Part 1 Semantics I Definition Semantics is generally defined as the study of meaning (Lyons, 1977; Hurford, Heasley, 1983) Saeed (2003) “Semantics is the study of the meaning of words and sentences” G.
Part 1: Semantics I Definition Semantics is generally defined as the study of meaning (Lyons, 1977; Hurford, Heasley, 1983) Saeed (2003): “Semantics is the study of the meaning of words and sentences” Griffith (2006): “Semantics is the study of the “toolkit” for meaning: knowledge encoded in the vocabulary of the language and in its patterns for building more elaborate meanings, up to the level of sentence meaning.” Semantics is the study of the relationships between linguistic forms and entities in the world; that is, how words literally connect to things Ngữ nghĩa học môn học nghiên cứu mối quan hệ hình thức ngơn ngữ thực thể giới; nghĩa là,từ ngữ kết nối với thứ theo nghĩa đen Chỉ cần nhớ: Ngữ nghĩa môn học ý nghĩa từ câu II SENTENCE, UTTERANCE, PROPOSITION Sentence (câu) Câu đơn vị ngôn ngữ; chuỗi từ ghép lại với theo quy tắc ngữ pháp ngôn ngữ Một câu truyền đạt ý nghĩa Ex: The man/ is/ on the tree S + V + O Ý nghĩa câu xuất phát từ bên ngôn ngữ (nghĩa đen), không phụ thuộc vào ngữ cảnh (context) VD: Mấy rồi? Utterance (phát ngôn) Phát ngôn người nói nói viết; bạn đưa thời gian, ngày tháng, địa điểm phát ngơn Một phát ngơn bao gồm: ngữ điệu, nhấn âm, khuôn mẫu, điệu (intonation, stress, patterns, gestures) VD: Một diễn giả trình bày diễn văn, thơ, đoạn thơ, số tình chí từ phát ngơn Đặc điểm phát ngơn • Có thể lời nói văn • Sự kiện vật lý • Có thể sai ngữ pháp khơng • Có thể cụm từ "Such a beatiful girl!" “Oh my god!” Hoặc chí từ "Wow!" “Ohhh!” • Có thể xác định thời gian cụ thể, địa điểm cụ thể • Được nói người cụ thể (với giọng cụ thể / particular accent) VD: Giọng miền Bắc, Miền Trung, Miền Nam Proposition (mệnh đề nghĩa) Là ý tưởng/ tư tưởng (the basic idea/thought) câu; kiện trạng thái; nói điều kiện / trạng thái - Là ý nghĩa cốt lõi câu (core sentence meaning), ý tưởng trừu tượng giữ nguyên trường hợp Examples: Sharks hunt seals Seals are hunted by sharks Seals are preys to sharks => THE SAME MEANING (3 sentences, same proposition) - • • • - Một câu có nhiều mệnh đề nghĩa - Mệnh đề nghĩa (proposition) + có yếu tố ngơn ngữ, khơng có ý nghĩa liên cá nhân (ngữ cảnh) + tương ứng với tư tưởng hoàn tồn độc lập (no context) Khơng giống câu, mệnh đề nghĩa thuộc ngôn ngữ cụ thể Các câu ngôn ngữ khác tương ứng với mệnh đề, hai câu dịch hoàn hảo Example: English I love you French je t'aime Japanese わわわわわわわわわわわわわわわ Chinese わわわ => same proposition, same meaning BT: John gave Mary a book Mary was given a book by John .sentences? proposition? • Sentence meaning (nghĩa câu) Meanings of a sentence come from only within the language, independent of context Nghĩa câu xét mặt ngôn ngữ, khơng phụ thuộc vào ngữ cảnh • Utterance meaning (nghĩa phát ngôn) Utterance has contextual (or interpersonal) meaning Phát ngơn có nghĩa mệnh đề nghĩa ngữ cảnh (liên cá nhân) What is the real meaning? • Propositional meaning (sentence) vs interpersonal meaning (utterance) Nghĩa mệnh đề nghĩa câu, nghĩa liên cá nhân (ngữ cảnh) nghĩa phát ngơn • Proposition vs utterance analysis: Example: “The book is open.” Sentence meaning: The book is in a state of opening Utterance meaning: You are copying from the book accusation (lời buộc tội) “Tom opened the book.” The meaning of an utterance comes from both the language & the context & from features of language (e.g intonation, stress, gestures) BT: Examples of utterance: Can you open the window? Nghĩa câu: Nghĩa phát ngôn: III Semantic feature (đặc điểm ngữ nghĩa / nét nghĩa) Đặc điểm ngữ nghĩa đơn vị ý nghĩa nhỏ từ Chúng ta xác định ý nghĩa từ đặc điểm ngữ nghĩa chúng Ex: FATHER [+Human] : người [+ Male ] : giống đực [+ Mature ] : trưởng thành [+ Parental ] : phụ huynh / cha mẹ [+ paternal ] : bên nội HEN [+animal ] : động vật [+ bird] : lớp chim [+ common domestic fowl] : vật nuôi [+ fully grown] : trưởng thành [+ female] : giống Người ta dùng kí hiệu [+] [-] để có khơng có đặc điểm: VD: baby [+ young] = (có) trẻ [+ human] = (có) người [– abstract] = (ko có nghĩa) trừu tượng CHARACTERISTICS - Một từ bao gồm: PRIMITIVE SEMANTIC FEATURES: nét nghĩa [+animate], [+ human], [+ male] OTHER SEMANTIC FEATURES: nét nghĩa phụ [+ parental] [+ paternal] - Đặc điểm ngữ nghĩa giống tìm thấy nghĩa từ khác VD: Cha, mẹ, trai, gái, cô giáo [+ human] Mẹ, gái, gà mái, heo nái… [+ female] - Đặc điểm ngữ nghĩa giống tìm thấy từ loại khác Ví dụ: [+ Female] tìm thấy danh từ mother, tính từ pregnant, động từ breast-feed [+ education] tìm thấy danh từ teacher, tính từ educated, động từ teach IV Lexical/ semantic field (Trường từ vựng) A semantic field or a lexical field is the organization of related words and expressions into a system which show their relationship to one another (Richards Platt & Weber 1987:53) It is a group of words sharing the same semantic property/feature/component Trường từ vựng từ có chung nét nghĩa EX: Items related by topics (chung chủ đề) • Fruit: apples, oranges, grapes, bananas etc • Clothing: shirts, pants, shorts, hats etc • Color: green, red, blue, purple, pink etc Items which are similar in meaning (chung ý nghĩa) • Ways of cooking: stew, boil, fry, steam, roast etc • Ways of walking: limp, tiptoe, stalk etc • Ways of looking: stare, peer, glance, squint etc Items grouped as an activity or a process (chung trình) Do housework: clean the room, washing, iron clothes, prepare the meal etc • Do research: make hypotheses, collect data, analyze data, get results, come to a conclusion Bài tập: Which of the following semantic properties belongs to “dog”? Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a [+female] b [+intellect] c [+loyal] d [+mature] The relationship between “room” and “house” is: Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a part- whole b synonymy c polysemy d hyponymy The best hypernym for the lexical field “cleaning the house, doing washing, ironing clothes, preparing the meals” is: Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a doing housework b working c doing homework d activities The following pair “Paul loves Mary.” “Mary loves Paul.” consists of: Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a sentences; propositions b sentences; proposition c utterances; proposition d utterances; propositions The underlined part in “cooking and boiling” is a: Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a hypernym b synonym c hyponym d antonym The relationship between “furniture” and “desk” is: “I promise to clean the floor.” “Please bring me the salt.” Maxims of the Cooperative Principles nguyên tắc/ phương châm hội thoại QUALITY (BEING TRUE) phương châm chất A: “The Teheran’s in Turkey, isn’t it, teacher?” B: “And London’s in America I suppose.” QUANTITY (BEING BRIEF) phương châm lượng A: “Where are you going?” B: “I’m going to the post office.” RELATION (BEING RELEVANT) phương châm quan hệ A: “What on earth has happened to the roast beef? “ B: “The dog is looking very happy!” MANNER (BEING CLEAR) phương châm cách thức Hãy rõ ràng Hãy ngắn gọn Hãy có trật tự A: “Where was Alfred yesterday?” B: “Alfred went to the store and bought some whiskey.” What may be B’s intent in the following conversation? A: “Anything new in the entertainment program for today?” B: “There’s a good film on at NH cinema.” Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a B suggests going to the cinema b B wants A to buy him a ticket to the cinema c NH cinema always has good films d B reports to A what he knows about entertainment The type of speech act of B’s utterance in the following conversation is: A: “Anything new in the entertainment program for today?” B: “There’s a good film on at NH cinema.” Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a declarative b representative c directive d commissive What may be B’s intent in the following conversation? A: “Can you bring that bag home for me, please?” B: “Oh, this bag is too heavy I can’t carry it.” Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a B refuses to carry the bag b B asks A to help him carry the bag c B complaints about A’s buying too many things d The bag weighs many kilos Which of the followings may be the illocutionary meaning of “Would you mind my opening the door?”? Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a Would you mind if I open the door? b Do you want me to open the door for you? c Could you open the door please? d Would you mind opening the door? The type of speech act of B’s utterance in the following conversation is: A: Dinner is almost ready Can you set the table, dear? B: I’m dead tired now Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a directive b representative c commissive d declarative Which of the followings may be the illocutionary meaning of “Do you have to stand in front of the TV?”? Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a Can’t you stand the TV? b Don’t stand to watch TV c please don’t stand in front of the TV; I’m watching it What may be B’s intent in the following conversation? A: The final exam is coming near B: If you don’t try your best, you’ll fail Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a The final exam is very difficult b A will fail even though he tries his best c Many students will fail in this exam d B advises A to try his best to pass the exam The type of speech act of B’s utterance in the following conversation is: A: “Meet me at Hoa Binh park at midnight.” B: “I’ll bring a bodyguard in that case.” Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a directive b commissive c declarative d representative The type of speech act of B’s utterance in the following conversation is: A: “I love you so much Let’s get married.” B: “I love you too, but I haven’t graduated from the university yet.” Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a commissive b representative c directive d declarative The type of speech act of B’s utterance in the following conversation is: A: “Can you bring that bag home for me, please?” B: “Oh, this bag is too heavy I can’t carry it.” Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a representative b commissive c directive d declarative The type of speech act of B’s utterance in the following conversation is: A: “To make a long story short, Ed’s girlfriend falls in love with Ed’s younger brother” B: “Who will believe this story?!” Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a declarative b expressive c representative d directive What may be B’s intent in the following conversation? A: “Meet me at Hoa Binh park at midnight.” B: “I’ll bring a bodyguard in that case.” Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a B refuses to go to Hoa Binh park at midnight b B wants A to take her there c B asks A to call a bodyguard for her d Hoa Binh park is not safe at midnight IMPLICATURE (hàm ý) Là ngụ ý hiểu ngầm Ex: - Students: “Sir, how are our final exams?” Teacher: “Few of you passed.” Implicature: Not many of you passed (Most of you failed) a Conversational implicature Hàm ý hội thoại Ý nghĩa ngụ ý trị chuyện Các thành viên tham gia hội thoại tơn trọng phương châm hội thoại Ex 1: A: “I hope you brought the bread and the cheese.” B: “I brought the cheese.” Implicature: B did not bring the bread (quantity maxim) Ex 2: A: “Is the boss in?” B: “The light in his office is still on.” Implicature: Maybe the boss is still in the office (relation / relevance maxim) b Scalar implicature (hàm ý thang độ) Trên thang đo, khẳng định lại thang đo cao bị phủ định Quantity scale: (thang đo số lượng) No one – Few – A few – Some – Many – Most – All Frequency scale: (thang đo tần suất) Never – Rarely – Seldom – Sometimes – Often – Usually – Always Possibility scale: (thang đo khả năng) Possible – probable – Almost certain – Certain Scalar implicature Ex 1: “Some students visited me yesterday.” Implicature: Not many / Not all students visited me yesterday Ex 2: “I seldom go to Ky Dong swimming pool.” Implicature: I not go to Ky Dong swimming pool very often c Conventional implicature (hàm ý quy ước) dựa quy ước liên kết với từ cụ thể Ex 1: “I tried my best to get the ticket.” (tried thông thường nghĩa thất bại) Implicature: I didn’t get the ticket Ex 2: “The teacher hasn’t come yet.” Implicature: The teacher is expected to come later (Yet thông thường việc sau đó) Ex 3: “Even the President came to the party.” Implicature: That the President came to the party is out of expectation (Even thông thường trái với dự kiến) PRESUPPOSITION (tiền giả định) Là giả định dựa phát ngôn Ex: Mary's brother bought houses Presuppositions: Mary exists Mary has a brother He has a lot of money Types of presupposition a Existential presupposition (tiền giả định tồn tại) Ex: Mary's brother bought houses Mary exists Mary has a brother b Factive presupposition (tiền giả định thực) giả định điều thật (thường với động từ ‘know, realize, regret, be aware of, be glad’) She didn’t realize he was ill >> He was ill I wasn’t aware that she was married >> She was married c Non-factive presupposition: (tiền giả định ảo) giả định cho khơng có thật (các động từ dream, imagine, pretend…) VD: I dreamed that I was rich >> I was not rich We imagined we were in Hawaii >> We were not in Hawaii He pretends to be ill >> He is not ill d Lexical presupposition (tiền giả định từ vựng) dùng từ quy ước mang nghĩa ngầm hiểu VD: He stopped smoking >> He used to smoke They started complaining >> They weren’t complaining before You’re late again >> You were late before e Structural presupposition (Tiền giả định cấu trúc) sử dụng số cấu trúc giả định điều đúng: A Wh-question ⇒ a completed action When did he leave? >> He left Where did you buy the bike? >> You bought the bike When did she get married? >> She got married f Counter-factual presupposition (Giả định phản thực tế) giả định khơng mà cịn ngược lại với (trái với thật) Ex: If you were my friend, you would have helped me >>You are not my friend If John had entered the raffle, he would have won >> John didn’t enter the raffle Which one is the best implicature for the following situations? A: - What happened to your flowers? B: - A dog got into the garden Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a it is A’s dog b B’ s flowers got destroyed c the dog likes flowers d it is B’s dog Which one is the best implicature for the following situations? A: - Did you fix that leak? B: - I tried to Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a B did his best to fix the leak b B didn’t want to fix the leak c B managed to fix the leak d B couldn’t fix the leak Which one is the best implicature for the following situations? A: - What’s with your mother? B: - Let’s go to the garden Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a B’s mother is not at home b B’s mother has got some problem c B cannot talk about his mother’s problem right there d B’s mother is all right Which one is the best implicature for the following situations? A: - Mary is going to give me a ride to the party B: - How could she? She doesn’t have her license yet Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a Mary should not drive b Mary is not going to the party c Mary is going to the airport d Mary is not very kind Which one is the best implicature for the following situations? A: - How did you on these exams? B: - I failed physics Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a B failed all the exams b B didn’t take the other exams c B took the physics exam d B passed the other exams Which one is the best implicature for the following situations? A: - Who used all the printer paper? B: - I used some of it Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a B used all the printer paper b B didn’t use all the paper c B doesn’t know who used it d There “s some printer paper on the table The utterance “The exam is not so difficult.” presupposes: Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a The speaker already knows what the exam is b The exam is too easy c The speaker passed the exam Which one is the best implicature for the following situations? A: - Did you buy the car? B: - It cost twice as much as I thought it would Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a B bought the car b The car is very expensive c B intended to buy a car d B did not buy the car Which one is the best implicature for the following situations? A: -Do you accept credit card? B: - Only if the charge is more than $15 Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a He cannot use a credit card if he spends less than $15 b She cannot accept cash c The store does not accept credit cards d The fee for charging is more than $15 Which one is the best implicature for the following situations? A: - Maria, why did you get up so early today? B: - I thought someone was coming over Chọn một câu trả lời đúng: a She was expecting someone to visit b She got up early and went out c Someone called her early in the morning d She didn’t like to get up early ... open the window? Nghĩa câu: Nghĩa phát ngôn: III Semantic feature (đặc điểm ngữ nghĩa / nét nghĩa) Đặc điểm ngữ nghĩa đơn vị ý nghĩa nhỏ từ Chúng ta xác định ý nghĩa từ đặc điểm ngữ nghĩa chúng Ex:... có nghĩa mệnh đề nghĩa ngữ cảnh (liên cá nhân) What is the real meaning? • Propositional meaning (sentence) vs interpersonal meaning (utterance) Nghĩa mệnh đề nghĩa câu, nghĩa liên cá nhân (ngữ. .. mệnh đề nghĩa - Mệnh đề nghĩa (proposition) + có yếu tố ngơn ngữ, khơng có ý nghĩa liên cá nhân (ngữ cảnh) + tương ứng với tư tưởng hoàn toàn độc lập (no context) Không giống câu, mệnh đề nghĩa