The Linguistics Structure of Modern English

http benjamins http benjamins comseriesz156workbookworkbook html The Linguistics Structure of Modern English (Laurel J Brinton and Donna M Brinton) 2010 NOTEː Highlighted exercises are extra (for high achieving students), which requires students to read the textbook besides the slideshows English Consonants and Vowels Exercise 2 2 English Consonants 1 Give a complete description of the consonant sound represented by the symbol and then supply an English word containing the sound Example.

http://benjamins.com/series/z/156/workbook/workbook.html The Linguistics Structure of Modern English (Laurel J Brinton and Donna M Brinton) 2010 NOTEː Highlighted exercises are extra (for high-achieving students), which requires students to read the textbook besides the slideshows English Consonants and Vowels Exercise 2.2: English Consonants Give a complete description of the consonant sound represented by the symbol and then supply an English word containing the sound Example: /tʃ/ Answer: voiceless alveolopalatal affricate Word: cherry (a) /θ/ (e) /r/ (b) /ŋ/ (f) /j/ (c) /ʒ/ (g) /ɡ/ (d) [ɫ] Give the phonetic symbol representing the consonant sound described and then supply an English word containing the sound (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) voiced alveolopalatal affricate aspirated voiceless bilabial stop alveolar flap dentalized alveolar nasal voiced bilabial nasal voiceless labiodental fricative voiceless glottal fricative or voiceless vowel Of the sounds in questions (1) and (2) (a) (b) (c) (d) Which never occur word initially in English? Which never occur word finally in English? Which occurs only word or syllable initially before a stressed vowel? Which sound replaces /t/ or /d/ between vowels for most North American speakers? (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) Which occurs only before dental sounds? Which involves labialization? Which sound can also be analyzed as a complex sound? Which sound is produced only following vowels? Which are sibilants? Give the phonetic symbol for the initial consonant sound(s) in each of the following words (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) rhetoric one know Thomas sure (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) cereal jaguar unity pheasant theme (k) (l) (m) (n) (o) psalm chorus chaste charade shave (p) (q) (r) (s) (t) gnat wrong zero ghost science Give the phonetic symbol for the medial consonant sound(s) in each of the following words (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) toughen visage alloy descent azure (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) away errand ocean adjourn aghast (k) (l) (m) (n) (o) listen plumber cupboard soften measure (p) (q) (r) (s) (t) author lather psyche future lawyer Give the phonetic symbol for the final consonant sound(s) in each of the following words (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) froth miss stomach indict ledge (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) itch sign niche hiccough ooze (k) (l) (m) (n) (o) phase lathe tongue comb brogue (p) (q) (r) (s) (t) mall rough beige hopped solemn For the words – anger, finger, wringer, as opposed to hanger, ringer, singer – can you see a rule at work which determines whether the -g is pronounced or not? (Hint: Are the – er's the same in all of the words?) (a) In which of the following words is one of the stops likely to be unreleased? right leap accent carry scepter backpack (b) In which of the following words is the /t/ or /d/ likely to be flapped in North American English? plotter filter muddy hidden middle pattern (c) In which of the following words is nasal or lateral release likely to occur? madness maudlin sideline ignore tippler madly (d) In which of the following words is the /l/ likely to be "dark" (velarized)? alive Carl pal kill play loom English Consonants and Vowels Exercise 2.3: English Vowels Give a complete description of the vowel sound represented by the symbol and then supply an English word containing the sound (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) /uː/ /e/ /ɪ/ /ɔɪ/ /aʊ/ Give the phonetic symbol representing the vowel sound described and then supply an English word containing the sound (a) short low front neutral monophthong (b) long mid back rounded monophthong (c) high front (lax) to (upper) mid central diphthong (d) mid front to high front (lax) diphthong (e) long mid central neutral monophthong Of the vowel sounds in questions (1) and (2) (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) Which never occur in a stressed open syllable? Which diphthong may be "raised" before voiceless consonants? Which may be replaced by /ɑ/ by some speakers? Which is a "reduced" vowel? Which is a centring diphthong? Which are closing diphthongs? Which involve labialization? Give the phonetic symbol for the vowel sound in each of the following words (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) build (h) young (o) mourn (v) throw (cc) burn gauge (i) stop (p) style (w) slim (dd) hook threat (j) fruit (q) heart (x) weigh (ee) goose plaid (k) wolf (r) war (y) through (ff) blood earn (l) feud (s) proud (z) their (gg) die brought (m) vein (t) break (aa) peace (hh) toe town (n) flax (u) cute (bb) face (ii) shoe Transcribe the full vowel in the word in column A and the corresponding reduced vowel in column B (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) A diploma assume notify migrate implicit emphatic harmonic tempestuous B diplomatic assumption notification migratory implication emphasis harmony tempest English Consonants and Vowels Exercise 2.4: Transcription (Elementary) Give complete (broad) transcriptions of the words in Exercise 2.2, questions 4, 5, and 6, and Exercise 2.3, question Give broad transcriptions of the following near homophones (a) click (b) candid (c) tired (d) sweat (e) bade clique candied tarred sweet bad tirade Give the two English words represented by each of the following transcriptions Example: /heər/ hair, hare (a) (b) (c) (d) /kærət/ (e) /ɜːn/ (i) /ˈhɒstəl/ /fraɪər/ (f) /nəʊz/ (j) /ɡreɪt/ /kɔːrs/ (g) /ɡrəʊn/ (k) /taɪm/ /deɪz/ (h) /θruː/ Each of the following contains one error in transcription; i.e., it indicates an impossible pronunciation of the word for a native speaker of English Give the word and supply the correct transcription Example: /pitsɑ/ word: pizza transcription: /pitsə/ (a) /siːteɪʃən/ (g) /mæɡɪkəl/ (m) /ɔrðəpiːdɪk/ (b) /centʃəri/ (h) /ɒɡsədʒən/ (n) /puːnətɪv/ (c) /sʊnflaʊər/ (i) /briθd/ (o) /kwestən/ (d) /tɔːmkæt/ (j) /strenkθ/ (p) /kʊstəməri/ (e) /ɔɪstərs/ (k) /faɪntli/ (q) /pəplekzt/ (f) /umbrela/ (l) /neɪbərhəd/ (r) /sfɪŋx/ English Consonants and Vowels Exercise 2.5: Reading Phonetic Transcription Write out the following proverbial expressions, which are given in broad transcription (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) /ðərəʊdtəhelɪzpeɪvdwɪðɡʊdɪntenʃənz/ /bɜːdzəvəfeðərflɒktəɡeðər/ /ərəʊlɪŋstəʊnɡæðərznəʊmɒs/ /əwɒtʃtketəlnevərbɔɪlz/ /tʃærɪtibɪɡɪnzæthəʊm/ /evriklaʊdhæzəsɪlvərlaɪnɪŋ/ /ɡreɪtmaɪndzrʌnɪnðəseɪmtʃænəlz/ /menihændzmeɪklaɪtwɜːrk/ /stɪlwɔːtərzrʌndiːp/ /ðiɜːlibɜːdkætʃəzðəwɜːrm/ /taɪmændtaɪdweɪtfərnəʊmæn/ (l) (m) (n) (o) (p) (q) (r) /ɒpərtjuːnɪtinɒksbətwʌns/ /əfuːlændhɪzmʌniɑːrsuːnpɑːrtəd/ /ɔːlwɜːrkændnəʊpleɪmeɪksdʒækədʌlbɔɪ/ /əstɪtʃɪntaɪmseɪvznaɪn/ /ɪtteɪkstuːtəmeɪkəkwɒrəl/ /jukɑːntɜːrnəsɑʊzɪərɪntuəsɪlkpɜːrs/ /ənæpələdeɪkiːpsðədɒktərəweɪ/ English Consonants and Vowels Exercise 2.6: Transcription (Advanced) Give broad transcriptions of the following words (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) (l) (m) (n) parochial (o) masculine (bb) athletic ineligible (p) debauchery (cc) moisturize quintessential (q) sacrilegious (dd) accumulate habitual (r) deciduous (ee) gigantic squelched (s) authoritarian (ff) jewelry parliamentary (t) literature (gg) masochism hallucination (u) delinquent (hh) orthographic infuriating (v) cucumber (ii) sanctuary embarrassment (w) questionnaire (jj) molecular relaxation (x) psychological (kk) suggestion exploratory (y) thankfully (ll) differentiate kaleidoscope (z) awkwardness (mm) calculation exhaustion (aa) rectangular (nn) therapeutic museums Transcribe the following words using your normal pronunciation If you know of any other pronunciations, give these as well Then check your answers against the variant pronunciations given (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) again Tuesday progress schedule tomato data aunt resources (p) (q) (r) (s) (t) (u) (v) (w) been (ee) process (ff) lever (gg) genuine (hh) almond (ii) interesting (jj) bury (kk) species (ll) stereo produce vase blouses missile asphalt arctic vehicle (i) (j) (k) (l) (m) (n) (o) sorry (x) longitude placate (y) prestige catch (z) garage tomorrow (aa) offense capsule (bb) student route (cc) without nuclear (dd) calm (mm) luxury (nn) battery (oo) brooch (pp) bilingual (qq) apricot (rr) coupon (ss) leisure English Consonants and Vowels Exercise 2.7: Distinctive Features What distinctive feature(s) the sounds in each set have in common? (a) /k/, /u/, /ɑː/, /ŋ/ (d) /l/, /ʒ/, /t/, /n/ (b) /b/, /ŋ/, /e/, /ʊ/ (e) /j/, /k/, /iː/, /w/ (c) /f/, /ʃ/, /ə/, /j/ (f) /r/, /ŋ/, /ɔː/, /æ/ What feature or features distinguish each of the following sets of sounds? (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) /v/, /ə/ (f) /iː/, /j/ /f/, /v/ (g) /uː/, /ʊ/ /r/, /j/ (h) /z/, /ð/ /f/, /θ/ (i) /ɡ/, /ŋ/ /e/, /ɒ/ (j) /t/, /s/ English Phonology, Phonotactics, and Suprasegmentals Exercise 3.1: Phonemic Rules Consider the following English words containing the phoneme /ɡ/ [ləɡwuːn] [bræɡ] [iːɡər] [ɡwəʊt] [ æf] [frɒɡ] [ɡləʊ] [æŋɡər] [ iːs] [ɡwuːs] [ eɪt] [ɡʌɾər] [ɡɒn] [ɡaʊn] [ɡwɔɪɾər] [ɡreɪd] (a) List the allophones of /ɡ/ (b) State in words the environment in which each allophone is found (c) Write a phonemic rule for /ɡ/, listing one allophone as "elsewhere" Consider the following English words containing the phoneme /r/ [frr̥iː] [trr̥aɪ] [meri] [rʌf] [ərwəʊz] [hæmrr̩] [rwəʊd] [bɔːrdrr̩] [pɪər] [prr̥əfesərr̩] [əraɪz] [rʌnrr̩] w w [r uːt] [pɑːrt] [braɪd] [dreɪn] [sɒr əʊ] [fɪlrr̩] (a) List the allophones of /r/ (b) State in words the environment in which each allophone is found (c) Write a phonemic rule for /r/, listing one allophone as "elsewhere" Consider the following English words containing the phoneme /k/ [kʌpəl] [ɑːkk̚teɪn] [mɑːkk̚t] [skɜːrt] [ləʊkəl] [kwəʊt] [kk̟eɪm] [kk̟æmərə] [lʊkk̟ɪŋ] [kaʊ] [kwuːlər] [mæsk] [sɪkən] [sɪkk̟ɪl] [kləʊz] (a) List the allophones of /kk̚/ (b) State in words the environment in which each allophone is found (c) Write a phonemic rule for /kk̚/, listing one allophone as "elsewhere" Consider the following English words containing the phoneme /l/ [p eɪs] [lwunər] [mɪd ] [læf] [hɑːɫəʊ] [f eɪm] [teɫ] [lwəʊn] [ʃʌv ] [əlaɪv] [klr̥aɪm] [slr̥æp] [lwɔɪtərr̩] [leɪm] [lɪt ] [pɪk ] [tʌn ] [melən] [kɜːɫ] [teɫɪŋ] [laʊd] [jeɫəʊ] [les] [heɫp] (a) List the allophones of /l/ (b) State in words the environment in which each allophone is found (c) Write a phonemic rule for /l/, listing one allophone as "elsewhere" English Phonology, Phonotactics, and Suprasegmentals Exercise 3.2: Phonological Processes Write the word indicated by each transcription and identify the phonological process or change responsible for each pronunciation Example: Transcription Word Phonological Process h [əp izmənt] appeasement aspiration w (a) [t uːθbrʌʃ] (n) [laa͂ːndri] (b) [sĩmfəni] (o) [laɪtnnɪŋ] (c) [kɜːɫi] (p) [kʌtləs] (d) [əphɔɪntmənt] (q) [plr̥ʊrəl] (e) [ræpk̚tʃər] (r) [beɫəʊ] (f) [prr̥eri] (s) [pænn̪θər] (g) [tɑɾər] (t) [daɪdʒestʃən] (h) [ɑkk̚təpʊs] (u) [maɪɾi] (i) [pæŋkeɪk] (v) [lwɔɪtər] (j) [bɪlɪt ] (w) [ɒpk̚tɪməl] (k) [kk̟ɪtʃən] (x) [ ɪtɑːr] (l) [heln̪θi] (m) [tuːzdeɪ] (a) (b) (y) [hɑːrdnr̩] Write a rule for the unreleasing of stops Write a rule for the monophthongization of [juː] English Phonology, Phonotactics, and Suprasegmentals Exercise 3.3: Word Stress Using acute and grave accents, mark primary and secondary stress (where present) in the following words (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) papyrus feminine millionaire harmonica pelican geometry vocabulary compliment (i) pedigree (j) hypotenuse (k) summary (l) memorandum (m) architecture (n) discipline (o) caterpillar (p) penetration (q) vigilante (r) peripheral (s) macaroni (t) imperialism (u) satellite (v) characterize (w) chromosome (x) accidental Transcribe the following sets of words and mark primary and secondary stress with Super- and subticks Note the reduction of vowels in unstressed syllables (a) catastrophe catastrophic (b) synonym synonymous (c) repeat repetitive repetition How does stress affect the quality of the first t in repetitive and repetition? How does stress affect the quality of the p? (d) migrate migratory migration (e) intellect intellectual intelligent (f) apply application applicable applicability (g) exhibit exhibition How does stress affect the voicing of the consonants in exhibit and exhibition? How does stress differentiate these derivationally-related words? (a) proverb proverbial reflex reflexive (b) perfect perfection tranquil tranquility (c) injure injurious enter entertain (a) Give strong and weak forms of that and show how they are used in a sentence (b) Give two sentences in which the word afternoon has a different syllable stressed English Phonology, Phonotactics, and Suprasegmentals Exercise 3.4: Intonation For each of the following sentences, identify (a) the number of tone group(s) (b) the tonic syllable(s) in each tone group (c) the intonation patterns of each tone group We went to a movie last night (topic of conversation: last night's activities) We went to a movie last night (topic of conversation: going to movies) Should we see a movie tonight? (topic of conversation: doing something tonight) Should we see the movie tonight? (topic of conversation: when we are seeing a movie) Should we see the movie tonight, or tomorrow? (two yes/no questions; see 3d, p 73 in text) Should we see the movie tonight, or tomorrow? (alternative question; see 7a, p 74 in text) We could see a movie tonight or go out for ice cream We could visit a museum this afternoon or go to the zoo tomorrow We could go to a movie, couldn't we? 10 When should we go to a movie? (topic of conversation: our going to a movie) 11 When should we go to a movie? (topic of conversation: our doing something) 12 You liked that movie, didn't you? (tag expressing real question; see 6a in text, p 74) 13 You liked that movie, didn't you? (tag eliciting confirmation; see 6b in text, p 74) English Phonology, Phonotactics, and Suprasegmentals Exercise 3.5: Syllabification Syllabify the following words, using periods to indicate syllable breaks Note ambisyllabicity 10 11 12 13 aroma algebra advocate kangaroo obstinate codify altitude duplicate geometry temperate whiskey integrity appropriate 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 seclusion arithmetic discipline periodic banana insinuate nightingale instrument exclamation already condemnation esthetic ... rule at work which determines whether the -g is pronounced or not? (Hint: Are the – er's the same in all of the words?) (a) In which of the following words is one of the stops likely to be unreleased?... the symbol and then supply an English word containing the sound (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) /uː/ /e/ /ɪ/ /ɔɪ/ /aʊ/ Give the phonetic symbol representing the vowel sound described and then supply an English. .. /θruː/ Each of the following contains one error in transcription; i.e., it indicates an impossible pronunciation of the word for a native speaker of English Give the word and supply the correct