The Market Forces of Supply and Demand Chapter Markets A market is a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service The terms supply and demand refer to the behavior of people as they interact with one another in markets And Economics, especially Microeconomics is about how supply and demand interact in markets Market Types or Structures Competitive Markets Products are the same,price takers Monopoly Monopolistic Competition Oligopoly Demand Curve Price of Ice-Cream Cone $3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 10 11 12 Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones Why does the Demand Curve Slope Downward? Law of Demand Inverse relationship between price and quantity Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility Utility is the extra satisfaction that one receives from consuming a product Marginal means extra Diminishing means decreasing Market Demand Market demand refers to the sum of all individual demands for a particular good or service Graphically, individual demand curves are summed horizontally to obtain the market demand curve Ceteris Paribus Ceteris paribus is a Latin phrase that means all variables other than the ones being studied are assumed to be constant Literally, ceteris paribus means “other things being equal.” The demand curve slopes downward because, ceteris paribus, lower prices imply a greater quantity demanded! Two Simple Rules for Movements vs Shifts Rule One When an independent variable changes and that variable does not appear on the graph, the curve on the graph will shift Rule Two When an independent variable does appear on the graph, the curve on the graph will not shift, instead a movement along the existing curve will occur Let’s apply these rules to the following cases of supply and demand! Change in Quantity Demanded versus Change in Demand Change in Quantity Demanded Movement along the demand curve Caused by a change in the price of the product Price of Cigarettes per Pack $4.00 Changes in Quantity Demanded C A tax that raises the price of cigarettes results in a movement along the demand curve A 2.00 D1 12 20 Number of Cigarettes Smoked per Day Change in Quantity Demanded versus Change in Demand Variables that Affect Quantity Demanded A Change in This Variable Price Represents a movement along the demand curve Income Shifts the demand curve Prices of related goods Shifts the demand curve Tastes Shifts the demand curve Expectations Shifts the demand curve Number of buyers Shifts the demand curve Price of Ice-Cream Cone Supply Curve $3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 10 11 12 Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones Law of Supply The law of supply states that there is a direct (positive) relationship between price and quantity supplied Supply Quantity supplied is the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell Change in Quantity Supplied Price of Ice-Cream Cone S C $3.00 A 1.00 A rise in the price of ice cream cones results in a movement along the supply curve Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones Market Supply Market supply refers to the sum of all individual supplies for all sellers of a particular good or service Graphically, individual supply curves are summed horizontally to obtain the market supply curve Determinants of Supply Market price Input prices Technology Expectations Number of producers What are some examples? Change in Supply S3 Price of Ice-Cream Cone S1 S2 Decrease in Supply Increase in Supply Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones Change in Quantity Supplied versus Change in Supply Variables that Affect Quantity Supplied A Change in This Variable Price Represents a movement along the supply curve Input prices Shifts the supply curve Technology Shifts the supply curve Expectations Shifts the supply curve Number of sellers Shifts the supply curve Equilibrium of Supply and Demand Price of Ice-Cream Cone Supply $3.00 Equilibrium 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 Demand 0.50 10 11 12 Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones Excess Supply Price of Ice-Cream Cone Surplus $3.00 Supply 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 Demand 0.50 10 11 12 Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones Excess Demand Price of Ice-Cream Cone Supply $2.00 $1.50 Shortage Demand 10 11 12 13 Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones Three Steps To Analyzing Changes in Equilibrium Decide whether the event shifts the supply or demand curve (or both) Decide whether the curve(s) shift(s) to the left or to the right Examine how the shift affects equilibrium price and quantity Harcourt, Inc items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc How an Increase in Demand Affects the Equilibrium Price of Ice-Cream Cone Hot weather increases the demand for ice cream Supply $2.50 New equilibrium 2.00 .resulting in a higher price Initial equilibrium D2 D1 .and a higher quantity sold 10 Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones How a Decrease in Supply Affects the Equilibrium Price of Ice-Cream Cone S2 An earthquake reduces the supply of ice cream S1 New equilibrium $2.50 2.00 Initial equilibrium .resulting in a higher price Demand 10 11 12 13 .and a lower quantity sold Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones [...]... increases the demand for another good, the two goods are called complements Change in Quantity Demanded versus Change in Demand Variables that Affect Quantity Demanded A Change in This Variable Price Represents a movement along the demand curve Income Shifts the demand curve Prices of related goods Shifts the demand curve Tastes Shifts the demand curve Expectations Shifts the demand curve Number of buyers... sellers Shifts the supply curve Equilibrium of Supply and Demand Price of Ice-Cream Cone Supply $3.00 Equilibrium 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 Demand 0.50 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones Excess Supply Price of Ice-Cream Cone Surplus $3.00 Supply 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 Demand 0.50 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones Excess Demand Price of Ice-Cream Cone Supply $2.00 $1.50... Quantity Demanded versus Change in Demand Change in Demand A shift in the demand curve, either to the left or right Caused by a change in a determinant other than the price Determinants of Demand Market price Consumer income Prices of related goods Tastes Expectations What are some examples? Consumer Income Price of Ice-Cream Cone Normal Good $3.00 An increase in income 2.50 Increase in demand 2.00... the price of ice cream cones results in a movement along the supply curve Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones Market Supply Market supply refers to the sum of all individual supplies for all sellers of a particular good or service Graphically, individual supply curves are summed horizontally to obtain the market supply curve Determinants of Supply Market price Input prices Technology Expectations Number of. .. Shifts the demand curve Price of Ice-Cream Cone Supply Curve $3.00 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones Law of Supply The law of supply states that there is a direct (positive) relationship between price and quantity supplied Supply Quantity supplied is the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell Change in Quantity Supplied Price of Ice-Cream... 5 6 7 Demand 8 9 10 11 12 13 Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones Three Steps To Analyzing Changes in Equilibrium Decide whether the event shifts the supply or demand curve (or both) Decide whether the curve(s) shift(s) to the left or to the right Examine how the shift affects equilibrium price and quantity Harcourt, Inc items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc How an Increase in Demand Affects... Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones Consumer Income Price of Ice-Cream Cone Inferior Good $3.00 2.50 An increase in income 2.00 Decrease in demand 1.50 1.00 0.50 D2 0 1 D1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones Prices of Related Goods Substitutes & Complements When a fall in the price of one good reduces the demand for another good, the two goods are called substitutes When a fall in the price of. .. in Supply S3 Price of Ice-Cream Cone S1 S2 Decrease in Supply Increase in Supply 0 Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones Change in Quantity Supplied versus Change in Supply Variables that Affect Quantity Supplied A Change in This Variable Price Represents a movement along the supply curve Input prices Shifts the supply curve Technology Shifts the supply curve Expectations Shifts the supply curve Number of. .. Increase in Demand Affects the Equilibrium Price of Ice-Cream Cone 1 Hot weather increases the demand for ice cream Supply $2.50 New equilibrium 2.00 2 .resulting in a higher price Initial equilibrium D2 D1 0 3 .and a higher quantity sold 7 10 Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones How a Decrease in Supply Affects the Equilibrium Price of Ice-Cream Cone S2 1 An earthquake reduces the supply of ice cream S1 New equilibrium... Equilibrium Price of Ice-Cream Cone S2 1 An earthquake reduces the supply of ice cream S1 New equilibrium $2.50 2.00 Initial equilibrium 2 .resulting in a higher price Demand 0 1 2 3 4 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 3 .and a lower quantity sold Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones