cognitive approach
This is a contrastive study; thus, the methods used are qualitative and quantitative ones which are conducted by carefully collecting and referring to materials from online newspapers in English and in Vietnamese on the bbc.com.uk and the nhandan.com.vn There are some criteria for choosing the articles:
First, the article must have at least one case of deverbal nominalization
Second, it must be published in the period from 2010 to 2004
Third, it must be taken from the two sources - the bbc.com.uk and the nhandan.com.vn
Thirty online newspaper articles in English and in Vietnamese will be carefully analyzed and examined to see how deverbal nominalization are linguistically realized and cognitively perceived in the two languages and what similarities and differences they have from cognitive perspective.
Design of the study
The study is divided into three parts: Introduction, Development and Conclusion
The main part of the study, Development, consists of four chapters:
Chapter 1: TheoreticalBackground and Literature Review of the study
Chapter 2: Research Methodology of the study It provides a detailed description of the study including the aims, the scope, the methodology, the data collection procedure and the data analysis
Chapter 3: Data Analysis, whichprovides a description and analysis ofdeverbal nominalization in English and in Vietnamesesample articles on the bbc.co.uk and the nhandan.com.vn, makes a contrastive analysis of the realizations of deverbal nominalization in the two languages, and finds out the underlying reasons for the differences in realizations of deverbal nominalization in English and in Vietnamese from cognitive perspective
Chapter 4: Findings and Implications It shows major findings from the study and suggests several recommendations concerning the research topic.
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE
Theoretical background
In his book, “Contrastive Analysis”, James, C (1980:2) states that contrastive analysis (CA) is a linguistic enterprise aimed at producing inverted two-valued typologies (a CA is always concerned with a pair of languages) and founded on the assumption that languages can be compared James, C also asserts that CA belongs to inter-language, which is interested in emergence of the languages rather than in the finished product, and that CA is a central concern of applied linguistics
In “Theoretical Issues in Contrastive Linguistics”, Fisiak, J states that
“Contrastive linguistics may be roughly defined as a sub-discipline of linguistics concerned with the comparison of two or more languages or subsystems of languages in order to determine both the differences and similarities between them”
(Fisiak 1981: 1) Fisiak‟s definition can cause us to confuse contrastive linguistics and comparative linguistics because it puts the emphasis on the contrastive methodology in finding out the similarities and differences between two or more languages
Krzeszowski (1990: 11) remarks the term “Contrastive Linguistics” refers to the whole field of cross-language comparison, slightly focusing on the instances related to the theory or methodology of comparisons, and can be used interchangeably with “Contrastive Analysis”, but the latter tend to refer to the comparison proper
Xu Yulong (1992: 2, quoted by Wenguo, P & Mun, T.W (2007:207) defines contrastive linguistics as “a branch of linguistic studies whose aim is to contrast synchronically two or more languages for description of their similarity and differences, particularly the differences to aid application in relevant fields.”
From the above definitions, it can be seen that CA is a branch of linguistics that plays an important role in language teaching and learning because it helps to find out similarities and, especially, differences between two languages
As Ungerer, F.&Schmid, H.J (2013) put it, cognitive linguistics is an approach to language that is based on our experience of the world and the way we perceive and conceptualize it Cognitive focuses on the language use because language is an integral part of cognition which reflects the interaction of social, cultural, psychological, communicative and functional cognitive development and mental processing, which can only be understood in the context of a realistic view of acquisition
Talmy (2000:2) considers cognitive linguistics the conceptual approach which is concerned with the patterns in which and the processes by which conceptual content is organized in language In other words, cognitive linguistics deals with how a language organizes the conceptual content For example, it deals not only with such simple types of conceptualizations as space and time, motion and location, scenes and events, etc.; with what considered related to cognitive agents like attention and perspective, expectation and affect, and volition and intention; with semantic structure of grammatical patterns, vocabulary forms and morphological structures, but also with the relationships between conceptual structures, for example, the ones between text and context Talmy, therefore, believes that the foremost aim of cognitive linguistics is to grasp “the global integrated system of conceptual structuring in language” (2000: 3) Also, the reason for Talmy to refer “cognitive linguistics” as “cognitive semantics” is that the term
“semantics” is “specifically concerned with the conceptual organization of language.(2003:4)
Though expressing in different ways, it can be seen that both of the above views agree that cognitive linguistics interprets language in terms of the concepts and is, therefore, closely associated with semantics From the cognitive linguistics perspective, it can be understood that the knowledge of language is generated out of language use, and that language is not at all autonomous
1.1.3 The relation of Grammar to Cognition
In his book “Toward a Cognitive Semantics”, volume 1-Concept Structuring
Systems (2000), Talmy L states that language as a cognitive system contains two basic sub-systems, namely the grammatical and the lexical They are respectively responsible for two functions that are interrelated: giving conceptual content and deciding conceptual structure In a sentence, the structure of the cognitive representation is almost ruled by its grammatical parts, and its content is mainly made up of by the lexical components Thus, the grammatical components play the role of providing a conceptual foundation for the lexical elements in a sentence
Hence, Talmy asserts that grammar, in a broad sense, is the decisive factor of the conceptual framework in a cognitive system of a language
In brief, it can be understood that grammar and cognition has a close relationship in which grammar is the fundamental element that determines the conceptual structure ofa sentence and contributes to the cognition of that sentence
1.1.4 Definition of Nouns in English and in Vietnamese 1.1.4.1 English nouns
In relation to nominalization, it is necessary to make clear the concepts of noun, nominal and noun phrase As Taylor, J.R (2002:343) puts it, “a noun designates a kind, or type of thing; a noun phrase designates an instance of the type.” He considers that a noun syntactically refers to a “bare noun”, and a noun phrase is also a nominal which is made up of a noun along with optional modifiers, complements, a determiner and/or a quantifier Cognitively, Taylor (2002) stated that a nominal comprises four parts which together make up a “layer” conceptual structure as follow:
(Grounding ( Quantification ( Instantiation ( Specification (Type) ) ) ) )
Specification indicates how the type is specified by modifiers In other words, modifiers characterize the type in greater detail For example, the type nominated by room is regarded as less specific than that nominated by new car as the noun car is specified in greater detail by the additional of adjectival modifier new
Taylor (2002: 343) cites that there exist countless instances of a type, and instantiation shows the relation between the type and its own instances For example, the house, the house that I bought last year, the big house on the hill, my house, the big house over there, etc (examples are taken from Taylor (2002:344)) are some instances of the type designed by house Taylor stated that if a type is specified, it is described as instantiated
Quantification expresses the quantity of the instance that is designated
Taylor (2002:355) stated that quantifiers are the numerals and such items as one, all, both, each, a few, most, many, much, some, several and so on
Grounding is the process related to the context of the speech event It identifies such things associated with the speech event of the instance as the participants, the situational content, previous discourse and shared knowledge of the participants
Literature review
Although, as mentioned above, the phenomenon of nominalization is a typical feature in English academic writing, little has been done on contrastive analysis of deverbal nominalization in English and in Vietnamese In the process of doing research on nominalization in general, the researcher sees that there is one article on
Ho Chi Minh City Pedagogical University Journal of Science by Nguyen ThiBichNgoan “ A contrastive analysis of Verb nominalizations in Vietnamese and
English” However, the research focuses on a contrastive analysis of verb nominalizations in Vietnamese and English in general, not seen from any perspective and the source of data is merely a summary from books by other authors The researcher wants to concentrate only on a contrastive analysis of deverval nominalizations in English and Vietnamese based on authenticallyacademic use of deverbal nominalization on two major newspapers in English and Vietnamese - the bbc.co.uk and the nhandan.com.vn - which were published from 2010 to 2014.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research questions
With a view to making a contrastive analysis of deverbal nominalization in English and Vietnameseon the bbc.co.uk and the nhandan.com.vn from 2010 to
2014 from cognitive perspective, the questions that the study investigates are as follow:
1 How is deverbal nominalization linguistically realized in English and Vietnameseon the bbc.co.uk and the nhandan.com.vn from 2010 to 2014?
2 What are the similarities and differences in linguisticrealizations between deverbal nominalization in English and in Vietnameseon the bbc.co.uk and the nhandan.com.vn from 2010 to 2014?
3 What are the underlying reasons for the differences in linguistic realizations between deverbal nominalization in English and in Vietnamese from cognitive perspective?
The answer to the first questions will be worked out after an analysis has been made on the collected and classifieddata on the total cases of deverbal nominalization in each language Then, after using a contrastive analysis between the data on deverbal nominalization in two languages, the researcher will find out the answer to the second question.
Research approach
The study will investigate deverbal nominalization - a grammatical phenomenon considered a signal of cognitive reification-based on cognitive approach for some reasons First of all, this is quite a new approach that seeks to account for grammatical structure in terms of the functions this serves in the representation of conceptual structure Moreover, as one of its most distinguishing characteristics, cognitive linguistics aims to relate its findings to the cognitive structures that concern the psychological approach Therefore, when the researcher makes comparison between deverbal nominalization in English and Vietnamese, the approach will help account for the behavior of conceptual phenomena within these languages in terms of those psychological structures, and at the same time, help work out some of the properties of those structures themselves on the basis of its detailed understanding of how language realizes them.
Research method
This is a contrastive study on deverbal nominalization in English and Vietnamese on the bbc.co.uk and the nhandan.com.vn respectively; therefore, the research method employed is document analysis The qualitative method is employed through carefully collecting and referring to materials from online newspapers in English and in Vietnamese As having been mentioned in part A, thirty online newspaper articles in English from the bbc.co.uk and another thirtyin Vietnamese from the nhandan.com.vn are selected based on the following criteria:
First, the article must contain at least one case of deverbal nominalization
Second, it must be published in the period from 2010 to 2014
Third, it must be taken from the two sources - the bbc.com.uk and the nhandan.com.vn
Besides, because the focus of the study is only on the use of deverbal nominalization on online newspapers, only the following cases are counted as deverbal nominalization:
In English: adding suffixes like “-tion”, “-ment”, “- ation”, etc
In Vietnamese: using nomializers such as “việc”, “cuộc”, “sự” ,etc, and using the words “những”, “mọi”
The quantitative method is also used when the number of deverbal nominalization is counted and categorized in order to get data for further analysis in order to achieve the objectives of the study
In this research, the cognitive theories by Radden, G et Dirven, R (2007), Langacker, R W (2008), Talmy L (2000) are adopted as theoretical framework for the study of deverbal nominalization.
Data collection procedure
The data for this research are articles from the two sources: the bbc.co.uk and the nhandan.com.vn from 2010 to 2014.The first reason for choosing the articles from these two sources is that they are widely accepted to be among the most reliable top newspapers in each country Besides, the researcher believes that the bbc.co.uk and the nhandan.com.vn are comparatively equal in the sense that they are each officially representative ofthe voice of the people and the government in Vietnam and in England
The procedure for data collection is in the following steps:
First, articles are collected randomly from the two sources to find whether deverbal nominalization is employed
Second, fifteen articlesfrom the bbc.co.uk and another fifteen from the nhandan.com.vn are selected for the data collection
Last, the number of deverbal nominalization cases in English and in Vietnamese are counted and categorized for further analysis.
Data analysis
After having been collected and classified into different categories, the data will be analyzed in order to answer the two research questions First of all, attention will be paid on the linguistic realizations of deverbal nominalization in English and in Vietnamese as well as the cognitive perception of the English and the Vietnamese of deverbal nominalization Afterwards, a contrastive analysis will be employed to work out the similarities and differences in realizations of deverbal nominalization in the two languages Then, the underlying reasons for the similarities and differences in linguistic realizations between deverbal nominalization in the two languages will be will be uncovered based on cognitive perspective.
Design of the study
The study is composed of three main parts:
The first part, Introduction , identify the rationale, the aim and objectives of the study, the scope and the significance of the study and the summary on the research methodology
The second pat, Development , is intended to be in four main chapters as follows:
Chapter 1 provides the theoretical background and related literature review of the study
Chapter 2 is about the research methodology of the study, which provides a detailed description of the study including the aims, the scope, the methodology, the data collection procedure and the data analysis
Chapter 3 provides a description of the realizations of deverbal nominalization collected from the articles on the bbc.co.uk and the nhandan.com.vn and presents a contrastive comparison between the realizations of deverbalization in the two languages as well as the underlying reasons for the differences in realizations of deverbal nominalization in English and in Vietnamese
Chapter 4 analyzes and discusses the findings found out from the data collected according to the research questions and puts forward several recommendations concerning the research topic for teaching and learning English
The last part, Conclusion , states the recapitulation of the study, the limitations of the study and some suggestions for further research as well.
DATA ANALYSIS
The realizations of deverbal nominalization in English and in Vietnamese on the
The chosen articles were first of all carefully investigated, and thenthe cases of deverbal nominalizationwere listed in a table so that it would be easier for the researcher to analyze the data The following will present the linguistic realizations of deverbal nominalization in English and in Vietnamese
3.1.1 Linguistic realizations of deverbal nominalization in English
The data about deverbal nominalization in English collected from the articles on the bbc.co.uk was firstly classified into different categories according to the form of the deverbalized nouns in the cases The table below shows the distribution of the nominalization cases in terms of linguistic realizations:
LINGUISTIC REALIZATIONS OF DEVERBAL NOMINALIZATION IN ENGLISH
Forms Quantity Percentage loss 4 1.72 knowledge 3 1.29 sight 3 1.29 response 2 0.86 death 2 0.86
Table 1 Linguistic realizations of deverbal nominalization in English
All cases of deverbal nominalization taken from English articles on the bbc.co.uk have been listed in Appendix A, pages I-XVIII The following are some examples of deverbal nominalization in English taken from the model articles on the bbc.co.uk: a Adding “-ing” suffix:
“…At the height of Israeli bombings of Gaza in August, militants on social media criticized IS for killing Muslims while doing nothing to help the Palestinians…”
(http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29123528) b Adding “-ion” suffix:
“…The web is an extraordinary innovation, with the greatest potential to usher in social change since the invention of the printing press or the steam engine…”
(http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/technology/8485833.stm) c Adding “-er” suffix:
“…The drivers behind IS' unrestrained extremism can be traced to its origins with al-Qaeda in Iraq, led by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, who was killed by the Americans in 2006…”(http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29123528) d Adding “-ment” suffix:
“…A 2£m plan is in place to attract shoppers by making improvements to the market place in Grantham…”(http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/- /2/hi/uk_news/england/lincolnshire/8607039.stm) e Adding “-or” suffix:
“… It empowers everyone - men, women, children - to be creators of information rather than passive consumers.,,” (http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/- /2/hi/technology/8485833.stm) f Adding “-y” suffix:
“…Small, button-shaped batteries can be easy to swallow and cause thousands of injuries every year, some fatal…” (http://www.bbc.com/news/science- environment-29885832) g Adding “-th” suffix:
“…Researchers found new growth on the stumps left, except where deer had come in and eaten it…” (http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-
“…The key ministries of interior, defence and national security remain unfilled because nominees could not be agreed.”(http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/mobile/world-middle-east-12047721) i Adding “-ance” suffix:
„…Then they zip along twisted tracks which have seen little maintenance since they were installed in the 1920s.”(http://www.bbc.com/news/business-11604718) k Adding “-ence” suffix:
“…SNH said the study showed the need for further monitoring of the beaver‟s activities and called for annual repeat surveys to gauge the persistence, growth and spread of the current beaver population…” (http://www.bbc.com/news/uk- scotland-tayside-central-20781407) l Adding “-is” suffix:
“…My 18-year-old mother has been diagnosed with dementia, but it was noticeable well before her diagnosis ”(http://www.bbc.com/news/health-
“…US president Barrack Obama called the approval of the cabinet a “major step forward in advancing national unity”…” n Adding “-ness” suffix:
“…Shaking reports help planners identify weakness in construction standard and are used to raise the level of preparedness for the next big event…”
(http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-20531304) o Adding “-ant” suffix: p “…It is believed the current wild beaver populations in Tayside are the descendants ofescapees from private collections in Angus and Perthshire over the past decade…” (http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-20781407 Adding “-ure” suffix:
“…There is a pretty good new story in here- that the levels of radioactivity offshore are not of significance to human health in terms of exposure…”
(http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-17124909) q Others:
“…The vast majority of the carers have no understanding or knowledge of the condition…”(http://www.bbc.com/news/health-25334102)
“…His hope was that the procedure would stop further deterioration and save what little sight he had left…” (http://www.bbc.com/news/health-25718064)
“…Researchersgot a mixed response from local businesses about how the project was affecting them…” (http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-
“…Beavers were once native to Scotland but died out because of hunting and habitat loss.”http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-30127289
As presented in table 1, the most striking feature of linguistic realizations of deverbal nominalization in English is that in most cases nominalizers are used
Approximately 94% of the deverbalized nouns are formed by the process of affixation, adding a suffix to a root verb Put it another way, deverbal nominalization in English can be realized through the form of the newly formed word
Moreover,from the table, it can be seen that“- ing ” suffix is the nominalizerwhich is used with the highest frequency, with about one-third (33.48%) of the total number of deverbal nominalization cases taken from the sample articles.Among the rest of the total nominalization cases, “- ion ” nominalizer ranks second, and “- er ” nominalizer ranked third with nearly one-fourth (24.03%) and one-sixth (16.31%) of the total cases respectively Besides, “- ment ” nominalizer occupies more than 8% of the total nominalizations cases Such suffixes as “- ness”,
“-ure”, “-al”, etc are rarely used to create a deverbalized noun
In addition,the data from the table shows that there are only some cases in which verbs are converted into nouns without using any nominaliers such as “know” -
“knowledge”, “lose” - “loss", “see”-“sight” Deverbal nouns formed in this way are rare and often viewed as morphological changes
3.1.2.Linguistic realizations of deverbal nominalization in Vietnamese
Based on some mentioned criteria in chapter 2, the articles were chosen, and then a list of deverbal nominals taken from these articles is created The table below is a summary of all deverbal nominalization cases which are arranged in groups based on nominalizers:
LINGUISTIC REALIZATIONS OF DEVERBAL NOMINALIZATION IN VIETNAMESE
Using nominaliers việc 38 27.74 sự 29 21.17 những 11 8.03 các 7 5.11 cách 7 5.11 cuộc 5 3.65 sức 4 2.92 một 3 2.19 cơn 2 1.46 niềm 2 1.46 trí 2 1.46 vụ 2 1.46 buổi 1 0.73 cú 1 0.73 nỗi 1 0.73 lần 1 0.73 màn 1 0.73 vụ việc 1 0.73 tính 1 0.73 thói 1 0.73 đường 1 0.73 ca 1 0.73 chứng 1 0.73 chuyện 1 0.73 một số 1 0.73 mọi 1 0.73
Table 2 Linguistic realizations of deverbal nominalization in Vietnamese
All cases of deverbal nominalization taken from Vietnamese articles on the nhandan.com.vn have been listed in Appendix B, pages XVIII – XXXI The following are some examples of deverbal nominalization in English taken from the model articles on the nhandan.com.vn: a Using nominalizer “việc”
“…Bởi thế, việc giải quyết vấn đề thiếu vi chất dinh dưỡng rất cần một chiến lược đồng bộ với những giải pháp khác nhau, bổ sung cho nhau…”
(http://www.nhandan.com.vn/xahoi/suckhoe/tin-tuc/item/24976702-ngay-vi-chat- dinh-duong-2014.html) b Using nominalizer “sự”
“…Bác sĩ Cấn Phú Nhuận, Bệnh viện Nhi T.Ư cho biết sự thay đổi thời tiết như hiện nay rất “nhạy” với trẻ em…”
(http://www.nhandan.com.vn/hangthang/khoahoc-giaoduc/item/21729002-phong- benh-ho-hap-khi-chuyen-mua.html) c Using nominalizer “những”
“…Đặc biệt, một chế độ dinh dưỡng phù hợp có thể mang lại những tác động tích cực trong việc phòng ngừa và chữa trị bệnh cận thị…”
(http://www.nhandan.com.vn/hangthang/khoahoc-giaoduc/item/692902-.html) d Using nominalizer “các”
“…Thông qua dịch vụ này, khách hàng có thể thực hiện các giao dịch trực tuyến với ngân hàng mọi lúc, mọi nơi, đặc biệt tiết kiệm thời gian và chi phí…”
(http://www.nhandan.com.vn/hangthang/khoahoc-giaoduc/item/20603102-.html) e Using nominalizer “cách”
“…Vì vậy, bên cạnh cách nhận biết và phát hiện sớm để có phương pháp điều trị, thì cách phòng tránh bệnh cận thị học đường cũng cần được cha mẹ quan tâm…”
(http://www.nhandan.com.vn/hangthang/khoahoc-giaoduc/item/692902-.html) f Using nominalizer “cuộc”
A contrastive analysis of linguistic realizations of deverbal nominalization in
in English and in Vietnamese on the bbc.co.uk and the nhandan.com.vn
3.2.1 The similarities in linguistic realizationsof deverbal nominalization in English and in Vietnamese
Linguistically, in general, deverbal nominalization in both English and Vietnamese are the process of turning verbs into nouns by adding nominalizers The employment of nominalizers is seen in most cases of deverbal nominalization taken from the sample articles on the nhandan.com.vn and the bbc.co.uk It is the nominalizers that mark the part of speech of the words In Vietnamese, the nominaliers are independent words such as “việc”, “sự”, “nỗi”, “các”, “những”,
“cuộc”, and so on In English, the nominalizers are clusters of letters, known as suffixes, which are often meaningless when they are separated from their root verbs.English commonly used suffixes include “-ing”, “-ion”, “-er”, “-ment”, “-or”,
“-y”, and so on.Nonetheless, there are still some exceptions in both languages, but the number of exceptions is not significant For example, in a few cases in English, deverbal nominalization can be formed by changing the form of the verbs like
“know”, “see”, “lose” into “knowledge”, “sight” and “loss” For instance:
…It‟s also an enormous library of global consciousness, a digital collection of human knowledge from the past and the present…(http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-
… “Alastair Hawken of the Grantham Business Club believes that the benefits the improvements will bring will outweigh the losses.”
(http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/uk_news/england/lincolnshire/8607039.stm)
Likewise, in Vietnamese, there are some cases in which no nominalisers are added to verbs to form nouns in several cases For example:
“…Nhận thức, thực hành các biện pháp kiểm soát ATTP của người tiêu dùng và người sản xuất, kinh doanh vẫn còn nhiều hạn chế…”
(http://www.nhandan.com.vn/chinhtri/item/24368802-noi-lo-thuc-pham-ban.html)
“…Ăn uống là nhu cầu hàng đầu của sự sống ”
(http://www.nhandan.com.vn/hangthang/khoahoc-giaoduc/item/14646802-.html) Based on the list (on pages 16-17) of the functions of deverbal nominalization by Biber, et el (1992), a large number of deverbal nouns in both languages refer to either instance, process or action of the verbs In English, the most frequently used nominalisers to form deverbal nouns is the “-ing”, “-ion” suffixes, and the nouns with these endings usually refers to the instance or action of a verb For example:
“…So that would mean they have better antiseptic protection compared to other bees ” (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/mobile/science/nature/8467746.stm) “…The UK will aim to double its annual funding for dementia research to £132m by 2015…” (http://www.bbc.com/news/health-25334102)
As can be seen from the two examples, the deverbalized noun protection and funding both indicate the action of the corresponding verbs “protect” and “fund”
Meanwhile, “việc” and sự” are the most commonly used nominaliser in
Vietnamese, and the nouns formed in this way usually bear the meaning of process or action of the equivalent verb Here are some examples from the sample articles:
“…Tuy nhiên, việc triển khai thực hiện đề án đó như thế nào đang là vấn đề chưa có lời giải ” (http://www.nhandan.com.vn/tphcm/dan-biet-dan-ban/item/23110302- tao-thoi-quen-di-xe-dap.html)
“…Ngoài các đối tượng học viên là trẻ em, khóa học còn đón nhận được sự quan tâm sâu sắc của các bậc phụ huynh…”
(http://www.nhandan.com.vn/hangthang/khoahoc-giaoduc/item/14646802-.html)
In the two above examples, the two deverbalized nouns with the nomilizers
“việc” and “sự” both show the action of the two verbs “triển khai” and “quan tâm”
In short, a brief look at the presentation of the data collected, it can be said that deverbal nominalization is a relatively common linguistic phenomenon in both two languages, especially in English Besides, there are also differences between therealizations of deverbal nominalization in both languages, which will be discussed in detail in the next part
3.2.2 The differences in linguistic realizations ofdeverbal nominalization in English and in Vietnamese
As far as linguisticrealizationsconcerned, the data from tables 1 and 2 indicates thatthe most easily seen difference between deverbal nominalization in two languages is that though both employ nominalizers to form deverbal nominalization, in general, the English language uses affixation, specifically suffixes like “-ing”, “- ion”, “-ment” to add to the end of the verb, whereasthe Vietnamese language uses separate words such as “việc”, “sự”… to add to the beginning of the verbs.It can be said that the suffixes“-ing”, “-ion”, etc and the separate words like“việc”, “sự”… play the role of the indicators of deverbalized nouns
In term of quantity, a brief look at tables 1 and 2 shows that although the number of sample articles taken from the two online newspapers, nhandan.com.vn and bbc.co.uk, are the same- fifteen articles, the total number deverbal nominalization cases in English sample articles, 233 cases, outnumbers that in Vietnamese samples, 137 cases However, this distinction is only a relative comparison due to the fact that articles vary in length Though much attention was paid to selecting articles of the appropriately same length, it is unavoidable that there is still some unevenness between the numbers of words on the two online newspapers Nonetheless, it can be said that deverbal nominalization is more common in English articles than in Vietnamese ones This comparison in terms of quantity of deverbal nominalization is in complete accord with what Talmy (2000) states that languages are categorized into two “typological categories”, including object-dominant languages and action-dominant ones English, which is in favour of using nouns can, therefore, be considered an object-dominant language; and Vietnamese tends to be an action-dominated language Needless to say, it is essential that Vietnamese English learners be made aware of such differences in learning English, especially in writing academic English
In addition to that, as can be seen from table 1, it is clear thatin the English language,a noun can be derived from a verb by changing the form of the verb like
“know” - “knowledge”, “lose” - “loss”… which can be known as morphological changes Such cases of morphological changes of verbsto form nouns are not common in English, which accounts for about 6%of the total cases of deverbal nominalization in English samples, do not exist in the Vietnamese language In Vietnamese, on the other hand, there are certain cases in which a verb can be used as a noun without using any nominalizer, for example:
“Ăn uống là nhu cầu hàng đầu của sự sống.”
( http://www.nhandan.com.vn/hangthang/khoahoc-giaoduc/item/14646802-.html) Table 2 shows that about 8% of all the casesfound in Vietnamese sample articles on the nhandan.com.vn involve deverbal nominalization without using nominalisers, which can be categorized as conversion.This type of deverbal nominalization in Vietnamese must be identified in clear context and less commonly used than the conventional type - that is using nominalizers
Last but not least, an English deverbalized noun can be formed with only one suffix, but one nominalizer can be added before two verbs to form two deverbalized nouns in Vietnamese For example:
… Vì vậy, bên cạnh cách nhận biết và phát hiện sớm để có phương pháp điều trị, thì cách phòng tránh bệnh cận thị học đường cũng cần được cha mẹ quan tâm…
(http://www.nhandan.com.vn/hangthang/khoahoc-giaoduc/item/692902-.html )
The last two points suggests that Vietnamese grammar is, in this sense, a more flexible languagein comparison with that of English, which requires Vienamese English learners to pay attention to and can alsobe asource of troubles for foreigners who learn Vietnamese.
The underlying reasons for the differences in linguistic realizations of
3.2.1 Deverbal nominalization in English seen from cognitive view
From cognitive perspective, the first conclusion can be drawn from the data in table 1 is that the majority of deverbal nominalization cases refer to action or instance of a verb Specifically, more than two-thirds of the deverbal nouns are created by adding either “- ing ”, “- ion ”, or “- ment ”, and according to Biber et al (1992:89), those suffixes express an action or instance of a verb
The distinction between count nouns and mass nouns in cognitive view is an important matter because as Taylor, J R (2002:368) put it, “the count-mass distinction is a matter of how speaker construe a thing” The table below shows the distribution of count nouns and mass nouns among the total number of deverbal nominals taken from fifteen English articles on the bbc.co.uk:
Kinds of deverbal nouns Quantity Percentage (%)
Table 3 The distribution of count nouns and mass nouns in English samples
The data from the table of the distribution of count nouns and mass nouns above indicates that of all the deverbal nouns taken from the articles on the bbc.co.uk, the number of count nouns which accounts for 55.36 % is bigger than that of mass nouns which occupies 44.64% This comparison proves that in English deverbal nominalization, count nouns are more frequently used than mass nouns, though the gap is not big
The perception of deverbalized nouns in English is identified based on the functions of deverbal nominalization listed by Biber et all (1992) The data from table 1 shows that 52 cases of deverbal nominalization (formed by adding suffixes like “-ant”, “-er”, “-or”, “-ar”, “-ee”) accounting for 22.5 percent indicating either the agent, the patient, or the instrument of the root verbs The rest of the deverbalized nouns taken from the English samples, 179 cases, occupying 77.5 percent (formed by adding suffixes such as “-ing”, “-ion”, “-ure”, “-al”, “-ment”,
“-y”, etc.) function as either action, state or instance of the root verbs
In addition, among 123 cases in which deverbalized nouns are seen as mass, 65 cases of deverbal mass nouns are composed of a root verb and an “- ing ” suffix (see appendix A) Besides, there are 78 cases of deverbal nominalization using “- ing ” suffix, which means that the nominalizer “- ing ” one of the most commonly used nominalizers in English, and most of the deverbalized nouns created by adding “- ing ” suffix refer to mass nouns
3.2.2 Deverbal nominalization in Vietnamese seen from cognitive view
As can be seen from table 2, a large number of deverbalized nouns in Vietnamese sample articles are formed by adding nominalizers “việc” and “sự” before a root verb Specifically, there are 27.74 % and 21.17 % of deverbal nominalization cases using nominalizers “việc” and “sự” respectively According to Dinh Van Duc (1986), nouns formed by adding the nominalizer “việc” to a verboften show the process/action, and deverbalized nouns formed with “sự” are normally abstract ones Therefore, it can be said that a large number of deverbalized nouns in Vietnamese samples are perceived as abstract nouns showing the processes or actions of the equivalent verbs
In addition, the data from table 4 below shows that more than two-thirds, 70.8 %, of deverbalized nouns taken from fifteen articles on the nhandan.com.vn are mass nouns, which suggests that in Vietnamese, nouns derived from verbs are likely to be considered substances rather than objects
Kinds of deverbal nouns Quantity Percentage (%)
Table4 The distribution of count nouns and mass nouns in Vietnamese samples
In brief, based on what has been analyzed about deverbal nominalization in English and in Vietnamese from cognitive view, some differences in deverbal nominalization in English and Vietnamese have been found The first easily seen distinction is that nouns derived from verbs in Vietnamese are mostly considered mass nouns As can be seen from table 4, about 70.8% of the total number of deverbal nominalization cases taken from the sample articles on the nhandan.com.vn are viewed as mass nouns Meanwhile, the number of deverbal count nouns collected from the samples is slightly bigger than the number of mass nouns As shown in table 2, the number of deverbalized count nouns and mass nouns are 47.21% and 52.79% respectively This fact probably indicates that the Vietnamese tend to conceptualize deverbal nouns as refined substances rather than objects
Meanwhile, more deverbal nouns in English are construed as count nouns than mass nouns
3.3.3 The underlying reasons for the differences in linguistic realizationsof deverbalization in English and in Vietnamese from cognitive perspective
The most prominent difference between deverbal nominalization in the two languages concerning linguisticrealizationsis that though both employ nominalizers to form deverbal nominalization, in general, the English language uses affixation, specifically suffixes like “-ing”, “-ion”, “-ment” to add to the end of the verb, whereas the Vietnamese language uses separate words such as “việc”, “sự”… to add to the beginning of the verbs What lies at the root of the difference is the fact that while English is a kind of synthetic language in which a word is often composed of multiple morphemes; Vietnamese is an isolating language with almost all words consisting of only one morpheme Thus, a new English word of the different or even the same word class can be formed by adding a suffix or a prefix to the root word, but in order to form a new Vietnamese word, another or other words are added before or after the original one In some cases, a Vietnamese verb can be used as a noun without any addition of any other word Such difference between deverbal nominalization in English and Vietnamese accords closely with what Tran Ngoc Them (2008, retrieved from http://www.vanhoahoc.vn/nghien-cuu/van-hoa-hoc- ung-dung/van-hoa-giao-tiep/497.html?task=view) stated that English grammar‟s focus of attention is form while Vietnamese grammar lays emphasis on meaning
This difference in terms of linguistic realizations between English and Vietnamese may pose a real challenge to Vietnamese learners
Besides, as can be seen from tables 1 and 2, the number of deverbal nominalization cases in English sample articles is nearly twice as much as that in Vietnamese corpus Specifically, the number of deverbal nominalization cases found in English and in Vietnamese sample articles are 233 and 137 respectively This agrees with Talmy‟s view (2000:43) that in terms of conceptualization, languages belong to two “typological categories”, object-dominant languages and action- dominant ones This is also in accordance with what Tran Ngoc Them stated in his article of April 19 th , 2008 that the Vietnamese language tends towards flexibility and action, which is expressed clearly through its grammar system That is demonstrated through the fact that verbs and active voice tend to be used much more frequently than noun structures and the passive voice In contrast, western languages, including English, are likely to employ more noun phrases and the active voice Tran Ngoc Them also affirmed that the source of such distinction of the two grammatical tendencies between the Vietnamese language and languages used in western countries is due to the interrelationship between language and culture To put it another way, culture has a great influence on how people of that culture use their language, and the culture of the country or a specific territory is also partly showed through the way the language used there Therefore, a conclusion can be drawn that English, which is in favour of nouns, is a representative of object-dominant languages This dissimilarity between the two languages requires that Vietnamese learners be aware of this characteristic of English grammar when they learn English so that they can get better results when they do their writing tasks
Moreover, according to Talmy (2000:43), deverbal nominalization is a process which represents conceptual conversions between time and space The data about the kinds of deverbalized countnouns and mass nouns found in the two groups of sample articles from tables 3 and 4 also shows that English tends towards the conceptualization of things in space, which involves the state of being unchanging (Talmy, 2000:42) However, Vietnamese, with less than half of deverbal nominalization cases compared to that of English, is likely to be in favour of conceptualization of things in terms of time - the only domain that is, according to Talmy (2000:42), basically connected with progression Therefore, in terms of cognition, deverbalized nouns English and Vietnamese are perceived differently in relation to the concepts of space and time respectively.To put it another way, English deverbalized nouns are conceptualized as being constant, while Vietnamese ones are perceived as being in progress
In summary, based on the analysis of the linguistic realizationsof deverbal nominalization in English and in Vietnamese in the previous part, a contrastive analysis of deverbal nominalization between the two languages has been made For similarity, on the whole, both of the two languages employ nominalizers in order to form nouns from verbs Two different lists of nominalizers have been made based on the data about deverbal nominalization in the sample articles Besides, deverbalized nouns in the two languages are similar in the sense that most of them refer to instance, process or action of the verbs, and there are certain nominizers to indicate such meanings such as “-ing” and “-ion” in English and “việc” and sự” in Vietnamese In addition to that, a clear distinction between the linguistic realizations of deverbal nominalization in English and in Vietnamese has been drawn First, deverbalized nouns are formed with different system of nominalizers in the two languages: suffixes in English and separate words in Vietnamese This difference is derived from the fact that English is a synthetic language, but Vietnamese is an isolating language Additionally, the results of the research also indicate that deverbal nominalization is more common in English than in Vietnamese What‟s more, more deverbalized nouns in English count nouns than mass nouns, but deverbalized nouns in Vietnamese are mostly perceived as mass nouns That also proves that Vietnamese deverbalized nouns tend to be perceived in terms of time- indicating the state of being in progress, but English ones are likely to be conceived in terms of space-indicating the state of being unchanging The similarities and differences found between the linguistic phenomenon of deverbal nominalization in English and in Vietnamese will be the basis for the discussion and conclusion drawn in the next chapter.
FINDINGS AND IMPLICATIONS
Findings
4.1.1 The similarities in linguistic realizations of deverbal nominalization in English and in Vietnamese
Deverbal nominalization in English bears some similarities to that in Vietnamese:
Firstly, to form deverbal nominalization in both languages, almost all verbs need to be added a nominilzer In English, the most frequently used nominlizers are“-ing”, “-ion”, “-er”, “-ment”, etc These are suffixes, added to the ending of the verbs, cannot stand alone as an independent word, but they help people to identify the part of speech of a word In Vietnamese, a list of independent words can play the role of nominalizers like as “việc”, “sự”, “nỗi”, “các”, “những”, “cuộc”, and are added in front of verbs to form nouns This is the similarity in the linguistic realizations of deverbal nominalization in English and Vietnamese
Secondly, in terms of cognition, the data from collected samples show that the vast majority of deverbal nouns in both languages express instance, process or action of the root verbs In English, most deverbalized nouns with the “-ing”, “-ion” suffixes refer to the instance or action of the equivalent verbs In Vietnamese, the deverbalized nouns expressing process or action of the equivalent verbs are mostly formed with nominalizers “việc” and “sự”
4.1.2 The differences between deverbal nominalization in English and in Vietnamese
First of all,with regard to linguisticrealizations, deverbal nominalization in English is characterized with affixation - nouns are formed by means of adding such suffixes as “-ing”, “-ion”, “-ment”, etc, to the end of the verbs Meanwhile, adding separate words such as “việc”, “sự”… to the beginning of the verbs is typical of the Vietnamese language
Second, in Vietnamese, there are certain cases in which a verb can be used as a noun without using any nominalizer, known as conversion, such as “Ăn uống là nhu cầu hàng đầu của sự sống”, but the data shows no English noun can be formed in this way In addition,while it is necessary for the addition of a suffix to be added to an English verb to form a deverbalized noun, inVietnamese one nominalizer can be added before two verbs to form two deverbalized nouns.Theuse of verbs as nouns without changing the form of the verbs and the formation of two nouns by adding just one nominalizer before them partly indicatesthat Vietnamese grammar tends towards flexibility in usage, while English grammar tends towards forms of words in order to show its part of speech
Third, based on the finding which indicates that the number of deverbal nominalization in English is nearly twice as much as that in Vietnamese samples, it can be said that the English language is likely to perceive things in space, which involves the state of being unchanging Meanwhile, the Vietnamese language tends towards the flexibility, action and the conceptualization of things in terms of time, which is related to progression
Lastly, results from the study show that Vietnamese deverbalized nouns are mostly perceived as refined substances (mass nous) rather that objects (count nouns) Whereas, the number of deverbalized count nouns is bigger than that of deverbalized mass nouns in English samples
4.1.3 The underlying reasons for the differences in linguistic realizations of deverbalization in English and in Vietnamese from cognitive perspective
To begin with, the fact that English and Vietnamese belong to different language systems lies at the root of the difference in the formation of deverbal nominalization in the two languages English deverbalized nouns are formed by means of affixation which involves the addition of suffixes to the root verb Meanwhile, adding words as nominalizers before a Vietnameseroot verbor sometimes adding no nominizers can create deverbalized nouns Actually, English is a kind of synthetic language in which a word is often composed of multiple morphemes and is only understood when the morphemes of the word are attached together in its right form, but Vietnamese is an isolating language with almost all words consisting of only one morpheme Moreover, this distinction in linguistic the realizations of deverbalization between the two languages can be explained based on Tran Ngoc Them‟s view that English grammar‟s focus of attention is form while Vietnamese grammar lays emphasis on meaning and that Vietnamese language tends towards flexibility and simplicity
In term of the quantity, the number of deverbal nominalization cases found in English sets of sample articles is nearly twice as that found in Vietnamese sample articles The underlying reason for the difference in the realizations of deverbal nominalization in English and in Vietnamese is the fact that in terms of conceptualization, languages belong to two “typological categories” English and Vietnamese, according to Talmy (2000: 43), belong to two different kinds of typological categories- “object-dominant language and subject-dominant language respectively Under the light of cognitive perspective, the object-dominant languages prefer using nouns to verb, thus deverbal nominalization are more frequently used In contrast, subject-dominant languages are likely to employ more verbs than nouns, so languages of this kind tend to use more verbs This is exactly the explanation for the fact that deverbal nominalization is much more frequently used in English than in Vietnamese
Lastly, it is the way the English and the Vietnamese construe deverbalized nouns that lies behind this distinction in the use of count nouns and mass nouns
English tends towards the conceptualization of things in space, which involves the state of being unchanging (Talmy, 2000:42), but Vietnamese is likely to be in favor of conceptualization of things in terms of time - the only domain that is, according to Talmy (2000:42), basically connected with progression Thus, deverbalized nouns
English and Vietnamese are perceived differently in relation to the concepts of space and time respectively In other words, English deverbalized nouns are conceptualized as being constant, while Vietnamese ones are perceived as being in progress.
Teaching implications
Based on the findings on the comparative comparison between deverbal nominalization in English and in Vietnamese presented in the previous part, the following are some suggestions for Vietnamese teachers of English:
Firstly, since using nouns instead of verbs is one of the most striking features of English academic writing, so Vietnamese teachers should raise students‟ awareness of the fact that the English language is more in favor of nouns than verbs.This is very necessary because students are likely to be influenced by their mother tongue; as a result, Vietnamese students tend to use more verbs in English writing if they are unaware of this fact Therefore, when teaching writing, teachers should acquaint students with English writing models so that they can realize the necessity of using nouns in English writing and avoid using too many verbs as they do when writing in Vietnamese
Secondly, in translation, it is important that Vietnamese students be conscious of the differences between deverbal nominalization in the two languages in order that they can produce a more natural translation work When students practice translating from English to Vietnamese, they should be alert to the tendency towards flexibility, action and progression of the Vietnamese language, which is expressed through the use of verbs On the other hand, students should be mindful that English tends towards unchanging, which is shown in the use of nouns
In order to help students to be fully aware of the differences between deverbal nominalization in English and in Vietnamese, it is best that they should be exposed to as much authentic English written sources as possible Therefore, it is teachers‟ responsibility to guide students to search for or even provide them with authentic reading materials in English
Being carried out with a view to make a contrastive analysis between the grammatical phenomenon of deverbal nominalization in English and in Vietnamese on the bbc.co.uk and the nhandan.com.vn, this research has concentrated on three main objectives The first objective involvesthe detailed linguistic realizations of deverbal nominalization in English and in Vietnamese The second one is to take into consideration the contrastive analysis of deverbal nominalization in realizationsin English and Vietnamese from cognitive perspective These three main objectives are the guidelines for all the process of implementing the research
The thesis starts with an overview of contrastive analysis, cognitive linguistics and the relation of grammar to cognition Afterwards, much effort has been put into the concepts of nouns, nominalization as well as deverbal nominalization in English and in Vietnamese Moreover, these concepts are seen from cognitive perspective
In addition, the distinction between mass nouns and count nouns has been carefully looked into The basic information about nominalization and the formation and function of deverbal nominalization in English and Vietnamese serves as the basis for data analysis in the succeeding part
The data analysis has been carried out with an emphasis on three issues The first one is on the linguistic realizations of deverbal nominalization in English and in Vietnamese The second one focuses on the similarities and differences between the realizations of deverbal nominalization in two languages and the underlying reasons for the differences in realizationsbetween deverbal nominalization in the two languages
Based on the analysis of the data, some conclusions on the similarities and differences of deverbal nominalization in English and in Vietnamese were drawn
For similarities, in terms of linguistic realizations and with the exception of some irregular cases, both languages employ nominalizers to form nouns from verbs In addition, in terms of cognition, the majority of deverbalized nouns in both languages refer to either instance, process or action of the root verbs For differences, deverbal nominalization in the two languages bears some distinctive features both in realizations and in cognition Although almost all deverbal nouns in two languages are formed with nominalizers, an English deverbalized noun is generally formed by adding a certain suffix to the end of aroot verb, while a Vietnamese one is created by putting one or two separate words as nominalizers before a verb or sometimes, one nominalizer before two verbs Moreover,most deverbalized nouns in Vietnamese samples are perceived as mass nouns (refined substances) rather than count nouns (objects); meanwhile, those in English samples are of morecount nouns than mass noun Besides, the fact that the number of deverbal nominalization cases in English samples nearly doubles that in Vietnamese samples indicates that English deverbalized nouns are likely to perceived in terms of space, referring to the state of unchanging and Vietnamese ones are conceptualized in relation to time, involving the state of progression
Based on the conclusions drawn on the contrastive comparison of deverbal nominalization in English and in Vietnamese on the bbc.co.uk and the nhandan.com.vn, some pedagogical implications have been put forward in the hope of assisting Vietnamese teacher of English to be well aware of the differences between deverbal nominalization in English and in Vietnamese when teaching English writing and translation for students
Due to the small scale of this study which is carried out for the purpose of making a contrastive comparison of deverbal nominalization in English and in Vietnamese on the bbc.co.uk and the nhandan.com.vn from 2010 to 2014 from cognitive perspective, there exist a number of limitations.Firstly, the subjects of the study which are only fifteen articles taken from the bbc.co.uk and another fifteen ones from the nhandan.com.vn from 2010 to 2014 should be bigger in quantity and more varied in date of publishing so that more reliable data can be collected
Besides, the samples of the two languages can also be taken from other reliable sources Secondly, the focus of the study which is only on deverbal nominalization which is only at word level should be made wider Thirdly, in addition to being seen from cognitive perspective, the phenomenon of deverbal nominalization in two languages should be compared from other perspectives in order to have a more overall view of the contrastive comparison of nominalizations between the two languages
In this study, a contrastive comparison has been made to find out the similarities and differences of deverbal nominalization between English and Vietnamese from cognitive perspective The study only concentrates on a very small aspect of nominalization; therefore, further research into nominalization should be carried out to have an overall picture of the contrastive comparison of nominalization in two languages The following aspect should be touched upon in further research:
Nominalization from cognitive-functional perspectives
1 Biber D., Conrad S., and Leech G (1992), Student grammar of spoken and written English, Longman, London
2 Diep, Q B., & Hoang, D (2005) Ngu phap tieng Viet Ha Noi city: Education
3 Đức, Đ V (1986) Ngữ pháp tiếng Việt (từ loại), Nxb Đại học và Trung học chuyên nghiệp Hà Nội
4 Fisiak, J (Ed.) (1981) Theoretical issues in contrastive linguistics (Vol 12)
5 Gibson R Ferguson et al (2011) English as a Globalization Phenomenon
Observations from a Linguistic Microcosm Linguistics Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter
6 Halliday, M A (1994) Functional grammar London: Edward Arnold
7 James, Carl (1981) Contrastive Analysis Harlow: Longman
8 Krzeszowski, T P (1990) Contrasting languages: The scope of contrastive linguistics (Vol 51) Walter de Gruyter
9 Langacker, R W (2008) Cognitive Grammar: A Basic Introduction New York:
10 Heyvaert, L (2006) A Cognitive-Functional Approach to Nominalization in English Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter
11 Loan, N T B (2013) So sánh đối chiếu hiện tượng danh hóa động từ trong tiếng Việt và tiếng Anh Tạp chí Khoa học, (46), 13
12 Monika Rathert and Artermis Alexiadou (2010) The Semantics of Nominalizations across Languages and Frameworks.Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter
13 Radden, G., & Dirven, R (2007) Cognitive English Grammar (Vol 2) John
14 Rathert, M and Alexiadou, A (2010) The Semantics of Nominalizations across Languages and Frameworks Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter
15 Talmy, L (2000) Toward a cognitive semantics Volume 1: Concept structuring systems Volume 2: Typology and process in concept structuring.MA: MIT Press, Cambridge
16 Taylor, J R (2002) Cognitive grammar (Vol 120, No 9) Oxford: Oxford University Press
17 Ungerer, F., & Schmid, H J (2013) An introduction to cognitive linguistics
18 Wenguo, P & Mun, T.W., (2007) Contrastive Linguistics: History, Philosophy and Methodology London, New York : Continuum
1 http://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-29098929
2 http://aeo.sllf.qmul.ac.uk/Files/Nominalization/Nom%20LOC.html 3.http://www.cambridge.org/grammarandbeyond/grammar-practice-activities/
2015/04/from-everyday-to-academic-writing-style-part-2-from-verbs-to-nouns
4 http://qualityproofreading.co.uk/the-art-of-nominalization 5.http://www.cambridge.org/grammarandbeyond/grammar-practice- activities/2015/04/from-everyday-to-academic-writing-style-part-2-from-verbs-to-nouns 6.http://www.vanhoahoc.vn/nghien-cuu/van-hoa-hoc-ung-dung/van-hoa-giao- tiep/497.html?task=view
No Cases of deverbal nominalization in English
Countable Equivalent sentences without deverbal nominalization
Article No1: Grantham in £2m Improvement Hopes Source: http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/uk_news/england/lincolnshire/8607039.stm
Date of puplication: July 4 th , 2010 1-2 A 2£m plan is in place to attract shoppers by making improvements to the market place in Grantham
A 2£m plan to improve the market place in Grantham is in place to attract people who go there to shop
3 It is hoped that plans to make the area pedestrian friendly will encourage shoppers and create a café culture √
It is hoped that plans to make the area pedestrian friendly will encourage those who shop at the market place in Grantham and create a café culture
A council decision on funding for the planned improvements will be reached by the end of April
The council will decide the money funded for the plan to improve the market place by the end of April
7 The plans are for improvements to street furniture, pavements and the road surface
√ The plans are to improve street furniture, pavements and the road surface
Alastair Hawken of the Grantham Business Club believes the benefits the improvements will bring will outweigh the losses
Alastair Hawken of the Grantham Business Club believes what they benefit from the fact that they improve the market will outweigh what they lose
10 Mr Hawken said: Any investment in Grantham has to be a good thing
Mr Hawken said: Anything (which is) invested in Grantham has to be a good thing
Article No2: The Rise of the Digital Elites Source: http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/technology/8485833.stm
Date of publication: January 29 th , 2010
The web is an extraordinary innovation, with the greatest potential to usher in social change since the invention of the printing press or the steam engine
√ The web is extraordinarily innovated, with the greatest potential to usher in social change since the printing press or the steam engine was invented
It empowers everyone - men, women, children - to be creators of information rather than passive consumers
It empowers everyone - men, women, children - to create information rather than the fact that they passively consume it
15 It‟s also an enormous library of global consciousness, a digital collection of human knowledge from the past and the present
It‟s also an enormous library of global consciousness, a digital collection of what humans know about the past and the present
16 Jimmy Wales, founder of the online- user generated encyclopaedia Wikipedia, admits that despite being the current poster child of information
√ Jimmy Wales, who founded the online- user generated encyclopaedia Wikipedia, admits that despite being the current poster child of information levelling, levelling, Wikipedia has explicit hierarchies that determine whose knowledge is more worthy than others'
Wikipedia has explicit hierarchies that determine whose knowledge is more worthy than others'
Suggestions for further studies
In this study, a contrastive comparison has been made to find out the similarities and differences of deverbal nominalization between English and Vietnamese from cognitive perspective The study only concentrates on a very small aspect of nominalization; therefore, further research into nominalization should be carried out to have an overall picture of the contrastive comparison of nominalization in two languages The following aspect should be touched upon in further research:
Nominalization from cognitive-functional perspectives
1 Biber D., Conrad S., and Leech G (1992), Student grammar of spoken and written English, Longman, London
2 Diep, Q B., & Hoang, D (2005) Ngu phap tieng Viet Ha Noi city: Education
3 Đức, Đ V (1986) Ngữ pháp tiếng Việt (từ loại), Nxb Đại học và Trung học chuyên nghiệp Hà Nội
4 Fisiak, J (Ed.) (1981) Theoretical issues in contrastive linguistics (Vol 12)
5 Gibson R Ferguson et al (2011) English as a Globalization Phenomenon
Observations from a Linguistic Microcosm Linguistics Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter
6 Halliday, M A (1994) Functional grammar London: Edward Arnold
7 James, Carl (1981) Contrastive Analysis Harlow: Longman
8 Krzeszowski, T P (1990) Contrasting languages: The scope of contrastive linguistics (Vol 51) Walter de Gruyter
9 Langacker, R W (2008) Cognitive Grammar: A Basic Introduction New York:
10 Heyvaert, L (2006) A Cognitive-Functional Approach to Nominalization in English Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter
11 Loan, N T B (2013) So sánh đối chiếu hiện tượng danh hóa động từ trong tiếng Việt và tiếng Anh Tạp chí Khoa học, (46), 13
12 Monika Rathert and Artermis Alexiadou (2010) The Semantics of Nominalizations across Languages and Frameworks.Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter
13 Radden, G., & Dirven, R (2007) Cognitive English Grammar (Vol 2) John
14 Rathert, M and Alexiadou, A (2010) The Semantics of Nominalizations across Languages and Frameworks Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter
15 Talmy, L (2000) Toward a cognitive semantics Volume 1: Concept structuring systems Volume 2: Typology and process in concept structuring.MA: MIT Press, Cambridge
16 Taylor, J R (2002) Cognitive grammar (Vol 120, No 9) Oxford: Oxford University Press
17 Ungerer, F., & Schmid, H J (2013) An introduction to cognitive linguistics
18 Wenguo, P & Mun, T.W., (2007) Contrastive Linguistics: History, Philosophy and Methodology London, New York : Continuum
1 http://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-29098929
2 http://aeo.sllf.qmul.ac.uk/Files/Nominalization/Nom%20LOC.html 3.http://www.cambridge.org/grammarandbeyond/grammar-practice-activities/
2015/04/from-everyday-to-academic-writing-style-part-2-from-verbs-to-nouns
4 http://qualityproofreading.co.uk/the-art-of-nominalization 5.http://www.cambridge.org/grammarandbeyond/grammar-practice- activities/2015/04/from-everyday-to-academic-writing-style-part-2-from-verbs-to-nouns 6.http://www.vanhoahoc.vn/nghien-cuu/van-hoa-hoc-ung-dung/van-hoa-giao- tiep/497.html?task=view
No Cases of deverbal nominalization in English
Countable Equivalent sentences without deverbal nominalization
Article No1: Grantham in £2m Improvement Hopes Source: http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/uk_news/england/lincolnshire/8607039.stm
Date of puplication: July 4 th , 2010 1-2 A 2£m plan is in place to attract shoppers by making improvements to the market place in Grantham
A 2£m plan to improve the market place in Grantham is in place to attract people who go there to shop
3 It is hoped that plans to make the area pedestrian friendly will encourage shoppers and create a café culture √
It is hoped that plans to make the area pedestrian friendly will encourage those who shop at the market place in Grantham and create a café culture
A council decision on funding for the planned improvements will be reached by the end of April
The council will decide the money funded for the plan to improve the market place by the end of April
7 The plans are for improvements to street furniture, pavements and the road surface
√ The plans are to improve street furniture, pavements and the road surface
Alastair Hawken of the Grantham Business Club believes the benefits the improvements will bring will outweigh the losses
Alastair Hawken of the Grantham Business Club believes what they benefit from the fact that they improve the market will outweigh what they lose
10 Mr Hawken said: Any investment in Grantham has to be a good thing
Mr Hawken said: Anything (which is) invested in Grantham has to be a good thing
Article No2: The Rise of the Digital Elites Source: http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/2/hi/technology/8485833.stm
Date of publication: January 29 th , 2010
The web is an extraordinary innovation, with the greatest potential to usher in social change since the invention of the printing press or the steam engine
√ The web is extraordinarily innovated, with the greatest potential to usher in social change since the printing press or the steam engine was invented
It empowers everyone - men, women, children - to be creators of information rather than passive consumers
It empowers everyone - men, women, children - to create information rather than the fact that they passively consume it
15 It‟s also an enormous library of global consciousness, a digital collection of human knowledge from the past and the present
It‟s also an enormous library of global consciousness, a digital collection of what humans know about the past and the present
16 Jimmy Wales, founder of the online- user generated encyclopaedia Wikipedia, admits that despite being the current poster child of information
√ Jimmy Wales, who founded the online- user generated encyclopaedia Wikipedia, admits that despite being the current poster child of information levelling, levelling, Wikipedia has explicit hierarchies that determine whose knowledge is more worthy than others'
Wikipedia has explicit hierarchies that determine whose knowledge is more worthy than others'
17 Indeed, when I joined the inventor of the web - Tim Berner's Lee - in Ghana as he was travelling to remote villages to try to understand what could happen when the African continent,
√ Indeed, when I joined the person who invented the web - Tim Berner's Lee - in Ghana as he was travelling to remote villages to try to understand what could happen when the African continent, …
…what could happen when the African continent, parts of which have only recently been physically connected to the rest of the web with high-speed broadband access, makes its contribution to the international dialogue what could happen when the African continent, parts of which have only recently been physically connected to the rest of the web with high-speed broadband access, and contribute to the international dialogue
Ultimately, the web is a reflection of humanity, not a humanity-changer
Ultimately, the web reflects humanity but doesn‟t change it
Article No3: Islamic State: Can Its Savagery Be Explained?
Source: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29123528
Date of publication: September 9 th , 2014
21 Since the sudden appearance of the extremist Sunni Islamic State (IS), the group has seized headlines with a shocking level of blood-letting cruelty
Since the extremist Sunni Islamic State (IS) suddenly appeared, it has seized headlines with a shocking level of blood- letting cruelty
Islamic State has become synonymous with viciousness - beheadings, crucifixions, stonings, massacres, burying victims alive and religious and ethnic cleansing
Islamic State has become synonymous with viciousness – It beheads, cricifies, stones victims, kills a large number of people cruelty, buries victims alive amd even cleanses ethnic minorities
27 It‟s a conscious decision to terrorize enemies and impress co-opt new recruits
√ It is consciously decided to terrorize enemies and impress co-opt new recruits
28 Beginning with the assassination of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat in
1980, this Islamic insurgency dissipated by the end of 1990s
√ Beginning with the fact that Egyptian
President Anwar Sadat was assassinated in
1980, this Islamic insurgency dissipated by the end of 1990s
29 Bin Laden went to great lengths to rationalise al-Qaeda's attack on the US on 11 September 2001, calling it
"defensive jihad", or retaliation against perceived US domination of Muslim societies
Bin Laden went to great lengths to rationalise al-Qaeda's attack on the US on
11 September 2001, calling it "defensive jihad", or retaliation against perceived US that dominates Muslim societies
Conscious of the importance of winning hearts and minds, Bin Laden sold his message to Muslims and even
Conscious of the importance of the fact that IS wins hearts and minds, Bin Laden sold his message to Muslims and even
Americans as self-defence, not aggression
Americans as the way to defend themselves, not to show their aggression
32 This kind of justification, however, carries no weight with IS leader Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi, who cannot care less what the world thinks of his blood-letting
The way they justify their violence, however, carries no weight with IS leader Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi, who cannot care less what the world thinks of his blood- letting
33 But they end up in the clutches of IS doing it evil deeds, such as beheading innocent civilians
But they end up in the clutches of IS doing it evil deeds For example, they beheaded innocent civilians
Following in the footsteps of al- Zarqawi, al-Baghdadi ignored repeated pleas by his mentor Ayman al-Zawahiri, head of al-Qaeda, and other top militants to avoid indiscriminate killing of Shia
Al-Baghdadi follows the footsteps of al- Zarqawi, he ignored repeated pleas by his mentor Ayman al-Zawahiri, head of al- Qaeda, and other top militants to avoid Shia being indiscriminately killed
36 The drivers behind IS' unrestrained extremism can be traced to its origins with al-Qaeda in Iraq, led by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, who was killed by the Americans in 2006
√ The things that drive behind IS' unrestrained extremism can be traced to its origins with al-Qaeda in Iraq, led by Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, who was killed by the Americans in 2006
37 Not unlike its predecessor, IS is nourished on an anti-Shia diet and visceral hatred of minorities in general, portraying itself as the spearhead of Sunni Arabs in the fight against sectarian-based regimes in Baghdad and Damascus
√ Not unlike what precedes it, IS is nourished on an anti-Shia diet and visceral hatred of minorities in general, portraying itself as the spearhead of Sunni Arabs in the fight against sectarian-based regimes in Baghdad and Damascus
At the height of Israeli bombings of Gaza in August, militants on social media criticised IS for killing Muslims while doing nothing to help the Palestinians
At the height of the incident that Israeli bombed Gaza in August, militants on social media criticised IS because it killed Muslims while doing nothing to help the Palestinians
40 IS retorted by saying the struggle against the Shia takes priority over everything else
IS retorted when it says the struggle against the Shia takes priority over everything else
Now that the US and Europe have joined the conflict against IS, the group will use all its assets in retaliation, including further beheading of hostages
Now that the US and Europe have joined the conflict against IS, the group will use all its assets to retaliate, including the fact that more hostages are beheaded
A few month ago, in response to chatter by his followers, al-Baghdadi acknowledged that this organization was not equipped to attack the Americans at home
A few month ago, to respond to chatter by the people who follow him, al-Baghdadi acknowledged that this organization was not equipped to attack the Americans at home
Article No 4: Bee Decline Linked to Falling Biodiversity Source: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/mobile/science/nature/8467746.stm
Date of publication: January 20 th , 2010
45 Bees make glucose oxidase (GOX) to preserve honey and food for larvae against infestation by microbes
Bees make glucose oxidase (GOX) to preserve honey and food for larvae so that they won‟t be infested by microbes
46 So that would mean they have better antiseptic protection compared to other bees…
So that would mean they are better antiseptically protected compared to other bees…
47 A possible conclusion of the new research is that the insects need to eat a variety of proteins in order to synthesize their various chemical defenses
√ It is possibly concluded about the new research that the insects need to eat a variety of proteins in order to synthesize their various chemical defenses
48 David Aston, who chairs the British Beekeepers' Association technical committee, described the finding as
"very interesting" - particularly as the diversity of food available to UK bees has declined
David Aston, who chairs the British Beekeepers' Association technical committee, described what was found as
"very interesting" - particularly as the diversity of food available to UK bees has declined
"If you think about the amount of habitat destruction, the loss of biodiversity, that sort of thing, and the expansion of crops like oilseed rape, you've now got large areas of monoculture; and that's been a fairly major change in what pollinating insects can forage for."
"If you think about the amount of habitat that is destroyed, the biodiversity that is lost , that sort of thing, and the crops like oilseed rape that are expanded, you've now got large areas of monoculture; and that's been a fairly major change in what pollinating insects can forage for."
52 While cautioning that laboratory research alone cannot prove the case,
Dr Alaux said the finding tied in well with what is happening in the US
While cautioning that laboratory research alone cannot prove the case, Dr Alaux said the findin what was found tied in well with what is happening in the US
53 In the UK, the problem may have been compounded by loss of genetic diversity among the bees themselves
In the UK, the problem may have been compounded because genetic diversity among the bees themselves loses
In the UK, where farmers are already rewarded financially for implementing wildlife-friendly measures, Dr Aston thinks there is some scope for turning the trend and giving some diversity back to the foraging bees
