Phát triển khu kinh tế ven biển ở các tỉnh bắc trung bộ (development of coastal economic zones in the north central provinces) TT TIENG ANH

1 INTRODUCTION Rationale for the study Aware of the position and importance of the coastal economic zone to the country's socio-economic development, the Party, State and Government have issued many resolutions, policies and decisions to create goods and services legal corridor for coastal economic zones to operate and develop effectively The Eighth Conference of the 12th Party Central Committee emphasized: "Focus on building and replicating models of economic zones and coastal eco-industrial parks in association with the formation and development of economic centers strong sea Coastal economic zones must play a leading role in regional development and interregional integration Vietnam's achievements in 35 years of economic reform and international integration (1986-2021) have been attributed to the great contribution of coastal economic zones Construction of coastal economic zones is considered a new development model, aiming to form economic zones as a driving force for socio-economic development in localities and poor coastal areas According to statistics, cumulatively, by 2020 there will be 18 coastal economic zones in Vietnam established and put into operation with a total planning area of 858,309 ha; attracted 592 foreign investment projects with a total capital of 553,392.27 million USD and 1,884 domestic investment projects with a total capital of 1,208,067.91 billion VND; attracted 267,486 domestic and foreign employees; contribution to the state budget reached 68,976.65 billion, with positive contributions, the coastal economic zone has created a premise to attract investment capital; contribute to economic growth, increase budget revenue, create jobs for workers; receiving and transferring science and technology; combine economic development with strengthening national defense and security With favorable natural conditions, the North Central region has many potentials and strengths to develop the marine economy in general and the coastal economic zone in particular In recent years, the coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces have achieved many important achievements in attracting investment capital and labor; receiving and transferring science and technology, advanced management experience; increase budget revenue for localities; contribute to economic restructuring towards modernity in the North Central provinces However, in order for coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces to promote their strengths, make a breakthrough, play an important driving role in regional development and link regional linkages as well as goals and expectations When establishing and overcoming inadequacies and limitations, it is necessary to have systematic studies, thereby serving as a basis for proposing views and solutions to develop coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces until the year 2020 2030 so as not to lose economic development opportunities in the new context, but also not to harm the integrated development of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces Researching theoretical issues, properly assessing the current situation of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces in recent years, as a basis for proposing views and solutions to develop coastal economic zones in the provinces North Central region to 2030 is of great significance Meanwhile, so far, from a scientific perspective of political economy, there has not been any scientific research on the development of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces For that reason, the author chooses the issue "Development of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces" as the topic of doctoral thesis majoring in Political Economy Aims and objectives of the study Aims To clarify theoretical and practical issues about coastal economic zones, coastal economic zone development in the North Central provinces; on that basis, propose viewpoints and solutions to develop coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces by 2030 Objectives Firstly, an overview of domestic and foreign research works related to the thesis topic; Second, to explain some general issues about economic zones and coastal economic zones; formulating concepts, evaluation criteria and pointing out factors affecting coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces; formulating the concept of developing coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces; study the experience of developing coastal economic zones of some regions in the country, from which to draw lessons that the North Central provinces can apply in the development of coastal economic zones 3 Third, to properly assess the status of the coastal economic zone in the North Central provinces, determine the causes and the problems that need to be solved from the current situation of the coastal economic zone in the North Central provinces Fourth, propose viewpoints and solutions to develop coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces by 2030 Objects and scope of the study Objects Coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces Scope Regarding the content: Studying coastal economic zones on the quantity, size, quality and structure of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces; compare the current status of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces with coastal economic zones in other regions of the country such as: coastal economic zones in the northern coastal region; coastal economic zone in the Central Coast region; coastal economic zone in the Southwest region About space: The thesis studies 06 coastal economic zones: Nghi Son (Thanh Hoa province), Southeast Nghe An (Nghe An province), Vung Ang (Ha Tinh province), Hon La (Quang Binh province), Dong Nai province Nam Quang Tri (Quang Tri province), Chan May - Lang Co (Thua Thien Hue province) About time: Survey data assesses the status of coastal economic zones in the period 2015-2020, proposes solutions to develop coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces by 2030 Theoretical, practical basis and research methods Theoretical basis The thesis is researched based on the theoretical basis of Marxism - Leninism, Ho Chi Minh Thought, the Party's line of point of view, State law on economic zones in general and economic zones coastal areas in particular Practical basis The thesis is based on statistics and summary reports of the Government; Department of Management of Economic Zones, Ministry of Planning and Investment; Economic zone management boards of the People's Committees of the provinces and cities and the final reports of the Departments, Departments and branches in the North Central provinces At the same time, the thesis selectively inherits the statements, assessments and data, research results of published scientific works related to the topic Research Methods To realize the research objectives and tasks of the thesis, the author uses the following research methods: dialectical materialism, historical materialism; Scientific abstraction method; Statistical methods - comparison; Methods of analysis - synthesis; Logical method combined with history New contributions of the study Firstly, to develop a theoretical framework for economic zones, coastal economic zones and criteria for assessing coastal economic zones in terms of quantity, quality and structure in the North Central provinces in the relationship of interests with Vietnam reality is happening in the coastal economic zone in the North Central provinces Second, it is possible to point out the contradictions that reflect the actual level of development and the ongoing manifestations of the coastal economic zone in the North Central provinces Third, propose systematic solutions to develop coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces by 2030 Theoretical and practical significance of the study The thesis builds a theoretical framework on economic zones, coastal economic zones and evaluation criteria, thereby contributing to enriching the theoretical basis of coastal economic zones from the perspective of a specialized economic approach political economy The thesis has been successfully implemented, contributing to providing a scientific basis for determining the guidelines and policies for the development of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces in particular and the whole country in general up to 2030 At the same time The thesis can be used as a reference in researching, teaching and studying Political Economy at schools inside and outside the Army Structure of the study The thesis includes: Introduction, chapters (10 periods), conclusion, list of published works related to the thesis topic, list of references and appendices 5 Chapter LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 Studies abroad related to the thesis 1.1.1 Some research projects on economic zones and coastal economic zones David Bogataj; Marija Bogataj (2011), The role of free economic zones in global supply chains-a case of reverselogistics Rubini, Lauretta (2015), Special Economic Zones and Cluster Dynamics: China (Special Economic Zones and Cluster Dynamics: China); Carol Newman and John Page (2017), Industrial clusters The case for Special Economic Zones in Africa; Min Wu, Chong Liu, Jiuli Huang (2021), The special economic zones and innovation: Evidence from China XiaoyingLi, XinjieWu, YingTan (2021), Impact of special economic zones on firm performance 1.1.2 Some research projects on economic zone development, coastal economic zone development Jung, B M (2011), Economic Contribution of Ports to the Local Economies in Korea Sergey Sosnovskikh (2017), Industrial clusters in Russia: The development of special economic zones and industrial parks Sattarov Sayidmurod Abdusharipovich (2018): Special Economic Zones as an Engine of Regional Economic Development: the best Practices and Implications for Uzbekistan best meaning for Uzbekistan); Shan Mohammad & Mashungmi Zingkhai (2019), Coastal economic zones: Lessons from emerging economies; Joanna Lam, Rui Guo (2021), Investor Obligations in Special Economic Zones: Legal Status, Typology, and Functional Analysis, Journal of International Economic Law Type and Functional Analysis) 1.2 Some domestic works related to the thesis topic 1.2.1 Some research projects on economic zones and coastal economic zones Thang Van Phuc (1996), Research on the organizational model of state administrative management of special economic zones, export processing zones and industrial zones in Vietnam in terms of administrative reform; Dinh Huu Quy (2008), “Study on building models of special economic zones”; Vo Dai Luoc (2009), Free Economic Zones in Dubai, Korea and China; Vo Dai Luoc (2010), Building open economic zones and special economic zones in Vietnam in terms of international economic integration; Nguyen Thanh Dat (2016), "The current situation of planning, investing in building infrastructure systems of coastal economic zones in our country"; Duong Van Mao (2018), "Vietnam's coastal economic zones: Strengthening technological innovation, reducing greenhouse gas emissions" 1.2.2 Some research projects on economic zone development, coastal economic zone development Nguyen Duy (2010), “Creating a breakthrough for coastal economic zones”; Le Tan Cuong (2011), "Step by step perfecting mechanisms and policies for the development of industrial parks and coastal economic zones"; Tran Hong Quang (2011), “Good and bad in planning and developing coastal economic zones”; Nguyen Ngoc Tuan (2011), "Sustainable development of economic zones along the North Central Coast"; Than Trong Thuy (2012), Development of coastal economic zones - A breakthrough in the regional economic development strategy in Vietnam; Nguyen Ngoc Khanh (2015), “The current situation of development of coastal economic zones in our country”; Nguyen Ngoc Dung (2016), "Development of coastal economic zones - from theory to practice in Vietnam"; Doan Hai Yen (2016), Sustainable development of coastal economic zones in the Red River Delta; Tran Thi Thu Huong, Do Thi Nhan Thien (2020), “Development of coastal economic zones towards sustainability: current situation and some policy aspects”; Pham Van Thanh (2021), "Scientific basis and solutions for sustainable development of coastal economic zones in Vietnam" 1.3 General assessment of research results of related published works and issues the thesis needs to focus on solving 1.3.1 Overview of research results of published related works Firstly, on the theory of economic zones, coastal economic zones and economic zone development, coastal economic zone development Firstly, from different perspectives, a number of works give the concept of economic zones and coastal economic zones For foreign projects, some studies confirm that all types of economic zones have separate spaces, are places to attract investment and play an important role in commercial development, technology transfer, and technology transfer turmeric However, most of the foreign research works only discuss the type of economic zones from the perspective of economic management and economic development For domestic studies related to the thesis topic, there are many studies on theoretical issues close to the reality of economic zones and coastal economic zones in Vietnam today However, there is still no unified concept and general view of economic zones and coastal economic zones in Vietnam, especially from the perspective of political economy Secondly, a number of foreign and domestic research works related to the thesis topic have mentioned theoretical issues about the development of economic zones and coastal economic zones such as: concept, characteristics and the role of economic zones, coastal economic zones, sustainable development of coastal economic zones; contents of coastal economic zone development; economic efficiency in the current development of economic zones and coastal economic zones; management models of economic zones and coastal economic zones; criteria for evaluating the development of economic zones and coastal economic zones However, due to different approaches, there is no consensus on the concepts of developing economic zones and coastal economic zones and determining the content and evaluation criteria Secondly, on assessing the status of coastal economic zones and developing coastal economic zones About achievements: a number of research works under different economic perspectives on the development of coastal economic zones, a number of works confirm: coastal economic zones are a breakthrough economic model in the development of coastal countries and localities; be the center in linking economic regions between localities with marine economy and the remaining territories; is a place to attract advanced science and technology transfer; have made important contributions to job creation and socioeconomic development in the localities Limitations: a number of studies show that economic zones and coastal economic zones, although occupying a lot of land and water surface, are not effective against existing potentials; the construction and development planning of a number of coastal economic zones by the governments of the countries lacks the generality; economic region linkage is still limited; also uses a lot of resources and is labor intensive, which adversely affects the assurance of the environment and marine resources; the level of development and transfer of science and technology is still low; policy mechanism is not specific 8 Regarding the reasons for the limitation: a number of studies have suggested that: the awareness of local authorities and people about the position and role of the coastal economic zone is inadequate; the legal document system is still overlapping and lacking in synchronicity; the contingent of staff in management, construction and planning of coastal economic zones has not met the requirements; The initiative proposed by the economic zone management board and the local government has not been proactive Third, in terms of perspective, solutions to develop coastal economic zones On the point of view: on the basis of the characteristics of natural conditions, the actual development of coastal economic zones of each locality and each country, a number of research works have given basic views such as: construction of coastal economic zones must be consistent with the strategy of each region and the whole country; bring into play the advantages of coastal economic zones to promote spearhead economic sectors; general mobilization of capital and labor resources for coastal economic zones; ensure the development of coastal economic zones in parallel with the protection of the ecological environment Regarding solutions: a number of works have proposed solutions to develop coastal economic zones in the coming time, such as focusing on solutions to perfecting policy mechanisms, legal frameworks, management innovation, etc the State for economic zones and coastal economic zones; innovate production organization, development model; on human resource development, science and technology, construction and market expansion; creating regional linkages between economic zones and coastal economic zones in the overall development planning of the country and localities 1.3.2 Dissertation issues to focus on solving Firstly, from the perspective of political economy, what is the concept of the coastal economic zone in the North Central provinces? Based on what criteria to evaluate coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces? What factors affect the formation and operation of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces? Second, what is coastal economic zone development? To develop coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces by 2030, what experiences should be learned in other regions of the country? Third, what are the advantages and disadvantages of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces? What are the reasons for these advantages and disadvantages? What are the problems that need to be solved from the current situation of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces? Fourthly, in order to solve the contradictions raised from the current situation of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces, the thesis needs to determine what viewpoints and solutions to develop coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces North Central Province? Conclusion of chapter An overview of the research situation related to the thesis topic shows that the published scientific works at different levels have mentioned and explained the concept of economic zones, coastal economic zones, economic development economic zones and coastal economic zones A number of research works have assessed the current situation, proposed views, directions and solutions to develop coastal economic zones Through the study of a number of foreign and domestic research projects related to the thesis topic, it has partly clarified the research results and at the same time clarified the scientific gaps that need to be further researched on the topic develop coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces Chapter THEORETICAL ISSUES ABOUT COASTAL ECONOMIC ZONE, DEVELOPING COASTAL ECONOMIC ZONE IN THE NORTH CENTRAL PROVINCE AND PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE 2.1 General issues about economic zones, coastal economic zones and coastal economic zone development 2.1.1 Concept and types of economic zones 2.1.1.1 Economic zone concept On the basis of research, inheriting the concepts of a number of domestic and foreign scientists, the author believes that an economic zone is an area with definite geographical boundaries established under a decision of the Government in places with favorable conditions for production and trade; is an area enjoying special preferential policies in order to attract investment capital and transfer science and technology; socio-economic development and 10 consolidation of national defense and security; play an important role in regional development and linking economic zones 2.1.1.2 Types of economic zones Currently, in the world, economic zones exist under the following main types: Firstly, special economic zones; Second, the Free Economic Zone; Third, Open Economic Zone; Fourth, the border gate economic zone; Fifth, the coastal economic zone 2.1.2 Concept and role of coastal economic zones 2.1.2.1 Concept of coastal economic zone On the basis of inheriting and developing the author's conception, the graduate student believes that: a coastal economic zone is a type of economic zone located on the maritime border area, established in an area with a special geographical location favorable geographical location along the coast; enjoy specific preferential policies and are organized into functional zones to attract investment capital, develop socio-economic and strengthen national defense and security; plays an important role in regional development and economic region linkage 2.1.2.3 The role of coastal economic zones Firstly, contributing to the innovation of the investment and business environment; Second, is the driving force to promote socioeconomic development of coastal provinces and cities; Third, contribute to the formation of a synchronous and modern infrastructure system; Fourth, contribute to receiving and transferring science and technology, modern advanced management experience; Fifth, contribute to consolidating national defense, security and sovereignty over sea and islands in coastal localities where coastal economic zones operate 2.1.3 The concept of developing coastal economic zones On the basis of inheriting and developing the concepts of economic zones and coastal economic zones, the author conceives of coastal economic zone development as the totality of active activities of the actors contributing to the development of the coastal zone increase in quantity, expand in scale, improve quality and rationalize the structure of coastal economic zones, contributing to the realization of socio-economic development goals and strengthening national defense and security Conceptual content points out the following issues 11 The purpose of developing coastal economic zones is to promote economic growth and economic restructuring towards progress and efficiency; thereby contributing to realizing the goal of socio-economic development and strengthening national defense and security The subjects of coastal economic zone development include the Party; Government; Government; Ministries, branches and People's Committees of provinces and cities; Economic zone management board; Economic organizations, enterprises, domestic and foreign investors, production and business in coastal economic zones Contents of developing coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces include increasing quantity, expanding scale, improving quality and rationalizing structure in coastal economic zones in provinces North Central The mode of development of a coastal economic zone is to apply objective economic laws and through mechanisms and policies of the State and Government and regional and international cooperation to combine renovating and upgrading the area existing coastal economy with new construction; combine development between breadth and depth in a sustainable direction 2.2 Concepts, criteria and factors affecting the formation and operation of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces 2.2.1 Concept of coastal economic zones in North Central provinces On the basis of inheriting and developing the authors' conception of economic zones and coastal economic zones, the PhD student believes that: Coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces are a type of economic zones located on maritime border areas, established in areas with favorable geographical locations along the coast in the North Central provinces; enjoy special preferential policies and organize into functional zones to attract investment capital, develop socio-economic and strengthen national defense and security; plays an important role in regional development and regional linkage in the North Central provinces Conceptual content points out the following issues Firstly, a coastal economic zone is a type of economic zone located on the maritime border area, established in an area with favorable geographical location along the coast in the North Central provinces 12 Secondly, coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces enjoy specific preferential policies to attract investment capital, develop socio-economic and strengthen national defense and security Third, the coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces are organized into functional zones suitable to the characteristics of each locality Fourth, the coastal economic zone in the North Central provinces is an important entity in regional development and linking economic zones 2.2.2 Criteria for evaluating coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces 2.2.2.1 Number and size of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces The criteria for assessing the number and size of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces are assessed through the following indicators: Firstly, the number and scale of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces established; Second, the number of production and business investment projects, technical and social infrastructure investment projects in the coastal economic zone; Third, the amount of investment capital in production and business projects, investment projects on construction of technical and social infrastructure in coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces; Fourth, the percentage of occupied area of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces 2.2.2.2 Quality of coastal economic zones in North Central provinces Criteria for assessing the quality of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces are assessed through the following indicators: Firstly, the qualifications of staff in charge of management and planning; training level, professional skills and technical skills of workers in coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces; Second, the technological level and production capacity of investment projects in coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces; Third, the amount of capital realized out of the total registered capital in coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces 2.2.2.3 Structure of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces 13 Criteria to evaluate the structure of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces are assessed through the following indicators: Firstly, the distribution of industries (functional areas) and industrial production value in the area coastal economy in the North Central provinces; Second, the investment participation of all economic sectors in the coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces; Third, the distribution of coastal economic zones is suitable with natural conditions in the North Central provinces 2.2.2.4 Contribution of coastal economic zones to socioeconomic development, environment and strengthening national defense and security in North Central provinces Criteria for assessing the contribution of coastal economic zones to socio-economic development, environment and strengthening national defense and security in the North Central provinces through the following indicators: Firstly, the number of employees activities are attracted to coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces; Second, export and import value in coastal economic zones in North Central provinces; Third, to contribute to the state budget of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces compared to coastal economic zones of the whole country; Fourthly, the problem of combining economy with national defense and economic development with environmental protection in coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces In summary, the criteria for assessing coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces are expressed through indicators of quantity, size, quality, structure and contribution of coastal economic zones to the development of coastal economic zones socio-economic development, environment and strengthening national defense and security in the North Central provinces The above criteria are evaluated and compared on the established criteria with coastal economic zones in other regions of the country 2.2.3 Factors affecting the formation and operation of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces 2.2.3.1 Group of external factors Firstly, the natural-socio-economic conditions in the North Central provinces; Second, the potential and strength of the sea of the North Central provinces; Third, the Party's lines and views and the 14 State's mechanisms and policies on coastal economic zones; Fourth, international and regional cooperation in the marine economy 2.2.3.2 Group of external factors Firstly, the perception of the authorities and people of the North Central provinces about the coastal economic zone and the position and role of the coastal economic zone; Second, mechanisms and policies on local coastal economic zones; Third, the quality of resources attracted to the coastal economic zone; Fourth, the capacity of organization, administration and coordination of actors in the coastal economic zone 2.3 Experience in developing coastal economic zones in some regions of the country 2.3.1 Experience in developing coastal economic zones in the Northern coastal region Firstly, focus on developing synchronous technical and social infrastructure to create conditions for the development of coastal economic zones; Secondly, the Management Board of the coastal economic zone is established under the Provincial People's Committee; Third, the coastal economic zone is identified as the focus in promoting regional linkages 2.3.2 Experience in developing coastal economic zones in the Central Coast Coast Firstly, develop industries with local advantages in coastal economic zones; Second, well the site clearance for coastal economic zone development 2.3.3 Experience in developing coastal economic zones in the southwestern coastal region Firstly, well organize conferences to promote investment in projects in coastal economic zones; Second, closely combine development of coastal economic zones with consolidation of national defense and security 2.3.4 Lessons learned for the development of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces 2.3.4.1 Concentrate on developing synchronously the infrastructure system to serve the development of coastal economic zones 2.3.4.2 Developing coastal economic zones based on the strengths of each locality, focusing on investing in a number of coastal economic zones with outstanding advantages as the core of development 2.3.4.3 Completing mechanisms and policies in the management of coastal economic zones 15 2.3.4.4 Develop coastal economic zones with assurance of national defense and security Conclusion of chapter In chapter 2, the thesis has built a theoretical framework, focusing on clarifying the general issues of economic zones, coastal economic zones, development of economic zones, coastal economic zones; formulating conceptions and evaluation criteria for coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces, pointing out the factors affecting the formation and operation of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces; study the experience of the northern coastal region; in the coastal areas of the Central Coast, in the coastal areas of the Southwest region, four lessons have been drawn for the North Central provinces in developing coastal economic zones Chapter SITUATION OF QUANTITY, QUALITY AND STRUCTURE OF COASTAL ECONOMIC ZONE IN THE NORTH CENTRAL PROVINCE 3.1 Advantages and limitations of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces 3.1.1 Advantages of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces 3.1.1.1 The number and size of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces are basically consistent with the development goals and socio-economic conditions of the locality Firstly, the number of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces accounts for a large proportion compared to the planned coastal economic zones of the whole country; Secondly, the coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces have a large number of investment projects out of the total number of investment projects in the country's coastal economic zones; Third, investment capital in coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces accounts for a high proportion compared to coastal economic zones of the whole country; Fourth, the occupancy rate of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces is average compared to the coastal economic zones of the whole country 3.1.1.2 The quality of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces initially met the set criteria 16 Firstly, managers and trained workers in coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces account for a high proportion, reaching an average high level compared with some coastal economic zones of the country; Secondly, investment projects with advanced and medium-advanced production technology qualifications and capabilities account for a high proportion compared to coastal economic zones of the country; Third, the total realized capital out of the total registered capital in the coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces accounts for a large proportion compared to a number of coastal economic zones of the country 3.1.1.3 The structure of coastal economic zones is relatively reasonable, initially promoting comparative advantages in the North Central provinces Firstly, the structure of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces initially brings into play the potential and strengths of each locality; Secondly, the investment participation of non-state economic sectors in coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces accounts for a large proportion compared to a number of coastal economic zones of the country; Third, distribute coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces in the direction of promoting some of the strengths of each locality 3.1.1.4 The coastal economic zone has made a number of positive contributions to socio-economic development in the North Central provinces Firstly, the coastal economic zones have actively contributed to import and export activities in the North Central provinces in general and the whole country in particular; Secondly, coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces make an important contribution to local budgets and account for a high proportion compared to some coastal economic zones of the country 3.1.2 Limitations of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces 3.1.2.1 The scale of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces is not commensurate with the existing potential Firstly, a number of coastal economic zones have low occupancy rates, and their area sizes are even smaller than that of a number of coastal economic zones of the country; Second, the scale of investment capital of projects in coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces is mainly small and medium scale 17 3.1.2.2 The quality of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces is still limited in some aspects Firstly, the number of projects with medium and backward production technology level and capacity is still much higher than that of some coastal economic zones of the country; Second, untrained unskilled labor in coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces is still high compared to some coastal economic zones of the country; 3.1.2.3 The structure of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces still has some inappropriate contents Firstly, the structure of industries in coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces in the direction of modernity accounts for a lower proportion than in some coastal economic zones of the country; Secondly, the distribution of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces is still spread out, lacks focus, and wastes land compared to other coastal economic zones of the country; Third, the participation rate of foreign-invested economic sectors is still low 3.1.2.4 The contribution of coastal economic zones to socioeconomic development is not commensurate with the existing potential, some projects in coastal economic zones also affect the environment and national defense and security in the coastal areas North Central Provinces Firstly, labor attracted to coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces is still low compared to some coastal economic zones of the country; Second, the balance of export and import in the coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces is still unbalanced compared with some coastal economic zones of the country; Third, some investment projects in coastal economic zones also affect the environment and national defense and security 3.2 Causes of advantages, limitations and problems to be solved from the current situation of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces 3.2.1 Causes of advantages and disadvantages of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces 3.2.1.1 Reasons for advantages * Objective reasons Firstly, the Party and State promulgated many resolutions and right decisions on the marine economy in general and the coastal economic zone in particular; Second, institutions, mechanisms and 18 policies on coastal economic zones are increasingly open and synchronous; Thirdly, with the development of science and technology, international cooperation in the marine economy is becoming more and more extensive * Subjective reasons Firstly, the awareness of the Party committees, authorities and local people in the North Central provinces about the position and role of the coastal economic zone is constantly being raised; Second, the dynamism, creativity and flexibility in promulgating mechanisms and policies of the North Central provinces towards coastal economic zones; Third, the North Central provinces have paid attention to mobilize resources for the coastal economic zone; Fourth, the Management Boards of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces have performed relatively well their assigned functions and tasks; Fifth, the role and coordination between the actors involved in the construction and management of the coastal economic zone is constantly being promoted 3.2.1.2 Limited cause * Objective reasons Firstly, although the institutions, mechanisms and policies for coastal economic zones are increasingly open and synchronous, there are still shortcomings; Second, the negative effects of international integration and cooperation in the marine economy of the whole country in general and the North Central provinces in particular; Third, the planning and planning of coastal economic zones still have shortcomings; Fourth, the harshness of climate, weather and marine environment in the North Central provinces * Subjective reasons Firstly, the awareness of a part of officials and people about the role of coastal economic zones in the socio-economic development of the locality is incomplete; Second, although mechanisms and policies in investment, construction and management of coastal economic zones of the North Central provinces have been proactive and flexible, their contents are still overlapping and lacking in consistency; Third, the resources to ensure the coastal economic zone have not met the requirements set forth; Fourthly, the Party committees and governments of some North Central provinces have not paid due attention to ensuring between economic interests and environmental protection and national defense and security in coastal economic zones 19 3.2.2 Issues that need to be resolved from the current situation of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces Firstly, the contradiction between the development of coastal economic zones according to the planning based on the potentials and advantages of the localities with the spontaneity and locality in the North Central provinces; Second, the contradiction between the need for a system of mechanisms and policies in sync with the current situation of the system of mechanisms and policies for coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces is still lacking and inconsistent; Third, the conflict between the purely economic interests of investors in the coastal economic zone and the common interests of society in the sustainable development of the coastal economic zone in the North Central provinces; Fourth, the contradiction between the high demand for quantity and quality of human resources, capital, science and technology for the coastal economic zone and the ability to meet those resources in reality is still limited Conclusion of chapter In Chapter 3, the author has analyzed and evaluated the achievements, limitations, pointed out the causes and problems that need to be focused on solving from the current situation of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces The research results in chapter are the basis, the task to be solved in chapter of the thesis through the research, development of views and solutions for the development of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces Ministry until 2030 Chapter VIEWPOINTS AND SOLUTIONS TO DEVELOP COASTAL ECONOMIC ZONE IN THE NORTH CENTRAL PROVINCE BY 2030 4.1 Perspectives on development of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces by 2030 4.1.1 The development of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces must be consistent with the socioeconomic development orientation of the region and the specific conditions of each locality Firstly, it is necessary to speed up the implementation of ongoing projects; Second, the development of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces must be consistent with the 20 socio-economic development orientation of the whole region; Third, it is necessary to concretize the development planning of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces in accordance with the reality and strengths of each locality 4.1.2 Development of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces must be sustainable Firstly, unify the perception of developing coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces in a sustainable way for agencies from the central to local levels, ministries, departments, branches and investors; Second, taking socio-economic efficiency as the goal of developing coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces; Third, the development of coastal economic zones must create economic growth, coupled with solving social and security problems in the North Central provinces; Fourth, the development of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces must be associated with environmental protection and proactive response to climate change; Fifth, the development of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces must attach importance to the requirements of ensuring national defense and security 4.1.3 The development of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces must be based on a combination of internal and external strength and effective use of resources Firstly, it is necessary to combine well the relationship between internal strength and external strength in the development of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces; Secondly, it is necessary to soon complete the legal basis to strongly attract external resources into the development of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces; Third, effectively use resources in the development of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces 4.2 Solutions to develop coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces by 2030 4.2.1 Continue to perfect the planning, mechanisms and policies for the development of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces Firstly, speeding up the formulation and completion of plannings, strengthening planning management in coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces; Second, perfecting mechanisms and policies for the development of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces 21 4.2.2 Improve the quality of human resources to meet the requirements of developing coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces Firstly, develop a training plan to improve the quality of human resources synchronously and in association with effective use, meeting the needs of developing coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces; Second, diversify methods of training human resources for the marine economy in general and the coastal economic zone in particular; Third, diversify the mobilization of training funding sources and well solve social security issues; Fourth, businesses in coastal economic zones need to be proactive and flexible in training and using human resources 4.2.3 Effectively mobilize and use resources to participate in the development of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces Firstly, mobilize maximum resources from the central and local budgets to develop and perfect the infrastructure system in the coastal economic zone; Second, to focus on attracting foreign investment capital to develop coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces; Third, actively organize investment promotion activities at all levels to attract domestic and foreign investors to the coastal economic zone; Fourthly, improve the appraisal quality of investment projects, giving priority to investment projects in fields with competitive capacity and high content of advanced and modern science and technology 4.2.4 Promote regional linkages among localities in the development of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces Firstly, raise awareness of regional linkages among localities in coastal economic zone development; Second, improve the capacity and efficiency of state management of linkages and cooperation among the North Central provinces in the development of coastal economic zones; Third, strengthen linkages between localities for a number of industries and fields in the coastal economic zone 4.2.5 Closely combine the development of coastal economic zones with ensuring national defense and security in the North Central provinces Firstly, to well settle the relationship in the development planning of coastal economic zones with the performance of national defense and security tasks in the North Central provinces; Second, 22 promote the advisory role of local military agencies in reviewing and managing investment projects, especially foreign investment projects in coastal economic zones; Third, develop a number of dual-use industries and industrial products in the coastal economic zone; Fourth, build self-defense forces at enterprises in coastal economic zones that are strong in all aspects, ready to respond when situations arise; Fifth, build a strong and widespread maritime militia ready to coordinate and support self-defense forces in coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces when emergencies arise Conclusion of chapter In order to overcome the limitations and solve the basic contradictions, the current situation of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces has been drawn over the past time In chapter 4, the author has proposed perspectives and solutions to develop coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces by 2030 Each point of view and solution mentioned in chapter of the thesis has a role The roles are not equal, but they are interrelated For the above views and solutions to become reality, it is necessary to have the leadership, coordination and determination of the actors involved in the development of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces CONCLUSION Developing the marine economy in general and the coastal economic zone in particular in the North Central provinces is an important content, contributing to the achievement of goals in the Strategy for sustainable development of Vietnam's marine economy to 2030, the vision to 2045 has been determined Recognizing that importance, over the years, the Party, State, Ministries, branches and North Central provinces have always paid attention to leading and directing, there have been many resolutions, decisions, mechanisms and policies to develop develop the marine economy in general and the coastal economic zone in particular, gradually turning the marine economy into an economic sector that plays an important role in socio-economic development in the North Central provinces Research on economic zones and coastal economic zones and the development of economic zones and coastal economic zones is always a matter of interest to scientists, researchers and managers Through the method of logic combined with history and method of 23 analysis - synthesis, the thesis systematizes and generalizes the results of domestic and foreign researches related to the topic; clarifying the main research results of the research works, identifying the inheritable and selective contents as well as clarifying the scientific gaps that need to be further researched in order to increase knowledge on the development of coastal economic zones in Vietnam in general and the North Central provinces in particular Since then, it is confirmed that up to now, there has been no research on the development of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces from the perspective of political economy On the basis of research purposes and tasks, the author has explained and clarified issues such as: general theory of economic zones and coastal economic zones; building a central concept of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces; develop criteria for assessing coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces in terms of quantity, size, quality and structure coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces are influenced by groups of basic external and internal factors such as: natural conditions, marine resources and environment; mechanisms and policies for marine economic development; resources for development of coastal economic zones; international cooperation and assurance of national defense and security From the experience of developing coastal economic zones of a number of regions in the country such as the Northern coastal region; the Central Coast region; In the Southwest region, in order to develop coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces in the coming time, it is necessary to: focus on developing synchronously the infrastructure system to serve the development of coastal economic zones; develop coastal economic zones based on the strengths of each locality, focus on investing in a number of coastal economic zones with outstanding advantages as the core of development; perfecting mechanisms and policies in the management of coastal economic zones; develop coastal economic zones in association with ensuring national defense and security Assessment of the current situation of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces in the period 2015-2020 shows that, besides the advantages achieved, there are still limitations The causes leading to those limitations, including both objective and 24 subjective reasons, in which the main subjective cause has a direct impact on the quantity, quality and structure of coastal economic zones in the provinces North Central Coast such as: the perception of a part of officials and people about the role of coastal economic zones in the local socio-economic development has incomplete content; although mechanisms and policies in investment, construction and management of coastal economic zones of the North Central provinces have been proactive and flexible, but their contents are still overlapping and lacking in consistency; resources for coastal economic zones have not yet met the set requirements; Party committees and governments of a number of North Central provinces have not paid due attention to ensuring economic benefits with environmental protection and national defense and security in coastal economic zones On that basis, some problems need to be solved from the current situation of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces The practical development of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces over the past time has posed urgent requirements to have appropriate development perspectives and solutions On that basis, assess the current situation and problems posed to the coastal economic zone in the North Central provinces in the form of contradictions The author proposes oriented perspectives and solutions to develop coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces by 2030, perspectives and solutions focusing on solving limitations and obstacles for the coastal area coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces over the past time, in which, focus on perfecting mechanisms and policies; improve the quality of human resources; mobilize and effectively use resources; promote regional linkages in the development of coastal economic zones; closely combine development of coastal economic zones with assurance of national defense and security The above viewpoints and solutions are a unified whole, closely related to each other, requiring synchronous application to bring about practical efficiency in the development of coastal economic zones in the Northern provinces Central Region to 2030  ... limitations of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces 3.1.1 Advantages of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces 3.1.1.1 The number and size of coastal economic zones in the. .. operation of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces; study the experience of the northern coastal region; in the coastal areas of the Central Coast, in the coastal areas of the Southwest... coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces; compare the current status of coastal economic zones in the North Central provinces with coastal economic zones in other regions of the country