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Ghana's biofuels policy: challenges and the way forward
... these assumptions the demand for cassava for producing ethanol in 2015 and 2020 assuming further that only cassava will be used to meet this demand was estimated as 506,281T and 1, 053,614 T respectively ... incentives and subsidies must be granted by government no matter the cost Subsidies in the form of tax reduction and exemptions as well as other forms of incentives like guaranteed loans for potential ... is important that it is pointed out that it is dangerous to adopt foreign standards without any modifications especially for biodiesel The main reason is that standards are developed for a specific...
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Báo cáo y học: "What do we know about communicating risk? A brief review and suggestion for contextualising serious, but rare, risk, and the example of cox-2 selective and non-selective NSAIDs" pot
... randomised trials and a retrospective metaanalysis of them, and meta-analyses of substantial numbers of observation studies examining the use of NSAIDs and coxibs in the community Death from gastrointestinal ... metaanalyses of randomised trials have been used to present annualised risk estimates for placebo, pooled NSAIDs, and coxibs [88] Attitudes of individuals presented with information about possible risks ... which the relative consequences of treatment might be shown Whether the method is useful to patients or professionals in some of the contexts shown is not known, and we stress that it still has to...
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báo cáo khoa học: " DNA sequence diversity and the origin of cultivated safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.; Asteraceae)" ppsx
... of safflower Safflower and C palaestinus share a self-compatible breeding system [12]; thus, the near absence of heterozygous loci in these species (Fig 1) is unsurprising Carthamus persicus and ... the substructuring within safflower is not well-supported in either the Bayesian or ML analyses The exceptions to this are a pair of accessions from the USA and Canada (saffAZ and saffAC, respectively), ... Analysis System for Association Studies Genomics and Informatics 2004, 2(2):107-109 Thompson JD, Higgins DG, Gibson TJ: Clustal-W - Improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment...
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ASIA 2008 debates achievements and challenges for water resources development in Asia and the Pacific region ppsx
... monitoring the phases of the study Analysis of stakeholders was one key element to assess the results, applications of key indicators representing the most central issues raised by stakeholders James ... Bangladesh, from the keynote address by Dr A Hughes in Session on Safety and risk Session 7: Safety and risk Prof Luis Berga, President, ICOLD The first part of the session dealt with flood risk, ... terms of heat and cold and associated wind • Geological surprises once construction starts, causing delays and cost increases, posing the old question as to whether we are spending enough time and...
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bootle - money for nothing; real wealth, financial fantasies, and the economy of the future (2003)
... investing in stocks came very close to this as shares in businesses that had no profits, and in some cases no revenues, changed hands for huge sums And some pretty strange businesses were set up One ... or rising interest rates As soon as Greenspan saw the signs he slashed interest rates, and continued doing so, with some effect Nevertheless, the signs of chronic weakness lingered on This had ... all; and avarice creeping on, Spread, like a low-born mist, and hid the sun Statesmen and patriots plied alike the stocks, Peeress and butler shared alike the box; And judges jobbed, and bishops...
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Establishment of Effluent Standards for Industrial Wastewaters in Korea: Current Issues and Suggestions for Future Plan
... methodology to set the water quality standards contains the principle of risk assessment Scientific data of bio-assay rather than industry data should be gathered In risk assessment, acute and chronic ... standards mostly get effluent standards 10 times higher than water quality standards (Ministry of Environment in Korea, 2001) This is one way of setting the effluent standards from water quality standards, ... is set prior to effluent standard because the cleaner the effluent, the cleaner would be the water systems Water quality standard starts from water quality criteria based on risk assessment The...
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Standards for multimedia communications
... by the transmitter if necessary • The adaptation layer specified in H.223 standard supports different schemes: • AL1: support retransmission, for user data applications • AL2: retransmission is ... known as a multipoint communications service (MCS) • A system -level standard embraces a number of additional standards for the various component functions such as audio and video compression Video ... applies to the majority of LANs • The standard comprises components for the packetization and synchronization of the audio and video streams, an admission control procedure for end systems to join...
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DEBT SUSTAINABILITY FRAMEWORK FOR LOW INCOME COUNTRIES : POLICY AND RESOURCE IMPLICATIONS - Part 1
... process by which these assessments are made There does not appear to be a full awareness of the CPIA process at the country level which suggests that the process is not uniformly transparent across ... institution will make its own assessment and report separately to its respective board It is recognized that there may be differences between the Bank and Fund in these assessments and possible ... sustainability The DSF uses the Country Policy and Institutional Assessments done for each borrowing country to classify countries by performance and determine different debt ratio thresholds for the selected...
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DEBT SUSTAINABILITY FRAMEWORK FOR LOW INCOME COUNTRIES : POLICY AND RESOURCE IMPLICATIONS - Part 2
... flows to many developing countries This paper is intended to assist the countries of the G24 to better understand the proposed DSF and assess its implications for the resource requirements of ... in this paper is to determine the level of grants in the IDA allocation based on the level of debt distress assessed in relation to the thresholds applicable to the country These thresholds are ... countries The next section will discuss the various debt indicators that could be used to assess debt sustainability It should be noted that debt sustainability as a concept began to be used extensively...
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DEBT SUSTAINABILITY FRAMEWORK FOR LOW INCOME COUNTRIES : POLICY AND RESOURCE IMPLICATIONS - Part 3
... are the two indicators used in the DSF to assess debt distress of the low income countries The second step is to assess how the indicators fare in relation to the selected thresholds for the ... proposed grant allocation system in IDA 14 will be based on two pillars The first is the debt distress thresholds of the selected indicators for the groups of countries that are classified as strong, ... medium and poor performers based on the CPIAs The second is projected levels of the selected debt indicators that take account of the impact of exogenous shocks to the extent these can be forecast...
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DEBT SUSTAINABILITY FRAMEWORK FOR LOW INCOME COUNTRIES : POLICY AND RESOURCE IMPLICATIONS - Part 4
... in most countries annually, less subject to serious errors and simple and transparent At present, IDA is focused on the poorest countries and among them, those that are better governed The management ... policies and institutions For this purpose, it uses the CPIA It rates the policy and institutional performance of each government relative to 20 criteria (grouped in four clusters) The World Bank uses ... performance is judged on the rating assigned to the criteria in the policy clusters, governance and portfolio performance According to the Bank, the purpose of the CPIA is to measure a country’s...
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Tài liệu DEBT SUSTAINABILITY FRAMEWORK FOR LOW INCOME COUNTRIES : POLICY AND RESOURCE IMPLICATIONS - Part 5 docx
... of Grants The starting point for the allocation of grants is the system in place for allocating IDA funds based on the PBA system that was described in the previous section This ensures the link ... percent of the value of each grant, presumably to address these concerns This partly meets some of the financing issues for grants that is yet under discussion and will be described in the next section ... with policy performance that has increasingly been the basis on which IDA funds have been allocated in successive replenishments Thereafter, the country groupings based on debt distress are used...
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Tài liệu DEBT SUSTAINABILITY FRAMEWORK FOR LOW INCOME COUNTRIES : POLICY AND RESOURCE IMPLICATIONS - Part 6 docx
... of Grants The starting point for the allocation of grants is the system in place for allocating IDA funds based on the PBA system that was described in the previous section This ensures the link ... has proposed an upfront charge of 20 percent of the value of each grant, presumably to address these concerns This partly meets some of the financing issues for grants that is yet under discussion ... by donors is made up of two parts The first is the upfront payment by donors of the foregone service and commitment charges that reflect the cost of doing business to IDA The second is the undertaking...
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Tài liệu DEBT SUSTAINABILITY FRAMEWORK FOR LOW INCOME COUNTRIES : POLICY AND RESOURCE IMPLICATIONS - Part 7 ppt
... addressing such fundamental issues, donors and creditors are competing over who has the best rating system Other Issues 59 Other issues also need discussion and clarification There are 13 HIPCs ... differences between the Bank and Fund in these assessments and possible scenarios It is not known how these will be played out in the countries where they occur Vulnerability should also be assessed ... allocation system for IDA resources A summary of the issues in the ongoing debate are the following: • Many are critical of a system, such as the CPIA, that approximates a “one-size-fits-all” set of...
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Tài liệu DEBT SUSTAINABILITY FRAMEWORK FOR LOW INCOME COUNTRIES : POLICY AND RESOURCE IMPLICATIONS - Part 8 doc
... to the PBA system there is a need to discuss the process by which these assessments are made There does not appear to be a full awareness of the CPIA process at the country level which suggests ... this classification system as a basis for decisions on grant allocations within the IDA entitlements based on the PBA system In the interests of equity and financing the grant allocations, management ... arrangements.” Occasionally, such exits from obligations are possible for large borrowers from the IMF and World Bank, but the same is not possible for the smaller low-income countries 64 Since CPIAs...
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Tài liệu DEBT SUSTAINABILITY FRAMEWORK FOR LOW INCOME COUNTRIES : POLICY AND RESOURCE IMPLICATIONS - Part 9 pptx
... interest payments to exports of goods and non-factor services c) The Short-Term Debt ratio measures the proportion of exports of goods and non factor services that will be absorbed if all debt outstanding ... Indicators Liquidity Monitoring Ratios a) The Debt Service Ratio is the proportion of exports of goods and non factor services that is absorbed for debt service payments, i.e., interest, principal and ... debt outstanding to the size of the economy b) The total debt outstanding to exports of goods and non-factor services ratio measures the ability of the country to repay its debt in a single year...
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Tài liệu DEBT SUSTAINABILITY FRAMEWORK FOR LOW INCOME COUNTRIES : POLICY AND RESOURCE IMPLICATIONS - Part 10 doc
... budgetary and financial management This item assesses the quality of processes used to shape the budget and account for public expenditures It also addresses the extent to which the public, through the ... countries with high scores, the reasons for decisions, and their results and costs, are clear and communicated to the general public Accountability for decisions is ensured through audits, inspections, ... Financial stability and depth This item assesses whether the structure of the financial sector, and the policies and regulations that affect it, support diversified financial services and present...
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Tài liệu Academic Standards for Reading, Writing, Speaking and Listening doc
... use the Reading, Writing, Speaking and Listening Standards The standards define the skills and strategies employed by effective readers and writers; therefore, all teachers will assist their students ... members become partners in learning success A glossary is included to assist the reader in understanding terminology contained in the standards Academic Standards for Reading, Writing, Speaking and ... points, question marks, commas, quotation marks, apostrophes, colons, semicolons, parentheses) • Use nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, conjunctions, prepositions and interjections properly...
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Tài liệu STANDARDS FOR HEALTH PROMOTION IN HOSPITALS doc
... the standards for health promotion in hospitals in their existing standards sets 10 Standards for Health Promotion in Hospitals STANDARDS FOR HEALTH PROMOTION IN HOSPITALS Management Policy Standard ... hospitals The need for standards for health promotion in hospitals Format and application of standards The way forward 10 Standards for health promotion in hospitals 11 Standard 1: Management Policy ... specific needs The quality goals described in the standards address professional, organizational, and patientrelated quality issues ! Standard demands that a hospital has a written policy for health...
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Tìm thêm: xác định các nguyên tắc biên soạn khảo sát các chuẩn giảng dạy tiếng nhật từ góc độ lí thuyết và thực tiễn khảo sát chương trình đào tạo gắn với các giáo trình cụ thể xác định thời lượng học về mặt lí thuyết và thực tế điều tra đối với đối tượng giảng viên và đối tượng quản lí điều tra với đối tượng sinh viên học tiếng nhật không chuyên ngữ1 khảo sát thực tế giảng dạy tiếng nhật không chuyên ngữ tại việt nam khảo sát các chương trình đào tạo theo những bộ giáo trình tiêu biểu nội dung cụ thể cho từng kĩ năng ở từng cấp độ xác định mức độ đáp ứng về văn hoá và chuyên môn trong ct phát huy những thành tựu công nghệ mới nhất được áp dụng vào công tác dạy và học ngoại ngữ mở máy động cơ lồng sóc các đặc tính của động cơ điện không đồng bộ đặc tuyến hiệu suất h fi p2 đặc tuyến tốc độ rôto n fi p2 đặc tuyến dòng điện stato i1 fi p2 sự cần thiết phải đầu tư xây dựng nhà máy thông tin liên lạc và các dịch vụ từ bảng 3 1 ta thấy ngoài hai thành phần chủ yếu và chiếm tỷ lệ cao nhất là tinh bột và cacbonhydrat trong hạt gạo tẻ còn chứa đường cellulose hemicellulose chỉ tiêu chất lượng 9 tr 25