PGS TS TRIAN THANH HUfl ru li6u lnHOAI{OC IU (Tdi bdn ldn thfi nhdt) NHA xuAr nAN GrAo DUC Bin quydn thuQc NhA xudt bin Gi6o duc L 3 200 8CXB 3 03 209 9 I GD Me sd TXHl8h8 CPD tra gioi IniQu Ho.HỆ THỐNG LÍ THUYẾT VÀ BÀI TẬP ĐỘNG HÓA HỌC BỒI DƢỠNG HỌC SINH GIỎI QUỐC GIA
PGS TS TRIAN THANH HUfl ru li6u ln HOAI{OC IU (Tdi bdn ldn thfi nhdt) \ NHA xuAr nAN GrAo DUC Bin quydn thuQc NhA xudt bin Gi6o duc L -200 8/CXB / 03 -209 I GD \ Me sd: TXHl8h8 - CPD tra gioi IniQu Ho6 hoc lh chia kho6 cria sr,r sdng Do d6, day t6t hoc tdt li sr; d6ng g6p c6 hiQu qui vho vi€c vun dip cho cu6c sdng ngiy mQt tuoi dgp hon S6ch gi6o khoa (SGK) Ho,l hqc t0 dd c6p c6c khdi niQm, quy tic, quy Iufit, li ki€n thri'c co s&, ndn ting ctra ho6 hgc phd thdng n6i riOng, ho6 hoc n6i chung Hidn nhi€n d6 le cdc vdn dd rat quan trgng, r6t thri vi Tuy nhiOn cfng sd xudt hiQn mQt sd (t kh6 khan day vi hgc c6c nQi dung d6 SdchTt tiAu hod hqc t0 duo.c bi€n soan nham tao thOm thu0n lgi cho d4y tdt, hgc tdt ho6 hoc 10 n6i ri0ng, ho6 hoc phd th6ng n6i chung viQc NOi dung s6ch niy dd cAp cdc vdndd liCn quan tdi kidn thfc SGK Hod hqc 10 Mrlc dQ cdc vdn dd duo c dd c{p c6 thd rAt s6t v6i nQi dung SGK, ho{c c6 phdn m& r6ng hon, nflng cao hon so vdi nQi dung SGK M\rc tiOu ctra nQi dung vd su trinh bny d6 li cung cdp mQt sd tli li0u tham khAo, g6p phdn nh6 tao duo.c su nhin nhfln dri dQ sAu, dfi be r6ng cdn thidt d6i vdi cdc nQi dung thidt ydu cria SGK Hod hoc 10 Vd hinh thfc trinh biy, cdc vdn dd s6t vdi kidn thfc SGK Hod hqc I0 duo,c in nghi€ng, c6 vi du holc bhi tap 6p dqng kbm theo Sg trinh biy cho dE hidu, logic cflng duoc tdc gih chn y Tu liAu Hod hoc /0 huong t6i d6ng dio ban dgc li ci{c thdy, cO gi6o gifrng day hod hoc ; c6c ban hoc sinh, kd ci hgc Sinh chuyOn ho6 hgc ; quf vi phq huynh cing ban doc kh6c quan tfim Ldn ddu chring tOi bi€n soan loai sdch nly, lai vlo lfc eo hgp thdi gian n€n chic ch6n cdn nhilng bdt cap TrAn cim on su quan tflm, su g6p ctra quf vi dlnh cho s6ch niy Tdc giit ciing trfin cim on Ban Ho6 hgc NXB Gi6o duc cing c6c quf vi kh6c dilnh cho t6c giA su tin cfly vi h6 tro biOn soan sdch niy Hd N b6ng di todn cdu (World Cup) 2006 i, nhrtng ngdy hQi TAC CIA \ MUC LUC Trang CH(TONGI MOT SO VAN Of CUUNC 1.1 Mgt sd dac tlidm cfra ho6 hoc co bin hi€n nghiQm II Ho6 hoc c6 co s& li thuydt vfrng ving I Ho6 hgc h khoa hoc thuc III Ho6 hoc cobin g6n lidn v6i ho6 hoc c6ng ngh6, cdcvdn d€ kinh te, xa hOi, m6i trutrng IV Tin hoc hod stu rQng, riet dd V Phucrng phdp lu6n duo.c chri dfng mfc 10 qui thgc nghi€m vdi hoc thuydt" kidn thfc ho6 hoc I Kdt qui thuc nghiOm dring li ydu td c6 tfnh ndn ting, co s0 cfia 11 1.2 Quan hC "kdt ho6 hoc 11 t2 II Thuydt (hay hgc thuydt) ho6 hgc c6 dic didm ri€ng III Cdn c6 luu f nho 6p dgng thuydt ho6 hoc gi6i thich kdt qui 13 thqtc nghiQm ? 1.3 Mgt so dflc didm vi day vir hgc ho6 hgc co bin hiQn vi sdp tdi c6c nhe trudng t4 I Ba cflu h6i r4 II MQt sd vAn dd cu thd t4 L.4, So lugc vd don vi vh mQt so vdn dd li€n quan I HQ dcrn vi qu0c tC (hQ SI) 15 15 1( t7 UI KhOi lugng vlr luon g 6p dqng ho6 hgc 18 II Viet mQt d4i luqmg vat I CH(IONG2 NGUYEN TU HAT NHAN 2.L So lugc vi 6nh sdng z,z.Nguyen tfr I M5u h+t nhAn nguyen ffi ctra Ruthopho II Thf nghiQm ctra Sadcrrric III Kdt lu&n 23 27 27 28 29 2.3 MQt sd vdn ili ho6 hgc hat nhAn I So luo.c vd hat nhfln II Hod hoc hat nhdn III MOt sd dang bii todn ho6 hgc hat nhan ban , IV Gi6i thi€u so luo c vd cdchatco CHIIONG3 V6 ELECTRON CtIA NGUYEN TU 3.1 Electron I Di€n tich, khdi luong II Ludng tinh s6ng - hat ctra electron 3.2r Ntrng lugng cfia electron nguy6n t& I.He le, I hat nhfln II Nguy6n tir nhidu e 3.3 Chuyin tl0ng cria electron nguy6n t& I Chuydn dQng khOng gian cira electron II Ctruydn d0.ng spin cta electron Hem obitan spin 3.4 Su stp xip electron nguy6n trl nhiiu electron I C6c co s& II Cdu hinh electron 3.5 Neng lugng ion ho6,6i luc electron D0 Am diOn I Nang luong ion ho6 ' II Ai luc electron III D0 im di6n 29 29 34 43 49 57 57 58 62 62 74 74 90 92 g2 95 97 97 99 100 cnuoNc4 PHAN ruVA LrEN xfr uOA ugc 4.1 M& tldu I Phan trl vi vai trd II Li€n kdt hod hoc III Cdng thri'c cdu tao Lewis IV Hinh hgc phsn tft Mo hinh VSEPR 4.2.M0t sd thuydt vi licn kdt ho6 hoc I MQt s6n6i dung ctra thuydt VB II Lai hod obitan nguy€n tt III MOt sd v0n dd cira thuydt obitan phan trl 6p dgng vho ho6 hgc phd thong 105 105 106 109 115 125 t25 127 138 CHIlONG BANG TUAN HOAN NHOM HALOGEN NHOM OXI-LUU HUVNH 5.1 Bing tudn hohn 194 I MQt sd vAn dd chung 194 II C6c quy lu0t m Ngudn gOc cdc nguy€n td ho6 hgc trOn Tr6i Dat 156 t64 5.2 C6c nh6m nguyOn to 164 I Nh6m halogen II Nh6m Oxi-luu hu!'nh 5.3 Hay crlu ldy cAn bang sinh th6i, zHUONG 163 170 cfu ldy sg song trOn Tr6i Ddt n5 MOr Sd vAx Dd vi cAN BANG HoA HoC DONG HOA HQC 'tt ' 6.L MQt so vdn dd cAn bAng hori hgc 176 I Khdi niOm II Heng sd cAn bang ho6 hgc m T(nh c0n bang ho6 hgc IV MQt sd luu f 176 179 187 196 6.2 MQt so vdn dd dQng ho6 hgc 198 I Mgt sd kh6i niOm II So lugc vd co chd phAn tnrg m SU phU thuOc nhiOt d0 cira tOc dO phin fng IV So luoc vd xfc t6c 199 2t8 Nang luong hoat ho6 220 223 Chuong I aJ MOT SO VAN DE CHUNG 1.I MOt sO' Oic Oiim cfra ho6 hoc co bin hiQn Ho6 hoc li mQt sd c6c khoa hoc vila c6 li thuydt vd thuc nghiOm, lai c6 ci khoa ho,c co bin vi khoa hoc cOng nghO ThUc td kh0ng c6 ranh gi6i 16 rOt gitta c6c vdn dd d6 Tuy nhiOn, pham vi cira sdch cflng nhu nlng cdn han chd cira tdc giir, nOn chring t6i chi gi6i han pham vi Ho6 hoc co bin D6 ld c6c kidn thrlc co s6, c6c kh6i ni6m, dinh nghia, c6c quy t6c, dinh lu6t, hoc thuydt, g6p phdn tao ndn ting kidn thrlc ctra khoa hoc Ho6 hgc NQi dung niy thudng duoc giing day c6c nhi trudng bac phd th6ng (phd th6ng co s&, phd thong trung hoc) cfrng nhu c6c trudng Cao d8ng, Dai hgc dlo tao crl nhAn phuc vu cho cdc hoat dQng xd h0i, dbi sOng, nghi€n crlu li0n quan nhu cdc trudng Cao ding Su pham, Dai hgc Su pham, Dai hgc Khoa hgc Tu nhiOn, r HoA HQC r,A XHOA HQC THu C NGHTEM Khoa hgc thuc nghiOm li c6c khoa hoc c6 ndn ting kidn thtlc co s& duoc x0y dung til kOt qui thuc nghi0m C6c quy t6c, dinh lu{t, hoc thuydt, cfia khoa hoc ndy duoc xdc nhAn bing kdt quA thqc nghiQm vd ngugc lai chfng giii thfch vd phdn nio d6 hudng ddn thuc nghiQm Ho6 hgc li mQt vf du didn hinh vd khoa hoc thuc nghi6m 2.MOtsd tl4c didm cfia thgc nghiQm ho6 hoc hiOn Thtra hu&ng kct quA cira su ph6t tridn nhu vfr b6o ctra khoa hgc cOng ngh0 thdi dai ngdy nay, thuc nghiQm ho6 hgc dugc dirng giAng day c6c nhi trudng c6 mOt sd dac didm ndi bat : o Xu hu6ng "mini ho6" : Ho6 chat duoc dDng vdi lugng it, thAm chi rdt it Vi dU nhu mqt dd thi thgc nghiOm cira Olympic Ho6 hgc qu6c t0 ldn thtl 32 ndm 1997 t+i Quebec, Canada {< \ th( sinh x6c dinh him luong canxi (Ca), magie (Mg) nudc d6ng chai duo c dilng ldm nu6c udng bang thudc th& EDTA yOu cdu * DUng cu thi nghiQm c6 kich thu6c rdt nh6 Ching han, dng nghiOm c6 duong kfnh gdn lcm, cd tt (dtng dd khuay dung dich lim th( nghi0m) chi vlo cd hat g+o, Dac didm ndy ddi h6i ngudi llm phii c6 ki nlng rhar ror m6i thu dugc kdt qui tdt (Ndu "sOi ndi nhung vung vd" e rang kh6ng ldm duoc thf nghiOm vdi dac didm tren !) o DVng cu th( nghiQm rdt da d+ng, tU tho so don giin nhu dng nghiem, binh thuli tinh quen thuQc cho t6i thidt bi ldm sic k( gidy hay cdc m6y quang phd hien d4i nhu hdng ngoai (IR), cQng hu&ng tt hat nhAn (NMR), rh6m chi c6 thiOt bi dDng laze o Vigc ldy cdc sd liOu thuc nghi€m til dung cu, thidt bi do, can r6i xrl li tfnh todn ddu phAi tuln theo dfng quy t6c vd sai sd Th6i quen tai hai "l6y sd thflp phAn tu),y" -d nhidu hoc sinh Vi0t Nam dang m6c phii, li mOt didm ydu trdm dd c6p ddn v6n dd nly rr HoA Hec cO co sd il rHuyflr vfNc vANc "Thdi dai" ho5 hgc chi li khoa hoc "dun, ndu, dd, r6t, ".dd qua Ngiy nay, hod hoc c6 "hai tru" li thuydt vfrng ving A Li rHUYfrr Co s& niy vi ciu r4o vAr cHir bao gdm : l) Ho6 hoc hat nhin 2) C€tu tao nguy0n t& 3) Cdu tao phAn tfr vi li0n kdt ho6 hgc 4) Ho6 hoc tinh thd B Li THUYET Co s& niy vi cec euA rRiNH HoA Hec bao g6m : 1) Nhigt dQng lqc ho6 hgc, bao gdm cA nhi0t ho6 hoc, cAn b6ng ho6 hoc cdc qud trinh chuydn pha 2) D0ng ho6 hoc vi xtic tdc 3) Ho6 hoc v6i ddng diOn 4)Hod hgc chAt keo vd hien tu-d.ng bd mdt vi li co s& lf thuydt niy ndn tAng kidn rhfc cfra ho6 hoc phd thOng chi chring ta nhan thrlc duo c, thuc hion day tdt, hoc tdt duo c van dd niy m6i mong g6p phdn xfly dung ndn gi6o duc viOt Nam bit kip yOu cdu ph6t tridn dat nu6c, h6i nhap khu vuc vi thd gi6i Thuc tc tU 1996 d€n nay.viec Viet Nam lien ruc thu dugc kOt qui tdt rrong c6c ki du thi olympic Ho6 hoc qudc td g6p phdn x6c nh6n didu nhy III HoA HQC Co BAN cAN T,dN v6I TToA HQC vAN od rlNu 16, xA HOr, MOr TRUoNG CONG NGHE, CAC Ho6 hqc ddng hinh v6i su tdn tai, vdn dOng cria vat chat tren Tr6i Dat n6i riOng, v0 Trg n6i chung Do d6 drc didm niy l) su t6t ydu, li su vdn c6 tt thu& hdng hoang cho tdi mdi sau niy ctra Trdi Dat, cfra Vfr Tru Nhan thrlc ro dac didm nly, thuc nghi0m ho6 hoc n6i ri€ng, giring day hod hgc nhi truirng n6i chung cdn dat duo c m6t sd yOu cdu : +) PhAi kinh td hay tiOt kiQm Thf nghiOm dd day vh hoc ho6 hoc n6i chung ddu lh thf nghiom ti€u phi Do d6 luong dilng ft t6i mrlc c6 thd dugc, ho6 chat, dung cu 16 t6i mfc c6 thd duo c, +) Ddi tugng, nOi dung cdc thi nghi€m phii hudng vd thuc td, hu6ng vd cu6c sdng Bii thi "x6c dinh him lugng canxi, magie nu6c d6ng chai dtng dd udng" duo c nOu & tren ld mQt vi du vd vAn dd nly +) Phii lu6n chri rdc, phd thii, f t6i mOi trulng ldm thi nghiOm cfrng nhu loai b6 +) Trong b)i day lf thuydt, bdi tdp, dd thi hay kidm tra van dung thich hgp cing nhidu chng tdt nhfing n6i dung kidn thtlc rhuOc ph?m vi "c6ng nghQ, kinh td, xd hOi, m6i trudrng" +) cdn phii td chfc thfch hgp c6c hoat dOng rhuc t6 nQi, ngoai kho6 cho hoc sinh, sinh viOn viQc irng dung thidt thuc, c6 hieu qui kidn thfc ho6 hoc vho c6c vdn dd thuc td rv TrN HQC HOA SAU noNG, TRrEr DC chring ta dang & thdi dai bing nd cria cOng nghQ rh6ng tin (cNTT) trOn binh di0n toin cdu Do d6 viOc g6n lidn Ho6 hoc n6i chung, Ho6 hoc co bAn n6i S : chflt ddu ; E : enzim (men) ; ES : sin phdm trung gian ; P : sAn phdm Su biOn ddi hat nhfln tu ph6ng x4 cfrng c6 giai.doan xuAt hiCn phin rXng niy Vd d6ng hoc, c6 "phuong trinh thd ki" rdt ndi tidng Phin rtng song song a) So dd A/B \D Trong loai phin rtrng niy, tt chit ddu c6 thd tao nhidu huong sin phdm b) VC d6ng hoc, tu!,trudng hgp, c6 thd : - Huong tao sin phdm chinh c6 vai trd quydt dinh, - Ho4c huong c6 t6c dO l6n hon c6 vai trd quydt dinh Trong ho6 hoc phd th6ng dd c6 m6t sd phin rmg duoc dd cAp y' KClo3\ KCI+O KCI+rcroo Ho{c (CH?)?O + H2O ,/ C2H5OHQ CHz-CHz+H2O \ Phin fng li6n hgp a)Sodd A+B A+D '2 +M -+N (a) (b) Quan h€ gifia phhnrlng nly li : Mdt phin rlng chi c6 thd xiy ndu c6 su tl6ng thdi phin rirrg Ta n6i phin tmg niy cim ring phin tmg (hay ngugc lai) D6 li su cim tlng ho6 hoc xiy Trong so dd trOn : A li chat t6c d6ng ; B li chat nh6n ; D li chat cim rlng b) Theo Silop (nhi Ho6 hoc Nga, N A Chilov), c6 thd chia loai phin rtng niy thinh nh6m : - N6ng dO chAt cim ring giim theo thdi gian N6ng dQ chdt cim rtr'ng kh6ng thay ddi theo thdi gian (su xric tdc) 215 - Ndng dQ chAt cim rtrng t[ng Vf du, vd loai phin trng niy li su oxi hod FeSOa, HI blng HzOz DOn dfly ch6c - chin ban doc de "e" l€n mOt tidng vi n6i tidp A, ,4y d6 Thuc td hod chi lI cdc phin rlng ho6 hoc kh6 phrlc tap ViQc don giin gdn dring Dd ctng "nhflm nhi" k€t lu6n thri vi d6, mdi ban x6t Bdi C6 tuAp f : bii tAp sau ddy dp dqng 6.12 kidn cho rlng : Qud trinh sau dxy khdng phii mQt phin rlng hod hoc Al + HNO3 -+ AI(NO3), + NO + N2O + H2O Vi phin rlng ho6 hoc kh6ng chdt cdn thay ddi tu) f bao gid mI v6n dring Dd nghi ban cho nhfln x6t ric rdi nhu vAy, th1m chf h0 sd cdc f kidn trOn vi nOu 16 j kidn cfra ban Trao ddi cdu trd ldi Didu khing dinh : Day + Ld phin ring n6i tidp li phin rlng phrlc tap C6 thd : ; + Ho[c lh phAn ring song song ; + HoIc vta ndi tidp, vla song song Ydu td nio quydt dinh c6c huong tr€n ? Ndng dQ HNO3 vi nhi0t dg (ndu c6) Qu6 trinh tr6n tao chdt le NO vi N2O H6n hgp niy c6 thd thay ddi thinh phdn [Ing vdi mdi thdnh phdn hqp NO, NO2 ; ta c6 mQt bQ hQ sd ccic chdt ph,il hqp V&y nh0t thidt he s6 phin fng d6 thay ddi duo;c, c6c b6 h0 sd ddu nguy€n tdi giin nhdt Ngoii ci{c loai phAn rlrg tr6n, cdn c6 : - Phin rlng dAy chuydn - Phin rlng quang ho6 hoc, Do pham vi cira s6ch nly n€n chua dd c{p cdc loai phin ung d6 216 li sd D KrEM sotr xrufiT D1NG, xtiu soAr oQNc Hec KhAi ni6m nly xudt hiOn x6t phAn tmg phfc tap, vira song song, vta thu6n nghich Ta x6t so bO van dd ndy C6 hai phin rlng song song (cdn gqi A o, ,c vi A li phin rlng canh tranh) ddu bflc nhAt k2 >D (hay (a) ^(;) Tt vi6c thidt lap bidu thrlc dinh luAt tdc dQ cho tirng phin ring (d+ng vi phAn, dang tich phAn), cudi ctng thu duoc li6n h€ : rct/rDr : vi ci h€ =+ (b) aay dlng ki hi6u.[ ] dd thufin loi cho vi6c liOn h€ vdi cbhh & doan sau Thuc t0, dD mrlc dQ (tdc dd) thflp, phii chti f phin ring nghich : c k-r >A vi D k-z >A (c) Tdt nhiOn, cfrng phAi x6t ddn liOn h0 C ;=i D (d) Ndu tax6t v6i thdi gian dfi lau, t+i [ =.o, dd tohn hg d+t tdi cbhh gie dinh h9 lf tu&ng Ta c6 K1 = tcl ltAl ;Kz= tDl / IAI tcl ,/ [D] - Kr lKz (e) -) Tinh hudng nhy duoc n6i le c6 st kidm sodt nhi€t d/ng d6'i vdi sdn phdm, hic d6 sin phdm c6 AGo 6m nhAt NCu b6 qua (c), (d) m) ding bidu thrlc (b), tinh hu6ng d6 dugc n6i li c6 su kidm sodt d1ng hot: ddi vdi sdn phdnt Ndu c6c hang sd tdc dQ k-, vil k-, nh6 hon rflt nhidu so v6i c6c h[ng sd t6c kr, k2 ; tinh hudng niy duo c n6i li c6 su kidm sodt d6ng hoc ddi v6i c6c sin phdm ci lugng A bi ti0u tdn gdn hdt dQ Ndu xiy rakl lkz ) cdn Kr I K2 Tr Bidt hC - Tr)/ 10, ta c6 : kz = kr.Y' Phuong trinh Areniuxo Khdi qu6t ho6 kOt qui thuc nghiOm, nf,m 1889 nhh Ho6 hoc Thuy Didn lh Areniuxo (Arrhenius) dua kdt lufln, vd sau duo c gqi li phuong trinh Areniuxo: -Ea k-4"Rr 220 (6.78) Trong d6 k : li hAng sd t6c d6 phin ring - R le hang sti - T la nhiQt dO cria phin ung (b6t bu6c phAi theo thang Kenvin) - e li co sd logarit tu nhiOn (Nepe, e - 2,718 ).' - A li thta sd trudc lu! thira hay thia sd Areniuxo ; A > ; m6t cdch gdn dring nguli ta coi - gqi Eu duoc li A- const ddi v6i mot phin rlng nlng lugng hoat ho6 Areniuxo ndng luong hoat ho6 hay Phuong trinh Areniuxo i4p dung dring cho nhidu phin ring, kd phrlc t4p vdi khoing nhi6t dO kh6 r6ng, nhi0t d0 kh6 cao Phuong trinh ndy ,F duo, c 6p dung & dang tr€n hof,c dang logarit lnk=ma- ci phin : ffi G.79a) Eq(rz hof,c rn9 ;I) kl R TrTz Bdi tQp dp ung (6'79b) dung 6.14 Til (6.78) hay (6.79), hdy chring t6 rdng toc dQ phAn rlng ddng bidn v6i nhiQt d0 phAn tmg Mdi ban cho cAu trA ldi Bdi t|p dp dung 6.15 Hai phin ,1ng tfnh ti d 5k2 I vd,2 c6 cing rri sd A, duoc khao sdt & cing nhiet n6u bidt hi0u s6 Eu,z -Eu, I dQ T Hdy : a) 1,0 kcal.mol-l ; b) 10 kcal.mol-I Hrdng ddn ldi gitii : LaP ti sd k, Aexp(-Eu,t/RT) t o",ffil*'l = = - Eu,t') Rr I "rr['Eu,z 221 Thay sd, t(nh dugc k' a)'k2 - 5,4(ldn) k' b)'k2 ; - zxLOT (la'n) n NANc L(I1NG ruoer noA Nhu dd chi & tren, dai lugng Eu li nlng luqrng hoat ho6 cira phin rlng KhAi niOm Khi xdt don gitin : Nlng lugng hoat ho6li dQng ning tdi thidu chfit tham gia phin fng cdn c6 dd tao sin phdm b) Khi xit chi tiAi : NFng lugng hoat ho6 lh nlng lugng du so vdi nlng lugng trung binh vdn c6 dd ph0n trl chAt tham gia phin rlng vugt duo c qua dinh hhng rio vlLo ning lugng tao thinh sin phdm a) Trung gian Trung gian \ o, c g' o) c g' o, (r) z xo c c ro Z (Eu)n (Er)t Ddu AH \ -\ I0 Cudi I CI a) Phen rlng toi nhiQt b) Phan rlng thu nhiet Hinh 6.2 Ning lugng hoqt ho6 ph6n rlng thufn (E,t), ph6n 0ng nghich c0a hai logi PhAn rlng th0ng thudng Kf hiQu (Eu.t) : nlng lugng hoat ho6 ctra phin tlng thuin (Eu.n) : n6ng lugng hoat hod cira phin ung nghich Ddu : chdt ddu (tham gia phin fng) Trun$ gian : sAn phdm hay chdt trung gian Cudi : chdt cudi cria phan rlng (sin phdm cudi ctng) 222 (E, n) LiAn hA gifra ndng luong hoat hod Eovd nhiAt phdn tng AH : MOt c6ch tdng qudt c6 hai rrudng hop cria li€n h0 nly rlng vdi : - PhAn rlng toi nhi€r (hinh 6.2a); - PhAn fng thu nhiOt (hinh 6.2b); Ning luong hoat ho6 Eu chri yOu tlugc x6c dinh b6ng thuc nghiOm (Cfrng c6 thd xdc dinh tt thOng k0 Macxoen-Bonzoman ta so s6nh thrla sd e-elkT vdi e-Eo/RT, v6i chri v6i f e-eNR/kNAT = c6c phin ung rhOng thudng, E, c6 rri sd e-Eo/*t) rt r6i khoing g0 kcal/mol-l (khoing 330 kumol-l; cung c6 phin ung v6i Eu cao nhu Eu co, -+ Co + o c6 = 100 kcal.mol-l vd nguy0n r-6c.Euphu thu0c nhi0t d0, nhung thuc t€ ta v6n coi E a r const Phan ung c6 Eu cing cao cing kh6 ung phii c6 nlng luo ng du dfr l6n (cao) xiy vi ph6n tir ch6t tham gia phin (Tuy nhiOn cfrng c6 trudng hop phAn trl c6 ning lugng ban ddu chua dat t6i E" nhung phin ung v6n xiy D6 li hiOu rlng dudng hdm, r0t thri vi) rv - so Luqc vc xuc rAc A M1r sd xnfu NrEM Xric t6c lir gi ? xic tcic ld chdt ldm tdng tdc dQ phrin rlng, kltfing bieh ddi v0 s6'luqng vd bdn chdt hod hoc sau phcin fing xdy Xitc tdc ddng thi Ie chdt xtic t6c cing pha vdi chdt ddu vir sin phdm cria phin ri,ng Ch8ng h4n, su oxi ho6 SO2 rhanh SO3 bang oxi 02 c6 xric t6c NO or45 2So2 + 2'toc -/ 2so3 Xric t6c di thd ld chat xric t6c kh6c pha vdi chat ddu vd sin phdm phin ung 223 Ching han V2O5 xric t6c cho su oxi ho6 trOn 1) xric tdc di thd : 2So2+orS2sr LLtoc Phin rlng tU xfic tdc lh trudng hop chdt t4o thinh lDrm ting tdc tIQ phin fng Vf du didn hinh cho xric ti{c loai niy thuf ph6n este : li H:O* duoc tao th}nh su + RCOO- + H3O+ + ROH Mot v( du ddc bict ve phin fng tu xric t6c li bom nguyOn trl (bom A) RCOOR'+ zHzO ph6t nd, lugn:g notron, on', dugc tao nhanh vi cuc manh llm cho su nd tr& thinh d0y chuydn cuc Chdt kim him li chdt lim giim tdc d0 phAn rfing (Trudc dAy ngudi ta ggi chdt nhy lir xric t6c Am) V( dq didn hinh cho loai x: ,c tdc niy cfrng ldy tU phin rfng hat nhfln D6 l) su llm chAm notron ld phf,n ri'ng d6n dung nhu ld nu6c nhg (xem chuong 2) co cHi rAc otlNc c1A xuc rAc Til thuc nghiQm vd lf thuy6t ddu c6 nhAn dinh tuong d6i thdng B nh6t li : xric t6c t4o vdi chflt ddu m6t sin phdm trung gian c6 dinh hlng rio n[ng lugng (Eu) thdp hon so v6i trudng hqp khOng c6 xtic tdc, sau d5 chflt trung gian nly bidn ddi tao thinh sin phdm vi trA lai ch6t xric t6c nhu ban ddu vd m[t ho6 hgc vI s6lugng Ching han, phin wrg2 chat ddu R1, R2 tao mf,t cria xfc t6c C : R, +C-+I+P1 ' I+R2-+P2+C shn phdm PyP2 vdi su c6 \ | | (6'so) ) Trong d6 I ld chat trung gian -" (C6c kf hi€u tren ddu bit ngudn tir Catalyst ; I tU Intermediate) 224 tt tidng Anh : R tt Reactant ; P tt Product, Th6ng thudng phin rlng cira chdt xtic tdc vdi chAt ddu c6 bac x:(.c tdc Hinh 6.3 sau dfly minh hoa inh huong ctra xric tdc ddnm6 ndng luong hoat ho6 cria phin fng I ddi v6i chat ti & trcn ddi vdi Hi6n m6t sd khdi ni6m nhu thing hoa, xfc tdc, rdt duo.c ua ding ddi sdng, vf,n chuong D6 le m6t ddu hi6u tdt linh cho thdy cdc kh6i ni€m hod hoc ngiy cing phd bi6n Tuy nhi6n, cdn c6 su thtn trgng, d4c biQt cdn hidu dfng kh6i niQm, dd vi6c srl dung c6 hi€u qui tdt, ndu kh6ng s6 inh huong nguo c l4i d6 ! Tr.ung gian c,) C B o, I c T-o uaf- )O z Trung gian l=L ,1.ll Tidn trinh ph6n urng Hinh 6.3 Minh hoq t6c dqng c0a xuc t6c E: N[ng lugng hoat hod cria ph6n fng kh6ng c6 xfc tdc :r Ea Nang lugng ho4t hod c[ra phin fng d6 c6 xric tdc Cic ki hieu khdc c6 f Bdi tQp dp nghia nhu h)nh 6.2 dung 6.15 Kdt qui thuc nghiem cho bidt nang lugng ho4t hod Eu (t(nh theo kcal.mol-l) cria phin irng2H2O2(aq) + zHzO + 02 nhu sau : \ 22s Kh0ng xric t6c ld 18 ; a) xfc tdc I- la V ; b) xf c t6c Pt (hat min) ld 12 c) x ic tdc men le ; Quy udc phin fng khOng xfc tdc c6 ko = l' Hdy tinh sd ldn tdng lOn ctra tdc dg phin fng c6 xtic tdc & m6i trudng hgp &, b, c trOn so vdi khOn g c6 xtic tdc B?n vidt phuong trinh Areniuxo b trudng hgp : khOn g c6 vi c6 xric tdc : Eu,* - ko=^.-kr k*- Ae Ti d6 ban sE thAy cAu (NCu ban tham c so Luqc tri ldi khio th€m vi du vi xuc RT & trang 55, 56 s6ch tdc gil da den & tren) rAC MEN Hdu hOt cdc phin fng xiy co thd sdng ddu dugc xric t6c blng c6c phfln trl dugc ggi ld cdc men (hay cdc enzym) Cdc men (enzym) li cdc protein c6 trgng lugng ph1n trl khoing tt lOa ddn 106 (ldn don vi khdi luong, amu) C6 nhidu, ndu kh6ng n6i ld rdt rdt nhidu, so dd mO tA co chd cira phin rlng xric t6c men So dd don giin nhat c6 thd le : E+S-LEs+E+P k-l k-z (6.8 1) Trong d6 S le chdt ndn (Subtrate) ; E ld men (Enzym) ; ES gian duo c tao gifra S v6i E ; P li sin phdm (product) li chdt trung Dinh lu1t tdc dQ cria ph6n fng xfc t6c men trOn duoc thidt lap dua vio su gdn dring ndng dQ dirng cira ES : dlESl/dt = O' Nghien crfu dQng hgc phin rlng xfc t6c men duo c tidn hinh ddng thdi ci b[ng phuong ph6p "cd didn" l6n hiQn dai Di c6 rdt nhidu thdnh tuu linh vuc nly C6 kdt quA thri vi Id co chd Mai-con - Menten (Michaelis - Menten) luOn duo c t