r, Fs NSUYEN SUC VAN TTIING H( l? pH{} ,t THONG i,)A PGS NGUYEN DUC VAN TRUNG HO( PH ,L, 0 (Sach dung chofrp, , inh THPT Sinh vi6n cac trtwng DAi hec, Cao dang) l NHA XUAT BAN GINO DUC VIET NAM t. các câu hỏi hóa học vô cơ hay
.*r,\ Fs$ NSUYEN SUC VAN TTIING H$( l*? pH{} ,t THONG i,)A PGS NGUYEN DUC VAN ,L, TRUNG HO( PH THOHG (Sach dung chofrp, , inh THPT Sinh vi6n cac trtwng DAi hec, Cao dang) l NHA XUAT BAN GINO DUC VIET NAM t, Chiu tr6ch nhi0m xu1t bin : Chri tich HDQT kiOm Tdng Gi6m d6c NGO rnAN Ar Ph6 Tdng Gir{m ddc ki6m Tdng biOn mp NGUv6N eUV rHAo Td chrlc bin thao vi chiu tri{ch nhiOm nOi dung : Ph6 Tdng bion rAp rHAN xuAN rHANH Gi6m dOc CTCP Dich vu xuAt bin Gi6o duc HA NOi PHAN Bi0n qp nQi dung vh siia bfrn in PHAM TTdU DUYEN rf ruAr : Bi0n Bp kT thuQt : PHAMQUANG VTET Tr)nh biy bia : PHAI\{ IITJOI\G Chd bin : PHAM QTJAI\G VIET C0ng ty cd phdn Dich vu xuat bin Gi6o dqc He NQi NIhA xuat t 60-2009/cxB/ 9- bin Gido 3/GD - dUc ViOt Nam gifr quydn cOng bo t6c phdm MA so : C3H03H9 - CpD tdi ndi ddu ; , .,., l}.,., ., , Bqn dgc thiln m6n ! od giAi d6p nhtrng th6c m6c vd Ho6 hoc v6 co trinh d0' trung hoc phd th6ng, t5c gi6 xin gtli ddn ban doc cudn s6ch Hdi ddp Hod hgc v6 co Trung hgc phd th6ng du6i dang c6u h6i vi tr6 loi Mdc dir t6m s6ch trinh d6 trung hoc pfrd tfrOng nhr/ng s5ch c6 nhidu c6u h6i hodc trA ldi mrlc dO cao hon dd m6 r6ng vi n6ng cao tdm hidu bidt cho ban doc Ndu mudn hidu biSt th6m xin ban doc tham kh6o th6m cac s6ch c0a cirng mQt t6c giA sau ddy : Hoii hoc v6 co t6p l C5c nguy6n td phi kim, Nhd xudt bAn KH&KT- Ha N6i 2008 2.Hoit hoc v6 co tQp ll C6c kim loai didn hinh, Nhir xudt b6n KH&KT- Ha Noi 2003 C6u h6i vi bii tdp ho5 hoc v6 co b6n KH&KT- Ha NOi 2007 C6u h6i b5n) - Phdn kim loai Nhi xudt vi bii tdp ho6 hoc vO co - Phdn phi kim (s5p xudt TAc gia rdt mgng nhan dugc cac y kidn g6p t, c0a b?n dgc dd cudn sach dUgc hoan thiQn hon Xin trdn c6m on ! I ac -r., gta a a J PHAN il ?t MC,DAU )s.1 cHAr vO co ve cuAr Hfrr-r co su ufN pdl ri Hgc vA Hoe Hoc l Cfrdt v6 co vd chdt hfru co kh6c nhou didm ndo ? M6u c0o dQng vOt thu6c Iooi chdt v6 co hoy chdt hfrr co Z fn0y tinh plotstic vd th0y tinh d0ng Idm kinh crlo ld chdt v6 co hoy htrr co ? - Ngubi ta dd quy u6c ch0t hftu co ld nhfrng hgp chdt cira cacbon vdi cdc nguy0n td kh6c (tru cacbon oxit, cacbua kim loai, cacbonat kim loai ) nhu ancol, ete, protein, lipit - Chat vO co li nhfrng don chAt vI hgp chAt tao ttr c6c nguyOn to kim loai, phi kim, c6c oxit, bazo, axit, muOi - Mdu cira dOng vat le h6n hgp gdm nhidu ch6t hfru co vi v0 cg, ching han : hemoglobin li chdt hfru co, NaHCO, (chat rri pH cira miiu) li chAt v0 co Tht y tinh platstic ld mQt loai chAt d6o sudt thuOc lo4i hqp chAt hfru co ; thiry tinh dr)ng lim kfnh cfra, chai lo duo c chd tao tt crit (SiO2) thuoc loai - chdt v0 co 2, I hgc vd btdn adi no6 hgc crio c6c chdt kh6c nhou ddm ndo ? Sg bidn ddi noa hgc lh su chuydn hori tt chdt niy thlnh chdt khiic, chuydn ho6 phxn trl chat nly thdnh phAn trl chAt khdc Trdi lai, xiy su bidn ddi lf troc thi phan trl cdc chdt kh6ng thay ddi Vi du, A 10000C phan ttr HrO b6t ddu ph6n hriy thinh phAn tt chAt mdi le khf H, vi Or, thuoc qu6 trinh bidn ddi ho6 hoc ; nhmg b 1000C dudi 6p sudt khf quydn, nudc chuydn tir rrang th6i l6ng sang trang rhi{i.hoi, phAn tr} kh6ng thay ddi, ld bidn ddi li hoc sU bldn ddt Oua lrinh t6ch proton ro kh6i hot nhdn nguy€n t& vd qu6 trinh i6ch electron ro rn6i pndn v6 nguyOn t& td qu6 trinh bi6n adi I frgc hoy ho6 hoc ? NguyOn tii clo hAp thu notroh theo phuong trinh : ?ict + fn -+ ?is * lp Nguy6n trl clo dd bidn ddi *rann nguy0n trl luu hu!'nh, cAu tao vi tfnh chdt cira luu hu!,nh vi clo khdc Hoac nguyOn trl clo t6ch I electron kh6i phdn nguyOn tir, clo dd bidn ddi thinh ion Cl+: Cl Cl* + le + Ci hai qu5 trinh trcn ddu lI bidn ddi noa hoc vi d5 bidn ddi thhnh nhfrng ch6t khdc trudc )s.2 NGrryEN TO HoA Hoc - DdNG vI - pdrvc KIM LoAr - PHr KrM rudl - nAN rrvr tlguyen td ho6 hoc ld gi ? C6 dau ? Nhfrrrg nguy6n t6 ho6 hoc ndo c6 ndm luong pnd ol6n nhdt v6 tr6tgdt z - Theo dinh nghia chfnh x6c thi : NguyOn tO ho6 hoc li qp hqp c6c nguyOn tt c6 diOn tich hat nh0n Z bfung vd phAn bd electron gidng & c6c lop vi phan lop - Nguy0n td ho6 hoc c6 thlnh phdn ph6n tit cdc don chAt vh hgp chAt li oxi + PhAn tr? hqp chAt HrSOo gdm nguyOn td li hidro, luu huj'nh vi oxi + Phin tir don ch6t 02 chi c6 mOt nguyOn to - C6 nguy€n td chidm hon 997o khdi luong v6 Tr6i Dat li oxi, silic, hidro, nhOm, s6t, canxi, natri, kali, magie C6c nguyOn td cdn lai chi chidm chuaddn l7o lai d6 c6 dQ phd Uicn kh6c nhu c6c nguyOn td hidm c6 hhm luong trung binh nh6 hon lA-a%o ; ciic nguyOn td phAn ti{n khOng c5 kho6ng chat ricng mh tdn tai du6i dang tap chdt khotlng chat ctra nguyen td kh6c Oxi vi silic lh nhfing nguyOn td chidm uu thd vd sfi luong tren hdnh tinh chring ta, cbn hidro vd heli lai la thenh.phdn chinh vfr tru Cdc nguyOn td cbn ruguyen t6 ho6 hoc td nh[ng nguyGn t0 c6 cr)ng sd - MQt.nguyOn td ho6 hgc c6 thd gdm nhfrng nguyOn ttr c6 cirng sd Z nhmg khOng cing sd kh0i, n6i chfnh xdc hon li kh6ng cirng sd notron hat nhAn nguyOn tr} Nhfrng nguyOn trl d6 duoc goi cdc ddng vi crta cing m6t nguyOn td ho6 hoc Vi du nguyOn td oxi c6 ddng vi ddu cing sd Znhrmgkh6ng cing sd khdi : li fndi hoy kh6ng cirng s6 khdi ? Ddng ri Ddng ui Ddng ui t[O hat nhAn c6 proton + l0 notron c6 sd khoi bang 18 '3O hat nhAn c6 proton + notron c6 so khdi bang 16 tlo hat nhin c6 proton + notron c6 sd khdi bang 17 VAy mOt nguyOn td hor{ hoc c6 thd c6 nhidu gi6 tri kh6c vd sd khdi Nhfrng nguy€n ttr kh6ng ctng sd Z t(tc kh6ng cirng sd proton hat nhAn nhmg b[ng vd sd kh0i duoc goi l]r c6c chdt ddng kh1i Vi du cap ddng khdi f!n' "a {$rc VAy nhidu nguyOn td ho6 hoc kh6c c6 thd c6 cing giri tri vd sd khoi odng vi vd ddng khdi kh6c nhou didm ndo ? Ddng vi ld nhfrng nguyOn trl c6 sd Zbingnhau nhrmg s6 A kh6c Ddng kh1i ld nhfrng nguy€n tfr c6 sd A bang nhrmg sd Zkhdc Xim tooi ld gi ? Trong b&ng tudn hodn c6c nguy6n t6 ho6 hoc, nhfng nguy6n td ndo ld kim looi? Ld b6n kim ? Kim loai li nhfrng nguyOn td ho6 hoc trang th6i tu tao nhfrng don chdt chrla liOn kdt kim loai - Trong bing tudn holn, dai da sd cric nguyOn td li kim loai g6m : + Cric nguyOn td khOng chuydn tiOp nh6m IA, IIA, IIIA, mOt phdn o nh6m IVA (Sn, Pb) vi nhSm VA (Bi) + C6rc nguyOn td chuydn tidp ddy thrl nh6t thuOc chu ki tt 2l (Sc) nh5m IIIB ddn 30 (Zn) nh6m IIB + Cdc nguyOn td chuydn tidp ddy thrl hai thuOc chu ddn 48 (Cd) nh6m IIB ki ttr o 39 (Y) nh6m IIIB + Cdc nguyOn td chuydn tidp d6y thrl ba thuOc chu ki vd 14 nguyOn tO ho lantanit tir 57 (La) nh6m IIIB dOn 80 (Hg) nh6m IIB + Cdc nguy€n td chuydn tidp thu6c chu ki (Th) ddn 103 (Lr) I vit 14 nguyOn td ho actinit tt O 90 - Trong bing tudn hodn, c6c kim loai duoc xOp phdn bOn trdi, phfa dudi cira bing vd gidi han lh c6c nguyOn td Be, Al, Ge, Sb, Po Phdn b6n phii, phia tr€n li cdc nguyOn tO phi kim vh gidi han lh cr{c nguyOn tO B, Si, As, Te Ranh gidi giira2 ddy d6ld Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po, At duoc goi li c6c nguyOn to b6n kim co s6 ndo dd ph6n bi6t c6c kim looi nhg, kim looi n6ng, kim looiden, kim looimdu ? Ngodi c6ch phAn loai nhu bing tudn hoin, ngudi ta cdn phAn biet kim loai theo khdi luong riOng, theo miu s6c : Orlo tr€n c coi ld cdc kim loai - Nhfrng kim loai c6 khoi lugng riOng b6 hon nhe, l6n hon Ih c6c kim loai n[ng - Trong ki thuxt, sit vd c6c hqp kim ctra s6t lh gang, th6p ddu gqi ld kim loai den Tdt cL c6c kim loai cdn lai ddu goi li kim loai mdu - glcm3 duo prri kim ld gi ? Trong bdng tudn hodn nhring nguy6n td ndo ld phi kim ? C6c hidm c6 ph6i ld phi kim kh6ng ? Phi kim li nhfrng nguy0n td ho6 hoc tao nOn nhfrng don chAt & trang thdi tU kh6ng c6 tfnh chdt hod li cira kim loai Cdc khf hidm cfrng li cdc phi kim Trong bing tudn hoin c6 22 ngryAn td phi kim li : BCNO SiPS As Se Te 10 CO ronh H FIe FNe Cl Ar Br Kr IXe At Rn gi6i16 rQt gifro kim looivd phi kim kh6ng ? Kh6ng Mac dir c6 c6c nguy€n to bdn kim nhmg d6 khOng phii ld ranh gidi 16 r6t gifia kim loai vi phi kim C5 nhidu nguy€n td duo.c coi lir phi kim nhmg lai c6 tfnh chat cira kim loai hodc nguoc lai, ching han silic ln phi kim nhrrng lai li chdt b6n d6n diOn, tfc le c6 tinh chat cira kim loai ; nhOm, k6m 1i kim loai thuc su, c6 tfnh chdt vat h didn hinh ctra kim 1o4i (d6o, ddn di0n, d6n nhiet ), dung dich nudc tao cdc cation Al3*, Znz* nhmg lai c6 nang tao c6c anion I I AlOt ,ZnO22- thd hion tinh xlm togic6 nh0ng tinh chdt chdt cira phi kim d{c trung ndo ? C6c kim loai ld nhfrng chat r6n & nhiOt d0 thuong (trir thiry ngAn & trang th6i l6ng), khOng sudt, c6 nrng phin xa cdc tia s6ng tao 6nh kim, d6o, din diOn, ddn nhiOt tOt Cdcion kim loai mang diOn tfch duong, dung dich tao racdc cation dang Mn* )s.3 IoN - TRANG nrAI pLATMA NctryEN 12 pnan ffi h gi ? c6 chdt d6 kh6ng - PhAn trl rrl rn6r - MoL xndr LUct{G MoL prr&i mQt ph6n rrl c0o mQr chdr s6 c6 ddy arj iinh chdr c0o ? li phdn tri nh6 nhat cfra mOt chAt c6 nhfrng tfnh chdt hod hoc cira chit Khong hoin toin nhu v6y ! c6 thd n6i nhu thd vd tinh chat ho6 hoc nhung khOng phii vd tfnh ch1t li hoc, vi da sd t(nh chit lf hoc nhu nhiOt d0 n6ng chiy, nhi€t d0 sOi, dO nhdt, d0 ctlng cfra cdc chdt ddu gay b6i t4p hqp m6t so lon ph0n trl chAt d6 I3 - CO phdi looi chdt ndo c0ng c6c phdn trl cdu too n6n kh6ng ? C6 nhrirrg cndl ndo ph6n t& ld don nguyOn trl ? P-han trl du-o c cau tao tir c6c nguyOn tr}, n6i dring hon ld tir cric hat nhAn nguyen trl bao quanh boi c6c electron bOn trong, cbn c6c electron ngodi cing tham gia hinh thenh c6c liOn kdt hor{ hoc tao thdnh fhan tir, nhtmg khong phii chat n}o cfrng c6c phAn - - tt chat d6 tao nOn Thuong chi n6i ddn phan trl pham vi ch0t khi, m6t s6 lon chat l6ng hay chat hba tan, ddi vdi nhidu ch6t ran dang tinh thd l4i khong phii cac pnan trt cflu tao non ching han mudi [n kh6ng dang ph6n tir Nacl, nudc trang th6i r5n gdm nhftng phan tft lien ho-p (Hzo)s, kim loai trang th6i ran hoac l6ng khong & dang nguy€n tft mi & dang ion Mn*, c6c polime gdm c6c monome li6n kdt vdi thinh ph6n t& mach dii khOng x6c dinh chi c6 cdc hidm phan trl gdm ci{c don nguyOn tt, rrong rrudng ho.p d6 kh6i niOm nguy0n trl vi phln trl li ddng nhAt I4 Ion ld gi ? Vi soo lon iich diQn duong dugc ggi td cotion, ion t'rch diQn 6m ggi ld onion ? - nhftng hat mang diOn, lh nhfrng nguy0n (t nuy nh6m nguy0n tfr li6n kct ho6 hoc vdi nhau, c6 sd electron thidu (cation) hoac thta (anion) - Do c6c ion mang di0n nOn diOn ph0n, nhtng ion tich dion duong chuydn dOng vd phia catot nOn duo c goi ld cation; nhfrng ion tfch di0n Am chuydn d6ng vd phia anot nOn duo c goi lh, anion Ion li I5 pntmo Id gi ? Chdt th6iptotmo rhudng gip d6u ? - Li trang thdi thr, tu cira vdt ch0t (r6n, l6ng, khi, platma), ion ho6 bang crlch cho nhtng electron c6 ndng luong cao di qua khf, ching han ddt n6ng chat kh{ t6i hing ngin hoac h}ng triOu d0, c6c phin tr} mdt bdt electron tao thdnh khf ion ho6, trang th6i d6 goi lh trang thdi platma (trang th6i da bi ion hod) Vi dg thuong tdng quydn c6 cic ion phln phin trng tt N; , Of c6c Nz+Ni+le : O2-+ Ol + le V6y platma tt, li h6n hqp gdm ciic nguyOn tt, electron, ion duong vh ci hat nhin nIy lu6n lu6n chuydn dOng Platma & nhi€t d0 10-100 ngin dQ goi li platma lanh, & hdng triOu dQ goi lI platma n6ng Trong platma n6ng'kh6ng c6 nguyOn trl trung hba, chi c6 ion nguyOn cdc phdn trl duong, electron vd hat nhdn nguy€n tir Trong tohn kh6i platma ld trung hba diOn nhmg d5n - du-o c diOn Trong didu ki€n bd mat Trdi DAt, ch1t & trang thdi platma duoc sinh tia s6t, hd quang, dng ddn hu}nh quang ph6ng diOn, ngon hla ddn khf I6 Tinh chdt c0o c6c ion c6 phdi ld tQp hop tinh cndt c6c nguy6n l& loo ro ion d6 kh6ng ? Kh6ng phii Tinh chdt cria c6c ion khrlc hin vdi tinh chat ctra c6c nguyOn tft ban ddu Ch8ng han, ion amoni NHf hoac ion hidroxit OH- chi tdn tai dung dich nudc mi kh6ng tdn tai & trang thr{i tu ; ion sunfat SO ?- t6c dung vdi ion Ba2n tao kdt ttra tring nhung S vd O khong c6 nang d6 17 Vi soo dung dich NoCt ho{c NoCl n6ng ch&y ddu d6n diQn nhung NoCl kh6 loikh6ng c6 khd ndng d6 ? Mnc dir tinh thd mu6i an duoc cAu t4o b&i c6c ion Na+ vi ion Cl- nhtmg tinh thd NaCl kho cdc ion khong duo c tu di chuydn Phii ph6 vd mang tinh thd beng c6ch hda tan hoac lim n6ng chiy mudi, cdc ion b6t ddu chuydn dQng tdi cdc diOn cuc, mudi an mdi c6 nang ddn diOn 18 uoud gi ? Kh6i luong motld gi - ? li luong chat c6 chita 6,022 tO?3 trat vi m6 (nguyOn tfr, phln tr}, ion, proton, noffon, electron ) Khdi luong mol li khfii luong m6t mol ch0t tinh bang gam c6 ctng tri sd v6i nguyon t& khdi hay phAn tft khdi chat d5, ttlc li khoi lugng cia 6,022.1023 hat vi m0 Vf du : Mol + Nguy0n ttr khdi cira Fe le 55,85 thi khdi luong mol nguyOn trl cira s6t 55,85 g/mol lA FeSOa + 6KCN -+ KalFe(CN)ul + KrSO4 Phdn (4) cho t6c dung vdi h6n hgp NaNO, + HrSOo 6FeSOo + 2NaNO3 + 4HrSOa Nito oxit c6 8/15 khdi luong oxi 461 cho du (1.) , (4) (5) (6) (7\ 2NOt + 4HrO li NO t9l, , (2) A Dd mdu , 3Fe2(SOa)3 + Na2SOo+ so dd sou: +K9.{ x + : vdng A t6c dgng v6i *Ko,I d4" B (3) >A Dd mdu vdng HCId{c tgo ro fdt ffio trdng A, ld oxit monh A t6c dgng v6i X tgo ro k6l trio A2 mdu trdng A t6c dgng v6iCuSOo tgo ro fdt t0o A, mdu ndu A t6c dgng v6i HrO, m6itrudng oxit tgo ro B (8) ' B t6c dung v6i PbO dung dlch KOH tgo ro A vd kdt trio (9) B t6c dung v6i (10) B t6c dgng v6i dung dlch HCtddc too ro kdl trio I) B t6c dgng v6i dung dich (l H2S B, dung dlch KOH too ro A vd k6t t0o Br X lgo ro chdt 84 83 mdu d6 n6u c6 mdu xonh Tuobun x ld mudisdi sunfot khon chfo 36,B4"tosdt vd kh6itugng o) Vi6t c6c phuong trinh ho6 hoc b) Hoi ch6t X vd A ch6i ndo c6 tinh khtl mgnh hon ? Vi soo ? c) Hoi chdt A vd B chdt ndo c6 t'mh oxi ho6 coo hon ? Bi6t X ld FeSOa a) Cdc phuong trinh ho6 hoc (1) FeSOa + 6KCN + : Ko[Fe(CN)u] + KrSOa (A) (2) 2Ka[Fe(CN)u] + Cl, + 2K3[Fe(CN)o] + 2KCl (3) 4K3[Fe(cN)u] + 4KoH o.ll)orrt-+ 4Ka[Fe(CN)o] + ort + ZHro (4) Ko[Fe(CN)o] + +sct (ddc) +HolFe(CN)oJ] 4KCl f (Ar) 151 (5) Ka[Fe(CN)6J + 2FeSOa -+ Fe2[Fe(CN)o] J + 2KrSOo (Ar, mdu tr6ng) (6) Ka[Fe(CN)u] + 2CuSOo -+ Cur[Fe(C$6]J + 2KrSOo (Aj, miu (7) nnu) 2Ka[Fe(CN)u] +HrO2+ 2HC1-+ 2Kr[Fe(CN)o] + 2KCl +ZHrO (B) (8) 2K3[Fe(CN)u]+ 2KOH + PbO -+ 2Ko[Fe(CN)o] + PbOrJ + H2.O (Br) (9) 2K3[Fe(CN)u] + 2KOH+ HrS+ 2Ko[Fe(CN)o] + SJ + 2H2O (Bz) (10) K3[Fe(CN)u] + 3HC1-+ H3[Fe(CN)o] J + 3KCl (Br, tinh thd d6 nau) (1 1) 2K3rFe(cN)ur + 3FeSoo+ r;:Tfli1il:1,r" b) Trong dung dich nudc, ion Fe2* tdn r4i & d4ng [Fe(HzO).]2+ c6 d6 bdn k6m hon ion [Fe(CN) o]2* ncn X c6 tfnh khr] manh hcrn A c) B c6 tfnh oxi hod manh hon A Po tsir.(cx)u r'-./rFe(cN)ora- = rA2(\/ +0'36v 462; o) Toisoo s6t kh6ng tgo ro hgp chdt rrng v6is6 oxi ho6 coo nhdi la +B ? b) Tgisoo cho mu6i sdt(lU) sunfol t6c dung v6i dung dich koti xionuo kh6ng lgo ro koliferixionuo md loitoo ro kdt frio d6 ndu ? c) Tgisoo khicho mu6i sdttlt) tdc dung v6i dung dich sodo too ro rdt t0o mudi sdt (ltt) cocbonot, nhung v6imudis6t(llt) tgitoo ro s6t(lll) hidroxii ? d) Vi soo dung dich mu6i siit(tlt) loi c6 mdu tir vdng d6n nau ? Khi oxit hod dung dich mdu n6u loinhot ddn ? e) Vi soo c6c nguy6n ld Fe, Co, Ni toi duoc x6p chung cing v6i nh6m hidm m{c di tinh chdt c6c nguy6n td td kh6c nhou ? f) Tqisoo thr,rc t6 tdn toi mu6isrit(Ul) ctoruo r6n nhung kh6ng tdn toi mu6i stit(llt) iotuo ? 252' g) Vi soo sdt ton dugc dung dich ddng(tt) sunfol vd nguoc loi ddng cung c6 md lon duoc irong dung dich s6t sunfot ? h) V6i didu kiQn ndo mQt kim tooi A c6 thd kh& dugc ion Fe3* dung dictr dd tqo rrdnh s6t z bin c6 electron dOc thAn, electron nly dd gh6p 4s Mudn tao sd oxi ho6 +8 cdn kich thfch electron tU obitan 3d sang 4p cdn trdng (sau electron tr) obitan 4s dd duoc kfch th(ch sang obitan 4p) nhtmg ndng luong obitan 3d vd 4p khdc kh6 l6n, non s6t kh0ng c6 kh6 ndng tao hqp chat c6 sd oxi hod +8 a) Nguy0n ttr s6t & trang th6i co dOi & obitan 3d vi Trong trudng hgp kich thfch electron tir obitan 4s sang obitan 4p dd, tao electron d6c th0n hinh thinh sO oxi hod +6 nhtmg cfrng k6m bdn Ching han KrFeOo d0 bi nudc ph0n hiry : 4KrFeOr+ 3Or+ 4KOH b) Vi dung dich nudc KCN c6 mOi truong kidm KCN thiry phan tao kdt tria Fe(OH): (T, = 3,2.10-38)'mat khdc phin ung tao phrlc [Fe(CN)o]3* lai dien chim c) Vi mudi Fe(IID cacbonat bi thfiy ph4n hohn toln : 4K2FeOa + 2HrO -+ d) 2Fe3* Miu cira dung dich + 3CO?- + 3HrO -+ 2Fe(OH)rJ * 3CO2t li miu ctra sAn phdm thtry phAn : 5:;ilx= [:ff]:rt;; Fe3* + 3HoH e2 [Fe(oH)g] + 3H* Khi cho thOm axit, c8n blng thtry phin chuydn sang tr6i ndn miu nhat ddn e) Vi mudn cho bing tudn hodn nh6m nio cflng c6 A vd B, thuc td cdc nguyOn td nh6m VIIIA vh VIIIB ddu kh6c vd thinh fhdn c6c don chdt vi hgrp ch6t, ngoai tri xenon (Xe) c6 tao nhtng hqp chat rlng vdi sd oxi ho6 +6, +8 nhu c6c hqp chat XeO3, XeOo, BarXO6 Ion Cl- c6 tinh kh& ydu, nOn m?ng tinh thd ion Fe3* khong oxi hod duoc ion Cl- ; trdt l+i ion I c6 tinh khft rnanh, nOn tinh thd ion Fe3n dfr oxi ho6 ion I- thdnh iot : zFe3* +zr* +2F"2* +lz Vi vfly thuc td FeI2 kh0ng tdn t?i 253 g) Fe tan.duo c dung dich muOi Cu(II) vi Fe c6 tfnh khil l6n hon Cu -+ Fe2* + Cu Fe + cu2* Cu tan duoc dung dich mudi sat nhrmg chi vdi mudi tinh oxi ho6 manh hon ion Cu2* : sit(III), vi ion Fe3* c6 : cu + 2Fe3* -> cu2* + zFe2* h) Mudn cho kim loai A ddy duo.c kim loai Fe kh6i dung dich muoi Fe3* cdn c6c didu kiOn sau : - El"*/A