1.Danh động từ(Gerund)
Gerund là dạng của động từ them đi ing. Gerund được sử dụng như một N có chức năng là S
hoặc O
Playing tennis is fun.
S V
Ving làm S We enjoy playing tennis.
S V O
Ving làm O của V He is excited about playing tennis.
prep O
Ving làm O của prep (giới từ)
1.1 Sử dụng Ving như O của prep(giới từ)
a.We talked about going to Canada for our vacation.
b.Sue is in charge of organizing the meeting.
c.I’m interested in learning more about your work
Gerund rất thường được sử dụng làm O của prep(giới từ)
d.I’m used to sleeping with the window open.
e.I’m accustomed to sleeping with the window open.
f.I look forward to going home next month.
Trong ví dụ d,e,f thì to là một giới
từ(prep ) chứ không phải là một phần của động từ
g.We talked about not going to the meeting , but finally
decided we should go.
Dạng phủ định: them not vào ngay trước gerund. be excited be worried about doing it complain dream talk think about/of doing it apologize blame someone forgive someone have an excuse have a reason be responsible thank someone for doing it keep someone prevent someone prohibit someone stop someone from doing it be interested believe participate succeed in doing it be accused be capable be guilty instead take advantage take care of doing it be tired of/from doing it insist on doing it be accustomed be committed be devoted look forward object be opposed be used to doing it
Exercise 1: Hoàn thành câu với giới từ và dạng của động từ phù hợp
1.Two children are excited(take)___ ____their first flight.
2.They have been looking forward(be)________above the clouds. 3.A first-time flyer is worried (fly)______in stormy weather.
4.One passenger is blaming another passenger (spill)______his coffee.
5.A man is complaining(have)________an aisle seat rather than a window seat. 6.The pilot was late , but he had an excuse (be)____ late.
7.The co-pilot will be responsible (fly)_________ the plane.
8.Security personnel are prohibiting a woman(get)_____ on the flight. 9.Alice isn’t interested (look)______for a new job.
10.You are capable(do)_____ better work.
1.2 Những động từ thông dụng theo sau bởi Ving
a. I enjoy playing tennis. V gerund
b.Joe quit smoking. V gerund c.Joe give up smoking. V gerund
Ở các ví dụ a,b,c theo sau các động từ chính đều là các gerund.
Ví dụ b,c nghĩa như nhau.
enjoy appreciate mind
quit(give up) finish (get through) stop avoid postpone(put off) delay keep(keep on) consider discuss mention suggest
Exercise 2: Hoàn thành câu với gerund phù hợp
1. When Ben got tired, she stopped working/ studying. 2. Would you mind _closing/opening_ the door ?
3. Where are you considering ___having____ your breakfast? 4. Sometimes I put off __cleaning___ my apartment.
5. You have to decide where you want to go to school next year. You can’t postpone__making__ that decision much longer.
2 .Những động từ thông dụng theo sau bởi Infinitives (động từ nguyên thể có to) Gồm 3 dạng như sau:
1.Verb + Infinitive (to do)
a. I hope to see you again soon. b. He promised to be here by ten. c. He promised not to be late.
infinitive = to + động từ nguyên thể
Những động từ như hope, promised, …theo sau bởi một infinitive (to+Verb)
-Ở dạng phủ định not đứng ngay trước infinitive.
hope to(do something) plan to intend to decide to promise to agree to offer to refuse to seem to appear to pretend to ask to expect to would like to want to need to
2.Verb + Object + Infinitive (to do)
d. Mr.Lee told me to be here at ten o’clock. V O inf
e. The police ordered the driver to stop. V O inf
f. I was told to be here at ten o’clock. <passive> g. The driver was ordered to stop. <passive>
Một vài động từ theo sau bởi một tân ngữ(O) rồi mới tới infinitive.như trong ví dụ d,e.
-Khi chuyển sang bị động thì O được chuyển lên làm S nên theo ngay sau Verb bị động chính là infinitive. tell someone to advise someone to encourage someone to remind someone to invite someone to permit someone to allow someone to warn someone to require someone to order someone to force someone to ask someone to expect someone to would like someone to want someone to need someone to
3.Verb + Infinitive hoặc Verb +O + Infinitive
h. I expect to pass the test. i. I expect Mary to pass the test.
Một vài động từ như expect có thể có cả 2 dạng như sau
-verb + infinitive
-verb+ object + infinitive Ask to / ask someone to
Expect to/ expect someone to Need to/ need someone to
Want to/ want someone to
Would like to/ would like someone to
Exercise 4: Hoàn thành câu với gerund hoặc infinitive.
1. We are going out for dinner. Would you like to join us? 2. Jack avoided (look)_____________at me.
3. I was broke, so Jenny offered (lend)____________ me a little money. 4. Would you mind (close)____________the door for me.
5. Eventhough I asked the people in front of me at the movie (keep) _________ quiet, they kept (talk)________loudly
7. The teacher seems (be) _________in a good mood today, don’t you think? 8. I don’t mind (live) ___________alone.
9. Mrs.Jackson warned her young son (play with, not) __________the hot stove. 10. Residents are not allowed (keep) _________pets in my apartment building.
3. Động từ theo sau bởi cả infinitive hoặc gerund.
Có một vài động từ được theo sau bởi cả infinitive hoặc gerund.Khi đó nghĩa của câu là giống nhau như các động từ trong group A.Tuy nhiên đôi khi nghĩa của câu lại khác nhau như trong group B
Group A: Verb+ Infinitive or Gerund. Nghĩa không đổi
begin start continue like love prefer hate can’t stand can’t bear
Những động từ trong nhóm A có thể được theo sau bởi infinitive hoặc gerund mà nghĩa không đổi.
a.It began to rain./It began raining. b.I started to work./ I started working.
Khơng hề có khác biệt ở ví dụ a.b
Group B: Verb + infinitive or gerund, nghĩa thay đổi.
Remember forget
Regret try
stop Động từ trong nhóm B có thể được theo sau bởi infinitve hoặc gerund khi đó nghĩa sẽ thay đổi c.Judy always remember to lock the door.
d.Sam often forgets to lock the door.
e. I remember seeing the Alps for the first time. The sight was impressive.
f.I’ll never forget seeing the Alps for the first time.
Remember + to do: nhớ phải làm gì đó Forget + to do: quên mất phải làm gì đó
Remember +Ving:nhớ ra điều gì đó trong q
khứ
Forget + Ving: qn mất điều gì đó trong q
khứ
g.I regret to tell you that you failed the test. h.I regret lending him some money. He never paid me back.
Regret + to do: rất tiếc phải nói điều gì đó
khơng tốt, khơng may
Regret + Ving: rất tiếc vì điều gì đó trong q
khứ. i.I’m trying to learn English.
j.The room was hot. I tried opening the window , but that didn’t help. So I tried turning on the fan, but I was still hot. Finally ,I turned on the air con.
Try + to do: cố gắng làm điều gì đó Try + Ving : thử làm điều gì đó.
Ví dụ 1:1 think life must be boring for the very rich, because they can get nearly everything they
want without _______to make an effort.
Ví dụ 2: Did you actually see the boy ______over the fence into Mr. John's garden?
A. jumping B. to jump C. having jumped D. To be jumping
Ví dụ 3: I'd really recommend you to see the new Jim Carrey film as it's absolutely fanny!
I couldn’t stop ________all the way through.
A. to laugh B. laughing C. laugh D. to be laughing
Choose the correct option to complete each of the following sentences.
1. Soon after take-off, the hijackers went into the captain's cabin and told him ______ them another destination.
A. flying B. to fly C. fly D. flew
2. Will you stop _______me? I’m beginning to regret going halves with you on mum’s present!
A. criticizing B. criticize C. to criticize D. criticized
3. On the whole, I enjoy ________our local club, but I think there are far too many rules and
regulations _________completely at ease.
A. attending - to feel B. attend - having felt C. to attend - to be feeling D. being attended – feeling
4. While the historical building, they had to get some of the missing tiles specially _____. A. to restore - making B. restore - being made
C. restoring - made D. being restored – make
5. On the way home, I stopped at the florist's _______some flowers for you. A. ordering B. to order C. order D. ordered
6. You should let your son _________his own decisions; he is certainly old enough ______so. A. to be making - done B. making - being done
C. to make - for doing D. make - to do
7. The medical authorities warned everyone ________ the water without first _____it. A. had drunk - being boiled B. not to drink - boiling
C. to drink - having boiled D. drinking - having to boil
8. I tried _________a new jacket for Jane on her birthday, but had no luck. In the end, I got her a new top.
A. find B. finding C. to find D. to finding
9. I deeply regret _________ to her so severely yesterday. She was badly hurt.
A. to be speaking B. to speak C. having spoken D. being spoken 10. Would you mind _ _________?
A. that I am reading aloud B. explaining it once again, please C. what causes you a lot of trouble D. to bring the books back by tomorrow
11. It's important for drivers ______good care when _________in slippery road conditions. A. taking - having driven B. take - to drive
C. having taken - drive D. to take - driving
12.1 think ___ outside in the open air is much more enjoyable than exercise in some stuffy gym. A. to walk - done B. walking - doing
C. walk - to be doing D. having walked – do
13. In order to avoid ________unexpected problems on the road, car owners are advised _____out regular maintenance on their vehicles.
A. to be having - carrying B. to have - to be carried C. having had - carry D. having - to carry
14. Her ability _______people _____cultural similarities and differences was highly considered. A. making - to appreciate B. make - to be appreciating
C. to have made - appreciated D. to make – appreciate 15. From the distance, we could hear the sound of some dogs _______.
A. to bark B. to be barking C. barking D. bark
16. It will be a waste of time _____to my brother, because as usual, he will just seem ______ _______________________ but actually he won't be.
A. having talked - listening B. to talk - to have listened C.talked - having listened D. talking - to be listening
17. I've spent almost all winter ______and I don't think I’ll get any better until the weather gets warmer.
A. to cough B. coughing
C.to have coughed D. to be coughing
18. You can't decide whether ______alone or share the flat with a friend, but I think you should choose ______ on your own.
A.to live – to live B. to have lived- having lived C.to be living-live D. living –living
19. Don’t hesitate ______ me a ring if any difficulty arises while ______ the contract. A. Giving - having signed B. to have given –sign
C.to give – signing D. being given –to be signing
20. We had the printer _______ but they couldn’t work out what the problem was. A. To be service B. having serviced C. serviced D.to serviced.