Tài liệu Báo cáo "Philippin trong chính sách thương mại của Tây Ban Nha ở Châu á thế kỷ 16-19 " doc

LICH sCr - VAN HOA - XA HOI CHAU AU PHILIPPIN TRONG CHINH SlICH THl/ONG m\ CUR TRV BRN NHR 6 CHRU R THCKV (XVI-XIX) Vdo nira dau the ky XVI, hai cudng r \ A qudc ve thuong mai a chdu Au Id Tdy B;m Nha vd Bd Ddo Nha deu hudng ve phuong Ddng de tim kiem huong lieu, vdng bac vd truyen giao. O chdu Phi, chdu A, Bd Ddo Nha dang chiem uu the, nhieu cdng sy vd tram giao thuong da dugc thiet lap nhdm ngdn chdn sy xdm nhap, boat ddng thuang mai vd canh tranh quyen lyc cua Tdy Ban Nha y khu vyc nay. Nguge lai, sau khi thiet lap dugc nen thdng trj tai Philippin (1571), Tay Ban Nha bien qudn ddo ndy thdnh phdng tuyen ngdn chdn sy bdnh trudng cua Bd Ddo Nha, vuon tdi thj trudng huong lieu Ddng Nam A vd thiet lap quan he thuang r mai vdi Trung Qudc vd Nhdt Bdn. Chinh quan diem ndy cua Tdy Ban Nha dd tdc dgng den chinh sdch kinh te ndi chung vd ehinh sach thuang mai ndi rieng xuyen sudt thdi ki cai tri cua hg 6 Philippin (1571-1898). 1. Diing Philippin de buon ban vdi Trung Quoc va Nhat Ban DI chdng lai su canh tranh cua Bd Ddo Nha a Ddng Nam A vd thu hiit thuang mai eiia khu vyc ndy, chinh quyen Tdy Ban Nha da dz ra nhiing chinh sdch khuyin khich PGS.TS. Dang Van Chircng Ths. Le Thi Lien BH Sir pham Hue thuong nhdn chdu A den budn bdn d Manila. Hoat dgng thuang mai vai Trung Qudc ludn dugc Tdy Ban Nha ddt vdo vj tri hang dau a thuong cdng Manila trong so sdnh vdi cdc nuac khde. Manila da thu hiit nhieu thuong thuyen cha day to lua den tir Trung Qudc vd nhieu hdng hda khdc tir cdc nuac Ddng Nam A. Tdy Ban Nha da thdnh cdng khi bien Philippin thdnh thuang cdng cua hg or chau A. Vdo cudi the ky XVI, chinh sdch dd da thu duge nhimg ket qud nhat dinh. Vd "Manila trd thdnh diem din cua cdc nhd budn Trung Qudc, Siam, Cambodia, vd qudn ddo Spice. Trudc cudi the ky XVI, budn bdn vdi Trung Qudc da phdt dgt. NhOng thuyin budn ldn cua Tdy Ban Nha tit cdngAcapulco cua Mexico da chd tdi Manila tien ddla, bgc vd vdng nen de mua ta lua ciia Trung Qudc, vd ddng ddla ciia Mexico dd dd vdo cdc thuong cdng ciia Trung Qudc Id Qudng Ddng, Macao, Ninh Ba vdi khdi lugng rdt ldn vd do do trd thdnh vdt trung gian trao ddi trong thuang mgi qudc ti a Viin Ddng"^ Ben canh nhung boat dgng thuang mai cua Manila vdi Trung Qudc, Nhat Ban ciing ' D.G.E.Hall (1997), L/ch su Dong Nam A, Nxb Chinh trj Quoc gia, HJtN0i,tr.393. 28 NGHIEN CCfU CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°l 2 (135).2011 la mpl thi trudrng quan trpng doi vdi thuang thuyen den tir thuang cang nay, hon niia lay Ban Nha cung muon canh tranh vai Bd Ddo Nha trong \icc tham nhap vao thj Irudng Nhat Ban. Vc phia Nhat Ban, hp cung muon han che sy dpc quyen ciia Bd Ddo Nha va han che nhCrng hau qua kinh te do chinh .sach ddng cira ciia nha Minh gay ra ddi vai thi Irudng Nhat Ban, gidi cam quyen nudc nay mudn md rdng quan he vai Philippin va thdng qua Manila de luu thdng vdi Trung Quoc. Trong cudn The Manila Galleon, tac gia William Lytic Schurz da danh gia rat cao \j tri cua Manila nhu sau: ''Trong Idl cd nhirng cdng ihi d Vien Dong, Manila la diem Irung tdm lot nhdt cho mdu dich Vien Ddng cd ve mat dia ly lu nhien vd mat dia ly kinh li. CO hai logi hdng hod chii yeu nhdi d thuang cdng ndy la: ta lua tic phuang Bdc den va huang lieu tir phuang Nam len, de ddng lap Irung d Manila, sau do nhitng hdng hod ndy dugc van chuyen di chdu Au, chdu My, Nhdt Bdn, Trung Qudc, cdc vuong quoc Dong An Do vd tic Dong Nam bdn ddo Md Lai den mdt logt ddo Ihugc Malucku, dd hinh Ihdnh nen nua vong Iron ldn ldy Manila ldm Irung Idm. Xel ve cu ly cdc vung sdn xudi chil yeu nhu Malacca, Macao va Balavia deu khdng CO vi tri uu viet nhu thuang cdng nay Xuat phdt tir vi tri rat quan trpng trong nhimg tuyen thuong mai khu vyc vd thi giai, Tdy Ban Nha da ket ndi thdnh cdng thuang cdng Manila vai thi trudng Trung Quoc vd William Lytle Schurz (1959), The Manila Galleon, New York: E. P. Dutton & Co, p.27. Nhal Bdn v6i thj trudrng chau My, chau Au vao the ky XVll vd hg da thu duge nhieu lgi nhuan lir con dudng thuang mai nay. 2. Lay Philippin de thong thuong vdi cac thupc dja chau My (thupc Tay Ban Nha) Sau khi thilt lap dugc sy thdng In d Philippin (1571). lirng buac Tdy Ban Nha da md ra tuyln mau dich hang hdi thuyen budm lan tir Manila den Acapulco ciia Mexico, van chuyen bac ciia Mexico den Manila de doi lay to sdng vd lua ciia Trung Qudc. Tay Ban Nha da biln Manila trdr thdnh trung tdm mau dich quan trgng ciia Philippin va ciia ea khu vyc, vd Id ddu mdi quan trgng trong tu>en thuang mai chdu A vd chdu My. To lua va cae hang hod khdc tir thi Irudng Ddng A duge dua qua Mexico, rdi lir Mexico hang hod lai duge tdi xudt khdu \ do cac nuac chau Au. Vdo nhimg ndm 70 ciia the ky XVI, Tay ban Nha dd thdm hiem vd xdc lap Ig trinh thuang mgi Manila .Acapulco. Trong thdi ky ddu, cdc tdu budn thudng xudt phdt tir Cavite vdo thdng 7 di ve hudng Bdc cho den khi hg gdp gid Ta>' a vT tuyln 38 hay 40, xudi den ddo Aleutian, hg phdt hien con dudng gpi la Id trinh dudng trdn ldn ddng tdm (Great Circle Route), hg di theo dudng ndy den hdn ddo gan phia bdc California ngdy nay. Tir day, hg di thuyen dgc bdr bien xudng phia Nam cho den Acapulco. Day la 16 trinh ngdn vd nhanh nhdt giira Manila va Acapulco. Tuy nhien, vdo nhung ndm 80 ciia thi ky XVI, chinh quyln Tay Ban Nha phM ^tiUifbfdtt trn^tjq ehhth sAeh 29 thay ddi Id trinh tir Manila din Acapulco. Thu nhdt, do tren Id trinh nay chju nhilu dnh hudng cua tdm bao gdy nguy hilm eho ede tau cd trgng tdi ldn, cong kinh. Thir hai, do sy xuat hien eiia ngudri Anh vd cd tdu eua ngudi Ha Lan dgc theo bd bien phia lay nude MT. Dd la cac tdu cua Sir Francis Drake (nam 1579) vd Thomas Cavendish, tat ed nhiing ngudi nay deu quan tdm vd mudn chiem giii eon dudng thuang mai vai Manila. Vi vdy, de trdnh hai mdi nguy hiem tren, Tdy Ban Nha da thay ddi Id trinh gdn ve hudng Nam hon, mac dii Id trinh ndy tau gap gid nguge chieu vd thudng mat 5 thdng hay ddi hon de den dugc Acapulco. Nhung khi tdu quay ve Philippin. so vdi chuyen di cd phdn de dang hon, chi mat 40 den 60 ngdy. Tdu thudng rdri Acapulco vdo thdng 2 hay thdng 3, di ve hudng Nam eho den khi hg gap gid (vdo khodng 10 dp VI tuyen bdc), nhdr diing chieu gid hp de ddng den ddo Ladrone, nai md thinh thoang hp dimg lai tai Guam. Tir day, hp ve Manila bdng eo bien San Bemarodino d Manila, Tdy Ban Nha kinh doanh to sdng vd lya Trung Qudc, day Id nhOng mat r hang ehu dao. Hp kinh doanh ta sdng vd lya tam md thuong thuyen Trung Qudc chdr den Manila, rdi sd ta lya ndy dugc chdr din Acapulco cua Mexico, sau dd tir Acapulco vd Sevilla (Tdy Ban Nha) thdm nhdp vdo thj trudng chdu Au. Cudi thi ky XVI cho din thi ky XVII, thuong cdng Manila trdr nen phdn thinh, vd trdr thdnh mdt trong nhiing thuong cdng v6i tu cdch la mdt tram trung chuyen quan trpng trong nhiing boat ddng thuong mai khu vyc vd thi giai duai sy quan ly eiia Tdy Ban Nha. 3. Tay Ban Nha giir dpc quyen thuong m^i giira Philippin voi chau My, chau Au va chau A Thuang mai bdng thuyen budm da dem lai cho Manila sy thjnh vugng vdo cudi the ky XVI vd nen thuang mai dd da phat trien nhanh tai miic chdng bao lau, cac thuang gia Xli Seville vd Cadiz (Tdy Ban Nha), nhimg ngudi qudn li budn ban ciia Tay Ban Nha xudt khau sang My, bat ddu lo ngai trudc lan sdng hdng hda phuong Ddng - nhat la hang del Trung Qudc se dnh hudng den viec budn bdn cua hg vd cdc ngdnh cdng nghiep ehe bien. Viec xudt khdu mdt khdi lugng ldn bac tir phdn chdu My thude Tdy Ban Nha sang phuang Ddng ciing Id mdt mdi lo ngai niia. Do dd, nam 1593, Tdy Ban Nha thi hdnh chinh sdch ddng cua ddi vdi thuong mai cua Philippin. Thuang mai ciia Philippin vai cdc thugc dja a chdu My eua Tdy Ban Nha phdi dugc chuyen cha bang tdu budm thugc sa hiiu cua nhd nuac Tdy Ban Nha vd hai cdng duy nhdt dugc phep Id Manila (Philippin) vd Acapulco (Mexico). Chinh phu Tdy Ban Nha quy dinh: Xuat khdu tir Manila sang Mexico se bi ban che or miie gid tri tdi da la 250.000 peso vd nhdp khdu vdo Manila tir Mexico Id 500.000 peso, vd chi sir dung hai tdu budm, siic cha mdi tdu khdng qua 300 tdn. Din ndm 1734, ban ngach ndy Benitez Conrado (1954), History of the Philippines, Manila Ginn and Company, Philippines, p. 145. 30 NGHIEN CCfU CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°l 2 (135 011 dugc nang ICMI 500.000 va 1.000.000 peso, nhirng so lugng Idu chi cdn mot chiec. Nam 1785, Cdng ly Hoang gia Philippin dirge thanh lap nhdm lang cudrng quan hp budn ban giira Philippin va Tdy Ban Nha. Cdng ty dugc trao nhCrng dae quyen thuong mai cd tinh ddc quyen vdri Manila nhu duge phep sir dung thuyC-ii ciia chinh phii lay Ban Nha, dugc ho trg gia hang hod, dugc uu lien d tiit ca eae cang bicn phucmg Ddng, dugc mien thul khi xuat hang .sang chau Au. Nhung bdl chdp nhirng no lyc ciia Hodng gia lay Ban Nha, Cdng ty van khdng phat trien len duge. Tir giu:a thi ky XVIII, hoat ddng budn ban giti:a Mexico va Philippin gap nhieu khd khan do ehi phi cho eac dodn ihuyen qua eao, do gap bao, cudrp bien vd sT quan chi huy thieu nang lyc. Nhirng thiet hai nay ket hgp vdi viec thiet lap cdng ty Hoang gia Philippin nam 1785 va viec thuong nhdn Anh, My tien hdnh budn lau vai Mexico khien eon dudng thuang mai do Tay Ban Nha lap nen giira Mexico va Philippin bj huy bd vao thang 4 nam 1815. Trudc sy phat trien manh me eiia kinh te tu ban chil nghTa a nhieu nuoc Tdy Au vd Bac My, chinh sach ddng cira Philippin vd ddc quyen thuang mai khdng cdn phii hgp. Ngdy 6/9/1834, Nii: hodng Isabel II dd ra mdt sac lenh gidi tan cdng ty Hodng gia Philippin, tuyen bd ma cira Philippin ddi vdi thj trudng thi giai, khuyin khich thuang mai vai Trung Qudc vd bai bd ddc quyln sdn xudt thuoc Id. Tir day ngudri nuac ngodi dan dan tham nhap vdo kinh ll Philippin. 4. Tay Ban Nha mo cira thuong mai Philippin (1834-1898) Vao nira dau the ky XIX, truac lan sdng xam nhap 6 at ciia cdc nuac phuang Tay vao chdu A, Tdy Ban Nha khdng the tiep tuc ddng eira, dgc quyen thuong mai dr Philippin nhu truac dugc nira. Chinh vi vdy. nam 1834, Tdy Ban Nha ban hanh sac lenh md cira ly do boa thuang mai Philippin. Nhd do, nam 1842, a Manila ed 39 cdng ty vd thuang diem ciia ngudri Tdy Ban Nha va khoang 12 cdng ty ciia ngudri ngoai qudc, trong dd 8 cdng ty cua Anh, 2 cdng t\ ciia .\IT, I cdng ty eua Phdp vd 1 cdng t\ ciia Dan .Mach. Cac lanh sy quan ciia Phap, MT, Dan Mach, Thuy Dicn xudt hicn a Manila. Theo Bowring, vao khoang ndm 1859, ed nhieu cdng ty nudc ngodi dugc thdnh lap, trong dd 8 cdng ty ciia Anh, 3 eua MT, 2 ciia Phap, 2 ciia Thuy Dien \ ii I ciia Dire"* Mdc dil Manila mo cira, nhieu thuong nhdn ban xir iing hd ehii nghTa thuong mai tir do nhung vdn chua thoa man \i hg gap nhieu khd khdn trong viec van chuyen hdng hoa xuat khdu tir cdc tinh cdch xa trung tam Manila. Hdng hod tir cae tinh Ilocano, phia Nam Luzon, Visaya vd thdm chi Mindanao, tdt cd phdi chuyen den Manila rdi mai xuat khdu di. Do thdy he thdng van chuyin nay la khdng cdn thiet, mdt thai gian, tieu tdn lien Benitez Conrado (1954), History of the Philippines, Manila Ginn and Company, Philippines, p.233. ^lutlftfdn terutq efu'nh idch 31 bac, nen hg yeu cdu chinh phu Philippin phdi md eira nhieu cang biln hon niia. Dap lai yeu eau nay, ehinh phii Philippin ban hdnh sdc lenh ngdy 29/9/1855, quylt djnh ma eiia cac cang Sual (Pangasian), lloilo va Zamboanga; Mdt sac lenh Hodng gia tilp theo eung dugc ban hanh ngay 30/7/1860, quy djnh vl viec Cebu khdng phdi chuyen chd hang hod den Manila hay lloilo de xuat khau, ddng thai tuyen bd mdr cira cang Cebu mdt each dpe lap. Cang Legazpi va Tacloban md nam 1873. Di ciing vai viec md cira nhieu cang d cae tinh thi. eae cdng ty nuac ngodi ciing dugc thanh lap a dd. nudc da thay the hdng hod mang tir eae nude phuang Ddng khac. Nam 1839, xudt khdu hang hod sdn xudt trong nuac vai tdng gia trj la 2.674.220 peso, trong khi nam 1810 xuat khau chi 500.000 peso. Va nlu nhu nam 1782, dudng Id sdn phdm duy nhat thu hiit sy quan tdm eua ede nha san xuat vdi tdng gia trj xuat khdu la 30.000 pieul thi din nam 1840, xuat khau dudng len din 146.661 pieul; vd nam 1854, tdng so xuat khdu tang len 566.371 pieul (gap 4 lan sd lugng xuat khdu ndm 1840); va nam 1857 len- din 714.059 pieul. Tuong ty ddi vdi san pham cay sgi gai dau, tdng xudt khdu sang Anh, MT ciing tang len lien tyc, mac dii mdi xam nhap thj trudng the gidi vdo ddu the ky XIX. Xem Bang I. Bang 1: Xuat khau san pham cay sgi gai dau ciia Philippin (1840-1858) (Dan vi tinh: Pieul) Ty do thuang mai thiie day ndng nghiep va cdng nghiep che bien phat trien, xudt khau tang len vd nhiing sdn phdm sdn xudt trong Nam Khdi lugng xudt khdu 1840 83.790 1845 102.490 1850 123.410 1853 221,518 1857 327.574 1858 412.502 Ngudn: Benitez Conrado (1954), History of the Philippines, Manila Ginn and Company, Philippines, p.236. Den the ky XIX, thuong mai Philippin da cd sy tien bd ro ret. Xem Bdng 2. Bdng 2: Xuat nhap khdu cua Philippin (1810-1894), Nam 1810 1841 1851 1861 1870 Xuat khau 4.795.000 5.329.000 4.172.000 8.065.000 28.000.000 •> Nhap khau 4.270.000 3.092.000 4.019.968 10.817.444 23.500.000 Nam 1873 1880 1885 1890 1894 Xuat khau 16.753.614 23.450.685 24.553.685 25.167.362 33.149.984 •> Nhap khau 13.217.836 25.486.461 19.171.468 19.325.674 28.558.552 Ngudn: Eufronio. M. Alip (1964), History of the Philippines, Manila Alip and Sons, INC, Philippines, p. 92-93. 32 NGHIEN CCfU CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°12 (135).2011 Bdng 3: Tong so dudng xuat khau ciia tinh lloilo (Dgn vfpiculs) Ndm Den nudc ngoai Den Manila 1859 9.344 77.488 1860 40.176 72.592 1861 44.256 29.312 1862 102.464 98.912 1863 170.832 80.000 Ngudn: Benitez Conrado (1954), History of the Philippines, Manila Ginn and Company, Philippines, p. 236. Philippin ed quan he thuang mai vai chau Au, chau My vd eae nuac chau A. Ndm 1893, chilm Ircn 37% thuang mai v6i Anh; 19% thuong mai vdi Trung Quoc vd Hong Kdng: 18% vai Tdy Ban Nha; 10% v6i MT; va edn lai la quan hp thuang mai vai Dire, Phap, Nhat vd eac nudrc khac. Hdng hod nhdp khau hau het Id bdng, rugu, gidy, sdt thep, to lya, giay dep, ddu vd ede san phdm ddng hop. Philippin eiing phdi nhdp khdu liia mi vd gao. Hang hod xudt khdu: cay gai ddu vd dudng chiem 75%, cdn lai Id ciii dira khd, thudc la, than, da thii, cdy huong lieu chiem 25%. Nhin mdt each tdng the, tdng sd xudt khdu dd vugt cao hon tdng nhdp khdu, vd vi vdy dd tao nen sy cdn bang thuang mai tren qudn ddo^ Viec mdr eira nhieu cdng mai dd ldm cho san pham eua cdc viing mien cd mdt dr cdc cdng mdi ngdy cdng nhieu (xem Bdng 3) vd hoat ddng thuong mai duge kich thich phdt trien. Chdng ban, ndm 1857, cdng Sual giri 237 tdu chdr gao din Manila, trong dd 60 tdu di nude ngodi. Din ndm 1859, a tinh lloilo bdt ddu cd ddu hipu tdng sdn xudt, todn bg long gia trj xudt khdu ndm 1858 chi Id 82.000 peso, ndm 1863 tdng len 1.000.000 peso. Thuang mai phdt trien thiic day viec xay dyng dudng xd, cau cong, djch vu buu dien duge cdi thipn, dudng ddy cdp, thdng tin lien lac eung duge dua vdo Philippin; dudng tau chay bdng hai nuac ciing dugc xa> dyng ddu lien giira Manila Tay Ban Nha Hdng Kdng; dudng xe ngua bat ddu dugc van hdnh a Manila; vd cudi cimg, vdi viec mdr rdng dudng sdt Manila Dagupan ndm 1891, Philippin thyc sy buac ra khdi nhung the ky bj ddng cira, cd lap. Dr. Padro de Tavera nhdn xet \ e he qua cua sy cdi thien dieu kien kinh te ciia cu ddn a cdc tinh: ''Ngudi Philippin dd cho thdy mot bdng chumg ve su hieu biet vd khdt vgng ciia hg bdng cdch giri con cdi ciia hg den Manila hgc tap; mua nhung mon do ndi thdt va nhirng mdn hdng xa xi cho ngdi nhd vd cho cd nhdn; mua pianos, xe ngua vd nhieng mon hdng nhdp khdu tic MT vd chdu Au cimg vdi cdc thuang nhdn nudc ngodi' Sy du nhap cua nhirng mdn hdng xa xi mai ndy da lam thdnh mgt "cugc cdch mgng trong y thiec xa hgi"^ 5. Nh^n xet I. Sau khi thilt lap bg mdy cai tri d Philippin, Tay Ban Nha thuc hien chinh sdch Eufronio. M. Alip (1964), History of the Philippines, Manila Alip and Sons, INC, Philippines, p.93. Benitez Conrado (1954), History of the Philippines, Manila Ginn and Company, Philippines, p.244. ^tuUfifdit teo^tq ehitdt sAeh 33 cai tri todn dien tren tdt ed cae ITnh vyc ehinh trj, kinh tl, van hod, xd hdi nhdm bdc Ipt thudc dja. Vl kinh tl, khde vdri thude dja chau My, Tay Ban Nha ehii trpng vdo khai md vd sdn xudt ddn diln. Cdn a thudc dja Philippin, khdng cd nhilu ngudn tdi nguyen de phat trien ndng nghiep vd cdng nghiep khai md nen Tdy Ban Nha chi chii trpng vdo thuang mai, va hdu nliu khdng quan tdm den ndng nghiep vd cdng nghiep. Tdy Ban Nha da lgi dyng vj tri dja li thuan Igi vai nhung cang bien nuac sdu dac biet Id Manila de bien Philippin thanh mdt diem trung chuyen hang hod. Id mdt thuang cdng cua hg a chdu r r A, vi vdy da thu biit tat ed ngudi Tdy Ban Nha tu binh linh, quan chiic, gido sT tham gia vao boat ddng thuang mai ed nhieu lgi nhuan nay. 2. Trong thdi ky ddu thdng trj Philippin, thuang mai Tdy Ban Nha gap nhieu khd khan do nhung ddi thu canh tranh tren bien nhu Anh, Hd Lan, Trung Qudc, Nhdt. Nhiing thuyen budn ciia Tdy Ban Nha thudng bj cudp phd. Tir cudi the ky XVI (1593), chinh quyen Tdy Ban Nha di vdo eon dudng bdo thu ban cbl budn bdn, thi hdnh chinh sdch ddng cira, hdu hit thuang nhan nudc ngodi diu hi cam vdo Philippin. Cu ddn khdng duge budn bdn trao ddi hdng hod vdi thuyen budn ngoai qudc. Hdng xuat khdu trong giai doan ndy bi gidm siit rdt nhilu. Tuy nhien, Tay Ban Nha chi duy tri tuyln thuong mai dpc quyln duy nhdt cua Manila - Acapulco tirndm 1593 din 1834. 3. Vdo nira ddu the ky XIX, trudc sy trdi day eua Anh, My, Phdp Tdy Ban Nha khdng dil siie cd lap Philippin nira va budc phdi mdr cira. Cdc nuac tu ban phuang Tay da thiet lap cdc van phdng thuang mai cua minh tai Manila vd din thap ky 60 the ky XIX, nhieu cdng bien eiia Philippin dugc md eira, ty do hod thuong mai. Thj trudng ndi dja dugc hinh thdnh, ca cau ndng nghiep thay ddi theo hudng xuat khau ndng san va tien te hod ddt dai. Trong thdnh thj, eac cdng xudng xudt hien. Da cd lao ddng lam thue theo miia. Kinh te ddn dien cGng dugc thiet lap. 4. Su hien dien cua Tay Ban Nha a Philippin cimg vdi boat ddng thuong mai da ldm cho qudn ddo Philippin ed nhieu bien chuyen. Kinh te Philippin cd sy chuyen djch trong ca cdu, thuong mai dam nhan vai trd chil dao thay cho ndng nghiep, cdng nghiep. Yeu td tu ban chii nghTa vdi nen san xuat hdng boa ra ddri da tac ddng den nen kinh te thude dja. Id tien de cho nen kinh te Philippin timg buac hdi nhdp vai nen kinh te the giai. Nen van hod Philippin tra nen da dang, phong phii do sy ket hgp cua nen van boa truyen thdng vai vdn hod phuong Tdy vd van hod Tdy Ban Nha. Tuy da cd nhihig bien chuyen tich eye, nhung do chi Id or mdt bg phan ngudri Philippin, cdn tren tat cd cdc ITnh vyc, quan ddo ndy vdo cudi thi ky XIX Id mdt thudc dia lac hdu nhdt trong he thdng thugc dja th| giai, xuat phdt tir sy yeu kem gid cdi cua ehii nghia thyc dan cG Tdy Ban Nha. . cang nay, hon niia lay Ban Nha cung muon canh tranh vai Bd Ddo Nha trong icc tham nhap vao thj Irudng Nhat Ban. Vc phia Nhat Ban, hp cung muon han . phat trien nhanh tai miic chdng bao lau, cac thuang gia Xli Seville vd Cadiz (Tdy Ban Nha) , nhimg ngudi qudn li budn ban ciia Tay Ban Nha xudt khau