... the word -learning records and the vocabulary- learning diaries Phase One: Researchquestion – Studentsproblemsinindependentvocabularylearning The data gained from the pre-treatment questionnaires ... DISCUSSION Phase One - Researchquestion 1: Studentsproblemsinindependentvocabularylearning 28 Phase Two 29 2 .1 Researchquestion 2: Students performance in the use of ... researchquestion 1: “What are the problems that the students encounter in their independentvocabulary learning? ” Week 1: The students were explicitly introduced to the vocabulary- learning strategy...
... lying again, and let out a sigh The lion let out a loud roar before he attacked the hunter Infinitive present tense point out point out & points out -ing form past tense past participle pointing ... pointing out pointed out pointed out point out p.v When you bring things or people to someone's attention or indicate the location of things or people with your hand or index finger, you point them ... I hope the 11 :00 meeting doesn't run over; I'm meeting a client for lunch at 12 :00 The speaker was given fifteen minutes for her speech, but she ran over Infinitive present tense -ing form past...
... too start planning for retirement point to point to & points to pointing to pointed to pointed to point to p.v When you indicate people or things with your hand or a finger, you point to them When ... Chicago burned down in 18 71, a few buildings survived The owner was arrested for deliberately burning his factory down call in call in & calls in calling in called in called in call in p.v When you ... not going along with any changes that will mean longer hours for less money Infinitive present tense -ing form past tense past participle go in for go in for & goes in for going in for went in for...
... too start planning for retirement point to point to & points to pointing to pointed to pointed to point to p.v When you indicate people or things with your hand or a finger, you point to them When ... a degree in accounting Todd trained for a year before going after the record in the 10 0-yard dash Infinitive present tense -ing form past tense past participle look up & looks up looking up looked ... not going along with any changes that will mean longer hours for less money Infinitive present tense -ing form past tense past participle go in for go in for & goes in for going in for went in for...
... la / ble Breaking words into their syllables can be helpful in sounding words out, and in managing long or unfamiliar words Often, long words can seem intimidating When broken into smaller syllables, ... bigotry ADJECTIVE ENDINGS SUFFIX MEANING EXAMPLE -able -ian capable, able one who is or does -ic -ile -ious -ive -less causing, making pertaining to having the quality of having the nature of without ... Stealing was antethetical / antithetical to her beliefs He felt constant pain in his arm after hypoextending / hyperextending his elbow The meteorologist called for intermittent / intramittent rain...
... for i in {−2, 1, 0, +1, +2}, wi ∧ wi +1 for i in { 1, 0} • Tag features: wi for i in {−2, 1, 0, +1, +2}, ti ∧ ti +1 for i in {−2, 1, 0, +1} ti ∧ ti +1 ∧ ti+2 for i in {−2, 1, 0} • Embedding features ... 1B All (Brown+C&W+HLBL+Gaz), 37M All+Nonlocal, 37M Lin and Wu (2009), 700B 250 10 10 0 1K 10 K 10 0K 1M Frequency of word in unlabeled data C&W, 50-dim Brown, 10 00 clusters 200 15 0 10 0 50 0 10 10 0 ... at the beginning of training For this reason, we hypothesize that learning representations over the most frequent words first and gradually increasing the vocabulary a curriculum training strategy...
... sentence s1 = 1 , ω2 , , ω|s1 | (cf Section 3 .1) We then create a directed graph 1 G = (V, E) such that V = { 1 , , ω|s1 | } and 111 E = {( 1 , ω2 ), (ω2 , ω3 ), , (ω|s1 | 1 , ω|s1 | )} ... discovery In Proceedings of the 2009 AAAI Spring Symposium on Learning by Reading and Learning to Read, pages 88–93 Horacio Saggion 2004 Identifying denitions in text collections for question answering ... Computing Surveys, 41( 2) :1 69 Michael P Oakes 2005 Using hearst’s rules for the automatic acquisition of hyponyms for mining a pharmaceutical corpus In Proceedings of the Workshop Text Mining Research...
... model Journal of Machine Learning Research, 3 :11 37 11 55, August D M Blei, A Y Ng, and M I Jordan 2003 Latent dirichlet allocation Journal of Machine Learning Research, 3:993 10 22, May J Boyd-Graber ... respect to rating scales In Proceedings of ACL, pages 11 5– 12 4 B Pang, L Lee, and S Vaithyanathan 2002 Thumbs up? sentiment classification using machine learning techniques In Proceedings of EMNLP, ... modelling In Proceedings of the ICML, pages 6 41 648 G Paltoglou and M Thelwall 2 010 A study of information retrieval weighting schemes for sentiment analysis In Proceedings of the ACL, pages 13 86 13 95...
... n t/0 m ih /1 l aa /1 s ax /1 v ih ch /1 Unit-feature:Value p r eh z ih d ih n t/0 :1 m ih /1: 1 l aa /1: 1 s ax /1: 1 v ih ch /1: 1 Context-feature:Value s l ow b ax d ae n (#/0,#/0, ,l /1, aa /1) :1, s l ow ... Baseline (5k) This Paper (5k) Baseline (10 k) This Paper (10 k) Hits 18 .25 26.78 24.26 28.96 FAs 1. 49 1. 78 1. 82 1. 92 Table 1: Coverage of OOV regions by baseline and proposed sub-words in OOVCORP 719 ... sampler was initialized by sampling for 500 iterations with deterministic annealing for a temperature varying from 10 to at 0 .1 intervals Final segmentations were obtained using 10 , 000 samples...
... alignment, as expected One interpretation is that in order to get 1 42.2 3.5 10 19 20.8 10 .9 15 9 914 .1+ 34 .1 20 10 000+ 89.2 25 10 000+ 219 .9 Pars sing time (s s) Table 1: Average #derivations per ... reached the beam size limit of 10 000.) 600 500 400 300 200 10 0 HaG LFG LiuG LG 10 15 0. 21 0.2 02 0 .19 0 .18 0 .17 17 0 .16 0 .15 HaG-20best LFG-20best LFG-1best 11 16 Number of iterations Figure ... contribution in demonstrating that spurious ambiguity has a negative impact on discriminative learning We will continue working on this line of research and improve our discriminative learning model in...
... HMM learns allophones HMM labels 11 , 28, 32 15 , 17 , 3, 17 , 31, 5, 13 , 17 , 2, 31, 11 3, 30, 22, 34 6, 24, 8, 15 , 22 4, 3, 17 , 2, 21 4, 17 , 24, 2, 31 L-contxt vowel [g|k] [k|t|g|d] vowel [g|t|k|d] ... Society of India, 15 :10 2 11 0 H Singer and M Ostendorf 19 96 Maximum likelihood successive state splitting In ICASSP, pages 6 01 604 J Takami and S Sagayama 19 92 A successive state splitting algorithm ... is no loss (in fact a tiny gain) in fitting the speech data, and a big gain in computational effort5 ML-SSS with ∆ =1 was impractical beyond N =22 # of states 10 22 40 SSS (∆ = 1) -7 .14 -7.08 -6.78...
... Processing Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on ILP, LNAI 13 14, Stockolm, pages 3-24 Stephen Muggleton 19 91 Inductive Logic Programming New Generation Computing, 8(4):295- 318 Stephen ... corresponding set of test cases by applying the rules in a decision-list like approach, i.e., retaining the order in which they were produced and backing off to the most frequent sense in the training ... no examples in the training set, otherwise return to step 3.2 Sample data This approach was evaluated using two scenarios: (1) an English-Portuguese multilingual setting addressing 10 very frequent...
... start with a WSD system built using training examples drawn from BC We then investigate the utility of adding additional in- domain training data from WSJ In the baseline approach, the additional ... of N independent instances (x1 , , xN ) from a new data set The likelihood of these N instances can be defined as: N p(xk ) L(x1 , , xN ) = k =1 N n = p(xk , ωi ) k =1 N i =1 n k =1 i =1 p(xk ... nouns to obtain a single learning curve representing all the nouns 6 .1 Utility of Active Learning and Count-merging In Figure 2, the curve r represents the adaptation process of the baseline approach,...
... in given below, shows typical features the training data word_added pos_vbd morph_normal In light of above, the coding scheme, which insubj_use subjsyn _16 993 dobj_money corporates the prior information ... perand Information-Theoretic representation, as exformance In our main setting, we cluster the word plained earlier 259 senses based on the “semantic + syntactic” features In Setting 2, we clustering ... Most Freq Sense Setting 85.75 83.50 83.77 85.94 76.59 Setting 85 .11 83.09 83.44 85.00 77 .14 This paper presented a Transfer Learning formulation which learns a prior suggesting which features...
... Using Web Data and the EM Algorithm In COLING 2002 Taipei, 2002 Jinying Chen and Martha Palmer (2004) Chinese Verb Sense Discrimination Using EM Clustering Model with Rich Linguistic Features In ... (19 99) Convergent cortical representation of semantic processing in bilinguals In Brain and Language, 70(3):347-363, 19 99 Satoko Ikeda (19 98) Manual response set in a stroop-like task involving ... paper) 31. 1% 10 0% 10 0% 10 0% 10 0% 10 0% 10 0% Table Our method improves word sense translation precision over Fung and Chen (2004) We note in particular that whereas the previous algorithm in Fung...
... segmenting and labeling sequence data In 2 61 Proceedings of the 18 th International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML’ 01) , pages 282–289 Noboru Murata 19 98 A statistical study of on-line learning ... training methods with our proposed training method To compare with existing methods, we chose two popular training methods, a batch training one and an online training one The batch training ... training (replacing SGD training with ADF training) Number of passes is decided by empirical convergence of the training methods MSR CU PKU #W.T 8.8 × 10 4 6.9 × 10 4 5.5 × 10 4 #Word 2.4 × 10 6 1. 5...
... (Figure line 10 -12 ) c(d, psdNeg) = c(d, neg) − c(d, pos) (3) Learning Starting with Positive and Unlabeled Examples for WSD 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 ... dataset to build the refined classifier ΓEM (Figure line 17 ) In building training dataset by active learning, we use uncertainty sampling like (Chan and Ng, 2007) (Figure line 30- 31) This step selects ... ACL, pp 12 0 -12 7 McCallum, A and Nigam, K 19 98 Employing EM and Pool-Based Active Learning for Text Classification Proceedings of the Fifteenth international Conference on Machine Learning, 350-358...