- Ncim tin lieu nghe la nhung hc;>i ilunii hang ngay, chiing eo the ehira nhieu tir ngO
7.4.3.1. Doi moi quy trinh len lop
Trong lop hgc truyen therng. quy trinh ICMI lerp thircVng dueTc thuc hicn theo ba
bucVc: (i) trinh bay, (ii) thuc himh eb huong dim, va (iii) giao vien thuc himh tu do.
r \ .
Theo quy trinh nay, ngucri day bat dau bang trinh biiy nhung gi ngucji hgc chua biet, huong dan nguai hgc Ihuc hanh co kiem soat va sau cung la nguai hgc ihuc
hanh tu do khong can sir kiem soat hay huong dan cua nguai day. Quy trinh Icn
lap truyen th6ng. theo .lohnson (1982). Yaldcn (1983). va Brumfil (1984) duang nhu phu hgp voi nhung mon hgc ngi dung nhu lt)an. li. hoa. \ an. sir. dia. v.v.. con doi vai ngoai ngu, dac biet la doi voi viec day ki" nang noi thi no to ra khong phu hgp. I.i do la \ i . thirc hanh noi khong phai la qua trinh ihu nhan ma la qua trinh san sinh, va noi dugc mgt ngoai ngir khong phai chi dap ung dugc muc dich liiu dai ma con phai dap ung dugc nhung muc lieu truac mat: nhung muc lieu nguai hpc phai dat dugc sau mgl ti»}t hgc. Do do. lha>' \ i qu\ trinh Icn lop inn en ihong.
irong khi day noi, giao \'ien nen di ihco mgt qu> trinh ba giai doan: (i) trudc khi
noi (prc-spcaking). (ii) troni^ khi ndi (whilc-spcaking), va (iii) sau khi ndi (posl-
speaking). Mac du Ircn he mat. qu> trinh nay \an co ba giai doan. nhung \ e co ban
khi noi khong phai chi de giao vien gicri thieu van de hay ngi dung se giane dav trcrng tiet hgc ma thong qua mot so boat dgng chuan bi nguoi day cho ngucri hcK lam quen voi ngi dung ciia chu de va cung cap nhijng ngir lieu c4n ihi^t d^ hg chuan bi noi. Thir hai, khac voi giai doan ihuc hanh co kiem soat trong phucme phap truyen thong, o giai doan trong khi noi nguoi hgc dugc khuyen khich thirc hanh noi cang nhieu cang tot tbeo nhung nhiem vu dugc giao. Thir ba, khac voi giai doan thuc hanh tu do trong phuong phap truyen thong, trong giai dcran sau khi
ncri. ngucri hgc dugc giao nhirng nhiem vu tiep noi de co the noi dugc \i nhiimg
van de co lien quan. Moi giai doan trong quy trinh day noi moi co nhirng ihii thuai giang day rieng va se dugc trinh bay chi licl ducri day.
7.4.3.2. Mot si) (hii tliiiat daN nui tron" "iai doan trueVc khi noi
• . . . ^ ^ •
Nhu da ducrc dc cap. giai doan trueVc khi ne'ii ducrc thuc hien tren lcrp nham cho
nguiri hgc liim c|ucn \ (Vi chii de dugc yeu ciiu phiii ne')i trong giai doan trerng khi
nc)i. De noi dugc vc mgt \ an dc nao do, nguoi hgc khong nhung phai ccr y hay ngi dune ma con phai co phiromi ticn neon ncij de dicn dat nhunii neu dune av nha
ngu am. ngu phap \a lu \img. Trong phuong phap giang day irincn theVng, da) neSi thucrng duerc \cm nhu la mgl qua trinh bao ge')m hai thoi ki tach biet nhau, kcl
thuc the'vi ki inrcVc giac» \iCMi mcVi chuyen sang thoi ki sau. Hai thoi ki nay dirac
Rivers ( I9SI) ggi la cac lluyi ki ban dau va thcri ki nang cao. Ihco Rivers {Ibid).
trong the^i ki ban dau. nguoi here ducrc ren luyen ve hinh thuc ngon ngu, ket hop cac hmh ilurc thanh cac chucu hri noi. sau do hg luyen tap de san sinh ra nhirng hinh thuc cua phat ngcSn. kbcrng can phai chu y den \ ice nhung phat ngon nay ket hcrp \ (Vi nhau ihanh chiu>i nhung phat ngc^n ccr lien he \ cri nhau nhu the nao. Cac boat dcHig nay duc^c thuc hicn cho den khi ngucjri hc)c co the thuc hanh dugc nhirng phat ngc'^m na\ nicM each tir dc)ng bc'ra. Sau khi kha r ' n g thuc hanh 6 nhijng thai ki ban dau dugc \cm la hoan tat, nguoi hgc dugc chuyen sang thoi ki nang cao, a*>
276
nguai hgc dugc yeu cau dien dat tu do nhijng gi minh mu6n noi v^ mgt chu d^ hay mot tinh huong nao do.
Quan niem ve day noi theo phuang phap truyen thdng vo hinh trung da pha va tinh lien tuc giira su dung ngon ngir chinh xac vai dien dat ngon ngii luu loat. coi chung nhu the la hai thanh phan rieng biet dugc ren luyen a nhung giai doan khac nhau cua qua trinh day noi. Trong phuang phap day noi do chung toi d^ xuAt a
day, "do luu loat" va "do chinh xac" la hai mat ciia mgl vin dh cAn phai dugc ren
luyen va phat trien trong cung mgl gia day. Tuy thuoc vao trinh do va kT nang
tieng Anh cua nguai hgc. trong giai doan trudc khi ndi. giao vien co ih6 hoac dat
nhirng cau hoi lien quan den chu de nguai hgc .sap noi. hoac cung cap cho hg mot so tir ngu' mai, cho hg hict nghTa cua chung (co the la giai thich ngi ngon nhu tim
tu dong ngliTa, ngbjch nghTa, giai nghTa, v.v.^.cc) the la che) nghTa ticng V\el tucrng
duong) dc hg ceV the sir dung ducrc chung cr giai doan trong khi noi. Nhu thucmg thay, mgt trong nhirng kheV khan Icrn nhat trong khi nc)i ticjng Anh cua ngueri hgc
tieng Anb khong chuyen cV bac dai hgc va sau dai hgc la phat am. Do ihicu ihuc
hanh hang ngay va do kbong ccr nhicu nhu cau giao ticp khau ngu bang ticng Anh, cho nen nhicu sinh vicMi dai hgc va hgc \'ien cao hgc thay khcr phat am. nhat la nhirng tu dai va nhung tir ceS nhung am khcMig ce'r trong tieng Vict. Va do y ihirc ducrc rang minh phat am khcMig dimg ce)ng vcVi linh nhut nhat, sg sai cua minh cho
, f r y '
nen nmrcri hoc tiene Anh kbcrne chu\ en lai cane klicme muon eiao ticp bang ticng Anh a ca irong va ngoai lap hoc (chi liet hon \ c diC-m na>. xin xem Hoang Van
Van 2()04d. 1 loang Van Van et al. 2006). Chinh \ i \ a\'. mot Irong nhung giai phap
quan trgng dc giup nguai hgc c(S the noi co hieu qua la giao \icn phai giup ho phat am cang chuan cang lot nhung lir ngu lien quan dC-n ciui de hg chuan bi noi.
Kho khan thu hai doi \a\ nguoi hoc khi thuc lianii noi. dac bicl la khi noi \ e
giup hg bang each viet nhiing lir ngii dugc cho la mcri len bang, dgc mau mgt hai lan, sau do yeu cau nguoi hgc dgc lai, va cho nguoi hgc nghia ciia chune. Giao vien cung co the dua nbiJng tir ngir vao xan canh de nguoi bgc co the hieu duac nghia ciia chiing, sau do cho hg ibirc hanh truoc khi bucrc vao giai doan trong khi noi. Giao vien cung co the dua ra mot doan thoai mau, neu ro tinh huong, dgc mau doan thoai do mot hoac hai lan. sau do yeu cau nguoi hgc thuc hanh doan thoai cho den khi hg dat dugc do chinh xac va do troi chay cho phep.
7.4.3.3, Mgt so thii thuat day noi trong giai doan trong khi noi
Cc) nhiCm thu lhu(a dugc sir dung de phat trien k? nang noi cho nguoi hgc ticng Anh khc')ng chincn o bac dai bgc va sau dai hgc trcmg giai doan trcmg khi noi. Theo trinh lu lu dc den khcV. mucri ihu thuat ducri day co the ducrc ap dung.
(i) Mo tti tranh dnh. Day la boat dgng ncVi dc dang \a thuan tien nhat doi \6\
nguoi lu.)c licMig Anh kbcrng chuyen o bac dai hgc va sau dai hgc va ccV ihc phii hc;rp vcri (iiai doan 2 trong ciai ngc")n phc'> lien tuc ducrc chiing te'^i trinh bay trong Chucrng 6. 'Irong llui ihual na\. ca hrp ha\ moi nguoi hgc ducrc dua nicVl lam anh, giao vien y eu cau ngucri hgc quan sat kT tam anh, tra Icri nhung cau hoi ggi y cua giao vien hay cua nhung ngucji khac \ e tam anh. \a cu('>i cimg neSi ve nhung lam anh do. Nguoi hgc cung ccS the ducrc yeu can nhin \ao iiu)t loat nhurng lain anh khac nhau. mc^ ta chung. kcl hcrp chimg lai \ cri nhau thanh mcrt ngcm ban neSi hoan chinh. Mo
Ki iranh anh la hoal dbnii gay hirng thii giao tiep khau ngu cho nguoi hgc. No cang
himg ihii lurn ncu ngucri hgc nic^ la dugc (nhung) birc tranh mcrt each sang tao vi
CO tri lucrng tucmg. \ a dc dat ducrc muc dich nay, su ggi meV cua giao vien trong
qua trinh nguiri here tap noi co vai tro vo ciing quan trgng.
(ii) Tro chai ngon ngir. Co nhieu tro choi ngon ngu giao vien c6 lh6 su dung
de phat Irien kT nang noi cho nguoi hgc lieng Anh khong chuyen 6 bac dai hgc va sau dai hgc. Hoat dgng nay thanh cong hay khong phu thuoc phan nhieu vao nhirng linh huong here lap cu the va vao su sang tao cua giao vien trong viec lira chgn cac tro choi pbii hcrp vcji nguoi hgc. Giao vien cung co the su dung tro do vui
•t > ^
(quiz) de phat trien kT nang noi cho nguoi hoc ihong qua viec dat cac cau hoi kiem
tra kien Ihirc van hoa, khoa hgc dai cuong de nguai hgc Ira Iai nhu Who was the first man on the moon? What were the previous names of Hanoi? When did World War II begin/end? v.v. Tro choi ngon ngu Ihucmg can c6 su phan irng nhanh nhay
va su sang lao ciia nguoi hgc. Chiing lao ra sir thoai mai Irong khi hgc. Vi vay, khi nguai hgc lo ra moi mel hay cang thang. hay truac khi gicr hgc ken ihiic. giao \icn nen danh mgl viii phiil cho hoal dgng nay de lap hgc ihu gian hay "kcl thiic co hau".
(iii) Lam viec mot minh. Trong khi phat trien kT nang noi. doi khi giao \ icn co {hh giao nhiem vu dc- moi nguai hgc lu chuan hi va sau do lir noi truac cac han
trong lap. Theo llarmer {199K). each to chuc na>- co nhicu the Igi. Ihir nhal, no cho phep nguiyi hgc lam \'iec theo tde do va cuiyng do rieng cua minh. Thir hai \ a quan trgng ho-n. no cho phep nguoi hgc hoat dgng nhu la nhung ca the thirc sir, ''nguai hgc co thC cam thiiy ihu gian va tro lai \cm .\el nhirng nhu cau ca nhiin
cung nhu lic-n bg ricng ciia minl/(Harmcr Ibid.: 21). Mon nu-a. boi \i khong co
canh tranh. cho ncm ngiriri hgc co dieu kiCMi ghi nha nhirng gi minh thu dugc a
trong dKn de khi trinh bay bang khau ngu hg tu tin hon sau khi da lap dirgl. Do do.
tu thuc hanh lam tiing cam giac tiCn bg xii linh dgc lap ciia nguoi hoc. Lam \ iec mot minh duoc ticMi hanh trong Krp hgc noi ihuong dan den nhung hinh ihuc nhu bao cao bang khau ngir. phong Min Na hoi-dap. Ihu ihual nii>-. neu khai thac phii hgp se nil co Igi cho nhirng ngucri hgc lidng Anh khc->ng chu> en trong moi iruong hoc ihuat.
(iv) Hoi-dap. Ben canh boat dgng trinh bay khau ngu. nguoi hgc c6 the lam
viec nhu la nhirng ca the trong boat dgng hoi-dap. Moi nguoi hgc hoac dugc eiao nhiem vu chuan bi mot danh muc cac cau hoi hoac dugc cho mot danh muc cac
cau hoi de giao tiep. Nbirng cau hoi nay khong can thiet phai lien he vcri nhau \t
ngi dung va kbcrng can thiet luc nao cung phai dugc phat trien thanh mot hgi thoai. Nguoi hoc ducrc cho biet moi eau tra loi co do dai khoang bao nhieu va thuone xuyen dugc khuyen khich de sir dung bet thoi gian minh dugc phep noi. Cac cau hc)i giao vien giao hoac de nghi nguoi bgc chuan bj dugc viet vao phieu va dugc phat cho nhirng nguoi hgc khac. Hinh thirc nay thuong kich thich himg thii giao
ticp trong cac thanh vien \ e nhirng van de ma tat ca bg dc:u quan tam. McM trong
nhung hinh ihirc hc)i-dap pho bien \ a hiru ich nhat la ggi mcrt ngucri hgc len dung trucre lerp vii tra Icri lat ca nhung cau hoi cua nhiing ngucri khac gicrng nhu hinh
thirc "diiju Iran" ciia nghj \ icn er c^c rwidc phucmg lay bay tra liri ''chat van" ciia
Quc")c llgi Vicjt Nam.
(v) riiong Viin IMiong \an la sir kcl hcrp giua db\ thoai va hc)i-dap ducrc th^rc
hicn ducVi hai hinh ihirc: hoac nuircri hoc la miircri bi phong van va uiao vien la ngucri phcing \ an. hoac ngucVi hgc A la nguiri phe'mg van \ a ngucri here li la ngircri bj plicMig \ a n . So \cri hoal dc[>ng hoi-dap llii phcMig van la boat dgng cc) cau tnic r6 rane. Tronu hoat dcMii: na\ nmrcri pbcrnu van dc'rne vai tro nmrcri dieu khien chii de \ a phuong iliirc phat iricn cua he>i thoai. lu) nhiCm, nguoi bi phong \an cung co the phai tric}n nhung nhan \cl ha\ nhung quan dicMii ciia minh de tra Icri nhumg cau he"u ma minh ua ihich. NgucVi hoc cung ceS the the hicn nhung hirng thii ciia minh cho nmriri phone \ a n biet de cbi ra rane dav la chii de minh niucjn thao luan tiep.
Trong truimg hc.rp na\ neu ca hai phia. ngiroi phcrng van va ngueVi h\ phong van,
dcu lain \ ic;c dc>ng dieu hay hgp uic thi hg se: tao ra ducrc mc;)t cuc3c phong van
thanh cbng. Trong khi phcSng van, ncu nguoi phong \'an la giao vien thi can phai luu y iranh chira \b\ cjiui nhicu. trimh ngat leVi cua ngucri hgc \ a ap dat quan dicm
cua minh vao nguai hgc. Thay vao do. giao vien phai ihuong xuyen khuyen khich nguai hgc bang each nhac hoac ggi y cho nguori hgc d6 hg co th^ hoi dap troi chay
va CO the thuc hien dugc hoat dgng phong vin thanh cong. Phong vkn tuy co tinh giao tiep dich thuc cao, nhung thuc hicn no lai rix de dan d^n thai bai. D6i vai
nguai hgc tieng Anh khong chuyen a bac dai hgc va sau dai hgc. giao vien phai gia cong nhieu hon, giiip hg chuan hi chu dao hon nhurng cau hoi va cau tra lai trucjc khi lien hanh phong van. De phong vin cc) the dugc lien hanh thanh cong trong tiet day noi, giao vien nen ggi y de nguoi hgc chuan bi nbirng cau hoi va cau tra loi truoc. Neu can thiet, khuyen hg tap duert that kT trucre khi dem ra trinh dien trucre lcrp. Chuan bi icrt, ggi y ro rang cgng vcVi vice lira chgn chu dc gan gui o giai doan trucre khi ne')i, chac chan phe'mg van sc thu hiil dircTC hirng thii giao ticp ciia ngucri hgc va se la mgt thu thuat phat trien kl nang ne)i hiru hicju trong gicT da\' nc)i
tienti Anh cho db\ tirerne nmrcri hoc ticnu Anh kluVng CIIUNCMI cr biic dai hoc \'a sau dai hc)c.
(vi) Rao cao. Iloat ctc)ng nay thuang phii hcrp vcVi \iec phat trien kT nang n(Si
cho nguc)i hgc a Cjiai doan 3 Irong dai ngcni pho lien tuc (\cm Chucyng 6). Vcri hoat dc)ng nay. ngucri hgc IhucVng ducrc giao cho mc)t nhiem \u ncri \ a i nhung ggi y cho trucre. chu An bi a nha va dem den trinh ba\ truoc lcrp xcVi thcri gian khoang 5 -
10 phiil vao licit hgc hcMii sau. Trong khi noi, ngucri hgc co the dugc phep nhin \ao nhung ggi y ducrc ghi chcp \ in til hoac sir dung cac phuang tiCMi ho trg nhu bang viCn va banu biCni. Hoal dcinc bao cao khau miu cCnm ccr the dugc khai ihac ngay tren IcVp. Tirng cap ha>' tirng nhcrm nguoi here ducrc giao mgl nhiem \ u nao do. thi
du: Work in pairs/groups, discuss to fnd out the life cycle of a chicken and compare vour results with the other pairs/groups, then report your results (Anh/Chi hay lam \ iec theo cap hay iheo nhc'im. thao luiin dc tim ra chu ki scmg
ciia ga, so sanh kdl c]ua ciia c;1p'nh(Sm minh \oi ket c|ua ciia (cac) cap nhom khac. va sau do bao ciio kcl ciua eiia cap/nhom minh truoc lcrp).
(vii) Thao luan. Thao luan la mgt boat dgng giao tiep rat co Igri d6i vcri ngucri
hgc tieng Anb kbong chu> en o bac dai bgc va sau dai hgc. Thii thuat nay duac xem la thanh cong khi cang nhieu nguoi hgc tham gia vao thao luan ve mgt chii d^ nao do cang tot. Voi boat dgng nay, lc3rp hgc co the dugc chia ra thanh nhi^u phia dai dicn cho nhieu luong tu tucrng khac nhau. Moi thanh vien trong lcrp co ih^ dong gop bang viec phat trien cac quan dicm rieng cua minh ve nhung khia canh ma minh dac bi(}t quan tam. Dieu nay lam cho thao luan thii vi hon cac boat dgng giao tiep khac. Trong khi thao luan. nguoi hgc cam thay it bi cang thang hom so voi khi hg liim \'iec theo cap hay theo nhom. Li do la vi. hg it bi cac ban quan sat true ticp hern trcmg khi hg lai cam thay ducrc khuyen khich bcVi nhu cau dc^ng gop mot cai gi do vao van de dang thao luan. Mot trong nhirng dic:m quan trgng nhat dc lam cho nic)l cucVc tranh luiin bang tieng Anh thimh cc>ng la chgn chii dc. Doi