A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF INTERPERSONAL MEANING IN AMERICAN AND VIETNAMESE CARICATURES FROM MULTI MODAL PERSPECTIVE

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING QUY NHON UNIVERSITY HUỲNH THỊ DIỄM NHƯ A CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS OF INTERPERSONAL MEANING IN AMERICAN AND VIETNAMESE CARICATURES FROM MULTIMODAL PERSPECTIVE Field: English Linguistics Code: 22 02 01 Supervisor: Võ Duy Đức, Ph.D BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC QUY NHƠN HUỲNH THỊ DIỄM NHƯ PHÂN TÍCH ĐỐI CHIẾU NÉT NGHĨA LIÊN NHÂN TRONG TRANH BIẾM HỌA MỸ VÀ VIỆT NAM TỪ GĨC NHÌN ĐA PHƯƠNG THỨC Chun ngành: Mã số: Ngôn ngữ Anh 8220201 Người hướng dẫn: TS Võ Duy Đức STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP I hereby declare that this thesis “A contrastive analysis of Interpersonal meaning in American and Vietnamese caricatures from multi-modal perspective” is my own work All references and extracts have been distinguished by quotation marks and all resources of information have been specifically acknowledged I further certify that I have not submitted this thesis at any other institution in order to obtain a degree Binh Dinh, 2019 HUỲNH THỊ DIỄM NHƯ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS With the great help of my supervisor and all the lecturers of the course, this thesis has been possible to complete on time First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Dr Võ Duy Đức for his patience, encouragement, and immense knowledge, and for valuable materials of a very new linguistic field and for the time he spent reading my drafts and for his precious comments Without his great experience and support, this thesis could not be done He also inspired me to choose the topic for my research My thanks particularly go to the lecturers who have been provided me with important knowledge and foundation for this thesis I am also grateful for source of materials and helpful suggestions on visual analysis in my thesis of Dr Peter R R White Also, my sincere appreciation goes to the Head of Foreign Language Department, Assoc Prof Dr Nguyễn Quang Ngoạn for giving me the best infrastructures and materials for following this course of M.A degree in English Linguistics as well as the most convenient time for doing this thesis I am deeply grateful to my colleagues and close friends for sharing me helpful materials, experiences and necessary sources of information about the study Last but not least, my great gratitude is devoted to my family, especially my mother They have helped me overcome a lot of difficulties about the fee as well as the time in order to complete this thesis smoothly ASTRACT This study mainly investigates visual and verbal meanings in American and Vietnamese caricatures based on the frameworks of Visual Grammar by Kress and van Leeuwen (2006) and Appraisal Theory by White and Martin (2005) Fifty American and Vietnamese caricatures were collected to explore prominent visual and attitudinal features in terms of visual and attitudinal meaning The findings indicate that in Interactive meaning, Offer Gaze between the viewers and the participants is the dominant type, Long shot is the most frequent choice, and Frontal angle and High angle are mostly used in American and Vietnamese caricatures Moreover, in exploration of Attitudinal meaning in caricatures, Appreciation was found to be used with the highest percentage The caricaturists in both languages seem to express their feelings and their evaluation about the people and the current society Besides the similarities, some differences were observed in the two data sources One difference between them is that Vietnamese caricaturists tend to use implicit assessments more than American ones Based on the results of data analysis, some implications and suggestions for further research were drawn out TABLE OF CONTENTS STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ASTRACT TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIATIONS AND CONVENTIONS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Rationale 1.2 Significance of the study 1.3 Aims and objectives 1.3.1 Aims 1.3.2 Objectives 1.4 Research questions 1.5 Scope of the study 1.6 Organization of the study CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Caricatures 2.2 Grammar of Visual Design 2.2.1 Representational meaning 2.2.2 Interactive meaning 2.2.2.1 Contact 10 2.2.2.2 Social distance 11 2.2.2.3 Attitude 12 2.2.3 Compositional meaning 15 2.3 Appraisal 16 2.3.1 Attitude 17 2.3.1.1 Affect 18 2.3.1.2 Judgement 22 2.3.1.3 Appreciation 26 2.3.2 Engagement 29 2.3.3 Graduation 29 2.4 Previous studies 30 CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 34 3.1 Research methods 34 3.2 Data collection 35 3.3 Data analysis 35 3.4 Procedures 36 3.5 Validity and Reliability 37 CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS 38 4.1 Findings of Interactive meaning 38 4.1.1 Contact 38 4.1.2 Social distance 40 4.1.2.1 Social distance in American caricatures 41 4.1.2.2 Social distance in Vietnamese caricatures 43 4.1.2.3 A comparison of Social distance in American and Vietnamese caricatures 45 4.1.3 Attitude 46 4.1.3.1 Horizontal angle in American caricatures 47 4.1.3.2 Horizontal angle in Vietnamese caricatures 49 4.1.3.3 A comparison of Horizontal angle in American and Vietnamese caricatures 51 4.1.3.4 Vertical angle in American caricatures 52 4.1.3.5 Vertical angle in Vietnamese caricatures 53 4.1.3.6 A comparison of Vertical angle in American and Vietnamese caricatures 55 4.2 Findings of Attitudinal values 57 4.2.1 Attitudinal values in the American caricatures 57 4.2.1.1 Affect 58 4.2.1.2 Judgement 61 4.2.1.3 Appreciation 65 4.2.2 Attitudinal values in Vietnamese caricatures 68 4.2.2.1 Affect 69 4.2.2.2 Judgement 73 4.2.2.3 Appreciation 76 4.2.3 A comparison of Attiudinal values in American and Vietnamese caricatures 79 4.3 Conclusion 81 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS 82 5.1 Conclusions 82 5.2 Implications 84 5.3 Limitations of the study 85 5.4 Suggestions for further study 85 REFERENCES 86 APPENDIX xiii ABBREVIATIONS AND CONVENTIONS (a) Abbreciations Auth Authorial AC American caricatures Cap Capacity Comp Composition Dissat Dissatisfaction Hap Happiness Insec Insecurity Non-Auth Non-Authorial Nor Normality Prop Propriety React Reaction Sat Satisfaction Sec Security SFG Systemic Functional Grammar SFL Systemic Functional Linguistics Ten Tenacity Unhapp Unhappiness Val Valuation VC Vietnamese caricatures Ver Veracity (b) Conventions AC (1-25): American caricatures numbered from to 25 (Details in Appendix A) VC (1-25): Vietnamese caricatures numbered from 1-25 (Details in Appendix A) - Boldface is used to mark the first use of technical terms - Italic words are used for examples, and emphasis - Underlined words are used to mark the use of what is being demonstrated - Plus (+) in examples are used to identify positive values - Minor (-) in examples are used to identify negative values xxi 17 18 xxii 19 20 xxiii 21 22 xxiv 23 24 xxv 25 Vietnamese caricatures xxvi xxvii xxviii xxix xxx 10 11 xxxi 12 13 14 xxxii 15 16 17 xxxiii 18 19 20 xxxiv 21 22 23 xxxv 24 25 ... analysis of Interpersonal meaning in American and Vietnamese caricatures from multi-modal perspective? ?? 1.2 Significance of the study Analyzing American and Vietnamese caricatures has an important... on the meaning of visual and evaluative language in American and Vietnamese caricatures via the use of Visual Grammar by Kress and van Leeuwen (2006) and Appraisal Theory by White and Martin (2005)... following research questions are raised: How the images in American and Vietnamese caricatures carry Interactive meanings? What are the sub-types of Attitude used in American and Vietnamese caricatures