TY le sink giant va ngtrai Chau Au ce xu hiving song tau hen So liOu thong ke cho thAy vao nam 1960, trong binh mOt plikt nil EU co lion 2,5 tie em Tuy
2.1.2. ve kinh t thirmag mtl
Trai qua qua trinh hon 50 nam, va Ore bit tir nam 1980, cac (lac gia trong EU di a lire xea be di rao can gitra cac nireic thanh vien, tao lap met thi tnriMg
chung nai dan cu, hang hoa, dich vu, von c6 the to do di chuyen. Thuang mai not kh6i chiem den 2/3 thuang mai dia. town EU, tuy mirc dO c6 khac nhau glib cac qu6c gia thanh vien. Thuang mai gifia cac nuac tang len rO ret, ngued dan EU dugc huang cuOc sang tot han vai gia ca hang h6a dich vu re han. M6t s6 mat hang re di rat nhieu lan nhu ye may bay va dich vu vien thong. D6ng the EU ding tra thanh mot Lien minh co sire manh kinh to tren the gio'i.
Mac du ddn so cua Lien minh Chau Au chi chiem khoang 7% dan s6 the giai, thuang mai cua khu virc nay vai cac qu6c gia khac lai xdp xi bang 20% tong s6 luting xudt khdu va nhdp khdu toan cau. Hoa KS/ la d6i tac thuang mai quan trong nhdt dia EU, ti'ep sau la Trung Qu6c. EU ap dung mot chinh sach ngoai thuang tong hgp bao Chinh sach thwong mai or tri (Autonomous Commercial) lid Chinh sach thwang mai dwa tren CO' dinh (Treaty based Commercial policy), dugc xdy dung dga tren cac nguyen tac: khong phan biet d6i xir, minh bach, c6 di c6 14i va canh tranh cong bang. Cac bien phap dugc ap
dung ph6 bien trong chinh sach nay Id thue quan, han the s6 Luang, hang rao kSf" thudt, ch6ng ban pha gia, va trg cap xudt khdu.
Thu'e5 tieu clang not din
Thue tieu thu: Ap dung d6i voi mot s6 san phdm, phu thuOc vdo dung luting, ap dung ph6 bien \Teri hang nhap khau va not dia. Rieng dau c6 them "thue xanh" de gdy qtryT thgc hien cac bien phap bao v'e moi truong. mot san phdm nhat dinh, thue tieu thu c6 the khac nhau glib cac qu6c gia trong EU.
Thue gia tri gia tang (VAT): Danh tren tat ca san pham band EU. Nhin chung vai nhang san pham thiet yeti se chi chiu mdc thue thdp, nhung ngugc 14i
voi cac san phdm xa xi. Su. khac Met tren bieu thue van con ton tai gifra cac nuac thanh vien EU.
Cacc bien clink luong
Giciy phep nhOp khau: EU thtthmg yeu cau giay phep nhap khau d6i vii
hang nhay cam, hang chin lugc nhap khau nhu det, cdc san pham thep, than dd, than c"(c, va vu khi. Cdc bien phdp anh huarng cl6n xuat khau chi) y6u hugng den cdc loai vu khi va h6a chat d'Oc hai. Nhang bien phdp nham bdo ve moi twang ya bao ve ngueri tieu dimg dugc EU ap dung de)i san pham nhap khau va xuat khau. MOt s6 loai san pham van h6a bao g ,;3n) khdo c6 hoc, dieu khac...van duy tri ch6 do giay phep.
Han ngach: Hien nay EU chi con ap dung vgi hang nong san. Tuy nhien
bien phap nay ding dang dan dugc thay th6 bang thu6 quan, hoac sir dung rdo can k'y thuat va cdc bien phdp kiem dich.
He thong tieu chuan ky thuat: Day ld bien phdp bdo Flo bang rao can ICy thuat
hieu qud nhat tren th6 gigi hien nay va Id bien phdp phi thu6 quan chinh ma EU ap dung vgi hang h6a nhap khau. He thong nay bao ge)m 5 tieu chuan: chat sinh thtrc pham, an town cho nguai sir dung, bdo ve moi trugng, va tieu chuan ve lao &Ong.
Tieu chuan chat luvng: He thong quan lY chat lugng ISO 9000 gan nhu Id
yeti cau bat buOc cred vgi cdc doanh nghiep tai cdc nugc dang phat trien n6u muOn xuat khau hang h6a sang EU.
Tieu chuan ve sinh th•c pham: Ben canh cdc tieu chuan ye sinh chat che,
viec ap dung he th6ng Phan tich ro va Diem Kim sodt Tai han (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point — HACCP) gan nhu la yeti cau bat bugc doi vai cdc doanh nghiep che bien thily hai san cdc nuac dang phat trie'n mu&I xuat sang EU.
Tieu chuan an toan cho ngtra• dung: Cdc san pham c6 lien quan tai sirc
khoe nguai tieu dfing dLi phal ky ma hieu theo quy dinh cud. EU.
Tieu chucin bao ve moi trtrovg: Hang h6a lien quan dgn moi truemg dugc
EU yeu cau dan nhan theo quy dinh (nhan sinh thai, nhan tai sinh), co chirng chi dugc que)c t6 cong nhjn (vi du Quy trinh canh tac nong nghigp dam bao — Good Agricultural Practice (GAP)...). Ngodi ra, cac cong ty ngdy cang dugc yeu cau phai Man thii he th6ng quan l moi truong (ISO 14000) va cac bo lujt mang tinh xa hot ve dao dire.
Tieu chuan ; v"'e lao ciOng: EU se cam nhjp khau hang h6a ctia cac doanh nghigp hoc dinh chi hoat Ong cac xi nghiep not dia neu trong qua trinh san xuat phat hien co sir dung cac hinh thirc lao Ong cubMg birc nhu lao Ong to nhan, tre em...
EU sir dung rao can ICy thujt la bien phap chn ygu de bao h'(5 san xuat va tieu dung not dia. Cac nu& dang Oat trien dugc EU cho huemg thug quan uu dai phO' cap GSP nen mire thug dugc giarn di rat nhigu. Bari vjy vigc cac nu& nay c6 xuat khau thujn lgi hang h6a vao EU hay khong chinh la do cac nu& nay c6 vugt qua dugc hang rao kST" thujt nay hay khong ma thoi.
Cdc bien phap thtro'ng mai tam thai
Tr• cap: EU se ap dung cac bien phap trimg phat ngu nuerc xuat khan c6
cac bien phap trg cap gay anh huerng tai hang hoa not dia ar EU. Tuy nhien day la bign phap ma EU it sir dung bOi chinh EU ding sir dung nhigu bign phap dg trg cap tieing san. Quygt dinh danh thug ch6ng trg cap phai tren kgt qua dieu tra, va phai c6 cac ygu to sau: trg cap mang tinh rieng biet, c6 thigt hai vat chat cua nganh san xuat san pham Mang ter 6. EU, moi lien he nhan qua gida hang nhjp khau dugc trg cap va thigt hai vat chat do, lgi ich La EU trong vigc danh thug ch6ng trg cap. Trinh ttx thu tuc ap dung thug ch6ng trg cap kha phirc tap. Thug nay chi dugc ap dung ngu dugc da seo. cac nuov thanh vien chap thujn.
Thug chang ban phO gió: La thug danh vao cac san pham nhjp khau dugc
ban a EU veri mire gia thap Ilan so voi mdc gia dugc ban 6 . nu& san xuat. Dieu
kien de ap dung thug cheng ban pha gia 6 EU la hang nhap khau duoc ban v6i
urirc gia thap han gia tri thong thu6ng, nganh san xuat san pham Wang to 6 . EU bi thiet hai ve vat chat do hang nhap khau ban pha gia gay ra, va viec nay can thiet cho lai ich ciia EU.
Doi v6i cac nuac co nen kinh t6 phi thi tru6ng, EU se chon met nu& thin ba &roc xem la c6 trinh de phat trien Wang tu, co nen kinh t6 thi tru6ng la noi xac dinh gia xuat khau ciia hang hoa bi xem la ban pha gia. Nu6c c6 nen kinh to phi thi twang c6 the chirng minh rang hoat &Ong ciia Flo theo hu6ng kinh to thi truong va neu dugc chap thuan, cac doanh nghiep d nu6c nay se throe doi xu nhu d cac nuec CO nen kinh to thi tru6ng. Thug nay c6 the danh vao hang hea ngay khi thong bao, truec khi xuat khau bdi vay cac nuac bi kien cheng ban pha gia can the hien quan diem cua minh la chap nhan mirc thug do hay yeu cau EU tiep tuc dieu tra.
Nhin chung, mac du thuang mai v6i cac nuerc ngoai Lien minh dat &roc thanh tu-u lon, teen thgc t6, EU van sir dung kha nhieu cac bien phap phi thug quan de quail 1T hang nhap khau tix cac nuerc nay.
\Pe kinh te, tong san pham quec nei ciia EU khong ngirng tang trueng, cai
thien doi song cho nguOi dan.
Theo bieu de 2.4, tong san pham quec nei dm. EU nam 2008 (tinh theo tSi EURO) da weft xa Hoa KS7 len 12.508 I-Si EURO trong khi Hoa KSf la 9819 t-ST EURO. Tuy nhien neu tinh GDP teen dau ngu6i thi EU trong nam nay chi dung thir 3 sau Hoa KST va Nh'at Ban. Trong tat ca cac quec gia EU, hurl 60% GDP c6 duoc nh6 nganh dich vu. Vi du nhu ngan hang, du lich, van tai, bao hiem...Cong nghiep va nong nghiep van c6 vai tro del v6i EU song tam quan trong ve kinh t da giam trong vai nam tr& 141 day.
Bleu dit 2.4: 'Ftlug sin phAnt quilt nqi nam 2008 eau EU so vol mot so khu vire teen tht
(Nguiin: http://europa.euiabcieuslides/index en.htm) 2.13. Aft nhu can ens EU diti voi nhip khitu hang Way san
San Wang tieu thu thity san a EU a mire cao tren the giat. Nu& trilng va danh bAt ca khong di dap img nhu cAu nen da khien EU tra thaith khu vu.-c chi yeu nhAp khAu Tong san phAm thity hai san tir cac quilt gia va khu vue khac tren', the giori. Duai day la nhu eAu nhap khAu hang thity san dm EU dime Chia then Whom nu& va nhom mat hang.