Tiếng Anh và mức độ quan trọng đối với cuộc sống của học sinh, sinh viên Việt Nam.Khi nhắc tới tiếng Anh, người ta nghĩ ngay đó là ngôn ngữ toàn cầu: là ngôn ngữ chính thức của hơn 53 quốc gia và vùng lãnh thổ, là ngôn ngữ chính thức của EU và là ngôn ngữ thứ 3 được nhiều người sử dụng nhất chỉ sau tiếng Trung Quốc và Tây Ban Nha (các bạn cần chú ý là Trung quốc có số dân hơn 1 tỷ người). Các sự kiện quốc tế , các tổ chức toàn cầu,… cũng mặc định coi tiếng Anh là ngôn ngữ giao tiếp.
GIAÙO TRÌNH NGÖÕ NGHÓA – NGỮ DỤNG HOÏC TIEÁNG ANH ENGLISH SEMANTICS & PRAGMATICS COMPILED BY NGUYEN THUY NGA NGUYEN QUOC BAO Ho Chi Minh City, 2014 (Revised) CONTENTS PART 1: SEMANTICS I DEFINITION SENTENCES, UTTERANCES & PROPOSITIONS II SEMANTIC FEATURES / PROPERTIES III SEMANTIC / LEXICAL FIELD IV REFERENCE & SENSE 10 Definition Types of reference Referring expression V VI TYPES OF MEANING 16 Word meaning a Denotative meaning b Connotative meaning Sentence meaning a Linguistic / literal meaning Semantic / Participant roles b Semantic meaning & pragmatic meaning c Non-literal meaning / Figures of speech Simile Metaphor Irony Sarcasm Synecdoche Metonymy Personification Hyperbole Euphemism 16 MEANING PROPERTIES / CHARACTERISTICS Anomaly Ambiguity Definition Types of ambiguity Some common forms of structural ambiguity 27 27 28 16 VII MEANING RELATION Word relation Synonym Antonym Homophone Homograph Homonym Polysemy Hyponymy Sentence relation Entailment Contradiction Paraphrase o Types of Paraphrase o Ways to paraphrase a sentence VIII TYPES OF SENTENCE BASING ON TRUTH VALUE Analytic sentence Synthetic sentence Contradictory sentence 37 37 41 45 PART 2: PRAGMATICS I DEFINITION 50 II SPEECH ACT 50 Definition Components Speech event / situation Setting Participants / Characters Relation Message Tone used Direct & indirect speech act Types of speech act Declarative Representative Expressive Directive Commissive III THE COOPERATIVE MAXIMS 57 IV IMPLICATURE 59 Definition Types of implicature V PRESUPPOSITION 63 Definition Types of presupposition REFERENCES 67 ANSWER KEY 68 PART 1: SEMANTICS I DEFINITION Semantics is the study of meaning in language.(Hurford & Heasley, 1983: 1) Semantics is the study of the relationships between linguistic forms and entities in the world; that is, how words literally connect to things Semantic analysis also attempts to establish the relationship between verbal descriptions and states of affairs in the world as accurate (true) or not, regardless of who produces that description (Yule, 1996:4) II SENTENCES, UTTERANCES, AND PROPOSITIONS A sentence (câu) is a string of words put together by the grammatical rules of a language (Hurford & Heasley, 1983: 16) Ex:- A house was struck by lightning last night - Money doesn‟t make happiness An utterance (phát ngôn) is a piece of language (a sequence of sentences, a single phrase, or a single word) used by a particular speaker on a particular occasion (Hurford & Heasley, 1983: 15) In written language, an utterance is put between quotation marks Ex:- “Hello” - “Not much” - “Utterances may consist of a single word, a single phrase, or a single sentence They may also consist of a sequence of sentences.” A proposition (mệnh đề) is that part of the meaning of the utterance of a declarative sentence which describes some state of affairs (Hurford & Heasley, 1983: 19) Ex:- Paul turned on the TV - I met him at the cinema last night Rule: The notion of truth can be used to decide whether two sentences express the same proposition or different propositions When one sentence is true and the other is also true, they express the same proposition If one sentence is true while the other may be false, they express different propositions True propositions correspond to reality False propositions not correspond to reality Ex: (1) Harry took out the garbage Harry took the garbage out The garbage was taken out by Harry (3 sentences; same proposition) (2) John gave Mary a book Mary was given a book by John (2 sentences; same proposition) (3) Isobel loves Tony Tony loves Isobel (2 sentences; different propositions) (It is not necessary that Tony loves Isobel) (4) “Dr Findlay caused Janet to die.” “Dr Findlay killed Janet.” (2 utterances; different propositions) (In the case Dr Findlay caused Janet to die, but not intentionally) Exercise 1: Answer the following sentences, choosing Yes or No Does it make sense to talk of the time and place of a sentence? Does it make sense to talk of the time and place of an utterance? Can one talk of a loud sentence? Can one talk of a loud utterance? Does it make sense to ask what language a sentence belongs to? Does it make sense to ask what language an utterance belongs to? Exercise 2: Fill in the chart with „+‟ or „-„ as appropriate Utterances Can be loud or quiet Sentences Yes / No Yes / No Yes / No Yes / No Yes / No Yes / No Propositions Can be grammatical or not Can be true or false In a particular regional accent In a particular language Can the same proposition be expressed by different sentences? Can the same proposition be realized by different utterances? Yes / No Yes / No Exercise 3: Answer the following: Are the following groups of words a sentence or an utterance? a John sang wonderfully last night b “John sang wonderfully last night.” Can a sentence be true or false? Can an utterance be true or false? Is an utterance tied to a particular time and place? Is a sentence tied to a particular time and place? S/U S/U Yes / No Yes / No Yes / No Yes / No III SEMANTIC PROPERTIES/ FEATURES DEFINITION Semantic features or properties are ‘the smallest units of meaning in a word.’ (Richards, Platt & Weber, 1987: 254) Example: (+: plus; - : minus) Father + human + male + mature + married + having children Each factor Assassin + human is a + adult Semantic + killer Property / + kill a VIP Feature Bachelor + human + male + adult + unmarried Teacher + human + adult + earn living by teaching CHARACTERISTICS a Primitive elements: basic primitive concepts in linguistics They are left undefined Ex: human, male, animal, color etc b The same semantic feature may be found in the meaning of different words Ex: Father, mother, son, daughter, teacher baby … all share the same semantic feature [+ human] Mother, daughter, hen, bitch, swine … all share the same semantic feature [+female] c The same semantic feature may be found in words of different parts of speech Ex: [+female] is part of the noun mother, the adjective pregnant, the verb breastfeed [+educational] is a semantic feature of the noun teacher, the adjective educated, the verb teach IV LEXICAL / SEMANTIC FIELD A semantic field or a lexical field is the organization of related words and expressions into a system which show their relationship to one another (Richards Platt & Weber 1987:53) In other words, it is a group of words sharing the same Semantic property Ex 1: Human (B) Hypernym / Super-ordinate Bachelor Father Mother Baby Uncle Sister Hyponymy (A) Hyponyms Hyponym is a word „whose referent is totally included in the referent of another term (hypo- means below) (Finegan 1994:165) Hypernym is a word whose referent covers all the referents of its hyponyms (hyper- means above) Hyponymy is a one-way relation from hyponyms and hypernym so that A (hyponym) is a kind of B (hypernym) We can say: A bachelor is a kind of human Not: A human is a kind of bachelor A boy is a kind of human Not: A human is a kind of boy Ex 2: Boy Male (Hypernym) Brother Uncle Ram Stallion Ox Bull (Hyponyms) Ways of organizing related words into different lexical / semantic fields Items related by topics a Fruit: apples, oranges, grappes, bananas etc b Clothing: shirts, pants, pajamas, hats etc c Color: green, red, blue, purple, pink etc Items which are similar in meaning a Ways of cooking: stew, boil, fry, steam, roast etc b Ways of walking: limp, tiptoe, stalk etc c Ways of looking: stare, peer, glance, squint etc Items grouped as an activity or a process a Doing housework: cleaning the room, doing washing, ironing clothes, preparing the meal etc b Doing research: making hypotheses, collecting data, analyzing data, getting results, coming to a conclusion Exercise For each group of words given below, state what semantic property or properties are shared by the words in group (i) and those in group (ii), and what semantic property or properties distinguish between the classes of (i) and (ii) Ex: i/ widow, mother, sister, aunt, seamstress ii/ widower, father, brother, uncle, tailor the shared semantic property is human the different properties are: (i) => female; (ii) => male i bachelor, man, son, paperboy, pope, uncle ii bull, rooster, drake, ram, boar i bitch, hen, doe, mare, ewe, vixen ii actress, maiden, widow, woman, girl i doctor, dean, professor, bachelor, parent ii teenager, child, boy, baby, infant i table, stone, pencil, cup, house, ship, car ii milk, alcohol, rice, soup, mud i book, temple, mountain, road, tractor ii idea, love, charity, sincerity, bravery, fear i pine, elm, ash, wiping, willow, sycamore ii rose, dandelion, carnation, tulip, daisy i book, letter, encyclopedia, novel, notebook, dictionary ii typewriter, pencil, ballpoint, crayon, quill, charcoal, chalk i walk, run, skip, jump, hope, swim ii fly, skate, ski, ride, cycle, canoe, hang-glide Exercise 5: Put the following words into different lexical fields Give each group a hypernym Cup – hammer – glass – nails – red – jug – wineglass – blue – purple – boxing – scissors – football – knife – plastic cup – yellow – badminton – pink – file – weightlifting – green – run – motor-racing – crawl – walk – black – swim – vermilion – karate Exercise 6: Give a hypernym to each of the following strings of words Cross out the item(s) that does / not belong to the same lexical field as the others acquire, buy, collect, win, sell, steal, rob whisper, talk, narrate, report, tell, instruct, brief road, path, way, street, method, freeway, avenue easy-going, sociable, well-mannered, friendly, sad, elegant, courteous, strong smell, aroma, bouquet, perfume, fragrance, scent, odor, reek toast, boil, fry, fresh, grill, medium, bake, roast, steam cow, dog, cat, tiger, lion, ape, human, bird, whale, chicken sing, talk, dance, speak, shout, whisper, mutter, babble at, of, in, on, under, below, near 10 square, circular, triangular, rectangular, spherical, hexagonal, polygonal MULTIPLE CHOICE TESTS TEST 1 Which of the following is correct about linguistics? a Linguistics is the study of language meaning b Linguistics is the study of English c Linguistics is the study of all dialects d Linguistics is the study of language Which of the following does not belong to linguistics? a language skills b phonology c semantics d pragmatics Which of the following is correct about semantics? a Semantics is the study of language use b Semantics is the study of language c Semantics is the study of language meaning d Semantics is an independent subject Which of the following is correct about pragmatics? a Pragmatics is the study of language b Pragmatics is the study of language use c pragmatics is an independent subject d Pragmatics is the study of language meaning Which of the following statements is true? a The objective of semantics is the literal meaning of language b The objective of linguistics is the meaning of language c The objective of semantics is the speaker‟s meaning d The objective of semantics is the non-literal meaning of language Which of the following statements is not true? a Pragmatics studies the relationship between language and objects b Pragmatics studies the relationship between language and the user c Pragmatics studies the speaker‟s meaning d Pragmatics studies how and what for the speaker uses the language Which of the following statements is true about sentence? a A sentence is a group of words grammatically linked to convey a complete meaning b A sentence is a group of words containing a finite verb c A sentence is a group of words containing a subject and a verb d A sentence is a group of words consisting of one clause Which of the following statements is not true about utterance? a The meaning of an utterance is the sum of meanings of the constituent words b An utterance is context bound / dependent c The meaning of an utterance depends on the situation in which it is uttered d An utterance is a sentence said in a particular situation Which of the following statements is not true? a It makes sense to talk of the time and place of an utterance b It makes sense to talk of the time and place of a sentence c It doesn‟t make sense to talk of a loud sentence d It makes sense to talk of a true sentence or utterance 10 Which of the following statements is not true? a The pragmatic meaning is the linguistic meaning b The meaning of an utterance is context-bound c The semantic meaning is out of context d The meaning of a sentence is context-free 11 The following pair: Dr Findlay caused Janet to die Dr Findlay killed Janet consists of: a utterances; propositions b sentences; proposition c sentences; propositions d utterances; proposition 12 The following pair “Paul opened the door” “The door was opened by Paul” consists of: a utterances; proposition b sentences; proposition c utterances; propositions d sentences; propositions 13 The following pair “Paul loves Mary” “Mary loves Paul” consists of: a utterances; propositions b sentences; proposition c sentences; propositions d utterances; proposition 14 The following pair They loaded hay onto the truck They loaded the truck with hay consists of: a utterances; proposition b sentences; proposition c sentences; propositions d utterances; propositions 15 Which of the following statements is not true? a The pragmatic meaning can be defined by the sum of semantic features b The semantic meaning of a word can be analyzed into semantic components c The same semantic property can be found in the meaning of different words d Semantic features are the smallest units of meaning in a word 16 Which of the following statements is not true? a A lexical field is a group of words sharing the same part of speech b A semantic field is a family of words that share the same semantic feature c There are different ways to organize semantically related words into lexical fields d A lexical field is a group of semantically related words 17 Which of the following semantic features does not belong to “cat”? a [+domestic] b [+animal] c [+male] d [+having a tail] 18 Which of the following semantic properties belongs to “dog”? a [+loyal] b [+intellect] c [+mature] d [+female] 19 The relationship between „bachelor‟ and „male‟ is: a antonymy b synonymy c polysemy d hyponymy 20 The relationship between „cock‟ and „male‟ is: a hyponymy b synonymy c polysemy d antonymy V REFERENCE & SENSE Definitions Reference is the relationship between language and the world In other words, that is the relationship between words and the things, actions, events, and qualities they stand for (Hurford & Heasley, 1983: 25) Ex: My son refers to a person; a dog refers to an animal (the speaker establishes a relationship between an expression and an object) 10 - Umm … check the grocery store next to the gas station to see if they have any a This grocery store does not accept checks b Check your shopping list while you are shopping c This store doesn‟t have what he wants d Check to see if the grocery store is next to the gas station 17 - Mr Blake misread the bus schedule - So he was not able to get there in time a He used the wrong bus schedule b He‟s going to get a bus schedule c He likes to ride a bus d He missed the bus 18 - John has his hair cut every two weeks - But Peter has his hair cut every month a John has his hair cut every month b John has his hair cut twice as often as Peter does c John had a hair cut two weeks ago d This month Peter hasn‟t had his hair cut 19 - Pat, are your parents still supporting you? - I‟m on my own now a She is financially independent now b She needs a financial advisor c She applied for a job last year d She‟s happy with her financial plan 20 - How often the buses run? - Every half hour on weekdays, but I‟m not sure about weekend a The woman should check the bus schedule b The buses stop running on Fridays c The bus doesn‟t stop at the corner d The schedule on the corner is out-of-date VII PRESUPPOSITION Definition A presupposition is: -„what a speaker or writer assumes that the receiver of the message already knows‟ (Richards, Platt & Weber, 1987: 228) -„anything the speaker assumes to be true before making the utterance.‟ (Pecci, 1999: 19) Types of presupposition a Existential presupposition: assumes the existence of the entities named Ex: Mary‟s dog is cute >> (presupposes) Mary has a dog (the dog exists) Your car is nice >> You have a car b Factive presupposition: assumes something to be a fact (usually with the verbs as „know, realize, regret, be aware of, be glad‟ …) We regret telling him the news >> We told him the news She didn‟t realize he was ill >> He was ill I wasn‟t aware that she was married >> She was married It is odd that he left early >> He left early I‟m glad that it‟s over >> It‟s over c Lexical presupposition: the use of some words that conventionally assume the understood meaning 63 He stopped smoking >> He used to smoke They started complaining >> They weren‟t complaining before You‟re late again >> You were late before d Structural presupposition: the use of some structures that assume something to be true: A Wh-question ⇒ a completed action When did he leave? >> He left Where did you buy the bike? >> You bought the bike When did she get married? >> She got married e Non-factive presupposition: one that is assumed not to be true (the verbs like: dream, imagine, pretend…) I dreamed that I was rich >> I was not rich We imagined we were in Hawaii >> We were not in Hawaii He pretends to be ill >> He is not ill f Counter-factual presupposition: one that is presupposed not only not to be true, but also is the opposite of what is true (contrary to facts) Ex: If you were my friend, you would have helped me >>You are not my friend Exercise 37: Give a possible presupposition for the following utterances I wish I were rich How was your wedding? I remember posting your letter I won‟t it again Where did you see that film? Try to give up smoking What subjects are you taking? John‟s cat is missing The garage on the corner is still open 10 He pretends to be ill 11 He tried to catch the train 12 Had I been here yesterday, 13 Have some more tea 64 14 The film was terrible 15 You shouldn‟t have seen that film 16 My former sweetheart has just left for America 17 I regret saying „no‟ to your request 18 Who broke the vase? 19 I‟m going to apply for a job 20 My sister is coming back to VN next week 21 They are happy with the results of the final exam 22 How fast was the car going when it ran the red light? 23 Where is the car you took from John‟s house? 24 Then you can give Monica a lift 25 My neighbor is a widow 26 When I get married, I will invite all of you 27 They act as if they were my parents 28 I regret sending that letter to you 29 Suppose you were a teacher 30 They act as if they were my parents 31 I regret sending that letter to you 32 She keeps complaining like an old woman 33 It‟s a shame that you lie again 34 It is going to be hot for some more weeks TEST 11 The utterance “When did you give up teaching” presupposes: a the hearer gave up teaching b the hearer doesn‟t like teaching 65 c the hearer is going to give up teaching d the hearer will be dismissed The utterance “I tried to finish the test” presupposes: a I didn‟t take the test b I couldn‟t finish the test c I did my best to finish the test d I managed to finish the test The utterance “The exam is not so difficult” presupposes: a The speaker already knows what the exam is b The speaker passed the exam c the exam is too easy d the exam was scored The utterance “She is not happy about the chemistry course she‟s taking.” presupposes: a she‟s taking a chemistry course b she doesn‟t like the chemistry course c she will give up the course d she is not good at chemistry The utterance “Have you heard anything from Barbara?” presupposes: a Barbara was kidnapped b Barbara was lost c Barbara is traveling d the hearer knows Barbara The utterance “Can you stop playing with your cat?” presupposes: a the hearer is playing with the cat b the speaker doesn‟t like cats c the hearer likes cats d the speaker asks the hearer not to play with cats The utterance “She was not aware that her son had an accident.” presupposes: a she didn‟t know the accident b she was very sorry for the accident c her son was badly injured in the accident d her son had an accident The utterance “I wish I had not booked the tickets” presupposes: a the speaker filed to buy the tickets b the speaker didn‟t book the tickets c the speaker is going to see a film d the speaker booked the tickets The utterance “Tom might find the chocolate cake in the kitchen” presupposes: a There is a chocolate cake in the kitchen b Tom is going to the kitchen to get the chocolate cake c Tom likes chocolate cakes very much d It‟s not sure that Tom can find the chocolate cake 10 The utterance “It‟s going to rain for a long time” presupposes: a It has been raining b the speaker hates the rainy season c the rainy season hasn‟t finished yet d the weather will be fine in a long time 11 The utterance “I tried to catch the train” presupposes: a the speaker did his best to catch the train b the speaker missed the train c the speaker didn‟t catch the train d the speaker misread the train schedule 12 The utterance “You‟re late again!” presupposes: a the hearer is always late b the hearer is not serious about the time c the hearer was late before d the speaker warns the hearer not to be late again 13 The utterance “He pretended to be ill to stay at home” presupposes: a he is a lazy boy b he stayed at home because of illness c he wasn‟t ill d he was seriously ill 14 The utterance “Mr John‟s youngest daughter is OK.” presupposes: a Mr John has got at least daughters b Mr John has got one daughter c Mr John has got two daughters d Mr John‟s other daughters are not beautiful 15 The utterance “They are very happy with the results of the final exam” presupposes: a their final exams were scored b they passed the final exam c they are eager to know the results of the exam d they will have a party 66 REFERENCES Blake N.F and Moorhead J 1993 Introduction to English language HongKong: The Macmillan Press LTD Fromkin, Victoria et al 1990 An Introduction to Language Sedney: Harcourt Hurford, J.R and B Heasley 1983 Semantics, A Course Book Cambridge University Press Hudson, G 2000 Essential Introductory Linguistics Blackwell Publishers Ltd Kieu Kim Lan 2001 Semantics and Pragmatics Dai Hoc Mo TP HCM Lyons, J 1971 Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics Cambridge University Press Pecci, J.S 1999 Pragmatics Routledge Richards, J., Platt, J and Weber, H 1987 Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics Longman Group Limited Stageberg, N.C 1983 An Introductory English Grammar Holt, Rinehart and Winston Swan, Michael 1995 Practical English Usage Oxford University Press To Minh Thanh 2007 Ngu Nghia Hoc Tieng Anh NXB DAI HOC QUOC GIA TP Ho Chi Minh Yule, G 1996 Pragmatics Oxford University Press 67 ANSWER KEY KEY TO EXERCISES Exercise 1: 1: no; 2: yes; Exercise 2: 3: no; 4: yes; 5: yes; 6: yes Utterances + Sentences _ Propositions _ Can be grammatical or not Can be true or false + + _ + + + In a particular regional accent In a particular language + _ _ + + _ Can be loud or quiet yes Exercise 3: 1a: S; yes 1b: U; 2: yes; 3: yes; 4: yes; 5: no Exercise 4: 1: i & ii => male; i human, ii animal; 2: i & ii => female; i animal, ii human; 3: i & ii => human; i mature, ii immature; 4: i & ii => noun; i countable, ii uncount; 5: i & ii => noun; i concrete; ii abstract; 6: i & ii => plant; i tree; ii flower; 7: i & ii => stationery; i for reading; ii for writing; 8: i & ii => motion; i without means; ii with means Exercise 5 Exercise 6: Tool: hammer, nails, scissors, knife, file Color: red, blue, purple, yellow, pink, green, vermilion Vessel: cup, glass, jug, wineglass, plastic cup Motion: run, crawl, walk, swim Sport: boxing, football, badminton, weightlifting, motor-racing, karate hypernym: to acquire / get sth; not belong to the group: sell hyper: vocalization / talking ; not of the group: brief hyper: way ; not of the group: method hyper: behavior; not of the group: sad, strong hyper: odor / smell; not of the group: bouquet, perfume hyper: cooking; not of the group: fresh, medium hyper: mammal; not of the group: bird, chicken hyper: talking; not of the group: dance hyper: location preposition; not of the group: of 68 10 hyper: plane shape; not of the group: spherical Exercise 7: all of them are yes Exercise 8: 1: R; 2: R; 3: S; 4: S; 5: S; 6: R; 7: R; 8: S Exercise 9: the answers may vary Exercise 10: c Exercise 11: c Exercise 12: 1: yes, thanks to the article the; 2: yes; 3: yes, when there are only a speaker & a hearer; no, when the speaker addresses a group of people / audience Exercise 13: 1: yes; 2: yes; 3: no; 4: yes; 5: yes; 6: yes; 7: no; 8: no Exercise 14: 1: a man, here, you, last night; 2: no RE; 3: 40 buses, Liverpool Cor.; 4: this engine; 5: yesterday, Nancy, a Norwegian; 6: my sister; 7: John; 8: Dick, Bo Peep; 9: The police officer, a man with a limp, Bo Peep; 10: my house; 11: the man Abraham Lincoln, an unemployed actor; 12: Nancy; 13: the world; 14: I, a boy, the fence, last night; 15: the frontier, You; 16: you, such a boy; 17: my hobby, the sun, the east; 18: the world; 19: the book, you, me, Teacher‟s Day,; 20: my parents, me, them, their wedding anniversary, I, my forgetfulness; 21: no RE; 22: the soldier, the frontier, a bullet, him, the head; 23: no RE; 24: the teacher, his students, the coming storm; 25: the four basic groups Exercise 15 Identify the semantic role of the noun phrases in the following sentences the student: A; the assignment: P; the library: P the couple: A; the horses: P; the meadow: L; yesterday morning: T the teacher: E; the rowdy students: S I : E; my brother: A; that: P Tom: A; me: R; money: P; the rent: P the reunion: T; he: A; his cousin Karl: P the farmer: A; the field: L; dawn: T the building: P; a commercial zone: L a big tree: P; the storm: C; last night: T 10 I: E; books: P; free time: T 11 the immigrants: A; strawberries: P; the early June: T 12 He: A; his budget report: P; 13 The unlucky customer: A; the undercooked meat: P; the chef: R 14 traffic: P; the intersection: L; the accident: C 15 I : E; you: P; many years: T 16 the book: P; you: A; me: R; Teacher‟s day: T 17 an unfair attitude toward the poor: C; the problem of poverty: P 18 the yolk: P; the white: P; it: P 19 Nutritionists: A; foods from each of the basic groups: P 20 many centuries: P; the world: P 21 His ingenuity: S; me: E 22 The hurricane: C; half of the island: P 23 Angela: A; the job: P; her former rival: R 24 the morning: T; we: A; San Francisco: L; Austin: L 25 Zelda: E; Scott: A; her: P 26 the remains: P; Cleveland: L; Wednesday: T 27 the boy: E; the film: P; NH cinema: L; last night: T 28 He: E; meal: P 69 29 the storm: C; the waves: P 30 he: E; the lake: L; sunset: T 31 the snow: P; the morning sunshine: C 32 the chickens: P; us: A; minutes: T 33 you: E; the book: P; I : A; you: R 34 acid: C; the corpse: P ; minutes: T 35 the man: E; her: S 36 Alan: R; a special gift: P; her birthday: T 37 many TV program today: I; students: A; their study: P 38 the prisoner: A; the guard: P; the forest: L 39 the beer: P; rice: I 40 one hand: P; the pocket: L; he: A; the front yard: L 41 the club: L; a good way: I; new people: P 42 she: E; anyone: A; an umbrella: P; her: R 43 Harold: E; speeches: P; the class: L 44 fear: C; she: A; the letter: P 45 the bad weather: C; the plane: A; Hanoi: L; one hour: T 46 my first job: S; the floor: P; me: E 47 the door ajar: S; the girl: E 48 We: A; the brown river: P; rain: C 49 a house: P; a large, deep ditch: I; us: R/B; a safe shelter: P 50 this bed: L Exercise 16 (the answers may vary) Simile: my hands are very cold Metaphor: I‟ll make him admit that what he said is wrong Metonymy: he is the best writer of the day Metonymy: he is very good at dealing with business Synecdoche: Their king died a year ago Hyperbole: She cries a lot … Metonymy: …thousand soldiers Metaphor: you come and leave so hastily / quickly Metaphor: He refused to have anything more to with the matter / he denied all responsibilities for the matter 10 Metaphor: ….a big and satisfying meal… 11 Metonymy: Who brought the war into our country? 12 Metonymy: … the power of money 13 Irony: you‟re not kind at all 14 Metaphor: the man is an energetic person who works very hard 15 Synecdoche: … 50 ships 16 Synecdoche: … 20 years of age / she is 20 years old / she is a girl of 20 17 Hyperbole: … study long hours every day 18 Personification: the wind blew strongly… 19 Synecdoche / metonymy: old people … 20 Metonymy: If you not punish the child when he does wrong, you‟ll spoil his character 21 Hyperbole / Metaphor: Don‟t be too suspicious / don‟t be always doubtful 22 Metonymy: When the US President … 23 Simile: my dormitory room is small and uncomfortable 24 Metaphor: I live in a small and uncomfortable room 70 25 Metonymy: … to the City‟s Mayor 26 Metonymy: All the people of the country love the princess 27 Synecdoche: He is a kind person 28 Personification: The river eroded / gradually destroyed the bank 29 Metonymy: … 100 cavalries 30 Metaphor: …; he is a strong-minded person / …he has strong nerves / he is brave & stable 31 Metaphor: Life is short / life passes quickly / life is beautiful 32 Metonymy (research) / personification (says): researchers say … 33 Metaphor: Little Susie is very lovely 34 Metaphor: There was a terrible conflict / argument / debate 35 Euphemism: …… until he died 36 Hyperbole: we are extremely bored with such movies 37 Metonymy: you can trust him / he can be trusted 38 Metaphor: … an angry look / looked angrily 39 Metaphor: he could not control his anger 40 Metaphor: … Is trying to control pay rises 41 Personification: the Queen is about to die / in agony 42 Metonymy: the pen = the writer; the sword = the soldier => the writer is mightier than the soldier / the words are more effective than violence 43 Metaphor: in a desert, a camel is as useful for transportation as a ship at sea 44 Irony: You are beautiful but not intelligent 45 Sarcasm: you are not my friend at all / you are as bad as my enemy 46 Hyperbole: you have to pay a lot of money for such a masterpiece 47 Personification: those who dare not face difficulty usually fail in life 48 Metaphor / Personification: the winter is coming near 49 Metaphor: the ship crossed the sea 50 Metaphor: the captain got angry suddenly when the … Ex 17: Ambiguity Lexical Am (pen) => This handwriting instrument / this fountain pen is empty This chicken enclosure is empty Struct Am => Are the chicken ready to eat food? Are the chicken ready for us to eat? Sruct Am => Do you want to try on the dress which is in the window? Do you want to get into the window to try on that dress? Sruct Am => This old car needs new brakes and a new anti-freezer This old car needs anti-freezer and new brakes Lex Am => Don‟t sit on those vessels / drinking glasses Don‟t sit on those eye-glasses Struct Am => I understand the problems of money I know that money may cause problems Struct Am => I know some clever people as you I know that clever people love you Struct Am => The dog looked at the snake longer than the cat did The dog looked at the snake longer than at the cat Struct Am => With broken headlights, the police searched for the car The police searched for the car that had broken headlights 10 Struct Am => I hate the hunter who is shooting I hate to shoot the hunter / I hate the hunter who was shot 71 11 Struct Am => To visit relatives can be boring / it is boring to visit relatives The relatives who are visiting can be boring 12 Struct Am => We need nutritious food and nutritious drink We need drink and nutritious food 13 Struct Am => We feed the pigs which are in clean clothes Wearing clean clothes, we feed the pigs 14 Lex Am => I need the lawyer who is a criminal I need a lawyer specializing in criminals 15 Struct Am => I like ice-cream more than you I like ice-cream more than like you 16 Lex / grouping Am => I found a bat (a kind of animal) in the attic I found a baseball stick in the attic 17 Struct Am => He gave meat to her dog He gave dog meat to her 18 Struct / lexical Am => Go away from the chairs which are on the veranda Take the chairs and put them on the veranda 19 Struct Am => I met a man with a dog which had fleas The man with a dog that I met had fleas / I met a dog with a man who had fleas 20 Struct Am => Oh, that‟s just a crazy idea of the lawyer Oh, that‟s just an idea of a crazy lawyer 21 Struct Am => The FCC intends to eliminate sex bias and race bias in TV advertising The FCC intends to eliminate race bias and sex in TV advertising 22 Struct Am => You should eat more food which is nutritious You should eat food which is more nutritious 23 Struct Am => He considered the applicant carefully (P 7) He thought the applicant was unsuitable (P 9) 24 Struct Am => I found a doll for her (P 8) I considered her as a doll (P 9) 25 Struct Am => With the binoculars, they watched the hunter They watched the hunter who had the binoculars 26 Struct Am => On the corner, she spied the dog She spied the dog which was on the corner 27 Struct Am => It is easy to please Joan It is easy for Joan to please others, 28 Struct Am => Molly told Angela about Molly herself Molly told Angela about Angela herself 29 Lex Am => She gave him a phone call last night She offered him a gift (a ring) last night 30 Struct Am => The car coasted into the garage which had the lights on With the lights on, the car coasted into the garage 31 Struct Am => In the crowd, the dog bit several people The dog bit several people who were in the crowd 32 Struct Am => Tristan left directions for Isolde to (follow the directions) Tristan left directions for Isolde to follow him (Tristan) 33 Lex Am => She can‟t give birth / She is sterile / she can‟t be pregnant She can‟t tolerate / stand children 34 Lex Am => We need a good instrument to make a straight line It takes a good governor to make a straight line 72 35 Struct Am => He saw that can of petrol explode He knew that petrol may explode 36 Struct Am => Is he really so nice? Is he really that kind of person? 37 Struct Am => These are the apples for cooking Apples are being cooked 38 Lex Am => This is not a painting by Raphael This painting does not belong to Raphael 39 Lex Am => The policeman is talking about Mr Thompson who is the murderer The policeman is talking about Mr Thompson who was killed 40 Lex Am => My grandfather is a farmer who is a small person My grandfather is a farmer with a small farm 41 Lex Am => He is a pitiful / miserable student He is a student without a penny 42 Struct Am => The guard became a drunkard (P 5) The guard forced the drunkard to leave (P 7) 43 Struct Am => I am getting the socks for her (P 8) I am getting the socks of hers (P 7) 44 Struct Am => The man gave the books of the library (P 7) The man gave the books to the library (P 8) 45 Struct Am => It was pretty pale (P 1) It was a small pie (P 3) 46 Struct Am => On Wednesday, he accepted (P 6) Wednesday was accepted (P 7) 47 Struct Am => Thorn himself taught during his young manhood (P 6) Thorn self-studied during his young manhood (P 7) 48 Struct Am => The doctor made those things perfectly (P 7) The doctor made the patients healthy (P 9) 49 Struct Am => She taught the group who were singing (P 7) She taught the group how to sing (P 8) 50 Struct Am => Our spaniel was a good friend (P 5) Our spaniel found a good friend (P 7) 51 Struct Am => The judges designated the female singer (P 7) The judges designated the girl to be winner (P 9) 52 Struct Am => Mary called Mary‟s mother (P 7) Mary considered that woman as mother (P 9) 53 Struct Am => My father is a teacher of foreign languages My father is a foreign teacher of language 54 Struct Am => My friend is an old enthusiast of cars My friend is an enthusiast of old cars 55 Struct Am => Even the rabbit enjoys our lettuce The rabbit enjoys our lettuce, too 56 Struct Am => Only the members are allowed to buy beer The members are allowed to buy beer only 57 Struct Am => I gave her an old bicycle for girls I gave her a bicycle for old girls 58 Struct Am => At 10 o‟clock, he promised to call me He promised that at 10 o‟clock he would call me 59 Struct Am => Paula is a female hunter 73 Paula is a hunter of girls 60 Struct Am => She is a sitter who is a baby She is the one that takes care of babies 61 Lex Am => On HN station, I found a book I found a book (written) about HN station 62 Struct Am => Daily passengers enjoy a meal like this Passengers enjoy a meal like this every day 63 Struct Am => I examined the errors (P 7) I thought that those are errors (P 9) 64 Struct Am => It was a plot to sell to the ABC Co industrial secrets that are worth millions of dollars It was a plot to sell industrial secrets that cost the ABC company millions of dollars 65 Struct Am => He passed the hammer and the saw through the window He passed the hammer and then saw through the window Ex 18 1: gradable antonym 2: compl Ant, 3: rel, ant, 4: comp ant 5: grad Ant 6: rel ant 7: incompatibility 8: comp Ant 9:comp ant 10: incompatibility 11: synonym 12: hyponymy 13: homonym 14: homophone; 15: hyponymy 16: homonym 17: rel ant 18: grad Ant 19: synonym 20: synonym 21: synonym 22: synonym Exercise 19: 1: poly poly 3: homo 4: poly 5: poly 6: homo 8: poly 9: poly 10: homo 11: poly 12: homo Exercise 20: 1: yes 2: yes 3: no 4: no 7: homo 5: yes 6: yes 7: yes 8: no 9: no 10:yes Exercise 21: 1: grad 2: grad 3: relat 4: grad 9: rel 10: grad 11: grad 12: compl 5: compl 6: compl 7: grad 8: compl 13: relat 14: grad 15: rel 16: rela Exercise 22 1: A; 2: A; 3: S; 4: S; 5: C; 6: C; 7: S; 8: S Exercise 23: 1: C; 2: F; 3: C; 4: F; 5:C; 6:C; 7: C; 8: C; 9: C; 10: F Exercise 24: 1: P; 2: C; 3: P; 4: P; 5: C; 6: E; 7: P; 8: P; 9: C; 10: P; 11: P; 12: E; 13: C; 14: P; 15: E Exercise 25: B sentences entail A sentences Exercise 26: No relation Exercise 27: 1: I; 2: C; 3: C; 4: C; 5: I Exercise 28: the answers will vary Exercise 29: The answers may vary with the situation given Suggested answers: 1: A request: the speaker asks to talk to Mary => Indirect 2: A command / request: the speakers asks someone to clean up the mess => Direct 3: A request: the speaker wants to have some drink => Indirect 4: A suggestion: the speaker suggests going to the cinema => Indirect 5: A polite request: the speaker asks someone to open the window => Indirect 6: An order: the speaker tells someone to move away from the TV => Indirect 7: A request: the speaker asks someone to help him/her start the machine => Indirect 8: A request: the speaker asks someone to turn on the fans => Direct 74 Exercise 30: The answers will wary with the situation given Exercise 31: All of the conversations are not cooperative Quantity maxim is violated (not enough information) Relation maxim is violated (not of the same topic) Quantity maxim is violated (not enough information) Quantity maxim is violated (not enough information) Exercise 32: Different answers are possible 1: B could not buy salt 2: The other daughters not speak any foreign languages 3: Not all the students came 4: We drink, but moderately 5: B does not love A 6: The fiddler at the bar played badly last night 7: B does not like A‟s new carpet 8: B does not usually go to swimming pool 9: The other daughters are not beautiful 10: A can have his car fixed at the garage 11 B does not know exactly which subjects Jack is taking 12 B has not tidied his room 13: The man was B‟s step father 14: Betty is probably still working 15: B refuses A‟s suggestion because Arab restaurants are likely not to serve vegetarian food 16: Piccadilly Circus is not a safe place to be at midnight 17: B rarely uses the local swimming pool because it has salt water 18: A‟s debt to B is large and complicated to work out / A owes B too much Exercise 33: 1: c; 2: b; 3: d; 4: c; 5: b; 6: b; 7: c; 8: c; 9: c; 10: a 11: c; 12: c; 13: d; 14: b; 15: c; 16: c; 17: d; 18: b; 19: a; 20: a Exercise 34: The answers may vary I am not rich / I am poor You‟ve just got married I posted your letter I did it before You saw that film You smoke a lot You are studying some subjects John has got a cat There‟s a garage on the corner 10 He isn‟t ill 11 He did his best to catch the train 12 I wasn‟t here yesterday 13 You are having tea 14 I saw the film 15 You saw that film 16 She used to be my sweetheart 17 I refused your request 75 18 The vase was broken / someone broke the vase 19 I am jobless 20 My sister is abroad now / my sister isn‟t in VN now 21 They took the exam and their papers were scored 22 The car ran the red light 23 You were not ill 24 You took the car from John‟s house 25 You‟ve got a car 26 My neighbor‟s husband died 27 You are not a teacher 28 I haven‟t got married yet / I am still single 29 You are not a teacher 30 They are not my parents 31 I sent that letter to you 32 They were complaining before 33 You lied before 34 It has been hot KEY TO MULTIPLE CHOICE TESTS Test 1 D A C Test 2 A C B C A C A C A A A A A 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 A C A A B A A C A D A A B 10 A 11 B 12 A 13 A 14 B 15 A 16 B 17 A Test A A C A A A D D A 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 B C B A A B B A A A C Test A A D A D A C A A 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 C C B C B D A A D A A Test A A C B B B B B C 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 C A C C C B D B A A A Test C D B A D C B C C 10 D 11 C 12 C 13 V 14 C 15 D Test C A A C A B A A D 10 A 11 C 12 A 13 C 14 A 15 A Test 76 A B Test A A 16 17 A A Test A A C 18 A A 20 A A C 18 A Test 10 B C Test 11 A C A 19 A B Test A A 16 17 A B A A A 20 C B A A 21 B A A 19 A B C A 23 A C B 21 C C D A 22 C A A C 22 A A 24 A A A 23 A D D B 11 A B A 24 A A D 10 A 25 C A 10 C 25 C C A 10 A C 12 A A 11 A A 11 A 10 A 13 A 14 A C 12 A 12 C 10 A 13 D 10 A 14 A 11 A 13 C 15 A 15 D 12 A 14 A 15 A 77 [...]... Ex: - I‟m so hungry that I can swallow a cow (= extremely hungry) - I‟ve invited millions of people to my party (= a lot of) - I haven‟t seen you for ages (= a long time) Euphemism /‟ju:fǝmızǝm/ (uyển ngữ, nói tránh): the use of a pleasant, mild , comforting, or indirect expression for one that is taboo, negative, offensive or too direct Ex: - Could you tell me where the restroom is? (= toilet) - His... poor student 42 The guard turned out a drunkard 43 I am getting her socks 44 The man gave the library books 34 45 It was a little pasty 46 He accepted Wednesday 47 Thorn taught himself during his young manhood 48 The doctor made them well 49 She taught the group singing 50 Our spaniel made a good friend 51 The judges designated the girl winner 52 Mary called her mother 53 My father is a foreign language