1. Khái niệm câu chủ động và bị động:
- Chủ ngữ là đối tượng của hành đông được diễn tả trong câu. English is spoken all over the world.
2. Quy tắc chuyển câu chủ động sang câu bị động:
Lưu ý:
-Trong câu bị động có thể bỏ by people, by him/her/us…by someone, là những chi đối tượng không xác định.
-Nếu tân ngữ trong câu bị động là cơng cụ gây ra hành dộng thì dùng with thay cho by. The book is protected with a hard cover.
Bị động với các thì cơ bản
Thì Câu chủ động Câu bị động Ví dụ Hiện tại
đơn
S+ V(s/es) + O
S+ is/am/are + VpII + (by + O)
Mary studies English every day.
………………………………………… ………………………………………
Hiện tại tiếp diễn
S+ is/am/are + V-ing + (O)
S + is/am/are + being + VpII+ (by + O)
He is planting some trees now.
……………………………………… …………………………………………
Quá khứ đơn
S+ V-ed +(O)
S + was/were + VpII + (by + O)
She wrote a letter yesterday.
……………………………………… …………………………………………
Quá khứ tiếp diễn
S + was/were + V-ing + O
S + was/were +being + Vpp + (by + O)
They were buying a car at 9 am yesterday ………………………………………… ………………………………………
Hiện tại hoàn thành
S + have/ has + Vpp + O
S + have/ has + been + Vpp + (by + O)
My parents have given me a new book on my birthday. ……………………………………… ………………………………………… Quá khứ hoàn thành S + had + Vpp + 0
S + had + been + Vpp + (by O)
He had finished his report before 10 p.m yesterday.
……………………………………… …………………………………………
Tương lai đơn
S + will/shall + V-inf + O
S + will/shall + be + Vpp + (by O)
She will do a lot of things tomorrow. ……………………………………… …………………………………………
Tương lai tiếp diễn
S + will/shall + be +V-ing + O
S+ will/shall + be + being + Vpp+ (by O)
She will be taking care of her children at this time tomorrow.
……………………………………… …………………………………………
Tương lai hoàn thành
S + will + have + Vpp + O
S+ will + have + been+ Vpp + (by O)
She will have finished her studying by the end of this year.
……………………………………… …………………………………………
Động từ khuyết thiếu
S + modal verbs + V-inf + O
S + modal verbs + be + Vpp + by + O
He can't repair my bike.
……………………………………… …………………………………………
Be going to S + be going to + V-inf + O
S + be going to + be + Vpp + by + O
Jane is going to make a pizza this morning.
……………………………………… …………………………………………
3. Các trường hợp đặc biệt: 3.1 Động từ với 2 tân ngữ:
Những động từ có 2O : allow; award, ask, give, sell, send, show, lend, pay, promise, tell, offer,
teach, refuse, write…
Có 2 cách viết câu bị động với động từ có 2 O (O trực tiếp và O gián tiếp) 1. Direct O + be + Vpp + to + indirect O
2. Indirect O + be + VpII + direct O
Eg: He gave the police some information.
The police………………………………………….. Some information ………………………………...
3.2 Động từ nguyên mẫu ( to Verb):
S + V + O + V-inf S + Vpassive + to + V-inf Eg:
He asked me to send a stamped envelope.
I ………………………………………………. They advised us to come early.
We ……………………………………………..
4. Bị động danh động từ:
S + V + passive gerund (being + Vpp) Eg:
I like people praising me.
I like …………………………………
She hates people staring at her when she is in the street. She hates …………………………………………….
4.Bị động với câu tường thuật
Một số động từ tường thuật: say, believe, think, consider, report, know, expect, understand, allege, acknowledge, estimate, rumor, explain, assume, presume, suppose, announce…
S1 (people/they…) + V1 (say, belive, expect) + That+ S2 + V2 + O2
Có 2 cách viết lại câu bị động tường thuật : People say that the strike will end soon.
(1) It is …………………………………………. (2) The strike is………………………………………. Cách viết(2) - đưa S2 lên đầu có thể có 1 trong 4 dạng sau:
S2 + tobe+ V1pp (said/believed/expected…) +
(1)To + V2-inf (2)To be + V2-ing (3)To have + V2pp (4)To have been + V2-ing
Dùng (1) khi V2 chia ở tương lai đơn hoặc cùng thì (hiện tại đơn/quá khứ đơn) với V1
Eg:
People expect that the strike will end soon. The strike is expected ……………………… People said that he was a dedicated worker. He was said ………………………………….
Dùng (2) khi V2 đuợc chia ở thì hiện tại tiếp diễn, hoặc tương lai tiếp diễn
Eg:
They think that the terrorists are hiding in the mountain. The terrorists are thought …………………………………..
Dùng (3) khi V2 được chia ở thì hiện tại hồn thành, quá khứ hoàn thành, hoặc quá khứ đơn và V1 chia ở hiện tại đơn( hoặc quá khứ đơn):
Eg:
People say that he escaped to a neutral country.
He is said ……………………………………………….. People think that she has made progress in her studies. She is thought ……………………………………………..
Dùng (4) khi V2 được chia ở thì hiện tại/quá khứ/tương lai hoàn thành tiếp diễn:
Eg:
People say that he has been playing football since he was 5. He is said ……………………………………………………..
Lưu ý:
Be supposed to + V-inf có thể được dùng khi nói về trách nhiệm, bổn phận ai đó phải làm gì hoặc
She is supposed to make tea at 8 o’clock
The train was supposed to arrive at 11.30 but it was an hour late. You were supposed to clean the windows. Why didn't you do it?
5.Bị động với những V/Adj với nghĩa giả định :
Khi trong câu xuất hiện những V hoặc Adj đặc biệt tại vị trí (*)
S+ V(*) + that + S + (should) + be + Vpp S + to be + adj(*) + that + S + (should) + be + Vpp
Bảng liệt kê các V/adj đặc biệt sử dụng cho công thức trên
V Adj
advise, agree, arrange, ask, beg, command, decide, demand, determine, insist, order,
propose, recommend, request, stipulate, suggest, urge, prefer,...
(be) advisable, better, desirable, essential, imperative, important, natural, necessary, anxious, determined...
Eg:
He insisted that they (should) name his son after his grandfather. He insisted that …………………………………………….. They have decided to sell the house.
They have decided that ………………………………………….. It is essential that rare animals (be) ………….. protected. It is advisable that everyone (have)………… a map.
5. Bị động với NEED.
Có 2 cách viết câu bị động với NEED. I need to clean my shirt.
My shirt needs ………………… My shirt needs ……………………..
6. Câu bị động truyền khiến:
Have sb do Sth/Get sb to do sth Have/Get sth done (by sb) Eg:
I had my younger brother clean the floor yesterday. I had the floor…………………………………… Jill repaired the roof. (= She repaired it herself.)
Jill had the roof……………………………… (= She arranged for somebody else to repair it.)
Ví dụ 1: The saxophone ______around 1840 by Adolphe Sax and has since become an essential
part of jazz.
Ví dụ 2: Many celebrities don’t enjoy ______________.
A. being photographed B. photograph C. photographing D.to photograph
Ví dụ 3: Bethoven is now known to ___________ from lead poisoning.
A. suffer B.be suffered C. have suffered D. have been suffered
Choose the sentence which has the closest meaning to the original one.
1. Somebody accused me of stealing money. A. I was accused by somebody of stealing money. B. I was accused of stealing money.
C. I was accused of being stolen money. D. I was accused stealing money.
2. People warned us not to go out alone. A. We were warned not going out alone B. We were warned not to go out alone, C. We weren't warned to go out alone.
D. We were warned not to be going out alone 1.Somebody is using the computer at the moment. A. The computer is being use at the moment. B. The computer at the moment is being used.
C. The computer is being used by somebody at the moment. D. The computer is used at the moment.
2. I didn't realize that somebody was recording our conversation A. I didn't realize that our conversation was recorded.
B. I didn't realize that our conversation was being recorded C. Our conversation wasn’t realized to be being recorded D. Our conversation wasn't realized to be recorded. 5. We found that they had cancelled the game. A. We found that the game had been cancelled. B. The game had been cancelled.
C. The game was found to have cancelled. D. The game was found to be cancelled.
6. They are building a new highway around the city A. A new highway around the city is being built B. A new highway is building around the city. C. A new highway around the city is built
7. They have built a new hospital near the airport. A. A new hospital has near the airport been built B. A new hospital near the airport have been built. C. A new hospital has been built near the airport. D. Near the airport a new hospital has been build. 8. People should send complaints to the head office. A. Complaints should be sent to the head office. B. Complaints to the head office should be sent
C. Complaints should send to the head office by people. D. Complaints to the head office should be send.
9. Somebody might have stolen our car.
A. Somebody might have been stolen your car. B. Your car might be stolen.
C. Your car might have stolen by somebody. D. Your car might have been stolen.
10. An electrical fault could have caused the fire.
A. An electrical fault could have been caused by the fire. B. The fire could have been caused.
C. The fire could have been caused by an electrical fault D. The fire could have caused an electrical fault
11. They are going to hold next year's congress in San Francisco. A. Congress is going to be held next year in San Francisco. B. Congress in San Francisco is going to be held next year. C. Next year's congress in San Francisco is going to be held. D. Next year's congress is going to be held in San Francisco.
12. They shouldn't have played the football match in such bad weather. A. Such bad weather shouldn’t have been played the football match. B. The football match shouldn't have been played in such bad weather. C. The football match shouldn't be played in such bad weather.
D. The football match shouldn't have played in such bad weather. 13. They have changed the date of the meeting.
A. The date of the meeting has been changed. B. The date of the meeting has changed. C. The meeting has been changed the date. D. The date of the meeting was changed.
14. They told me that somebody had attacked Brian in the street. A. Brian was told that somebody had attacked him in the street B. I was told by Brian that he had been attacked in the street C. Brain was told to have been attacked in the street
D. Brian was told to be attacked in the street. 15. Nobody told me that George was ill. A. I was told that George was ill. B. I wasn't told that George was ill. C. George was told to be ill.
D. George was told not to be ill.
16. His colleagues gave him a present when he retired. A. He was given a present when he retired.
B. A present was given by his colleagues when he retired. C. He was given a present by his colleagues when he retired. D. A present was given him when he retired.
17. We will send you the results as soon as they are ready. A. You will be sent the results as soon as they are ready. B. You will be sent the results as soon as they are ready by us. C. The results will be sent you by us as soon as they are ready. D. The results will be sent you as soon as they are ready by us. 18. I think they should have offered Tom the job.
A. 1 think Tom should have offered the job. B. 1 think Tom should have been offered the job. C. They are thought to have offered Tom the job D. I think the job should have been offered Tom.
19. They say that many people are homeless after the tsunami. A. They say many people to have been homeless after the tsunami. B. They say many people to be homeless after the tsunami.
C. Many people are said to have been homeless after the tsunami. D. Many people are said to be homeless after the tsunami.
20. They know that the Prime Minister is in favor of the new law. A. The Prime Minister is known to have been in favor of the new law. B. They know the Prime Minister to be in favor of the new law. C. The Prime Minister is known to be in favor of the new law.
21. They expect that the government will lose the election. A. The government is expected to have lost the election. B. The government is expected to lose the election.
C. They are expected to lose the election by the government. D. They expect the government have lost the election.
22. They think that the prisoner escaped by climbing over the wall. A. The prisoner is thought to escape by climbing over the wall. B. The prisoner is thought escaped by climbing over the wall.
C. The prisoner is thought having escaped by climbing over the wall. D. The prisoner is thought to have escaped by climbing over the wall. 23. They believe that the thieves got in through the kitchen window. A. The thieves are believed to have got in through the kitchen window. B. The thieves are believed to get in through the kitchen window. C. They believe the thieves to get in through the kitchen window. D. They believe the thieves have got in through the kitchen window. 24. They report that over 200,000 people were killed in the tsunami. A. Over 200,000 people are reported to have been killed in the tsunami. B. Over 200,000 people are reported to be killed in the tsunami.
C. Over 200,000 people are reported to have killed in the tsunami. D. Over 200,000 people are reported to kill in the tsunami.
25. They say that three men were arrested after the explosion. A. Three men are said to be arrested after the explosion.
B. Three men are said to have been arrested after the explosion. C. Three men are said to have arrested after the explosion. D. Three men are said to arrest after the explosion.
26. The boys carried the box into the room. A. The box was carried by the boys into the room. B. The box was carried into the room.
C. The box into the room was carried by the boys. D. The box was carried into the room by the boys.
27. The letter that I received yesterday is from my sister. A. I was received that the letter is from my sister.
B. The letter that was received yesterday is from my sister. C. The letter yesterday that is from my sister is received by me. D. I received yesterday that the letter is from my sister.
28. The old man treated the little boy badly. A. The little boy was treated by the old man badly. B. The badly little boy was treated by the old man. C. The little boy badly was treated by the old man. D. The little boy was treated baldly by the old man.
29. People say that he is the most experienced teacher of English. A. He is said to be the most experienced teacher of English. B. He is said the most experienced teacher of English. C. He is to be said the most experienced teacher of English.
D. That he is the most experienced teacher of English is said by people 30. Scientists have not produced a miraculous drug which can cure cancer.
A. A miraculous drug has not been produced by scientists which can cure cancer. B. A miraculous drug has not been produced by scientists who can cure cancer, C. A miraculous drug which can cure cancer has not been produced by scientists. D. A miraculous drug who can cure cancer have not been produced by scientists.
CHAPTER 6 : Câu điều kiện ( Conditional Sentences )