- Ncim tin lieu nghe la nhung hc;>i ilunii hang ngay, chiing eo the ehira nhieu tir ngO
7.3.5.1. Giai doan (ruoc khi n"he
Hoat dgng trucre khi nghe ihircVng khcmg ciin thoi gian diii. nhicu nhat la 5 phut. Muc dich ciia giai doan nay la tao liim the cho ngucri here, cho hg liim quen voi chii de cua biii nghe, cung cap mot so tir ngu dugc cho lii mcri doi \cri hg de hg
ccr the hieu dircrc biii nuhc trong uiai doan trone khi mzhe. \e to chirc IcVp hoc, 6
giai doan nay ngucri hoc ccr the? dugc yeu can liim vice ihco cii nhan. ihco cap hoac
theo nbc'mi. Giao vicMi co the dira ra mc)t nhiem vu nao do de nguoi hgc giao ticp
thong qua do bg liini quen \ cVi chii dc nghe \i\ cb the tu kham phii ra nhung tir ngir
mcri lien quan dcMi chii dc hg sap nghe. Giao vien cung co the dua ra mgt so tir ngir
moi, dgc to cho ngucVi hgc nghe \'a nhac lai cho dimg ngu am. ngir dieu. \i\ yeu
cau ngucri hoc cho biet nghTa cua cac tir ngu niiy. Neu ngucri hgc khong biet nghTa ciia chiinu thi uiao vicMi co the uiai thich bane tiene Anh theo cac hinh thirc nhu ciai nehla. cho tir done nuhia ha\ nuhich nuhla. hoac de tiet kiem thcvi gian. giao
vien CO the cho tix co nghTa lucmg duong cua chung trong tieng Viet. Mgt yeu diu CO ban nira 6 giai doan truoc khi nghe la giao \'ien phai dua ra cac boat done da dang de duy tri hung thu nghe cua nguoi hgc. Mot so boat dgng co thi ap dun© trong giai doan truoc khi nghe la:
Phdn hiet anr. yeu cau nguoi hgc phan biet nhimg am giong nhau va nhirng am
khac nhau.
Phan biet trong am cua tir. yeu cau nguoi hgc xac dinh am tiet co trgng am (cic
tir da am tiet hay ciing tir trong cac tir loai khac nhau - danh lir ha\ dong tir).
Phdn biet trong dm cdu: yeu cau nguoi hgc phan biet cac tir dugc nhdn manh
irong cau.
C^dc hdi tap lam quen: kheu ggi/thao luan ve chii dc (ngucVi hgc co the Jira vao
tranh anh hay nhan dc de thuc hicn nhiem \ u).
Dong ndo: khuyen khich ngmVi hgc trao doi y tuong'quan diem ve chu de ciia bai
sap nghe: giiip ngucVi hgc du doan tir/ngir co the xuat hien trong bai nghe.
71uio luan: ggi y de nguoi hgc thao luan vc nhung ngi dung lien quan den hai sip
nghe.
Dat edu luu vd tra lai theo cap/nhom vc nhung noi dung lien quan den bai sip
nghe.
Dd vui lien quan den nc)i dung ciia bai sap nghe.
Su dung cdu hoi hudng ddn: giiio \'icn hoiMct cau hoi de giiip nguiri hiK khai
thiic hiii nghe.
7,3-5.2. (iiai doan t r o n g khi iiglie
(iiai doan trone khi nehc hi eiai doan qu\ct dinh cho qua trinh nghe hieu ciia nguiri lic>c. Thiel bi \ ii dc^ dimg giang day giiio \ icn ciin de day nghe lii may cii
\cl. bimg. clia CD. \ a iranh anh (neu phii hgp). \)e day nghe cc> bieu quii, giao vien cb the thuc hicn ihco hai bucVc co bim: (i) giiip nguiri bc)c lay thong tin khai quat
\ a (ii) giiip nguiri hgc lay thc^ng tin cu the. De giiip nguoi hoc nghe vii lay nhirng thcmg lin khiii qiuit ve biii nghe, giiio \ ien co the diit nhirng cau hoi lien quan den ngC)n ciinb tinh hii^Mig de nguiri hgc cc) dugc mcrt birc tranh khai quat ve ngon ban
hg siip nghe nlur: '\o bao nhicu nguoi trong ngc")n ban/ligi thoai?", "Cau chuy^n^
hc>i thcrai noi \ c ciii gi'.'"\ Cau chuyen hc>i thoai xay ra o dau, khi nao?\ Cau chu> en mo chiu \ ii kcl ihuc ra sao'.^" v.v. Dc giiip ngucVi bc>c nghe va lay nhihig
thong tin cu th6 tir ngon ban, giao vien co thd yeu c4u ngirai hoc nghe tap trung dl tra Icri nh&ng cau hoi cu thi lien quan din nhijng du kien cua bai nghe. Vai nhirng thu thuat nay ngu-ai hoc se IhAy bai nghe dl hilu han, cac tinh tilt trong timg doan nghe de theo doi han va, do do, ho se nghe tap trung han va co hieu qua han.
Mot diem dang lu-u y a day la mac dii trong dai s6ng thirc tai ngirai ta thirang chi nghe mot Ian. ngirai nghe chi hoi hoac de nghi nguai noi nhSc lai trong nhirng truang hgp het sire han hiru. nhung a trong gia day nghe giao vien eo thi cho nghe mot vai lan bai vi nguai hoc khong chi hoc y (noi dung) ma con hoc ca ngir (hinh thirc) nua. De hieu sau han bai nghe. giao vien co thi yeu c4u ngu-ai hgc nghe lai va dat mgt so cau hoi vai ''Why?" (Tai sao?), "In your opinion ..." (Theo anh/chi ...), "If you were ... what would you do?" (Neu anh/chi la ... thi anh/chj se liim gi?). v.v.
Du'cri day la nigt sc) thii thuat dc phat trien kT nang nghe cho ngucVi hc)c trong giai doan trong khi nghe (chi tiet. xin xem them lloang Van Viin 1999. 200]). Tiiy theo tirng trinh dc) vii khii nang ciia tiing lcrp hgc, giao vien cc) the su dung hcrat dgng nay hay boat dc)ng kia, va vi cac hcrat dcrng hay nhiem vu trong tai lieu giiing day CO the} khcVng chc phu tiit ca nhCrng boat dcing niiy, cho nen giiio \ icn co the bo sung boat dc)ng niiy hay boat dgng kia vao nhung ngi dung nghe dii cci.
Dictation: day la mc)l ihii ihuiit day nghe hieu riit co Igi. No khong nhung kiem tra
ducrc kha nang nghe hieu ciia ngucVi hgc mil ci^n kiem tra dugc ca kJia nang \ icn chinh Ui ciia hg (chi tiet xin \cm Rinxollucri 1995. \'a Manzi 1995).
Cloze listening: day lii thii ihuiit nghe de lay thcrng tin chi liet. Vcri thu thuat nay
ngucVi hgc dugc yeu cau nghe vii dicn nhung thcrng tin thieu \ ao khoang trong.
(\)mprehension cpwstions: day la thu ihuat nghe khii phe") bien. WVi ihu ihuat nay ngucVi hgc dugc yeu cau nghe \'a tra loi cac cau hoi nhu what, when, where, how,
why ...
Multiple-choice: Da lira chgn cung la thii thuat nghe pho bicMi hicn nay. Muc dich cua no la giup ngucri hgc nghe dc liiy nhirng thong tin cu the. Wax thii thuat nay.
nguoi hgc dugc yeu cau nghe va chgn cau tra loi hay dap an diing nh4t A, B, C hay D.
True'False: Diing/Sai cung la thii thuat nghe ph6 bi^n hien nay. Voi thu thuat nav
nguoi hgc dugc yeu cau nghe va chgn cau tra loi Diing Sai.
Open-ended: thu thuat nay yeu cau nguoi hgc nghe va k^t thuc cau.
Ticking off items: yeu cau nguoi hgc nghe va gach bo lieu muc nao khong co
trong ngi dung nghe.
Detecting mistakes: khi ke mgt cau truyen hay mo ta mot cai gi do trong lop hoc
giao vien gia vof mac loi. Nguoi hoc duoc yeu cau phai nghe, do va sira nhimg loi do.
Predicting definitions: giao vien cung cap dinh nghia \kn tSt v^ mgt nguoi hav
mgt vat nao do, nguoi hgc \ iet vao vo xem nguoi hay \ at do la gi.
Answering questions in written form: nguoi hgc dugc yeu cau nghe va tra loi cic
cau hoi thc)ng qua viet.
Matching picture with sentence: ngucri hgc nghe \ii khcrp hinh anh voi cau ma hp
nghe thay.
Sequencing: theo nhirng gi dugc nghe, yeu cau ngucri hgc sap xep cac cau ihco
irinh tu logic.
* r t
Skimming: yeu cau ngucri hgc tom tat bai nghe bang mot ciiu hay cho hai nghe do
mgt nhan dc.
Scanning: yeu cau iigucVi hgc nghe \a viet nhung thc"mg lin chi tici dc tra Icri ck
cau hoi ^^Wh-'\
Infereneing: Ircn ccr so cua nhurng thong tin ngucVi hgc nghe thay tir bai nghe.
nguiri hgc dugc yeu cau (co the dugc ggi y) phai hieu ducrc nhumg y nghia ham chi su dung ciic hinh ihirc True/FaJse hay Multiple-Choice.
Information gap. ihu ihuat niiy duimg nhu ci>n moi \o\ nguai hgc tieng Anh
khong chuNcn. I u\ nliicn. neu ducrc sir dung ncS se riil co Icri cho vice phat iricn ki nimg nglic hiini cua hg. I ren cc7 scV cua nhung gi ngucri hgc chua biet, hg dugc yeu cfai phiii ihco doi liep \icc mo ta, phirirng hut'mg hay hircVng dan vcri su trg giup cua tranh anh, han do. bieu himg, v.v. dc dicn ha\ chgn thong lin diing.
Predicting: \b\ thu thuat niu'. chi ccS phan dau ciia cau chuyen hay mau tin du(?c
cho hiet. ngucVi hgc dugc )eu cau nghe va ket thiic phan con lai.
Jigsaw listening: de thuc hicn hoat dc)ng niiy, giao \ icn chia ngmVi hgc thanh cac
nhiim. cho moi nhcSm duc^c nghe mot doan. sau do cac nh('>m khc'rp noi thong tin
lai \o\ nhau thiinh mgl ngcm ban hoan chmh.
.\ote'taki}ig: ihu thuat niiy co Igi cho nhung nguoi sau nay co nhu cau di hgc hoic
nghicMi ciru cV ciic truimg dai hgc nuoc ngoai. I rong thu thuat nay. ngucri hgc dupe \cu cau nghe \a ghi chcp lai nhung ngi dung chinh ciia bai nghe.