Tài liệu Báo cáo khoa học: Biện pháp nâng cao hiệu quả cảm thụ của học sinh khi dạy bài Tức cảnh Pác Pó pdf

BIEN PHAP NANG CAO HIEU QUA CAM THU CUA HOC SINH KHI DAY HOC BAI "TlfC CANH PAC B& O OINH THI LUYEN* S ou 30 ndm ro nudc ngodi tfm dudng gidi phdng ddn tdc, ngdy 28/1/1941 Hd Chi Minh trd ve nudc Idnh dgo phong trdo cdch mqng Viet Nam. Pdc Bd (Cao Bdng) ndm sdt bien gidi Viet - Trung dugc Bdc chgn Idm noi d vd xdy dyng co sd edeh mqng. Trong thdi glon ndy, Ngudi dd Idm 2 bdi tho ve Pdc Bd: «Pdc Bd hung vf vd «Tuc cdnh Pdc Bd". Bdi tho «Tuc cdnh Pdc Bd" dugc duo vdo chuong trinh THCS dd tii Idu, nhung qua khdo sdt thuc te d mdt so trudng, chiing tdi nhdn thd'y viec dqy hge bdi tho dqt yeu cdu dd khd, dqy tdt Iqi edng khd hon bdi mgt so hqn che md gido vien (GV) ehua vugt quo dugc. Bdi viet duo ro mdt vdi suy nghlve viec tiep cdn, khdm phd nhiing ye'u to tde ddng den hieu qud cdm thy cuo hqc sinh (HS) khi dqy hge bdi tho ndy. 1. Trudc het, khi tien hdnh dgc hieu bdi tho, GV vd HS gdp phdi khd khdn ve hieu biet thye te. Vdi HS mien xudi thi thiic dn ddn dd ciio ddng bdo mien mil nhu: chdo be, rau mang; noi d hoang dd nhu: hang dd, sudi cdc em edm thd'y khd hinh dung, tudng tugng. GV mien xudi cd nhung khd khdn nhdt djnh khi hudng ddn HS d Ilia tudi 13, 14 tiep nhdn nhiing chi tie't hien thye tudng nhu rd't dl hieu ndi tren. Cdn vdi HS mien mil, cdc em cd the hinh dung dugc hodn cdnh sdng Clio Bdc phdi dn d thieu thdn, vdt vd nhu the, nhung Iqi gap trd ngqi khi tfm hieu nghlo hdm dn ciio nhung tii ngii mgc mgc, gidn dj, ddc biet id cdc tii ngy y sdu sde nhu: sdn sang, sang 2. TCr viec khde phyc nhung khd khdn mong tinh chd't viing mien, GV cdn luu y vd nhdn mgnh hodn cdnh ra ddi ciio bdi tho. «Tuc cdnh Pdc Bd" dugc sdng tdc vdo thdng 2/1941, miia xudn ddu tien Bdc ve nudc Idnh dqo phong trdo cdch mqng gidi phdng ddn tdc. Noi Bdc d Id hong Pdc Bd (cdn ggi Id Cdc Bd, tieng ddn tdc cd nghTa Id ddu ngudn). Hang Cdc Bd thugc Idng Pdc Bd, xd Trudng Hd, huyen Hd Qudng, tfnh Cao Bdng. Ve cude sd'ng sinh hoqt ciia Bde, ddng chi Hodng Qudc Viet ke Iqi: «Bdc dn ngdy 2 bua: vdo liic 10 gid sdng vd 5 gid chieu. Bdc thudng dn chung vdi anh em. Biia com dqm bqc, phdn Idn Id rau, mdng" (1). Mua xudn ddu tfen trd ve sou gdn 30 ndm xo Td qud'c nhung cd bdi tho Ngudi khdng mieu td mien non nudc dep tuai cua viing nui Cao Bdng khi vdo xudn md td cdnh sinh hoqt vd nhCrng suy nghl cuo minh ve cdng vlec cdch mqng. Nhung vdn tho cuo Ngudi, ddu Id td cdnh, soy sua vdi giong son cdm tu vdn ludn the hien tdm hdn, y chi, niem tfn cuo mdt ngudi chien sT edeh mqng ehdn chfnh. Cung nhu «Pdc Bd hung vf, bdng cdi nhin ciia ngudi con xo Td qud'c mdi trd ve, diing trudc mdt ddi non sdng ddt nudc hung vT, ddng sou ndi bdi hdi xuc ddng vdn Id Idng tfn. Id y chf gidnh ddc ldp, tu do eho ddn tdc: Non xa xa, nudc xa xa/Ndo phdi thinh thang mdi ggi Id /Day sudi Linin, kia nui Mdc/Hai fay xdy dung mgt san hd. Ddt «Tuc cdnh Pdc Bd" vdo hodn cdnh rdng Id b)di cdnh ijch sii ddn tdc vd hodn cdnh hep id dieu kien sdng vd tdm su cuo Bdc nhung ngdy mdi ve nude mdi thdy het dugc y nghia cuo bdi tho, khdm phd dugc nhCrng Idp nghTa sdu xa cua ngdn hi. Theo nhd tho Khuong HCru Dyng, bdi tho ndy vd'n vo de. Nhan de «7'uc cdnh Pdc Bd" Id do ngudi bien soqn eudn Tha Hd Chi Minh ddt. Theo cdc nhd nghien ciiu Vu Chdu Qudn vd Nguyen Huy Qudt, cd the ddt nhan de cho bdi tha Id «Sinh hoqt d Pdc Bd" cung dugc. Tuy nhien, du theo nhan de ndo thi ngudi dgc vdn nhdn thdy chd't trii tfnh cdch mqng todt ten tii nhung vdn tho gidn dj cuo Bdc. Chd't trii tfnh cdch mqng d'y ngdi sdng bdi nhiing chi tie't hien thye ve ddi sd'ng sinh hoqt, dieu kien Idm viec vd ciing khd khdn gian khd cua ngudi chie'n sT cdng sdn kien cudng Nguyen Ai Qud'c. NghTa hdm dn cuo bdi tho Id niem tin tudng, Igc quan. Id y chi sdt dd ciio Bdc * Tnrdng Dai hpc sir pham - Dai lipc Tliai Nguyen Tap ehi Giao due so 244 (ki a. s/aoioi dd'i vdi su nghiep cdch mqng. Thuc te dqy hge van d Idp 8 THCS, bd'i cdnh ra ddi bdi tho, nghTa hdm dn ciio hi ngii vd nhd't Id chd't trCr tfnh cdch mqng trong ngudi chie'n sT- nghe sT Hd Chi Minh quo bdi tho chua dugc GV khoi thdc ddy dii vd sdu sdc nen hieu qud dqy hge cdn hqn che. Tho Bdc the hien hi tudng, tfnh cdm, tdm hdn cua mdt ngudi cdch mqng tiing trdi, cho nen dgc «Tuc cdnh Pdc Bd" ciia Ngudi cung nhu thudng thiic ve dep cuo mdt bdng hoa, hjy mdu sdc khdng n/c rd, huong thom khdng ngdo ngqt nhung dgng Iqi tfong to nhieu dieu thu vj khd quen. Vi vdy, de hieu tho Bdc, b)en cqnh sy tdn kinh, nghiem hjc, edn fTnh tdm, suy ngdm vd cd nhdn quan cdch mqng nhdt djnh. Hon nOa, cdn phdi khde phye nhiing hqn ehe tfong edm thy bdi tbo do khodng cdch vung mien. Cd the td ehiic cho HS mien xudi di tham quan cdc di tich Ijch sii d Coo Bdng: hong Pdc Bd, sudi Lenin hode cho cdc em xem phim tfr lieu ve nhung di tich dd. Dd'i vdi HS mien mil, GV cdn hudng ddn kT hon ve viec hieu nghTa hdm ngdn sou nghid hiln ngdn gidn dj tfong bdi tho cuo Bdc. 3. Bdi tho «Tuc cdnh Pdc Bd" dugc viet bdng tieng Viet, theo the cd thi (tii tuyet Dudng lugt). Viec phdn tfch the tho, nhjp tho, thanh dieu d ddy cdn nhung tri thiic nhd't djnh ve thi phdp the loqi. Mdt sd GV chua chii tdm khoi thde nhOng ye'u to thi phdp trong bdi tho de Idm rd tu tudng, tfnh cdm kin ddo cua tdc gid. Ngdn ngir trong «Tuc cdnh Pdc Bd" id mdt vd'n de ddng quon tdm, nhu Id «chia khda" giup HS hieu duge ngl dung tu tudng vd gid trj nghe thuqt cuo bdi tho. De HS hieu dugc hdm y sdu xa ddng sou Idp ngdn hi gidn dj, rd't ddi binh thudng Clio Bdc khdng dS. Ddy Id mdt khd khdn ciio GV khi hudng HS cdm nhdn tfnh edm yeu nudc sdu sdc vd y chi cdch mqng coo cd ciio Bdc. Tim hieu ngdn ngCr trong tho Bdc, ta se gdp mdt phong cdch md ddd «cdl vTdql gdn vdi cdi gidn dj"(2). Tho Ngudi binh dj trong cdch dung tCr, ddt cdu, nhung dqt tdi miic chfnh xdc coo do vd ddy chd't trf tue. Cdch diln td sinh hoqt hdng ngdy cuo Bdc cung rd't mde mgc, ty nhien, chi bdng vdi net phdc hoq: Sdng ra bo sudi, fdi vao hang/Chdo be rau mang vdn sdn sdng Thdt binh dj: sdng ra, fdi vao. Ngudi ra bd sudi (dnh sdng), vdo hang (bdng td'i) tudng nhu viec binh thudng hdng ngdy, nhung trong vdn cdnh bdi tho dieu dd ggi cho to biet tfnh the hoqt ddng bi mdt gian non ciio nhiing ndm Tien khdi nghTa (1941 -1945). Ngdn ngii tho Bdc khdng ten Tap chi Giao due so 244 (ki a • s/aoio) gdn, su viec dugc Bdc ndi de'n cung rd't binh thudng nhung dn chiio trong dd nhung y tii sdu sdc. Tinh tii chdng chinh Id mdt vi dy. Chdng chenh - nghTa hien ngdn Id the diing khdng vCrng chdc Clio cdi bdn dd, nhung cdn bleu dqt y tfnh hinh ljch sii luc bdy gid dang gdp nhieu khd khdn, cdch mqng chua cd co sd dn djnh, dong d the chua vUng vdng. Tii sang (nhdn tu ciio bdi tho) eung de ndi cdi sang cd ngy y. Ngudi ddi thudng ndi «gidu song", nhin nhdn cdi «sang" bdng sy gidu ed, no du; vdt chd't du thCro, hdo nhodng thi goi Id «sang". Phdi dn chdo be (chdo ngd) vdi rau mang (thii rau chdng cd chd't bd gi) - soo ndi Id «sang"? Nhung, tfong thye te, cdi «sang" khdng phdi boo gid cung gdn vdi «gidu", cd ngudi gidu md khdng sang, Iqi cd ngudi sang nhung khdng gidu. Gidu cd md thd tyc, «bd't hoc bdt tri li" thi ggi Id trge phu chii khdng the ggi Id ngudi sang. Cdi «sang" ndm trong cdt cdch tinh thdn vd nep sdng. Cude ddi edeh mqng vdt vd, hi sinh Id the md vdn thdy «sang" id cdm nhdn ciio ngudi khdng Idy vdt chd't vd hudng thy idm myc dieh sd'ng. Ngudi cdch mqng hdo minh vdo thien nhien, tdn dyng nhung Igi the cuo thien nhien de phyc vy eho cdng viec vd ddi sdng. VT nhdn nung ndu chf Idn khdng ddi hdi qud nhieu d hodn cdnh. Vdt chd't thie'u thdn ddu phdi Id md'i bdn tdm trong tdm tri dd chdt ddy niem tfn vd. khoo khdt gidi phdng ddn tdc cuo ngudi Idnh ty cdch mqng Hd Chi Minh! Sudi, hang, chdo be, rau mang Id sy sinh hoqt binh dj. Id nhiing mdn dn thanh dqm ve vdt chd't nhung bleu hien sy thonh cao trong sdng ve tinh thdn, thudng thd'y d cdc bdc hien triet glCro ehdn Idm tuyen. Dung nhu nhd tho Luu Trgng Lu nhdn xet: «Bdn cdu tho tudng nhu khdng cd gi nhung thdt ro Igi ndi dugc td't cd" (2). «Tuc cdnh Pdc Bd" Id bdi tho tii tuyet Dudng lugt, viet bdng tieng Viet nhung mong ddm chdt Dudng thi vd dqt de'n dinh coo cuo sy hdm sue, tfnh te. Tho Dudng luqt cd nhiing quy djnh ve nhjp, song linh hdn ciio mdi bdi tho Iqi Id sy sdng tqo cuo tdc gid d nhjp dieu ciio mdi cdu tho ey the. Nhip dieu ciio «Tuc cdnh Pdc Bd" khdng don dieu: cdu tho ddu theo nhjp 4/3, the hien 2 chieu vdn ddng ra vd vdo hdng ngdy deu ddn md khdng nhdm ehdn vi cd ve gi ung dung, binh thdn; cdu thii hoi ngdt nhjp 2/2/3 dien td cude sd'ng thong thd, binh dn eiia Bdc d Pdc Bd. Cdu thii bo vd cdu cudi vdi nhjp 4/3 todt ten ve khoe khodn, gdn gudc, gdp phdn tgo nen hinh tugng (Xem tiep trang 43) - Cdc ke't qud thf nghiem thu dugc tren md phdng thi nghiem: -i- So lieu dugc Idy tir thf nghiem thuc vd ve dd thj ngay tren phdn mem md phdng; -i- Cdc thdng sd nhu hieu dien the UAK, cudng do chum sdng, thong do ddng hd vqn ndng, dugc thay ddi gidng vdi bg thi nghiem thuc (xem hinh 2, hinh 3). Vdi bd phdn mem md phdng ndy, GV cd the ty tfm hieu ve dyng ey vd cdch tien hdnh thi nghiem tren mdy U(V) -4.4 -3.3 -2.2 -I.l 0 1.1 2.2 3.3 I(HA) 1 0 1 1 1.4 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.1 , I(HA) -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Hinh 2. Bdng sd liiu U-l Hinh 3. Dudng dqc trung Vdn-Ampe tfnh d mgi luc, mgi noi. Sou khi dd ndm dugc cdc thao tdc vd ed ket qud thi nghiem, GV chi cdn rd't it thdi gian chudn bj thi nghiem thdt trudc khi su dyng trong DH. Ngodi ro, trong mdt so trudng hgp cdn thie't, GV cung cd the su dyng chinh cdc phdn mem md phdng ndy trong qud trinh DH cua minh tren Idp, sou dd td chue cho HS tfen hdnh thi nghiem vdi dyng cy that vdo mdt thdi diem khde thich hgp. Ddi vdi cdc bdi thi nghiem thuc hdnh, GV cd the hudng ddn HS su dyng phdn mem de tfm hieu trudc ve dyng cy vd cdc budc tfen hdnh d nhd vd chudn bj thf nghiem trude khi de'n Idm thuc hdnh. Nhu vdy, chdt lugng cuo bdi thi nghiem thuc hdnh se coo hon ddng thdi tie't kiem thdi gion hon. Ngodi viec su dyng nhu Id tdi lieu tu hge ddnh cho GV, cdc phdn mem md phdng cdn cd the dugc su dyng trong cdc gido trinh dien tf}, ebooks, eleorrning • Tai lieu tham khao 1. Nguyen Xuan Thanh. "Xay dirng va quan li cac video thi nghiem vat If pho thong trong dao tao va boi duang giao vien". Tgp chi Gido due, 2006. 2. NguySn Xuan Thanh. "Mo phong thi nghiem tren may tfnh di sir dung phoi hgp voi thi nghiem that trong day hoc vat li d trucmg phd thong". Tgp chi khoa hoc Truang Dai hoc su pham Ha Noi, 2007. 3. NguySn Xuan Thanh. "Xay dung cac phan mem danh cho sinh viSn tir hpc cac hoc phan phirong phap day hoc vat li phd thOng a trucrng Dai hoc su pham". Tgp chi khoa hoc. Trucmg Dai hpc str pham Ha Npi, 2009. Bien phap nang cao (Tiip theo trang 29) ngudi chien sT cdch mqng vCro thanh coo, viro cuong nghi. Ddc biet, bo vdn trdc lien Hep d cdu thu ba (djch su Ddng) nhu ndi ten su khd khdn, ndng ne trong nhiem vy ddng thdi the hien dugc Idng quyet tdm, y chi sdt dd cuo ngudi chien sT cdch mqng phdi sdng, Idm viec trong hodn cdnh khdng thudn Igi. Vd'n de cdnh vd tinh trong Tuc cdnh Pdc Bd cung cdn dugc tdp trung khai thdc, tfm hieu. Cdnh thien nhien hien ten trong tho Bdc ludn trdn ddy sue sd'ng. Nhirng sudi, hang, chdo be, rau mang ggi ngudi dgc nhd den mdng true, gia, hd sen, ao trong tho «Nhdn" cuo Nguyin Binh Khiem. Di vdo tho Bdc td't cd Iqi cd y nghTo rd't tuoi mdi, cd tfnh cdch mqng vd hien dqi, khie'n cho cdnh vd tfnh trd nen hdi hdo. Bdi vqy md ndi, tho Bdc tuy phdng phdt phong vi cd thi md vdn dqm dd chd't trii-tfnh cdch mqng. = Tap chi Giao due so 244 (ki a • s/aoio) Cd nhd nghien cuu vdn hge nhdn xet, dqi y: Tha Hd Chtj tich gidn di nhu con ngudi Hd Chu tich, nhung frong cdi gidn dj dy chua dung bao nhiiu cdi phong phu Idn lao. Dqy vd hge nhirng vdn tho mang phong cdch nhu the cuo Bdc viro dl Iqi vira khd. Dieu quon trgng Id GV phdi biet khde phyc nhirng khd khdn d dd'i h/gng HS cy the de ddn ddt cdc em tfm hieu «cd/ phong phu, Idn lao" sou nhung cdu tho «g;dn dj nhu con ngudi Hd Chu tjeh" bdng cdc phuang phdp, bien phdp tbich hgp theo tfnh thdn ddi mdi phuong phdp dqy hqc. • (1) Hoang Qudc Viet. Con duo'ng theo Bac. NXB Thanh nien, H. 1990, tr. 33, 34. (2) NguySn NhuY (chil bien). Ho Chi Minh tac gia, tac pham, nghe thuat ngon tii. NXB Gido due, H. 2005, tr. 781. Tai lieu tham khao 1. Bich H5ng (sim tim va tap hpp). ThaHO Chi Minh. NXB Vdn hod thdng tin, H. 1997, tr. 317. ^ . BIEN PHAP NANG CAO HIEU QUA CAM THU CUA HOC SINH KHI DAY HOC BAI "TlfC CANH PAC B& O OINH THI . ye'u to tde ddng den hieu qud cdm thy cuo hqc sinh (HS) khi dqy hge bdi tho ndy. 1. Trudc het, khi tien hdnh dgc hieu bdi tho, GV vd HS gdp phdi