NỘI DUNG NHỮNG ĐÓNG GÓP MỚI CỦA LUẬN ÁN 1. Góp phần tạo nghiên cứu các mô hình ẩn dụ ý niệm (ADYN) và hoán dụ ý niệm (HDYN) trên một nguồn dữ liệu bao quát và có phần mới chính là từ ngữ chỉ bộ phận cơ thể người (BPCTN) trong thành ngữ, tục ngữ tiếng Hàn và tiếng Việt. 2. Xác định đặc trưng ngôn ngữ học tri nhận của các từ ngữ chỉ BPCTN trong thành ngữ, tục ngữ tiếng Hàn và tiếng Việt. 3. Các mô hình ADYN và HDYN sẽ trở thành cơ sở giải thích nghĩa các thành ngữ, tục ngữ chứa từ ngữ chỉ BPCTN trong tiếng Hàn và tiếng Việt. 4. Cung cấp nguồn tài liệu thành ngữ, tục ngữ chứa từ ngữ chỉ BPCTN trong việc biên soạn tài liệu học tập và nghiên cứu cho người Việt học tiếng Hàn và người Hàn học tiếng Việt. 5. Phần phụ lục của luận án sẽ trở thành nguồn tham khảo cho công tác học tập, giảng dạy tiếng Hàn cho người Việt và tiếng Việt cho người Hàn trong các học phần tiếng Hàn và học phần Ngôn ngữ - Văn hoá. Đồng thời đây sẽ là nguồn tài liệu tham khảo đáng giá cho các nghiên cứu liên quan đến thành ngữ, tục ngữ nói chung và thành ngữ, tục ngữ chứa từ ngữ chỉ BPCTN nói riêng. 6. Phần phụ lục sẽ trở thành nguồn tài liệu để biên soạn từ điển Hàn - Việt và Việt - Hàn liên quan đến từ ngữ chỉ BPCTN cũng như thành ngữ, tục ngữ chứa từ ngữ chỉ BPCTN trong tiếng Hàn và tiếng Việt. 7. Người Hàn và người Việt đều dùng khía cạnh trao đổi và giá trị của hàng hóa để ý niệm lên con người. Đặc biệt vì đều là quốc gia chịu ảnh hưởng tư tưởng trọng nam khinh nữ nên vai trò và vị thế của người phụ nữ trong xã hội không được xem trọng. Và điều này thể hiện rõ trong mô hình ADYN với miền nguồn HÀNG HÓA. Thân thể phụ nữ được xem là hàng hóa và người mua hàng hóa này là đàn ông. 8. Có sự khác biệt rõ ràng trong cách thức tri nhận của người Hàn và người Việt. Vốn là đất nước có thời gian lạnh nhiều kéo dài trong năm nên trong quy trình tri nhận mô hình ADYN BPCTN LÀ MÓN ĂN thì người Hàn dùng những hoạt động chế biến, làm nóng món ăn để ý niệm. Việt Nam là đất nước với nền nông nghiệp lấy cây lúa nước là chủ lực. Gạo đóng vai trò quan trọng trong ẩm thực của nước Việt Nam. Gạo được dùng nấu cơm, nấu xôi và làm nên các loại bánh có mặt trong các ngày lễ quan trọng. Đây là cơ sở để lý giải trong mô hình tri nhận BPCTN LÀ MÓN ĂN, người Việt thường dùng các loại bánh để tri nhận vẻ ngoài của con người. Mà điều này không có trong cách thức tri nhận của người Hàn. 9. Hàn Quốc và Việt Nam chịu ảnh hưởng từ văn hóa Trung Hoa xưa, trong đó có các nghi thức về lễ cưới. Người Hàn dùng nghi thức bới tóc cho cô dâu trước khi về nhà chồng để thay cho việc gả chồng. Trong khi đó người Việt dùng nghi thức kết tóc từ tóc của tân lang, tân nương để thay cho việc kết hôn và mối quan hệ gắn kết của vợ chồng. Luận án có đề cập đến sự ảnh hưởng của Hán ngữ trong cách thức tri nhận của người Hàn và người Việt như cách tri nhận BỤNG LÀ VẬT CHỨA KIẾN THỨC là chịu ảnh hưởng từ tiếng Hán, thể hiện trong cách nói như “Hung vô điểm mặc”. Hoặc cách thức tri nhận GAN MẬT LÀ VẬT CHỨA CAN ĐẢM, đặc biệt đã được từ vựng hóa trong tiếng Việt. Đây là phần nội dung vẫn còn chưa được phân tích sâu trong phạm vi luận án và sẽ là mảng nghiên cứu mà chúng tôi tiếp tục theo đuổi để làm rõ hơn trên con đường nghiên cứu sau này.
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF PEDAGOGY BUI THI MY LINH THE HUMAN BODY PARTS IN KOREAN IDIOMS, PROVERBS AND COGNITIVE SEMANTIC FEATURES (IN COMPARISON WITH VIETNAMESE) Major: Linguistics Code: 62220240 SUMMARY OF DOCTORAL DISSERTATION ON LINGUISTICS Ho Chi Minh City – 2022 The work is completed at Ho Chi Minh City University of Pedagogy Instructor: Assoc Prof Hoang Dung Reviewer : Assoc Prof Nguyen Thi Phuong Trang Reviewer : Assoc Prof Du Ngoc Ngan Reviewer : Assoc Prof Le Kinh Thang The dissertation will be defended in front of the University-level Dissertation Council meeting at ……………………………………… On the date……… ……… 2022 The dissertation can be found at the following Libraries: National Library of Vietnam Library of Ho Chi Minh City Pedagogical University General Science Library of Ho Chi Minh City INTRODUCTION Reason for writing The research on the group of words indicating human body parts (HBP) in Korean idioms and proverbs in the perspective of cognitive linguistics tends to dig deeper into conceptual metaphors than conceptual metonymies and focus on comparing with equivalent data sources in English and Chinese In particular, the studies only focus on one or a few specific HBP with a limited number of idioms and proverbs Therefore, a study approaches the group of words indicating all HBP from the perspective of cognitive linguistics, on both the conceptual metaphor and conceptual metonymy with the research object being all the words indicating HBP with a large number of idioms and proverbs in the comparison between Korean and Vietnamese is essential Moreover, Korea and Vietnam have a strengthen cooperation in many fields, especially in Korean and Korean language teaching From this point of the view, the dissertation will apply the research results to teaching, translating terms in the connection between the languages and cultures of Korean and Vietnam Previous studies The studies of Lakoff & Turner (1989), Lakoff & Johnson (1980), Kövecses & Radden (1998), Barcelona (2003), Kövecses (2010) is considered great works that set the theoretical framework when discussing cognitive linguistics The study of Ning Yu (2009) analyzes " 心 (mind)" from the point of view of monism in Chinese culture and dualism in Western culture This study is defined as the basis for explaining the similarities and differences in cognitive attitudes in the East and the West In Korea, the studies about the conceptual metaphor and conceptual metonymy is very diverse, such as Lim Ji-rong (2008), Kim Hyang-suk (2001), Choi Ji-hoon (2007), Jin-jeong (2008) The studies on the group of words indicating HBP in Korean are all based on idiomatic data sources and are limited to one or a few words indicating HBP In Vietnam, the studies on the group of words indicating HBP the perspective of cognitive linguistics have also received much attention, such as Nguyen Ngoc Vu (2008), Trinh Sam (2014), Lieu Thi Thanh Nhan (2018), Tran Thi Hien (2018) Studying the history of researching words indicating HBP in Korean and Vietnamese idioms and proverbs, we found that: - There has not been any studies comparing and synthesizing the words indicating HBP in Korean and Vietnamese idioms and proverbs from the perspective of cognitive linguistics - - - There has not been any studies accessing the data source of proverbs containing words indicating HBP in the comparison between Korean and Vietnamese from the perspective of cognitive linguistics All the studies cited, if based on idiom data, the number of idioms is also very small The most work based on this data is 982 idioms When analyzing the conceptual metaphor and conceptual metonymy, previous studies only focused on structural metaphors and container metaphors, part metonymy instead of whole and other types of metaphor, metonymy or not mentioned at all or very briefly mentioned Some studies of Vietnamese have considered the quantity, frequency and appearance of words indicating HBP in idioms and proverbs, but in Korean, we have not found any research on this part In general and in comparison with Vietnamese in particular, the data source is idioms, proverbs containing words indicating HBP - Research purpose Find out the number, level of occurrence, trend of combination of words indicating HBP in Korean idioms and proverbs Find out the idealized cognitive models (ICMs) on the data source of Korean idioms and proverbs with words indicating HBP Point out the similarities and differences in the cognitive methods of Korean and Vietnamese based on data source of Korean and Vietnamese idioms and proverbs containing words indicating HBP Provide the scientific basis to explain ICMs Research object and scope - The research object of the dissertation is the words indicating HBP that appear in idioms and proverbs in Korean and Vietnamese The 5.1 - - theoretical and practical significance of the research The theoretical significance of the research Contributing to the research of conceptual metaphor and metonymy models on an extensive and new data source of Korean and Vietnamese idioms and proverbs containing words indicating HBP Determining cognitive linguistic features of words indicating HBP in Korean and Vietnamese idioms and proverbs 5.2 - - - - The practical signficance of the research The conceptual metaphor and metonymy models will become the basis for explaining the meaning of idioms and proverbs containing words indicating HBP in Korean and Vietnamese Provide idioms and proverbs containing words indicating HBP in compiling study and research materials for Vietnamese learning Korean and Korean learning Vietnamese The appendix of the dissertation will become a reference source for learning and teaching Korean for Vietnamese and Vietnamese for Korean in Korean language and language - culture courses At the same time, this will be a valuable reference source for research related to idioms and proverbs in general and idioms and proverbs containing words indicating HBP in particular The appendix will become the source of documents for compiling Korean Vietnamese and Vietnamese - Korean dictionaries related to words indicating HBP as well as idioms and proverbs containing words indicating HBP in Korean and Vietnamese Research method We use statistics, description, comparison as the research methods Research Resources From dictionaries and research data sources, we collected 2,346 idioms and proverbs containing words indicating HBP in Korean and 1,623 idioms and proverbs containing words indicating HBP in Vietnamese Research layout In addition to the introduction and conclusion, the research is divided into four chapters Chapter 1: Basic theoretical issues in cognitive linguistics Chapter 2: Number, frequency and appearance of words indicating HBP in Korean idioms and proverbs (compared with Vietnamese) Chapter 3: Conceptual metaphor of words indicating HBP in Korean idioms and proverbs (compared with Vietnamese) Chapter 4: Conceptual metonymy of words indicating HBP in Korean idioms and proverbs (compared with Vietnamese) Research contribution - This is the first research to survey a large number of idioms and proverbs containing words indicating HBP in Korean up to 2,346 idioms, proverbs and in Vietnamese up to 1,623 idioms and proverbs This is the first research that compares the number, frequency and appearance of words indicating HBP in the most specific way in idioms and proverbs in Korean and Vietnamese This is the first research based on the data source of proverbs containing words indicating HBP in Korean and compared with equivalent words in Vietnamese from the perspective of cognitive linguistics This is the first research to compare to find out the similarities and differences in the conceptual metaphor and metonymy methods on the basis of the data between Korean and Vietnamese The research studies all types of conceptual metaphor including structural metaphors, orientational metaphors, ontological metaphors based entirely on data, which are idioms, proverbs containing words indicating HBP in Korean and Vietnamese The research studies in detail about conceptual metonymy according to cognitive models including thing and part ICM, event ICM, category and property ICM and attributes that the previous research often ignored or overlooked - - - - - CHAPTER 1: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Metaphor and metonymy from traditional linguistics to cognitive linguistics 1.1.1 Metaphor and metonymy from a traditional linguistics view 1.1 In traditional linguistics, metaphor and metonymy are both ways of transferring name between two things Metaphor is a way of changing name between two similar things A and B based on similarity and metonymy is changing name based on proximity/ contiguity Three centuries BC, Aristotle identified that metaphor is calling a thing by a name that is used to call another thing Aristotle discusses metaphor (including metonymy) within the framework of literary art and he emphasizes that “It is the one thing that cannot be learnt from others; and it is also a sign of genius, since a good metaphor implies an intuitive perception of the similarity in dissimilars.” Aristotle’s views on metaphor had a great impact throughout the history of rhetoric in the West Aristotle’s treatment of metonymy as a type of metaphor remained accepted by linguists until the late 1950s, before Jakobson identified that metaphor and metonymy are two separate methods based on two opposing principles In 1916, in the General Linguistics, F de Saussure, a Swiss linguist, divided linguistic activity into two, speech and language Thus, in a logical way, metaphor and metonymy are also divided into two, speech (alive metaphor, metonymy) and language (dead metaphor, metonymy) It is very important to clearly separate because it allows us to understand what mechanisms help create metaphors, literary metonymy 1.1.2 Metaphor and metonymy from a cognitive linguistics view The traditional conceptions of metaphor and metonymy remained almost unchanged until the advent of cognitive linguistics, especially with Lakoff & Johnson’s Metaphors We Live By published in 1980 The author proves that metaphor and metonymy are not just linguistic matters as the traditional view holds They analyze and give strong evidence to confirm that they are cognitive tools, that is, the way for people to perceive the world In cognitive linguistics, metaphor and metonymy are cognitive processes If the cognitive process takes place in two conceptual domains according to a similar mechanism, it is a metaphor And if the cognitive process only takes place in a conceptual domain according to the proximity/ contiguity mechanism, it is a metonymy The two conceptual domains of metaphor perception are called the source domain and the target domain In which the conceptual domain containing metaphorical expressions to help understand other conceptual domain is called the source domain, while the conceptual domain that is understood based on the source domain is called the target domain Lakoff & Johnson (1980) demonstrates that metaphor and metonymy pervade human language and thinking by presenting a series of metaphorical and metonymic linguistic expressions Metaphor and metonymy exist not only in language but also in thought and action, helping people to concretize abstract concepts 1.1.3 Compare conceptual metaphor and conceptual metonymy Although metaphor and metonymy share some similarities, they are two distinct modes of perception, with different characteristics between them Conceptual metaphor Conceptual metonymy Occurs in two domains of ICM Occurs in a domain of ICM The main function is understanding, The main function is referencing, using the concept of one entity to using one entity instead of another understand another entity The relationship between the source domain and the target domain is “isa” Occurs according to the “similarity” mechanism between the source domain and the target domain The relationship between the source domain and the target domain is “stand-for” Occurs according to the mechanism of “proximity/ contiguity” between the source domain and the target domain Although metaphor and metonymy are two different cognitive mechanisms, in many cases they interfere with each other This makes the study of metaphor and metonymy more challenging and interesting 1.2 Classification of conceptual 1.2.1 Classification of conceptual 1.2.1.1 Structural metaphor metaphor and conceptual metonymy metaphor Structural metaphor is a metaphor in which one concept is metaphorically structured through another This type of metaphor often uses the result of symbolic representation in association, helping people understand a target domain B through a source domain A Orientational metaphor Orientational metaphor is a metaphor that does not structure one idea on the basis of another, but on the contrary it organizes a whole system of interrelated ideas This metaphor is so named because they are all related to spatial orientation: up - down, in - out, front - back, shallow - deep, center - edge Orientational metaphor provides less conceptual structure than ontological metaphor Instead, the positioning metaphor creates a series of target domain concepts in the human conceptual system 1.2.1.2 1.2.1.3 Ontological metaphor Ontological metaphor provides less cognitive structure than structural metaphor The cognitive engine of this metaphor seems to provide only the ontological condition that leads to the general category of abstract target concepts 1.2.2 Classification of conceptual 1.2.2.1 Thing and part ICM metonymy This is a metonymy in which a part of an entity stands for the whole entity or vice versa 1.2.2.2 Event ICM This is a metonymy in which a part of the event stands for the whole event 1.2.2.3 Category and property ICM This is a metonymy in which a category stands for a property or vice versa CHAPTER 2: NUMBER, FREQUENCY AND APPEARANCE OF WORDS INDICATING HUMAN BODY PARTS IN KOREAN IDIOMS AND PROVERBS (COMPARED WITH VIETNAMESE) 2.1 Number and frequency of words indicating human body parts in korean idioms and proverbs 2.1.1 Number of words indicating human body parts in korean idioms and proverbs Out of a total of 457 words indicating HBP in Korean, 192 words (accounting for 42%) appear in 2,346 idioms and proverbs And out of a total of 222 words indicating HBP in Vietnamese, 110 words (accounting for 50%) appear in 1,623 idioms and proverbs Humans receive and process input information through the senses The head is the place where almost all the body parts are responsible for the human senses, including: sight, hearing, taste, smell, touch This is the reason why the first group of HBP words always have a high number of occurrences in almost all idioms and proverbs, including Korean and Vietnamese Out of 192 words indicating HBP appearing in Korean idioms and proverbs, there are 22 vulgar words and degrading ways to refer to the same HBP, including: “心心”, “心心”… And out of 110 words indicating HBP that appear in Vietnamese idioms and proverbs, there are five vulgar words and degrading ways to refer to the same HBP, which can be mentioned: “mồm”, “cặc”, “dái”… Both Korean and Vietnamese have idioms and proverbs that reflect the influence of Chinese characters in Korea and Vietnam Both in Korean and Vietnamese have metaphors to refer to HBP: “心心”, “心心”, “ 心心”…; “cổ tay”, “lòng bàn tay”, “đầu lưỡi”, “gò má”, “đầu gối”, “chân răng”… Among the words indicating HBP in idioms and proverbs in Korean and Vietnamese, there are words that, when standing alone, are essentially not words for HBP but refer to animals in general But when participating in some idioms 10 and proverbs, they are temporarily used to refer to people: “心心心”, “心心心” ; “mề”, “mang”, “cánh”… Out of 192 words indicating HBP appearing in Korean idioms and proverbs and 110 words indicating HBP appearing in Vietnamese idioms and proverbs, there are 66 words indicating HBP in Korean and equivalent ways of saying it in Vietnamese Vietnamese appear in idioms and proverbs of the two countries, 76 words indicating HBP appear only in idioms and proverbs in Korean and 12 words indicating HBP only appear in Vietnamese idioms and proverbs 2.1.2 Frequency of words indicating human body parts in korean idioms and proverbs With 2,346 idioms and proverbs containing words indicating HBP, the total frequency of 192 words indicating HBP in Korean is 2,614 times With 1,623 idioms and proverbs containing words indicating HBP, the total frequency of 110 occurrences of HBP words in Vietnamese is 2,564 times In both Korean and Vietnamese, the total frequency of occurrence of the first group is equal to the sum of the frequencies of more than two groups combined If in Korean the second highest total frequency is the extremities group consisting of parts that perform physical activities, then in Vietnamese it is the abdominal group consisting of parts that are believed by the Vietnamese to have the function of judgment and containment, thought and feeling The number of idioms and proverbs containing words indicating HBP in Korean is more than in Vietnamese, 723 idioms and proverbs However, in terms of total frequency of occurrence, Korean is only 50 times higher than Vietnamese This gives us a statement, in Korean idioms and proverbs, the number of words indicating HBP tends to stand alone, while in Vietnamese, they tend to appear in a combination of words indicating HBP together The HBP in Korean idioms and proverbs with the highest total frequency is “心” with 222 times, second is “心” with 206 times The HBP in Vietnamese idioms and proverbs with the highest total frequency is “tay” with 254 times, second is “mặt” with 243 times The total frequency of occurrence is high in Vietnamese idioms and proverbs, which are completely different from those in Korean 2.2 Appearance of words indicating human body parts in Korean idioms and proverbs The HBP in Korean and Vietnamese idioms and proverbs have two modes of appearance: 1) Appearing independently of a word indicating HBP; 2) Appears in a combination of many words indicating HBP In Korean idioms and proverbs, 90% of the words indicating HBP appear independently, while the way they appear in a combination accounts for only 10% In contrast, appearing independently in 14 Vietnamese the source domain is just sharp objects, namely knives, swords, no guns In particular, this cognitive method only refers to the sharpness and sharpness of the weapon HBP is considered a weapon, so it can take a person’s life The factor that can kill people is mapped onto the HBP to concretize this cognitive model 3.1.4 HUMAN BODY PART IS A LIGHTING OBJECT Korean use the predicates “sáng”, “tối”, “chập chờn” to concretize the concept that the HBP IS A LIGHTING OBJECT and that the HBP is the eyes and ears Similar to Korean, there is also a way of perceiving a person as an object of light in Vietnamese with the main source domain being an oil lamp Previously, oil lamps were always present in the daily life and religious activities of Vietnamese The operation of the oil lamp is identified by the Vietnamese with the growth and death process of human When the light is on, it means that the fire extinguishers are also lighting and operating, and when the lamp runs out of oil and can no longer shine, the fire extinguishers also stop lighting, which means that human life has come to an end 3.1.5 HUMAN BODY PART IS A ROTARY IN ENGINE The operating rules and structure of a machine are used to refer to the activities and structure of people In Korean, HUMAN IS A MACHINE and MACHINE IS HUMAN has been clarified in many previous studies On the basis of this concept we have a lower conceptual metaphor that is HBP IS A ROTARY IN ENGINE This is the type of conceptual metaphor that has not been mentioned in previous studies This is a unique conceptual metaphor that is only available in Korean but not in Vietnamese, although in Vietnamese there is still conceptual metaphor HUMAN IS A MACHINE, MACHINE IS HUMAN as in Korean 3.2 Orientational metaphors Among 434 idioms and proverbs in Korean have 54 idioms, proverbs account for 13% And out of 277 idioms and proverbs in Vietnamese have 29 idioms, proverbs account for 10% Through our analysis, we can confirm that there are two source domains, vertical direction: UP, DOWN and horizontal direction: FRONT, AFTER, IN, OUT, FAR, NEAR The number and proportions of each source domain are shown in the table below No Source domain Korean Number Proportion Vietnamese Number Proportion 15 VERTICAL DIRECTION HORIZONTAL DIRECTION 25 (%) 46 21 (%) 72 29 54 28 3.2.1 VERTICAL DIRECTION Reseraching about orientational metaphors “up” and “down” in Korean idioms and proverbs, we found that orientational metaphors in Korean and Vietnamese idioms and proverbs are common metaphors in many languages First upward is used to tacit comparisons with positive things such as good, many, powerful, happy, high status, controlling, and downward refers to negative things such as bad, little, no power, sadness, low status, control HAPPINESS (IS) UP; SADNESS (IS) DOWN HONOR (IS) UP; UNHONOR (IS) DOWN CAPACITY/COMMITTEE (IS) UP; NO COMPETENCE/ NO AUTHORITY (IS) DOWN ANGER (IS) UP; CALM DOWN (IS) DOWN 3.2.2 HORIZONTAL DIRECTION FUTURE (IS) FRONT; PAST (IS) AFTER POSITIVE (IS) FRONT; NEGATIVE (IS) AFTER CAPACITY (IS) NEAR; NO COMPETENCE (IS) FAR FRIENDLY (IS) NEAR; NOT FRIENDLY (IS) FAR LOVE (IS) INSIDE; HATE (IS) OUTSIDE 3.3 Ontological metaphors Among 434 idioms and proverbs in Korean has 287 idioms, proverbs ontological metaphor, accounting for the highest percentage with 66% And out of 277 idioms and proverbs in Vietnamese, the ontological metaphor has 179 idioms and proverbs, accounting for the highest proportion with 65% We have verified two source domains: CONTAINER and ENTITY The number and proportion of each source domain is shown in the table below No Source domain CONTAINER ENTITY Korean Number Proportion (%) 246 86 41 14 Vietnamese Number Proportion (%) 135 75 44 25 16 3.3.1 CONTAINER METAPHOR 3.3.1.1 HUMAN BODY PARTS ARE FOOD CONTAINER In the digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion begins with the act of chewing After going through many processes, the food reaches the stomach So the body part that actually stores food is the stomach However, in Korean, belly and liver are perceived as the food container instead of the stomach When the belly contains food, Korean use expressions like “心心心”, conversely, when the belly does not contain food, Korean use expressions such as “心心心 心心”, “心心心” to specify this concept Food stored in the belly is also perceived by Korean as wealth, from which there is a lower level perception that the belly is a wealth container However, the wealth contained in the belly is perceived as negative things, taken from others and obtained Here wealth represents human ambition and greed For this cognitive model, Korean use “心”, “心心心”, “心心心” to express Although Vietnamese also perceive the same as Korean in that they consider the belly as a food container, but to describe whether the belly contains or does not contain food, Korean use the expression “ 心 心 心 心 ” , Vietnamese use “no”, “tức” and “không” states In Vietnamese, there is a way to say “no cành bụng, no căng bụng”, but there is no way to say “no nhô bụng” as in Korean idioms and proverbs That tells us that if Korean see the belly as a fixed container that changes in size only in one direction, Vietnamese see the belly as a multi-dimensional container that can be stretched in all directions In Korean, the liver is perceived as a food container, unlike the belly, the liver is only perceived in terms of filling, not in terms of changing the size of the container Because it is easy to see that the liver is an internal organ that cannot notice its change in size with the naked eye like the belly In Vietnamese, there is a way to express the effect of not eating “Đói bào gan bào ruột” but there is no way to perceive the liver as a food container like in Korean 3.3.1.2 HUMAN BODY PARTS ARE FETUS CONTAINER After conception, the embryo travels to the womb, or uterus, to implant and develop into a fetus during 40 weeks However, in the Korean way of perception, the fetus is contained in the belly and body, not in the womb The Vietnamese also perceive the belly as the place to hold the fetus as in Korean However, in Vietnamese, “mình” is not recognized as the container for the fetus as in Korean and the combination “bụng - dạ” to refer to the container for the fetus is only encountered in Vietnamese “Dạ” is not a container for a fetus, it is only considered a container for a fetus when it appears in the structure with “belly” 17 3.3.1.3 HUMAN BODY PARTS ARE EMOTIONAL CONTAINER Korean consider “ 心 心 ” to be the only part that contains hatred At this time, Korean use the particle “心” to create a space containing hatred in the “心心” part In idioms and proverbs containing words indicating HBP, with HBP IS A LOVE CONTAINER, Korean consider the source domain of the container as “心心”, “心”, “ 心 心 ” , “ 心 心 ” and Vietnamese consider the source domain of the container as “lòng”, “dạ”, “tim” Regarding other container, Korean perceive “ 心”, “心”, “心心” as containers for sad, angry, worried emotions, “心心” is the container of joy, “心心” is the container of enthusiasm Vietnamese perceive nhận “lòng”, “bụng”, “ruột”, “gan”, “tim”, “con ngươi” containing anger and joy 3.3.1.4 HUMAN BODY PARTS ARE CHARACTERISTIC CONTAINER While Korean perceive “心”, “心心” as a container of spaciousness, tolerance and narrow-mindedness, Vietnamese perceive “bụng”, “lòng”, “dạ” is the container of this personality And to concretize this concept, both Korean and Vietnamese use the size of the container to express it Thus, although Korean all perceive “ 心” and “心心” as containers of spaciousness, tolerance or narrowness based on the size of the container, if “心” is a container of generous personality in eating and drinking, while “心心” is considered a container of tolerance and generosity, easy to overlook the mistakes of others As mentioned, Vietnamese not use the size of the hand to perceive as a container for personality like Korean Vietnamese use “lòng”, “bụng”, “dạ” to perceive and here this container includes both “心” and “心心” as in Korean To be more specific, Vietnamese perceive “bụng”, “lòng”, “dạ” as both a container for spaciousness in eating and as a container for tolerance and generosity 3.3.1.5 HUMAN BODY PARTS ARE SPEECH CONTAINER In Korean idioms and proverbs, “心” is considered as a container of speech, in Vietnamese idioms and proverbs, the pair “mồm - miệng” often goes together and is perceived as speech container The human body parts are perceived as a speech container in Korean is similar to those in Vietnamese 3.3.1.6 HUMAN CONTAINER BODY PARTS ARE KNOWLEDGE, THINKING Korean perceive the head as a knowledge, thinking, and the heart as a thought container Like Korean, Vietnamese also perceive the head as a knowledge, 18 thinking container In korean, the belly is perceived as a container of knowledge, specifically containing letter In Vietnamese, there is also a perception that the BELLY IS KNOWLEDGE The belly is perceived as a container of knowledge that is influenced by the Chinese In Korean idioms and proverbs to perceive the container of thoughts and secret thoughts, Korean use the heart and lung In Vietnamese, belly, sometimes the heart is perceived as a container for thoughts and feelings In the research data of the dissertation, we have statistics of 27 idioms, metaphorical proverbs belly is a CONTAINER OF MIND, SECRET THINKING Whereas the heart case with this metaphor has only one idiom 3.3.2 ENTITY METAPHOR 3.3.2.1 AMBITION IS AN ENTITY When people greed for things that are not theirs or that are beyond their capabilities, they will lose their insight and find it difficult to see clearly This is the basis for Korean to have a perception that GREED IS A BLINDFOLD Like Korean, Vietnamese also has a way of perceiving greed as a blindfold Unlike Koreans, Vietnamese not only see ambition as something that blinds their eyes, but also see it as something that brightens up their eyes to express desire Ambition is perceived as a burning fire, especially when someone shows ambition, Korean perceive that ambition as a fire in the eye We did not find a way to perceive greed as fire in Vietnamese idioms and proverbs 3.3.2.2 RESPONSIBILITY IS A HEAVY WEIGHT ON A SHOULDER The shoulder symbolizes strength and is the place to carry heavy loads in daily life and labor On that basis, Korean have a way of perceiving the role as a place of responsibility In Korean idioms and proverbs, Korean see responsibility as a heavy weight that creates pressure and fatigue for the person who carries it Although in Vietnamese there is also a way to perceive responsibility as a heavy load on the shoulders but within the limitation of idioms, proverbs contain words indicating HBP we cannot find this way of perception 3.3.2.3 SORROW, WORRY IS A HEAVY OBJECT When having negative moods such as sadness, worry, frustration, anger, people seem to sag, heavy This is the basis for how to perceive SADNESS, WORRY IS A HEAVY OBJECT Particularly in Vietnamese idioms and proverbs, it is not sadness and anxiety like in Korean, but anger and frustration are things that weigh heavily on people 19 CHAPTER 4: CONCEPTUAL METONYMY OF WORDS INDICATING HUMAN BODY PARTS IN KOREAN IDIOMS AND PROVERBS (COMPARED WITH VIETNAMESE) 4.1 The thing and part ICM In 2,346 Korean idioms and proverbs, we collected 570 conceptual metonymy idioms and proverbs, of which thing and part ICM is 117 idioms and proverbs, accounting for 21% And in 1,623 Vietnamese idioms and proverbs, we collected 225 conceptual metonymy idioms and proverbs, of which thing and part ICM is 75 idioms and proverbs, accounting for 34% The number and proportion of the two sub-models in the thing and part ICM are shown in the table below Korean No ICM Number Proportion (%) A PART FOR THE 65 56 WHOLE THE WHOLE FOR A 52 44 PART Vietnamese Number Proportion (%) 41 55 34 45 4.1.1 A PART FOR THE WHOLE 4.1.1.1 HUMAN BODY PART FOR PEOPLE First, both in Korean and Vietnamese, “face” and “head” are used instead of people This is the common mode of perception in almost all languages In more detail, in Korean idioms and proverbs, if “心心” and “心心” stand for a person in an organization or program, then “心” stands for an acquaintance In Vietnamese, “mặt”, “diện”, “đầu” are also used instead of people The “mặt” in Vietnamese idioms and proverbs, in addition to the function of replacing the appearance of a person, also replaces the personality and qualities of that person Although there is no data source in our dissertation, in Vietnamese “mặt” is also used to refer to acquaintances like in Korean “心” is a part that also replaces a person, but unlike other parts, “心” stands for a worker In Korean idioms and proverbs, “心” is used instead of the worker, while this function in Vietnamese is the “tay” In Vietnamese, “tay” is also used instead of a participant in an activity or game as in the cases of “lack of hands”, “enough hands”, “need more hands”, not used to replace the person working in sentences with the same meaning as in Korean “心” is the part used to stand for the viewer or the observer Although within the scope of the research data of the dissertation there is no data for the “mắt” using 20 the reference for the observer, but in Vietnamese there are many clarifying expressions for this conceptual metonymy as in Korean Moreover, in Vietnamese, eyes will often appear with the structure “tai - mắt” “心” is the part used to replace the person and the person referred to here is the person who talks, the person who discusses the problem Similar to Korean, in Vietnamese “miệng” is also used to stand for the speaker 4.1.1.2 HUMAN BODY PART FOR PARTICIPANTS First, in Korean, “ 心 心 ” , “ 心 心 ” , “ 心 心 ” , “ 心 心 ” , “ 心 ” are used instead of the participants in the discussion This comes from the fact that when people discuss, they often sit and face each other and the body parts of the participants are also facing each other In this conceptual metonymy, Korean use predicates such as “ 心 心心”, “心心心心” to concretize this concept Meanwhile, Vietnamese also use “mặt” to stand for the participants as in Korean idioms and proverbs However, if in Korean “confrontation” refers to the parties participating in the discussion, in Vietnamese it refers to the parties fighting with each other In Korean “心心” is used instead of the parties involved in the journey Usually in a journey the participants will go side by side to show the equal status of the parties Although in Vietnamese “vai” is also used in place of the parties involved as in the way of saying “vai kề vai”, but in idioms and proverbs, “vai” must appear in the structure with another HBP to stand for the participants In Korean, “心”, “心”, “心心”, “心” are used to refer to participants in a sexual relationship This conceptual metonymy model is only available in Korean but not in Vietnamese 4.1.2 THE WHOLE FOR A PART 4.1.2.1 HUMAN BODY PART FOR ITS PART First of all, head is used to stand for hair is a common metonymy in both Korean and Vietnamese Using the nose instead of nasal bridge is a common metonymy in both Korean and Vietnamese In Korean when saying “high nose” or “low nose”, the “nose” in these expressions refers to the nasal bridge Vietnamese has many expressions to demonstrate this metonymy When we wave our hands to promise something, we use our fingers to show it, not our hands This is the basis for a metonymy using hands instead of fingers In Vietnamese, expressions such as “ngoéo tay”, “móc tay” are the ways of perceiving using hands instead of fingers However, there is no cognitive way to use hands instead of fingers like in Korean 21 The “head” is used to stand for the brain, which is common in Korean and Vietnamese In Vietnamese, expressions such as “nhớ đầu”, “ghi vào đầu” clarify this conceptual metonymy model the head instead of the brain 4.1.2.2 HUMAN BODY PART FOR FUNCTION First of all, eye and ear are used to stand for eyesight and hearing, which is a metonymy in both Korean and Vietnamese In this conceptual metonymy model, if in Korean eye and ear appear separately, in Vietnamese eye and ear usually appear in a symmetrical structure with another HBP Hand and foot, it means working and moving functions In Korean, these two parts are used to stand for its working skill Vietnamese uses “tay” and “chân” to stand for its function, not “心” and “心” as in Korean 4.2 Event ICM Among 570 Korean idioms and proverbs with conceptual metonymy, we collected 143 idioms and metonymy proverbs according to the event ICM, accounting for 25% And in 225 Vietnamese idioms and proverbs, we collected 24 idioms, proverbs according to the event ICM, accounting for 10% The number and proportion of the two sub-models in the event ICM are shown in the table below No ICM SUCCESSIVE SUBEVENTS FOR COMPLEX EVENT CO-PRESENT SUBEVENTS FOR COMPLEX EVENT Korean Number Proportion (%) Vietnamese Number Proportion (%) 128 90 21 87 15 10 13 4.2.1 SUCCESSIVE SUBEVENTS FOR COMPLEX EVENT 4.2.1.1 SUBCEREMONIES FOR COMPLEX CEREMONY First, Korean use the custom of a girl’s hair up high before the wedding ceremony to get married to stand for the wedding ceremony In the past Korean culture, unmarried girls would braid their hair, on the day of marriage, the husband would let his hair loose and use a brooch to tie it up This ritual comes from China with the custom of brooch, also known as brooch ceremony In the old days, when girls reached the age of fifteen, they would perform a brooch ceremony and be considered an adult eligible for marriage When married, the girls will let their hair 22 down in a high bun with different styles and outfits depending on the person's social status Like Korea, Vietnam is also influenced by Chinese culture, including marriage rites and marriage-related things In idioms, proverbs containing words indicating HBP in Vietnamese, in addition to using a ritual to replace marriage and the husband and wife relationship, also use activities in marital life to replace the husband and wife relationship In Buddhism, when a person leaves home to become a buddhist monk, there is usually a hair-cutting ceremony This is the basis to use down hair instead of ordination However, Koreans also use haircuts to stand for going to prison In Vietnamese, “xuống tóc” is a minor event that replaces ordination without the second alternative of going to prison as in Korean As mentioned above, Korea is a country influenced by Chinese culture, especially in major life events such as birth, adulthood, marriage, and mourning Talking about the rituals when the family is in mourning, there is the ceremony of letting down the mourning hair That is, the children and grandchildren in the family will not wear their hair as usual, but let their hair down to wear a mourning scarf or a hat This is the basis for the metonymy using a minor event of hair loss in place of the whole mourning Vietnam is also influenced by Chinese funeral rites However, the Vietnamese language does not use the ritual of letting the hair down refer to funerals as in Korean 4.2.1.2 SUBACTIVITIES FOR AN ACTIVITY First, Korean used eye contact to refer to the entire human sleeping activity Vietnamese also use eye activity instead of sleep in expressions like “chợp mắt” but the predicate used in this conceptual metonymy model is different from Korean Vietnamese don't use “dán mắt” instead of sleeping, but rather for gazing at something Normally, when talking, people have to open their mouth This is the basis for Korean to use the activity of opening their mouth instead of talking Both in Korean and Vietnamese use the act of twirling fingers instead of making promises Korean use the act of reaching out their hand when they want to help someone, and letting someone hold it when they need help to refer to the entire act of helping At the same time, when people want to ask for help from someone, people will also use the act of reaching out their hands This is the basis for Korean to use the act of reaching out, reaching out to help or ask for help In a fight, either side raising their hands or kneeling in front of the opponent means surrendering and accepting defeat In Vietnamese, there are also ways such as “giơ tay đầu hàng”, “giơ tay chịu trói”, but unlike Korean, in Vietnamese, if only with the expression of raising hands, it is not enough to replace the surrender, 23 accept defeat but must add other expressions such as đầu hàng, chịu trói, chịu thua… When someone pout, they are showing disapproval or disagreement And the act of smacking your mouth shows regret or anger This is the basis for Korean to use the pouting and smacking the lips instead of disparaging and regretful attitudes Like Korean, Vietnamese also use the pouting and smacking of the lips instead of a disparaging attitude In many countries, including Korea and Vietnam, the gesture of waving hands, shaking the head shows an attitude of rejection and nodding shows an attitude of agreement Korean and Vietnamese use these actions instead of denial and agreement For the birth of a baby, in the cephalic presentation, the baby's head will come out first, then the ears will come out Once the ear is out, it's like a baby being born Based on this, Korean use the moment when the ear comes out of the mother's womb instead of the fact that the baby is born This is a special metonymic model only available in Korean but not in Vietnamese 4.2.2 CO-PRESENT SUBEVENTS FOR COMPLEX EVENT 4.2.2.1 CO-PRESENT SUBEVENTS FOR A RESULT First, Korean used the closing of the eyes and the inactivity of the pupils to stand for death When a person dies, there will be many phenomena in the body such as eyes, pupils, heart, all parts of the body will stop working, body temperature will drop, limbs gradually stiffen Korean only use the shutdown of the eyes and pupils to stand for death In Vietnamese idioms and proverbs, Vietnamese use the activity “Nhắm mắt xuôi tay”, not using the inactive state of the eyes and pupils to replace death like in Korean Covering the body with soil in the cremation ground serves as a basis for Korean to use references to death and burial rites In Vietnamese, Vietnamese not have this conceptual metonymy model 4.2.2.2 CO-PRESENT SUBEVENTS FOR AN ACTION When we comfort others, we will have actions such as patting on the shoulder, holding hands, saying words of comfort, nodding sympathetically when listening to them Korean use the only action is patting on the shoulder to stand for comforting action In Vietnamese there are also expressions to show that patting on the shoulder can represent all other actions and is used instead of just comforting someone like in Korean 4.3 Category and property ICM 24 Among 570 Korean idioms and proverbs with conceptual metonymy, we collected 310 idioms and proverbs according to the category and property ICM, accounting for 54% And in 225 Vietnamese idioms and proverbs, we collected 126 idioms, proverbs according to the category and property ICM, accounting for 56% The number and proportion of the two sub-models in the category and property ICM are shown in the table below No ICM CATEGORY PROPERTY PROPERTY CATEGORY Korean Numbe Proportion r (%) FOR 13 FOR 297 96 Vietnamese Numbe Proportion r (%) 12 10 114 90 4.3.1 CATEGORY FOR PROPERTY When sitting at work, the buttock will touch the contact surface If the buttock is light, it is easy to bounce off the contact surface Conversely, a heavy buttock will stick to the contact surface Based on this, Korean use the weight of the buttock instead of the level of patience The mouth is the container of speech, so when the mouth is light, the word can easily come out of the container and when the mouth is heavy, it is difficult for the word to come out of the container And Korean use the weight of the mouth to stand for the level of keeping a secret 4.3.2 PROPERTY FOR CATEGORY First, Korean use red, blue, yellow, and white with only five HBP, including: “心 ”, “心心”, “心心”, “心心”, “心心心” Korean rely on the changing of HBP color to red to stand for the anger, shame Meanwhile, blue, yellow and white are used to represent fear and panic When people are scared, the blood will not circulate, so the face skin will become blue and white Red when appearing alone stands for anger or fear and blue when appearing alone stands for fear or panic However, when these two colors appear together in the order of red and then blue, it replaces the emotion of indignation, horror anger In Vietnamese idioms and proverbs, Vietnamese also use red, white, yellow, and blue colors to stand for the emotional category as in Korean idioms and proverbs In addition, Vietnamese also use grey, blue, purple, and black to replace emotions that are not available with equivalent words in Korean 25 The inverting and resizing properties of HBP are used instead of all emotions First, when people get angry, all HBP are turned upside down, like the intestines, the belly is upside down, and the blood flows back up Just like in Korean, in Vietnamese idioms and proverbs, when anxiety is at its peak, the anti-corruption victims no longer keep their original position and shape When people scared, the general reaction that occurs is that people will shrink, heart and liver like falling Use the change in size and change the position of the natural disasters to replace human fear Like Korean idioms and proverbs, Vietnamese idioms and proverbs also use the attribute of changing the size and position of the HBP to replace fear In addition to the changes in the color, action and position of the HBP, the change in temperature of the HBP is also used instead of emotions When people scared, the body temperature will drop, making the HBP colder than normal, and when people angry, conversely, the HBP will be hotter than normal That's why Korean use the change in temperature of the HBP to replace all fear and anger In Vietnamese, we also use the property of temperature variation of the natural disasters instead of anxiety, fear, and anger 26 CONCLUSIONS The study of words indicating HBP from the perspective of cognitive linguistics is not a new thing In Korean and Vietnamese, lots of studies focused on several forums such as idioms, folk songs, and literary works on one or a few words indicating HBP in comparison with English and Chinese From that, we found that a study of all the words indicating HBP in idioms, proverbs in Korean, compared with Vietnamese from the perspective of cognitive linguistics was not studied Moreover, the system of part number, frequency of occurrence and the ability to combine the words indicating HBP appearing in idioms and proverbs of Korean compared with Vietnamese is also not considered in previous studies From the theoretical premises of cognitive linguistics, in chapter 1, we review the precepts of metaphor and metonymy from the traditional linguistic view to the cognitive linguistics view Before 1950, metaphor and metonymy were considered as a common mechanism, in which metonymy is a type of metaphor After 1950 metaphor and metonymy were seen as two separate mechanisms The stage of metaphor and metonymy is considered from the point of view of cognitive linguistics that can be said starting in the 1980s Metaphor is considered as a conceptual mechanism, the way people perceive the world through conceptual modeling In chapter 2, we studied about the quantity, frequency and appearance of words indicating HBP in Korean idioms and proverbs and compare them with Vietnamese Out of 2,346 Korean idioms and proverbs, we counted 192 words indicating HBP and in 1,623 Vietnamese idioms and proverbs, 110 words indicated HBP In Korean, the words indicating HBP tend to appear separately, in Vietnamese, the HBP tend to appear together with other parts In Korean and Vietnamese, the organs with high frequency are conspicuously large, concentrated in the head and extremities In Chapter 3, structural metaphors, orientational metaphors and ontological metaphors are analyzed on the data of idioms and proverbs containing words indicating HBP in Korean and compared with Vietnamese For structural metaphors, we analyze five source domains, including: COMMODITY, FOOD, WEAPON, LIGHTING OBJECT, ROTARY IN ENGINE For the orientational metaphor, we analyze two source domains, including: VERTICAL DIRECTION, HORIZONTAL DIRECTION For ontological metaphors we analyze two source domains, including: CONTAINER, ENTITY In chapter 4, we analyzed according to three models including Thing and part ICM, Event ICM, category and property ICM Within the limitations of the dissertation, we cannot collect all idioms and proverbs containing words indicating HBP in Korean and Vietnamese The dissertation has not yet been able to give all the explanations and bases for ICMs 27 We hope that in the future, there will be more studies in the same direction as the dissertation that will complete the limitations of our dissertation LIST OF PUBLISHED WORKS RELATED TO THE DISSERTATION Bui Thi My Linh (2019a), Number, frequency and appearance of human body word indicating “head” in Korean idioms and proverbs, Korea journal, No.2, pages 10 - 12 Bui Thi My Linh (2019b), Container Metaphor in in Korean and Vietnamese idioms and proverbs indicating “belly”, Korea journal, no.4(30), pages 44 - 49 Bui Thi My Linh (2019c), Human body word indicating “head” in Korean idioms and proverbs - focus on frequency and appearance, Korean education journal, no.1, pages - 39 Bui Thi My Linh (2019d), Structual Metaphor in Korean idioms and proverbs indicating human body words (compared with Vietnamese), The Publishing house of Ho Chi Minh Nationtial university, pages 368-374 ... the same direction as the dissertation that will complete the limitations of our dissertation LIST OF PUBLISHED WORKS RELATED TO THE DISSERTATION Bui Thi My Linh (2019a), Number, frequency and... pages 10 - 12 Bui Thi My Linh (2019b), Container Metaphor in in Korean and Vietnamese idioms and proverbs indicating “belly”, Korea journal, no.4(30), pages 44 - 49 Bui Thi My Linh (2019c), Human... and metonymy from traditional linguistics to cognitive linguistics 1.1.1 Metaphor and metonymy from a traditional linguistics view 1.1 In traditional linguistics, metaphor and metonymy are both