!" #$% !$& ' ( *"+ !$, - % / ' ) 1! "# $ %& - ' , ( ) * ( + − /, = / + /, "5 $2 *"+ *34'5 % * 4'5 !$, - % - - , /, 61 ( % # "( 9: 6$) 9* , ,! 12% - 123 " A / A A A % 1 A > B " A % > B " ,% , ?2>3 12%3 % > B " % > * 46( ! / Ω2 /, &Ω2 - 123 8- : ; :9 < = ! ∗ $ T > - 9 → - ≠ → , ≠ → , ≠ 17 − 123 − 123 & = ?2>3 & = 12%3 , = ,% = +& +& ∗ $ % !( >1 ,% & 6( % + % $) 92; ) ( ( H * $ I$ Ω2 / Ω2 /, & Ω7 /0 ( ( $J < $6! / /0 A A $2 *"+ *34'5 % !$, ∗ - % > 12 - 9 % , ,% 61 ( 2/ , - - /, & , % # "( 9:* 6$) * ≈ 12 , K* / -2 /, !( − − 123 /, = > 7&7 > = ?2>3 > / + /, + &7 − − 123 = /, = > 7&7 > = 12%3 > / + /, + &7 = % ∗ % < 12- , = , = @ / ∞2 / + / + /, / + / + /, K* , /, = /, = (7 B + + &7 > 7&7 > = B2L + + &7 > 7&7 > = 12BL > > B / / /, A A A 1 % " B > A , % > B " % > B " ,% ?2>3 B2L % > 12%3 B " 12BL #2 *"+ *34'5 % !$, - % - % # "( 9:* 6$) * ∗ ) ≥ 1232 - 9 K* , ω1 " ω1 7&7 > = B2L + B + &7 > < 46( I (! /, = (! ω − 123 /, = ,% = / + /, π ω1 = ω1 % + ≈ 12 @ / ∞2 < 12 - % , ∗ - < (! (! , + 2/ -7 > ( ,% K* /2 ω − 12E>" 12& 12E> 12%3 @2/ - ∞2 , K* /2 (! > ,% + 123 ω 123 ω /, = > 7&7 > = 12> L B > / + / + /, + + &7 = @ / ∞2 < 12 - % ,% K* , A A " ,% A 12L?L A " B2L $, # ω1 123 " , 7&7 > = 12BL B / + / + /, + + &7 > = ω1 =$, %1 46( "6" $%> !1, " ω1 12> L 1?"( 0?% /0 " B2L @ $8> M - A $ 2L A -'0L4 /, 2B , M M / PP$ / , /, I MN ∗ M ! K ;K( O = < 46( = < ( -' : ( -'2 01 8< ( I < ) M ! $ 2L7 > = -' =L > => / +$ + 2L7 > : ∗ M = ( -' / = 17 / +$ 01 8< ( > ω1 I =B + 2L7 > > < ) M ! ; ! ω1 " B KH < ∗ = -' ( < < = -' 4 I < ) M ; ! $ / + = > + B ω1 " / +$ / +$ $6 ∗ < H - = + ; < ( < $6 < 6 < 6 ; ! / 7$ >7 2L7 > + /, = > + 2B7 > = % Ω / = / +$ + 2L7 > I< -' H π π π π ω = 12 2− 2− > % > % => ∗ ω1 = ∗ ω1 = = >+ B ∗ ω1 = > + B7 = 3" ∗ ω1 = − = >−B ∗ ω1 = > − B7 = − " π > π = % π > π =− % - > = E2BE" % > = −12BE" % " M >2 L %2?? L > = E2BE (7 - + / > = L" M %7 %7 > E2BE =− 7123 + = %2??" M > %7 %7 > =− > 7123 + L = >2 L" M %7 %7 > 12BE =− 7123 − = −12L?" M > %7 %7 > π % ∗ ω1 = ∗ ω1 = − =− π > π ω1 = − % ∗ I , " = /, =− = /, - = 123 > 7123 + %7 > / 7123 − = /, = 123(> + B (/ %7 > = −12?L" M PP $ ) + / , ω1 ) = %2 + %2? = 2B7 > %7 > ω1 " , B2& %2 123 !" A" "B ,0 " B1 R %11 M ≤ / %%4G S -'G%?4 S ≤ %M2 $S , S0 ?4 /,0 ?Ω / < ) ,0 ? S A , 12% A 2% M7 A % > M7 O S OA , 0 %% S 7/ A T H ( (! K$ ! − S %% − ? B / = = = = >2>Ω 2% 2% S , O %? K$ O − S O / = O/ S S = A S7 S %? − ? = = >2>Ω > > K / >2>Ω7 US VO S ;6( O7 S %7 ? >EW7 - S $! E % - , !" ≠ B M≤ L M7 S , ≤ ?L M7 / / >4G + S E4 ( $J ;6( − O + ≤/ ≤ S , S / − + , S0 14 /, , S , O > ( >− / O ≤ = >1Ω 121 L + 121?L ( -' E E− / O ≤ = E1Ω 121 L + 121?L K ; K / O >1Ω7 ∗ -' ∗ US > -'G S ;6( - S $7 S O S O/ A S E− O − S = = %11 M O = / >1 = 12% − 121 = 12 & = &1 M V O = O − , UV O = 12 & × = 2& W O0 S T H ( ! O7 R ,≠ "# B% S≠ >1 ≤ , ≤ L1 M2 S M7 $S 1Ω H S >1 MR UV O 0?11 W7 %14G S -'G%L4 / 1Ω / < ) - ) E2>EΩ 12 K $ ! >E2BΩ ≤ / ≤ EE23Ω K / L1Ω ∗ T H ( ! I< T !( 6( K SA S ! S/ 0 %1 -' + S L1 = 6( -' %L ∗ S + S L1 = X ,/ (! %1 − 121> × L1 = L2L H , = >1 M %1 − 121L × L1 = %2L H , = L1 M (! %L − 121> × L1 = %12L H , = >1 M %L − 121L × L1 = 32L H , = L1 M -' S S> ( + < ( S! L2L − %2L − = = >E23 M R S% = = E23 M L1 L1 %12L − 32L − = = 31 M R S B = = L1 M R L1 L1 S" %12L 32L L2L %2L S M S E23 $S 1Ω >1 >E23 L1 31 ?1 ? C C 3D E F 1"G 7$, C2 F ( % 6$) F # % 1! %1 ≤ β ≤ E12 K $ 'Y H ( % K < ) * ( 1Z7 A%L /'0 2L /% A '[Y / ∗ U '' 'Y \ β : ∗ / / ∗ ∗ = L /[0 $8 = ! '[Y A 'Y"/' A /[ %L − L '' − '[Y = = =? M /' + /[ 2L7 > + > < K; < < = H β E1 β %1 K = 'Y ≥ 32% M7 ( ( ( ) * ( β /[ ≤ / ≤ / % = 7%17 > = % Ω ≤ / ≤ / K% Ω≤/ ≤E Ω − 123 T H ( 'Y = ## / /[ + β / /[ + β% 'Y = ≥ 12& / 'Y % /[ + β ) + $ / / /[ + ≥ 12& / [ + β% β / ≤ β %1R β% E17 β%/ [ = ' ( 6 % = ## 7E17 > = E Ω ≈ !( " $8 12 / [ ≥ / " ! − β% + 12& β 12 / [ 12 11 = = = >2L> Ω 12& 12& %?2>7 −> − + − + β% β E1 %1 > & ' / >2L Ω7 ∗ \ * #Y K$ ! ( ## ≈ #[ = >2L7 > / =/ ## − = >2L7 > '' ## ( 'Y 'Y % ' ) + / 0> Ω I # % = ∗ >2L7 > = L>E?Ω ≈ L2B Ω 12EL% %L = 11L3Ω ≈ 121E Ω ?23 K4 'Y " ! ! 6( ( ( $J ) Y ' = O " + I "% < < O ( 7 > E1 = 1L1 = 12& = L1 >7 > 1> + %1 $ 1> + 'Y % % 123 A ?7 >7 1> ?23 ) * (!' / 0B Ω > B7 1> + E1 = 1E3 = ??2&Z J ; = %11 B7 > 1> + %1 ∗ ∗ [Y/[ = ?23 %L − '' /% = / A ( $J / /% ' O K ! '' / -' + / M' 7/ M' 'Y ] !I /-' /' A /[ 2L7 1> A 1> %2L Ω7 /M' /' A /[ 2L7 1> A 1> %2L Ω7 %L K $ ! 'Y ] = %2L7 > + %2L7 > = L M '[Y ] ∗ ' L7 >7%2L7 1> %2L / = β/ [ = '" '' / -' %(/ ' + / [ ) -',, ≡ M',, − ≈ #[ A Y =L ## * #Y M = '' 117 > = Ω " 'Y ]7/[ '[Y ] %2L7 > ] %2L %L '[" 123 A L7 >7 1> L23 , = % % , '% '% % = =− % ' = ' ` % = −L1 "% − / ' PP / % (/ ' PP / % ) + ` "> % − EB 7L1 ≈ −L21E ≈ EB + BL? / % 11 = = = 12&L / + % 11 + 1? "B K "% "> "B " ( M " L1 7"L21E 7"12&L ≈ %B %2 1>PP 1? ≈ 1>Ω S / PP S 0∞ ) < = B2B -',, − Y 2% 32> %L1 '[" &23 ' − 'Y =− / M' (4 '[ − '[Y ) 4'[ K $ ' O 'Y A '[YP/M' 2%7 > A 32>P%7 1> B2?L M K $ 4' O '[Y7/M' '01 32> A 2%7 >7%7 1> &23 < T K -',, M',, ( ' $) S2 = 3EΩ %>7 −> < = < + ( ( ; / ' PP / % / % (/ ' PP / % ) + % / + $ ( " $ = %L117 : ! ( % EB % 11 ≈ B>B EB + 3BL % 11 + 3E R $) S2; ) Y $2 "G = %! /-'% /[% ΩR /M'% /[%PP/, L11Ω7 '' = > = E23 M 'Y % ] = / -' % + / M' % + L11 > '[Y% ] 'Y% ]7/M'% E237 7L11 >2>L %L7 −> %L7 −> B = = = L%%Ω B 11 % ` % E237 −> [Y % / % = ` % 7/ [ % = 117 > = B Ω = Ω 1 > > 123 A 7/ ## 'Y% ] [ 123 A E237 32B / 1B 1B /%= = = = >?2BE Ω 32B 12%E ##% − − '' / %% = / '' = 1B ##% = /-' /M' 'Y = >2L Ω 32B ! /' A /[ B11 A 11 L11ΩR /' PP/ %PPb % A ` "/,PP/[ c B11PP 1BPPb%E A 117L11c B11PP?>>> ≈ >?%Ω7 '' = = 2>B M ] = / -' + / M' L11 + >?% '[Y ] 'Y ]7/M' 2>B7 >7>?% B2>> %3 = 2B ` %L7 −> = 2B7 117 [Y % / %L7 −> = >1&Ω 2>B 117 11 = Ω ` 7/ [ = 1 2>B7 >7 11 2?>B ## 123 A 'Y ]7/[ 123 A / 1> 1> / = = = = %2%L Ω 2?>B 12? EE ## − − '' = /% = / '' = 1> ## #2 = L2BL Ω 2?>B "G ' / %2 /' B11 11 >1& % L%% % " A ` /[ Ω /% S a , " A ` /, Ω S M = , % " % , =( + ` )(/ [ PP / , ) = L12L7 % % = % ' ' = 1> − / ' PP / % (/ ' PP / % ) + % + ( + "% ` )/ [ PP / , ` − >?L − >?L7 % = 11 = ≈ −123L >?L + L%% + L1L11 L B13 / 1> = = = 123EB / + + >1& "> "B K "% "> "B " ( > M "L12L7 7" 123L 7"123EB ≈ %&111 M %&111 PM %& P M7 % % / PP/ % ` % S / PP /[ Ω S > PP>1& %>EΩ / ' PP / % = > PP [L2%% + >2?L] = > PP &213 ≈ &Ω S = / [ PP % + ` % %? , ;5 $, #$) & ,> R # EB ' / 11 % / / /' 11 /< ) '% % % ` %/[% > /'% % 11 L1L1 ` >/[> L1L1 % " 1% =− > = % "% % K$ 1% =" + = −" + ` % / [% ` % % "> 7/ [ % "B '% "L % 1 = % "L > > '% % K$ =" + ` > / [> % / '% + / + / '% > +" + ` > / [> ` % = −" + 1> 11 = −L1L1 > + / + > + L1L1 1L 31L1 A / / 11 Ω 321L Ω ≈ &> Ω − L1L1 ` % / [% "E "% (! = > '% > '% % % % = % ' ' =− " + ` > / [ > 7/ ' % ` % / '% + / + > + " + ` > / [> L1L17 >7 % =− > ≈ −L1L1 + &>7 > + > + L1L1 (/ ' PP / % ) =− (/ ' PP / % ) + % + " + ` % / [ % ` L117 11 L7 B =− =− = −32E> L11 + 111 + L1L1 ELL1 (/ PP / ) 1> = = > = 12L (/ PP / ) + + 1> K "3 "? "& "% "3 "? "& < ! %& = (− L1L1 )( − 32E>)712L ≈ &2%3 /P / % ` > &>1 > /[> L1Ω S S / PP/ PP S = / [ > PP ` > M > ≈ L11Ω / / + + ' % = L1 PP [ + &>1 + 1] ≈ B32LΩ B$ - -' B =$K -$ 6$) 95 $) S2 ` > $B0 ' A /'% %2L /% > > /'B0/, E1 > % / 3L1 $2 ` / /[ L11 " A /[ ` B % % > /% 3L1 ` % % 11 0& , /%% > % / '' % /'% %2L ` > % ` 11 /[B E1 B 'B /, /[B " A "G ## [Y = = / 1> '' = > 7& = %2%L / + /% + >7 > − 123 %2%L − 123 = ## = > = 2LL M / + 32B% %/ [ + ##% [Y % = ` M > '[Y '' X %/[7 'Y & X %7L117 2LL7 32BL '[Y% '' X %/[7 'Y X /'%7 'Y% & X 1>7 2LL7 > X %2L7 1>7 2LL7 > >2L3L [ 0% [ >2 >1 ` B /[B = '' 'Y B = [Y B − / '% 'Y % /[B = #[ > − #[ B = & − >2?3L − 2B = >23%L >23%L ≈ E% M E1 = / [B − E%7 −> ≈ 12E% M 1% ` > '[YB '' X 'YB"/'B A /[B & X E%7 %1 & X 32BB 2LE '[Y> '[YB X #[B 2LE X 123 12?E %L7 −> %L7 −> = 2B ` = 2B7 117 = %%L?Ω 2LL7 −> [Y = 'Y > > = [Y > = 2B ` #Y B >7 'Y B ≈ %L7 −> = = 2B7 117 %L7 −> = LEBLΩ 12E%7 −> = 2B7 117 %L7 −> = LE2BLΩ E%7 −> [Y B = 2B ` B %L7 −> [Y #2 "G %%L? / 3L1 % % /a[ L12L %%L? '% / 3L1 > > B" A LEBL L311 /'% %2L 11 ` , /a[B E ? " A ` 1%1 % % > /' E1Ω > S R 'E = R E1 (1 + h fe ) = 500.101 = 50500 / d[ B = [ M = B , = +( + , > , ` B > )/ [ B ]( % + ` > ) = [LE2BL + E1E1 ]7 = E 323E Ω " % =( + ` > )( + ` B = 1%1 )= "% > > = % / '% + > − / '% +( + ` ) B + / d[ B − %2L7 > %2L7 > + LEBL + L311 + E 323E7 > − %2L = ≈ −B2 > E> 2E1L = % = % % = ` % 7(− )= − 11 "> "B % " /a[ $ = / + ;6( / % +/ dd [ = ≈ 3L1 = %?2B7 −> 3L1 + %%L? + %?>% "L > S a 46( / dd[ = / d[ PP [ % +/ ] = L1L1 PP >11? ≈ %?>%Ω K "% "> "B "L " (! > M 1%1 7" B7 7" 11 %?2B7 > L%%2> "; = A/aa[ ≈ 3L1PP"%%L? A %?>% ELBΩ S / PP" S ∞ Sa S PP/' /' E1Ω A /[>7 [Y> [[ K $ '[> [[ A [ X /[> [Y> > A 12 ?L X 1>7%2>7 > 12??L /[E '' X /'% 'Y% X #[B #[L #[E E X 1>7 L7 > X %2 %23L %23L /[ E = = %3L M [Y E = / [E '[ [Y % % '' "% "> "B E X %23L >2%L #[E >2%L X 123 %2LL /[E >% '[B '[L = 2B = [Y L ` [Y E X %2LL X 123 2?L %L7 −> %L7 −> B 11 = = >1B>Ω L7 − > L7 − > #[L = %23L M R [Y B [Y L = ` E E = 2B ` L ` E %L7 −> = 2B7 117 [Y E L #2 %3%ΩR %L7 −> = %23%Ω %3L7 −> %37%11Ω B "G >1B> % B >1B> / S = %23L7 −L M % '% /% / d[ E = / [ E ( + M = , , = B B , ` % % 11 )> ≈ / [ E ` % %32% %32% L7 ` B7 ` L %32% /'% /a[E % " % = / d[ E ≈ Ω "% = B '% '% =− % / '% / '% +> ` % B + / d[ E >7 % 1% =− > = − = −&E2>7 − B + >? 2E7 > + + >? 2E + B / % =− =− +/ % / +% 1B =− B = −12B?L + E21?E7 > − B K "% "> "B " ( M 137" &E2> B7" 12B?L BE3%? PM BE23 P M / > % > ` ≈ > ` B 012>? "> "B /[E S A / %c ≈ E2 L Ω / > S = / [ E PP '> % + > B = PP (12>?% ) ≈ 12>3Ω S / PPb% ` , S 1E ≈ 13 Ω % B B B L7 ` B ` >> * Q H I Q P @ ' "G> $%>J -$ 0"8 ! ) $) U2T 95 A '' /' % /'% % , /, 11 /[% /` = Ω R ` = B1 K; =e , ( ; % A /` a /[%% =e , M = = , /[% " B % /[%%" /' % ` B1 ` %A '% ` %A B B1 % /'% % /, 11 S S + < ;6 = ! = =1 d 01 % % = / [ %% ( + ` % " d )= B 1> % % = % ' =− ' /' + % "% /' + / [% ( + ` ` % ) + / [ %% ( + %7 7B1 ?1 =− =− = −12&B > > > > ?L %7 + + B + B > d = d d /` + = /` + = 1B + 1> = & −E ` % ) "> "B >B K "% "> "B " !( > E B 7" 12&B 7& >2L + Ai = M = , iL ii = a 01 , % " % , = , '% % '% % = −12&B /` /` + =− % / '% / '% + / , " "> =− ` % = %7 > 7B1 = −>&2E %7 > + $ "> 1B = & −% B > + K "% "> "B " !( % M " >&2E 7" 12&B 7& >>2& ≈ >B = "% "B = + M `2 S `2 S `7 M >B M` = = = 32LB − + >2L 1BPP 1> ≈ & 1Ω S /`PP S & S` = = = %1%Ω − + >2L S /'% % Ω S %7 > = = BB>Ω S` = − + >2L L 17 11 ` Ω /` A ` a , , /` /' 11 /, , S ;6 = ! , d , , =1 , = 01 , = ' " d , = −/ , ' = d , d , d , = /` + /' /' + /, ` = /` + =− >7 >7 % = −L7 B > > + 1 B + 1> = & −E "% "> K "% "> " (! B E 0" L7 7& B2LL + M = M2 S2 S , , d , = = =1 , ' , =− ' /` /` + " /' /' + /, ` =− 1> 11 = −L1 1> + 1B = & −% B > + K "% "> " (! % M " L1 7& BL2BL S /`PP 1BPP 1> & 1Ω S /' 1>Ω Ω = = "% "> + M `2 S `2 S `7 M L1 M` = =− = −?2% − + B2LL S & S` = = = EBΩ − + B2LL S 1B = = ?1Ω S` = − + B2LL >E @ ' "G> $%>J -$ 0"8 $%> $) U29: 95 /%% /' /% ? ' / /% /[ 11 A /'% % '' , /[% ' /` M = = L1 ` = L1Ω R '→∞ , , =e S RS =e %2L ' /[ L / ?&1 / `7 ` L7 1L ` A a ` /' L1 , '% % / L % % %2L ` % % L1 /` % /'% % S + < ;6 = , d , , % " =1 = , '% , = % '% % =− 01 % " d , / ` 7/ ' % / ` + / '% ` % B 7% > =− B 7L1 = − 2E37 >7L1 = −?>2L7 > + %7 > / ' PP / % % = %7 ' =− (/ ' PP / % ) + % ` ' 12?>7 >7L1 =− = − %2BE 12?>7 > + %2L7 > − /[ ` = d / + + ` 7/ [ / ` ` + /d , − L7 > = = − 2%7 −E > > L > ?&1 + %2L7 + L7 L7 + %7 "% "> "B >3 K "% "> "B " !( > " ?>2L7 7" %2BE 7" 2%7 E + 2%L M 2S2S M = , = , % % + " % , $ ( "% "> % = / + / + (/ [ + / ` ) = ` ?&1 = 12 13 ?&1 + %2L7 > + B2&L7 > "B K "% "> "B " !( > 1> PM P M M " ?>2L7 7" %2BE 7"12 13 S / PPb A "/[ PP/` " A ` c ?&1 PPb%L11 A B&L1c 3&LΩ S /` Ω + M `2 S `2 S `7 M 1> M ` = = = B&7 > = B& − + 2%L M S ` = S ( − ) = 3&L" + 2%L = 3??Ω S 1B = = BBBBΩ S` = − + 2%L % = $ ($ PP / )+ $ PP / + (/ [ PP / ` )( + B3E2B B3E2B7 = >7 = &3?2B B3E2B + 1L1 + BL% −> ` ) = %B7 "B −L >& K "% "> "B " !( L M " EEE3 " >2L% 7%B7 L2E> A "/[ PP/` " A ` c 1> PP L1% ≈ E11Ω S / PPb S /` 111Ω + M `2 S `2 S `7 M L2E> M ` = = = B2B?E − + 12%LL S ` = S ( − ) = E11" + 12%LL = 3L>Ω S 111 S` = = = 3&3Ω − + 12%LL B1