khoang 9o/o (10 tri�u) tin d6 Kit6 giaọ Hi�n nay, s6 tin d6 da tang len 46% (360 tri�u I 784 tri�u) va dang ti€p t\lC gia tang nhanh ch6ng. D-µ ki€n d€n 2025, 50% tin d6 Kit6 giao (trong t6ng s6 2,6 ty ngucri) sea chau Phi va chau My La tinh, 17% a chau A ..
TRO rnunH TRlfT HOC • 187
hi�n d�i h6a ( tan pha moi sinh, lich SU dam mau cua the ky XX, sl;i ngheo d6i va bat cong Ian tran) ...
Nhung, khac voi thuyet bao can, tu duy h?u-hi�n d�i khong tim each quay tr6' ve thoi tien - hi�n d�ị HQ cung khong xem vi�c tró l�i voi ton giao quyen uy la loi giai dap. D�c diem cua h?U - hi�n d�i la cho rang ca khoa h9c Ian ton giao deu da that b�i trong vi�c mang l�i nhung cau tra loi cho nhung bi m?t va nhung van de phuc t�p cua doi song hi�n d�ị Tam thuc h?U - hi�n d�i nghi ngo sau sac d6i voi nhung yeu sach va nhung loi tuyen b6 to tat (g9i la "nhung d�i tl;i s1;t"). Cu9c doi la phuc t�p va khong c6 nhung giai phap đn gian. I<hong c6. m9t con duong cho tat ca m9i nguoi, vi the, ton giao ( chu yeu 6' day la I<ito giao) la m9t trong nhieu l1;ta ch9n, khi con nguoi di tim s\f th?t va y nghia cua rieng minh. Neu S\i th?t hayy nghia tuy thu9c vao thuoc do cua moi nen van h6a va ky cung la san pham do xa h9i "cau t�o" nen, thi con nguoi "h�u - hi�n d�i" tró thanh quyen uy cho chinh minh va chi chap nhq,n nhang gi do chinh minh trai nghifm.
Tinh chat phan can, phan dinh che Va bi quan van h6a la m�t phu dinh cua tam thuc h�u-hi�n d�ị M�t khang dinh cua n6 l�i la: di tim niérn tin d£ch thljc hdn, khong phai tu ton giao quyen uy cho bang tu l(tfnh tam linh du<;tc thé nghifm" (experiental spirituality) duoi rat nhieu hinh thuc moi 1�: Kito giao trai nghi�m, cac tin nguong Dong phudng va tinh tam linh ''New Age". "Tinh tam linh the nghi�m" th?t ra khong han la sin pham ngo� nh?p ho�c chi du<1c tai che tu truyen thong huyen h9c Platon-moi
188 • BUI VAN NAM �OH
(Plotinus ... ) va !Zito giao trung d�i ma con c6 the du9c xem la h� qua logic cua tu duy h�u - hi�n d�i va giai cau true (Lyotard, Derrida, Deleuze ... ) nhu chung toi da phan tich trong Ian h9i thao tru6'c daỵ
- Ton giao h�u - hi�n d�i va st)'. ly giai h�u - hi�n d�i ve ton giao tang cuóng vien tu9ng va kich thu6'c ca nhan,
de xu6'ng m9t thu than h9c khong giao dieu, hon dung nhieu due tin tu cac truyen thong tin nguong khac nhau va thach thuc quan ni�m ve cac chin ly tuy�t doi va bat bien. Cac nh6m thieu so va bi yeu the ve kinh te hay xa h9i cung du9c thu hut vao each tiep c�n nay, nang cao
vi the cua con nguói ca nhan va cung cap m9t "khuon kho khai ph6ng", doi di�n v6'i nhung h� tu tuong "dong chinh" hay nhung cau true quyen ltjc dang thong trt.
- Trong buc tranh het sue phong phu va phuc t�p cua ton giao h�u - hi�n d�i, phong trao ((New Age"(I) vao nua sau the ky xx la m9t dien hinh noi b�t. v 6'i m1;1c tieu sang t�o nen "m9t tinh tam linh khong c6 ranh gi6'i hay giao dieu cung nhac", 11New Age" hu6'ng den m9t
the gioi quan "toan the lu�n'\ "nhat nguyen lu�n", thong nhat giua Tinh than - The xac va Tam linh, hon dung cac truyen thong sieu hinh h9c va tam linh cua phudng Tay va phudng Dong v&i nhung thanh ttju cua khoa h9c ttj
nhien hi�n d�i lan nhung bi thu�t phi-chinh thong.
1 "Thai d�i Bao Binh" (Age of Aquarius) theo each tinh cua lich Mayạ Mayạ
TRO CHUYlH TRIU HOC • 189
- Binh minh cua tam thuc h�u - h�u hi�n d�ỉ
Trong thoi gian gan day da bat dau hinh thanh m9t SO XU húong tim each can doi l�i voi Slj phien di�n cua h� hinh chu quan lu�n cua tú duy h�u - hi�n d�i - noi tr9i trong thoi ky gifia 1980-2000 - bang m9t thuyet khach quan lu�n, va roi tich hQ'p ca hai thanh m9t h� hinh "chu quan - khach quan" moi mẹ V 6'i tat ca st;i de d�t, nguoi ta bat dau luu y den m9t lo�t nhfing slj phat trien moi trong van h9c, triet h9c, kien true, ngh� thu�t va van h6a nhú la slj ke tgc, dong thoi la phan ung l�i chu ngrua h�u - hi�n d�ị M9t thu�t ngu moi dang clan dan duQ'c djnh hinh: tú duy hay chu nghia h<Ju - h<J,u hi�n d{fi (post postmodernism) hay "sieu - hi¢n dt;ii" (metamodernism).
Tuy con phoi thai, nhung duong nhu y hu6'ng chung la no lt;ic cho rang long tin, slj tin c�y, d6i thoq.i va slj chan tht;ic c6 the vúQ't qua slj phan manh va gieu nh�i cua cung each h�u - hi�n dq.i Ci) Neu cac th�p nien cu6i the ky xx SU dgng tu "post" ("h�u") de chi slj suy tan
1 Xem:
Gans, Eric. "The Post-Millennial Age". Anthropoetics,
University of California, 2000.
Kirby, Alan. "The Death of Postmodemism And Beyond",
Philosophy Now, 58, 2006.
Vermeulen, Tinotheus and Robin van den Akker, "Notes on Metamodemism" Journal of Aesthetics and Culture, 2010. Potter Gary and Lopez, Jose (eds): After Postmodernism: An Introduction to Critical Realism, London 2001.
Taylor & Francis. A Post Post-modern View of Design and Planning, London 1995.