( Indirect Reported Speech)
1. Các nguyên tắc khi viết câu lại câu tường thuật gián tiếp.
1.1 Quy tắc lùi thì : 1.1.1 Với động từ thường:
Direct Indirect
Hiện tại đơn Quá khứ đơn
Hiện tại tiếp diễn Quá khứ tiếp diễn Hiện tại toàn thành Quá khứ hoàn thành
Hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn Quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn
Quá khứ đơn Quá khứ hoàn thành
Quá khứ tiếp diễn Quá khứ hoàn thành tiếp diễn Tương lai (will) Tương lai trong quá khứ (would)
Quá khứ hoàn thành ………………………………………
Example:
Direct In direct
I said, ‘I’m not very happy at work. I told her I wasn’t very happy at work. They said: ‘We’re going home.’ They told us they had been going home. ‘I’ve been working,’ she said. She said she had been working .
‘What happened to make her so angry?’ he asked. He asked what had happened to make her so angry.
1.1.2 Lùi thì với động từ khuyết thiếu (Modal verb)
Modal verbs Direct Indirect
Willwould ‘We will be there,’ he promised He promised they would be there.
Shall would She said, ‘I shall need more money.’ She said she would need more money.
Cancould ‘I can see you at 2.30,’ he added. He added that he could see you at 2:30.
(có thể) Maycould (đồng ý, cho phép)
‘You may wait in the hallway,’ he said.
later.
He said we could wait in the hallway.
Musthad to (phải làm gì) Must khơng đổi (dự đốn)
She said, ‘You must pay by 30th April.’
‘It must be awful to live in such a noisy place,’ she said.
She said we had to pay by 30th April.
She said it must be awful to live in such a noisy place.
Could không đổi ‘We could sell it for about 2,000 euros,’ he said.
He said they ………………….. ………………………………… Should không đổi ‘You should go there immediately,’ she
said.
She said I …………………….. ……………………………….. Would không đổi ‘I would buy it if I had the money,’ he said. He said he……………………. ………………………………… Might không đổi ‘It might snow tonight,’ he warned. He warned that it……………..
……………………………….. Need không đổi ‘You needn’t come till six o’clock,’ he
said.
He said we……………………. ………………………………..
Chú ý :
-Có thể sử dụng dạng hồn thành với have +Vpp ở sau động từ modal verb, đặc biệt là khi thuật lại những sự việc đã xảy ra trong quá khứ.
The noise might be the postman delivering letters.
He said the noise might have been the postman delivering letters. I’ll help you if you need a volunteer .
He said he would have helped if I need a volunteer.
-Used to và ought to không thay đổi với câu tường thuật gián tiếp: I used to live in Oxford
She said that she used to live in Oxford. You ought to leave immediately.
The guard warned us that we ought to leave immediately.
1.1.3 Những trường hợp khơng lùi thì :
-Chúng ta khơng cần thiết phải lùi thì khi những điều mà người nói ln đúng hoặc chưa hề xảy ra. -Ví dụ như khi một người nào đó nói về tương lai hoặc khi họ sử dụng các thì hiện tại, hiện tại tiếp diễn hoặc hiện tại hồn thành trong câu nói gốc của họ.
He told me his brother works for an Italian company. (It is still true that his brother works for an Italian company.)
(For the speakers, the time at the moment of speaking is ‘this year’.) He said he’s finished painting the door.
(He probably said it just a short time ago.) She promised she’ll help us.
(The promise applies to the future.)
1.2 Thay đổi đại từ trong câu:
Sự thay đổi trạng từ trong câu nói gián tiếp phụ thuộc vào việc liệu người thuật lại và người nói trực tiếp có phải là 1 hay không.
Direct Indirect Note
(same speaker? Same pronoun? )
‘I don’t want to shock people,’ Tom said.
Tom said he didn’t want to shock people.
…………………… ………………….. ‘I’ll look after Toby,’ I said. I said I would look after Toby. ……………………
…………………… ‘You need to be here at nine
o’clock,’ Georgetold Beatrice.
George told Beatrice she needed to be there at nine o’clock.
…………………… …………………… ‘I hope you will join us tonight,’ I said
to James.
I told James I hoped he would join us that night.
…………………… …………...............
1.3 Thay đổi trạng từ và đại từ chỉ định:
Direct Indirect
this that
these those
now Then/at that moment
yesterday The day before
tomorrow The next/following day Two weeks ago Two weeks before
Here There
Example:
I said, ‘I’ll meet you here tomorrow.’
I told her I would meet her there the following day. She said, ‘I do not wish to discuss it at this moment.’ She said she didn’t wish to discuss it at that moment. He said, “I want it now.”
He said he wanted it then.
‘I finished the job three weeks ago,’ the boy protested. The boy protested to finished the job three weeks before.
Lời nói gián tiếp (Reported speech) tập trung vào nội dung được kể lại. Tùy thuộc vào nội dung này mà câu nói gián tiếp có thể có 1 trong 3 dạng sau :
Trực tiếp Gián tiếp Phân loại
“I’m tired”, I said. I told them (that) I was tired. Câu khẳng định
That-clause
“Are you ready?” the nurse asked Joel
“Who are you?” she asked.
The nurse asked Joel if/whether he
was ready
She asked me who I was.
Câu hỏi
If/whether clause Wh-clause
“Leave at once!” they ordered. They ordered us to leave at once. Câu mệnh lệnh
To- Vinf clause
2. Các dạng câu gián tiếp :
2.1 Câu hỏi Yes/No và câu có từ để hỏi:
Câu gián tiếp với câu hỏi Yes/No If/whether (liệu) Are you Scottish?
She asked if I was Scottish.
Do you want a table near the window? The waiter asked whether I wanted a table near the window. Did you come by train or by bus?
He asked me if I had come by train or by bus.
2.2 Câu hỏi có từ để hỏi WH- (who, what, when, where, why, how…)
What do you want? He asked me what I wanted.
Who did you invite to the party?
She wanted to know who I had invited to the party. Who came to meet you at the air port?
I asked them who had come to meet them at the airport. What will the repairs cost?
He wondered what the repairs would cost. How do you want to do the activity?
2.3 Câu gián tiếp có chứa động từ dạng mệnh lệnh
-Động từ trong câu gián tiếp chuyển về nguyên thể (to Vinf) Advance!
The General ordered the troops to advance. Sit down and stop interrupting!
The chairperson told him to sit down and stop interupting.
-Các động từ với nghĩa khuyên bảo, khiến ai đó làm gì cũng sử dụng to Vinf ở câu gián tiếp You should wait till the following day.
They advised me to wait till the following day. You must not enter the area.
The guard warned us not to enter the area.
Ví dụ 1: I asked him whose car_____ the previous night.
A. he had borrowed B. had he borrowed.
C. he borrowed D. did he borrow
Ví dụ 2: He asked the children too much noise.
A. not to make B. not making
C. don't make D. if they don't make
Ví dụ 3: Peter said that if he _______ rich he_____a lot.
A. is - will travel B. were - would travel C. had been - would have traveled D. was - will travel
Ví dụ 4: They asked me________ in London then.
A. is my brother working B. if my brother is working C. was my brother working D. if my brother was working
Ví dụ 5: The scientist said the Earth ________the Sun.
A. goes around B. is going around C. had gone around D. was going around
Exercise 1:Choose the correct option to complete each of the following sentences. 1. Laura said that when she ________ to school she saw an accident.
A. was walking B. has walked C. had been walking D. has been walking 2. He promises______so often.
A. not losing his temper B. not to lose my temper C. won’t lose my temper D. not to lose his temper
3. Tom said that he ________with a friend at 9 o'clock the night before. A. is staying B. was staying
4. Grandad invited ______another piece of apple pie. A. Laura to have B. Laura having C. Laura have D. Laura has 5. Joanna asked Sam where _________.
A. I shall park my car B. shall he park his car C. he would park his car D. would he park his car 6. Charlotte apologized ___________me the day before. A. for not having phoned B. for not to phone
C. not phone D. not phoning
7. My parents reminded me ___________ the flowers. A. remember to plant B. to not forget to plant
C. to plant D. of planting
8. The woman asked ___________get lunch at school.
A. can the children B. whether the children could C if the children can D. could the children
9. He suggested his friend ____________the new restaurant that night. A. try B. tried C. tries D. to try 10. They said they had come back _________.
A. yesterday afternoon B. the day before
C. last week D. the day before yesterday 11. He asked me why _________ to the meeting.
A.didn’t you come B. don’t I come C.you didn’t come D.I hadn’t come 12.She warned me __________late-night horror film. A.don’t watch B.shouldn’t watch C.not to watch D.not watching
13.Jane________ me she was going to come back late tonight.
A.asked B.tole C.said D.wondered
14. Patrick said that he ___________ there at noon. A.is going to be B.was going to be
C.will be D. can be
15.1 wondered ________ the right thing to the little child. A. whether 1 was doing B. if I am doing
16. He asked me_________a table for lunch the next day. A. have I reserved B. if I have reserved C.whether had I reserved D. if I had reserved 17. He__________ that he would never let me down.
A. told B. promised C. asked D. warned 18. I wonder________ French fluently.
A. does he speak B. if he speaks C. did he speak D. if he spoke 19. I asked them by whom_______ changed.
A. was the timetable B. the timetable is
C. the timetable has been D. the timetable had been 20. I want to know___________.
A. if they are moving house next week B. if they were moving house next week
C. if they are moving house the following week D. if they were moving house the following week
Exercise 2: Choose the best answer that best rewrites the original one.
1. “Don't forget to take your keys," said Dad to me. A. Dad reminded me not to forget taking my keys. B. Dad reminded me to take my keys.
C. Dad reminded me to take your keys. D. Dad reminded me to taking my keys.
2. Mike said, "We have bought these books today." A. Mike said they bought those books that day. B. Mike said they had bought those books that day. C. Mike said they have bought those books that day D. Mike said they had bought those books today. 3. "Your postcard arrived yesterday," she told him.
A. She said to him that your postcard arrived the previous day. B. She said him that his postcard had arrived the previous day. C. She said to him that his postcard had arrived the previous day. D. She told him that his postcard arrived the previous day. 4. Barbara said, "I saw them at my parents' house last year."
A. Barbara said I had seen them at my parents' house the previous year. B. Barbara said she saw them at her parents' house the previous year. C. Barbara said she had seen them at her parents' house the previous year. D. Barbara said they had seen her at her parents' house the previous year.
5.I wouldn't buy those shoes," said Karen to David. A. Karen advised David not to buy those shoes. B. Karen advised David to not buy those shoes. C. Karen advised David he wouldn't buy those shoes. D. Karen advised David he doesn't buy those shoes.
6. Peter said to them, "Don't leave the room until 1 come back." A. Peter told them not to leave the room until he came back. B. Peter told them not to leave the room until he comes back. C. Peter told them not to leave the room until they came back. D. Peter told them not to leave the room until they come back.
7. “I don’t want to go to the leisure center with you tomorrow” said Sarah to Chris.
A. Sarah told Chris that she didn't want to go to the leisure center with you the following day. B. Sarah reminded Chris that she didn't want to go to the leisure center with him the following day. C. Sarah told Chris that I didn't want to go to the leisure center with him the following day.
D. Sarah told Chris that she didn't want to go to the leisure center with him the following day. 8. “Why didn't you tell me about the party?" he said to me.
A. He asked me why didn’t I tell him about the party.
B. He wanted to know why I hadn’t told him about the party. C. He wants to know why I hadn't told him about the party. D. He told me why I hadn’t told him about the party.
9. “You have not done your work well," said the teacher to me. A. The teacher told me 1 hadn't done my work well.
B. The teacher told me I haven’t done my work well. C. The teacher told me 1 hadn't done your work well. D. The teacher told me I hadn't done his work well.
10. The teacher said to class, "We shall discuss this subject tomorrow." A. The teacher told the class they would discuss that subject the next day. B. The teacher told the class they will discuss that subject the next day. C. The teacher said the class they would discuss that subject the next day. D. The teacher told the class they discussed that subject the next day.
CHAPTER 13 : LIÊN TỪ ( CONNECTORS )