Mot mo hinh van boa c6 the dUde chap nhan theo nhilu phUdng thflc, nd phu thuoc vao ban chat tflng nIn van boa cung nhfl kha nang tiep can va biln ddi thong tin.. Theo do, toan eiu hoa T
Trang 1THONG TIN
PHAT TRI^N TRUYEN THONG DAI CHONG
N g u y e n V a n S a n h *
Nhilu t h i ky qua, bao in luon dflde coi la
cong cu hflu hieu phan anh thong tin xa hoi
Cung vdi khung hoang va suy thoai kinh te
toan ciu, nhflng b a n c h i cua b i o in va chilu
hfldng ngay cang md rong bao mang da lam
nghiem trong them thach thflc p h i t trien
cua cic phfldng tien t r u y i n thdng t r u y i n
thdhg Bai viet gidi thieu xu the phat trien
va mot so' van de c i n dflde quan tam trong
dilu kien Viet Nam
1 Xu t h e p h a t t r i e n t h o n g t i n d a i
c h u n g q u a nhufng c h a n g dvliing
Trong xu the dUdng dai, edng ehung cd
nhu cau ngay mot gia tang ea v l noi dung va
chit lUdng thong tin mang tinh toan eiu
Toan cau boa thong tin dUde coi la qua trinh
chuyen tai lien tue, n h i l u ehilu diln ra d
khip moi ndi tren t h i gidi Dd cung la khai
nigm dUde dung de mieu ta nhflng thay ddi
kinh t l xa hoi tao ra bdi mo'i quan he lien
kit chat che gifla cae qudc gia, td chflc va
moi ca nhan vdi dae diem noi bat la dfla ra
dflde each nhin quo'c gia trflde nhflng van de
mang t i m quo'c t l Nhd kha nang k i t no'i
Internet md rong, xu hudng tieu thu cua
ngUdi truy cap da nhanh chong thay ddi
eflng vdi lUdng thdng tin tran ngap tren
nhilu phUdng tien cd the biln ddi tflng phut,
titog gid
Toan c i u boa thong tin lien quan den
t r u y i n b i md hinh c6 sut tham gia ddng loat cua cong ehung vdi noi dung van boa chiem
p h i n quan trong Dd cung la bo phan cau thanh thong tin dai chung de chuyen din ngudi thu hudng Mot mo hinh van boa c6 the dUde chap nhan theo nhilu phUdng thflc, nd phu thuoc vao ban chat tflng nIn van boa cung nhfl kha nang tiep can va biln ddi thong tin Theo do, toan eiu hoa (TCH) khong ddng boa hoac lam cho tflng nIn van boa ngheo di ma ngUde lai, cd the tilp nhan theo nhflng each rieng thong qua tien trinh lai tao Nhilu nha phan tich cho rang, chia khda TCH van h6a la sU tdn tai cua he tho'ng t r u y i n thong dai ehung de tao cam giac ddng thdi vdi kha nang x u i t hien d r i t nhilu ndi (Phan Quang 2005)
vao t h i ky thfl XIX, nhan loai tflng chflng k i l n hien tfldng toan ciu boa thong tin vdi sU ra ddi cua hang loat bao viet d cac quo'c gia Nhd bao chi, t r i l t hoe chinh tri, coi ngudn cua tinh t h i n dan chii, dUde phUdng tien t r u y i n thong dai chung quang ba de toan t h i gidi biet den va nIn van boa bao gdm ea van hoc, hoi boa, am nhac, thdi trang, du lich da quay theo nhip ciia cac phUdng tien t r u y i n thong
Nhilu t h i ky qua, trflde sU phat trien manh me eua cong nghe truyin thong, bao in
* Nguyen VSn Sanh, Tien si, Vien Nghien ciiu Phat trien Dong bang song Cxiu Long • Dai hoc Can Thd
SA'40 (5/2011) QUAN LY KINH TE
Trang 2n M THONG TIN PHATTRliN T R U Y E N T H O N G OAI CHONG
luon dUdc coi la cong cu phan anh thong tin
xa hoi, gifl vai trd trung t a m dUa tin The ky
thut V n sau cong nguyen, ngUdi Trung Qudc
da dung chfl khac go in tren giay va cong
nghe in gdm da r a ddi vao the ky thfl DL Nuta
dau the ky XV (nam 1448), con chfl kim loai
ra ddi da khac phuc dUdc n h i i i ^ b a n che ciia
cong nghe in b i n g ban k h i c gd Theo each s i p
xep, nhiing 1^ til rieng le vao khuon, edng
nghe in mdi da tao ra nhiing thong diep bat
ky dUdc in tren mot chat heu nhat dinh Nhd
tien bo trong cong nghe in ah, nhiing td bao in
d i u tien mang ten Newbook l i n lUdt ra ddi
trong the ky XVI Nhiing nam sau nay, thuat
ngffl Newspaper da trd nen phd biln (Pierre
Albert 2003, NCEIF 2010)
Cung vdi sil r a ddi dien thoai, trong the
ky XIX mo hinh cap n h a t tin tflc bang dien
thoai (telephone newspaper) da dam n h a n
dUdc viec eung cap thdng tin ea v l thdi sil,
chflng khoan, hoa nhac va ngdn ngfl eho
ngfldi thue bao Hinh thflc cap n h a t thong
tin dien thoai giam d i n khi x u i t hien
phUdng tien phat t h a n h (board cast) tfl nam
1906 Ngay nay, radio tren Internet dflde
danh gia cao bdi khong doi hoi dang ky bang
tan, khong c i n lap dai phat sdng va bo
t r u y i n tin hieu ma v i n guti dUdc thong tin di
den moi ndi (NCEIF 2010)
Theo da p h a t t r i e n cua each mang
KH&CN, n a m 1911, Boris Rosing da che tao
t h a n h cong he thdhg t r u y i n hinh (TV) suf
dung gUdng phat hinh hudng tdi dhg
cath-ode cl dau nhan TV d i n chiem Uu the trong
nhieu mang chuyen tai vao niia sau the ky
XX, khien bao in da phai canh t r a n h v i t va
vdi phat t h a n h va truyen hinh trong k h i n g
dinh vai trd eung c i p thong tin (thdi gian tut
1940 den het thap nien 1990, lUdng bao in
phat h a n h 5 nhieu nUdc p h a t trien da giam
tuf 2 den 3 lan) Mac du bao in gap kho k h a n
trUdc nhiing ehfldng trinh phat t h a n h va
truyen hinh ngay cang phong phii, song
nhieu phan tich cung da chi ra, nhflng phUdng tien truyen thong nay chUa the thay the dUdc h a n bao in Hiep hoi bao chi toan cau (WAN) cho biet, t r e n the gidi con tren 1
ti ngUdi v i n doc bao in h a n g ngay Tfl sut r a ddi va p h a t triem manh may tinh ca nhan, nhflng nam niia cuoi the ky
XX loai ngUdi cung da chflng k i l n sil phat trien vUdt bac cua cong nghe t r u y i n thong qua Internet Theo dd, bao dien tuf da hoi tu dUde Idi the ciia bao viet, bao ndi va bao hinh Nhd k h a n a n g k i t noi toan cau vdi tdc
do lan tda cao, khong it dU bao cho rang se den luc ngUdi t h u t h a p thong tin khong doc tren nhflng t r a n g bao viet
2 B a o m a n g , d o n g t h a i v a giai phap
p h a t t r i e n Sau td Internet dau tien eua khoa bao ehi dai hoc Florida (Hoa Ky) xuat hien t h i n g 10 nam 1993; nam 1994, n h i l u phien ban online cua tap chi Hotwired va hang loat bao khac da dua r a nhiJng website, md ra thdi dai thong tin t n i c tuyen Do b i o mang
cd the dap flng n h u cau thong tin vio bat cii thdi diem nao nen he thdhg nay da lam thay ddi n h a n h thdi quen t i l p n h a n thong tin eua dong dao cong chiing
Tfl Uu t h i hoi tu, bao mang ed sflc chiia rong Idn ea v l khong gian va thdi gian, ddng nghia vdi dung lUdng thong tin g i n nhfl khong bi gidi h a n Vdi bao mang, ngUdi doc khong chi cap n h a t d dang chfl viet ma cdn
cd the nghe p h a t t h a n h va xem t r u y i n bmh ngay tren t r a n g web Nhd kha nang tfldng tac nhieu chilu, ban bien tap cd the tien
h a n h nhflng trao ddi t n l e tuyen vain de dUdc
nhieu doc gia quan tam; day chinh la Uu the
ma phat t h a n h , truyen h i n h bi ban che va cang kho k h a n g i p boi do'i vdi bao in Vdi Idi the chuyen tai n h a n h , manh; sflc chfla thong tin khdng Id va k h a nang tUdng
Trang 3P H A T T R I ^ N T R U Y E N TH6NG DAI CHCING THONG TIN [ T J ^
t i c nhilu chilu, mang Internet da giam
dUdc ap lUc rao can cua cac phUdng tien
truyen thong t r u y i n thdhg, lam cho ban tin
tren mang trd nen da dang Cung mot luc
nghe binh luan, ngUdi dung internet cdn cd
the tham khao dUdc ngudn tin t h u thap,
hinh anh ghi lai tfl hien trfldng hoac k i t noi
them nhiing tfl heu cd lien quan tren nhflng
dfldng link Mot Idi the k h a quan trong khac
la bao dien tut cd the giam dflde d i n 75% chi
phi san xuat va p h i t hanh TrUdc ddi hoi
phat trien thong tin dai ehung mang tinh
toan ciu md rong , bao mang dUde coi la giai
phip thich nghi de tim lai dau an hoang
kim cua b i o chi Tuy nhien, kha nang nay
cung gap khong it kho khan
So vdi heb sii hang the ky cua nganh bao
chi, bio mang mdi cd tren 10 nam phat
trien, song da thu hut dUdc dong dao ban
doc Nhflng khao sat tai n h i l u nflde phat
trien cung da n i t ra, tren 70% ngfldi My eho
ring, bao chi t r u y i n tho'ng chfla phan anh
diy du thong tin; d n h i l u qudc gia da cd tren
50% dan cfl dung internet trong cap nhat
thong tin Theo n h i l u phan tich, ngay nay,
mang thong tin dien tut da trd t h a n h cong cu
khong the t h i l u trong hinh thanh cich l i m
viec cua con ngfldi va t i l n bo cong nghe da
giup cho ngudn thong tin hien dai ngay cang
trd nen hflu ich hdn (NCEIF 2010)
Tren nguyen t i e coi trong sfl that va do
chinh xac, muc tieu cua bao mang la dem
den doc gia nhflng cong cu cd the tham gia
hieu qua vao nhiing giao tiep cong ddng
Cong chung thflc sfl ehao ddn nhiing gi
thuoc v l tap hdp tin tflc, san xuat va xua't
ban thong tin; thflc te nay da tao dong Iflc de
md ra thdi ky phat trien day nang dong eua
bao chi Cho den nay, p h i n Idn ten tudi Idn
trong cong nghe thong tin toan c i u deu
dang kinh doanh b i n g each cung cap noi
dung thong tin m i l n phi eho ngfldi sut dung
interrnet va ban quang cao cho khach hang
Tuy nhien, doanh so' quang cao tren inter-net edn khiem tdh (nam 2007,tai My, ngudn thu nay mdi chiem chufng 7,5% tdng doanh sd^ quang cao) Nhilu nha nghien eflu cho rang, phai mat n h i l u nam nfla tang trfldng quang eio tren b i o mang mdi vfldt qua dUdc quang cao tren bao in
Phan tich kho khan trong thu phi inter-net,ehuyen gia eua Paid Content da ehi ra, thong tin la Enh vile p h i t trien nhanh va manh me nhat, lUdng eung dang Idn hdn ciu
d i n d i n khong ai ed the ban thfl dang qua dU thfla (NCEIF 2010) Mat khac, bao mang da tren 15 nam mien phi, kho dao ngUde dUde thdi quen khdng phai tra phi truy cap va quan trong hdn dd la, muoh thu dUde phi truy cap ddi hdi edng nghe truyin thong toan
e i u phai ddng loat tien hanh; cae nha quang cao khong tan ddng thu phi bdi ho se bi mat
di dang ke lUdng ngUdi doe quang cao
Tfl nhflng ly do tren day, gidi phan tich cho r i n g , cac nha x u i t ban eon phai tilp tuc cung cap nhflng noi dung thong tin miln phi
va thu Idi qua quang eio Do so' ngfldi mudn tra t i l n truy cap thdng tin edn rat khiem tdn nen viec can lam la cd chinh sach mim deo
de dilu tiet va thu dflde Idi nhuan kinh doanh Nhiing giai phap dflde d l cap da tap trung vao tang tinh nang mdi va xay dflng
mo hinh t h a n h toan hflu hieu (NCEIF 2010) Hau h i t an pham dflde Ifla ebon tren bao mang da hfldng vao thu hut doe gia mien phi noi dungnhilu nhat de thu Idi tfl quang cao Ngoai ra nha cung cap con dfla
ra nhiing tinh nang miln phi khic nhfl email, diin d i n hoac tao blog mdi de nang cao Ifldng ngfldi truy cap Viec b i t buoc doc gia dang ky tai khoan tren website la each lam de thu phi nhflng khong d l dflde cha'p nhan; do viy, c i n cd nhiing giao dien gian ddn trao ddi thong tin de dang va quan trong la dam bao nhflng bai viet cd chat Ifldng cao
Trang 4rn?Ti THONG TIN P H A T T R I ^ N T R U Y E N T H O N G DAI CHONG
S.Van d e d o i vofi V i e t N a m
So vdi n h i l u nude dang phat trien,Viet
Nam da phat trien cong nghe thong tin va
mang internet kha nhanh Den nay, ngUdi
Viet da t i l p can va suf dung internet tren
dien rong, tac dong cua bao mang trong ddi
so'ng xa hoi da ra't dang ke Vdi sU p h a t trien
n h a n h eua mang dien thoai, bao mang dang
chuyen tfl may tinh de lan sang dien thoai
di dong va tflng dia chi bao mang rieng le se
d i n chuyen qua nhflng ndi tdng hdp thong
tin N h i l u dU bao cho rang, dich vu tdng hdp
tin tflc se ngay cang da dang va hfldng den
n h i l u nhom do'i tUdng khac n h a u (NCEIF
2010) Trong xu the hien dai, bai v i l t tren
bao in se n h a n h chong hien thi tren trang
tin tdng hdp va tfl day, noi dung dUde chia
xe den n h i l u nhom doc gia rieng eua tufng
trang mang Xu the nay se phat t r i l n nhanh
vi nd t i l t kiem cong sflc, thdi gian va t i l n
bac cua nhflng nhom ngfldi cd lien quan
Tuy nhien va'n de n a n giai chinh la quyln
t i c gia va Idi ich eua nhflng td chflc l i m dieh
vu eung ca'p thong tin
Bao chi nfldc ngoai cd the buoc ngUdi doe
phai t r a t i l n , nhUng bao ehi dien tut d nUde
ta lai ra't kho lam, mot bai hay dUde dang tai
d dau dd v i n cd the n h a n h chong hi hang
chuc trang khac tai v l , xut ly rdi bien t h a n h
a'n pham cua minh Trong thilc te, mot
t r a n g web tdng hdp cd the bo t i l n r a de doe
thdng tin, sau dd xut ly t h a n h a'n pham rieng
t i l m an nguy cd lam dd vd mo hinh tinh t i l n
qua mang eua mot td b i o k h i c Ro r i n g la
viec khong bao ve ndi ban quyln sd hflu tin
bai tren mang khien chung ta r i t kho t i l n
b i n h dUdc nhflng giai phap ma the gidi da
qua q u i trinh thut nghiem
Khao s i t v l thdi quen cua ngUdi Viet
Nam da r u t ra, so' dong ngfldi doe den nay
edn ehuong bao in, song do mflc do phd cap
cua bao mang, bo phan d i n g ke dang thay
ddi each flng xut Thay vi phai mua n h i l u td
bao in, ho liia ebon mot td n h a t dinh de doe
sau dd tim each bd sung thong tin truy cap dUde tuf nhflng td bao mang Nhin ehung, ngUdi dan Viet Nam can tin tflc v l n mudnj doc bao, xa hoi v i n can nhflng nha bao chuyen tac nghiep, san lung tin tflc de kip thdi cap n h a t thong tin xay r a va phfldng tien internet v i n la cong cu tim kilm nhanh nha't nhflng gi dien r a trong ddi sdhg xa hoi
4 T h a y c h o ld?i k e t Trong toan cau boa thong tin, xu the chuyen hoa khong chi bao ham sfl thay ddi hinh thflc chuyen tai thong tin, ma quan trong la bao hieu mot cuoe each mang ve phong cich lam bao va chuyen tai thong tin
ea v l noi dung va hinh thflc trinh bay Nhiing
td bao va tap ehi muo'n t h a n h edng phai nam bat va ddn n h a n dflde cd hoi chuyen minh Cung nhu ngUdi lam bao, doc gia ngay nay khdng chi la ngUdi t i l p n h a n thu dong thong tin ma cdn thilc sut tham gia vao qua trinh phan tich va binh luan Chinh vi dilu nay, ngUdi lam bao khong the ap dat quan diem chu quan cua minh trong b i i vilt ma can la ngudi tao r a dUde nhflng ddi thoai binh dang
cung ban doc va gay dflng dvidc d ho nilm tin
khach quan v l sfl phat trien Nha bao can, phai t h i m nhap dflde vao trung tam cua nhiing trao doi, do'i thoai de ed each nhin, suy nghi tha'u dao va sfl sang tao v l phfldng thflc
p h i t trien nhflng dieh vu h i p d i n cong ehung chfl khong eflng n h i c theo nhfl each lam t r u y i n tho'ng lau nay./
TAI L I E U THAM KHAO
P h a n Q u a n g (2005), Thong tin dai chiing, vdn hoa dai chung vd vdn hoa ddn tgc, NXB Thong ta'n, Ha Noi
• Pierre Albert (2003), Lich sii bdo chi^
NXB T h i gidi H a Noi
NCEIF (2010), "Bao chi t h i gidi vdi vin dl suy thoai bao m" Ban tin thong tin ebon loc so' 32, Ha Noi t h i n g 12 nam 2010 "^
I Toan cau hoa thong tin, dong nhat vdn hoa, Ky yeu hoi thao Ha Noi 2008