... physical states The explanation of this involves the fact that causation is a transitive relation Causation is transitive inasmuch as if a state S1 is a cause of a state S2 , and S2 is a cause of ... whose existence is at least genuinely possible And the provision of just such a conception is one ofthe principal tasks of metaphysics.3 The point of these remarks is to emphasise there cannot ... physical bodies Several possibilities suggest themselves In describing them, I shall restrict myself tothe case of human persons, while recognising that the class of subjects of experience may...
... is one ofthe principal tasks of metaphysics.3 The point of these remarks is to emphasise there cannot be progress either in the philosophy of mind or in empirical psychology if metaphysics is ... sciences, but rather that of metaphysics Some people believe that the age of metaphysics is past and that what metaphysicians aspire to achieve is an impossible dream They claim that it is an illusion ... because it has to say something about the ontological status of subjects of experience and their place within the wider scheme of things No special science – not even physics, much less psychology...
... making this noise that possession of a heart enhanced our ancestors’ chances of survival Now, just as there has been selection for certain ofthe physiological traits of animals in the course of evolution, ... alert other monkeys tothe presence of various kinds of predator.19 One type of call appears to represent the presence of eagles, another the presence of snakes, and yet another the presence of leopards ... contents of mental states be assigned to them independently ofthe environmental circumstances in which the subjects of those states are situated? And in virtue of what mental states possess the...
... relations to each other and to other states of suitable types This does not seem to make sense How could something possess states of belief, desire, hope and pain and yet be as devoid of consciousness ... consciousness, which is the awareness which subjects sometimes possess of some of their own mental states, not only their qualitative states but also their non-qualitative states, such as their ... us to bizarre possibilities, such as the possible existence of ‘zombies’ – creatures capable of possessing beliefs, desires and even pains just like ours and yet altogether lacking any sort of...
... is assumed that this information has to be gleaned, somehow, from the state ofthe system s sensors, which in the case ofthe human visual system are the retinal surfaces of our eyes At this ... in question enables him or her to perceive it – a process such as the transmission of light-waves or soundwaves from the object tothe person s sense organs But, of course, truths of this kind ... we may describe the task in terms of what the system is supposed to achieve Thus, in the case ofthe visual system, what it is supposed to achieve is to provide relevant information for the robot...
... rather than dispassionate and balanced in discussing the work of others In many cases, his derisive dismissals seem justified, but, for one w h o was sure that the brain was important, he is ... highest of priests, so he was destined to suggest certain associations for the dream c o n t e n t of his clients, even as he tried desperately to distance himself from hypnosis and the criticism of ... minds ofthe same individuals when awake and asleep Summary It is ironic to note that the first task of a science ofthe m i n d — t o describe, define, and measure polar states of consciousness...
... deal of money to support the luxurious court ofthe emperors and their innumerable officials and servants, and to supply "bread and circuses" for the populace ofthe towns All sorts of taxes and ... various bands of West Goths—or Visigoths, as they are often called—were induced to accept the terms offered by the emperor 's officials and some ofthe Goths agreed to serve as soldiers in the Roman ... portions ofthe realm Everywhere they found the same coins and the same system of weights and measures Colonies were sent out tothe confines ofthe Empire, and the remains of great public buildings,...
... validity ofthe algorithm as well as ofthe correctness ofthe process of analysis Some algorithms are worth analyzing because their analyses can add tothe body of mathematical tools available Such ... If the standard deviation is signi cantly smaller than the mean, then, as N gets large, an observed value is very likely to be quite close tothe mean is is often the case in the analysis of ... methods of analysis a secondary role is book can serve as basic preparation for the advanced results covered and referred to in Knuth s books We also cover approaches and results in the analysis of...
... has laid so much stress [Sidenote: The monks as missionaries.] 22 The first great service ofthe monks was their missionary labors To these the later strength ofthe Roman Church is in no small ... deal of money to support the luxurious court ofthe emperors and their innumerable officials and servants, and to supply "bread and circuses" for the populace ofthe towns All sorts of taxes and ... new immigrants from Africa In seven years the Mohammedans were masters of almost the whole region south ofthe Pyrenees They then began to cross into Gaul and took possession ofthe district about...
... in the stock market by allowing students to buy and sell fake stocks This suggestion is much like the Stock Market Game His second suggestion is allowing students to create their own businesses ... ceilings and floors, unemployment, poverty, and many other policy issues Writing assignments and class discussions promote the sharing of observations and reflections, which students are then responsible ... teachers can use in the economics classroom It is up to them to implement the many different strategies and use them in such a way that best presents the content to be learned and that best meets the...
... profiles ofthe gas and from 32 Matter these the mass of gas within the Abell radius ofthe cluster can be inferred It turns out that the mass in gas substantially exceeds the mass in the stars ofthe ... darkness ofthe night sky is witness tothe evolution ofthe stars The expansion ofthe Universe redshifts the light from distant galaxies and so complicates this argument But, except for cases like ... nowadays the research programme of cosmology is the same as that of any other branch of physics: to explore the known laws of physics to their limits 2.8 The evolving Universe The most surprising aspect...
... problems exist and proposed solutions either pass the rigorous attempts to refute them or they not Thus, Kuhn s analysis of science stresses convention and subjective factors, and Popper s analysis ... A sensitive soul is possessed by animals but not plants In addition tothe above functions, organisms that possess a sensitive soul sense and respond tothe environment, experience pleasure and ... five senses and from the common sense, whereas the common sense synthesizes sensory information Active reason is used to isolate enduring principles (essences) that manifest themselves in sensory...
... has laid so much stress [Sidenote: The monks as missionaries.] 22 The first great service ofthe monks was their missionary labors To these the later strength ofthe Roman Church is in no small ... deal of money to support the luxurious court ofthe emperors and their innumerable officials and servants, and to supply "bread and circuses" for the populace ofthe towns All sorts of taxes and ... new immigrants from Africa In seven years the Mohammedans were masters of almost the whole region south ofthe Pyrenees They then began to cross into Gaul and took possession ofthe district about...
... makes R vanish! On the other hand, a ˜ ˜ unit tothe right sends S ˜ ˜ ˜ rotation ofthe plane through θ sends S into R making T vanish! So far we have discussed only the existence of transcendental ... generating series, and finally by analytic operations on the generating series We shall discuss only the first two of these methods We consider first compositions, these being easier to handle than partitions ... transcendental numbers there are essentially three types of problems: to prove the existence of such numbers, to construct such numbers, and finally (and this is much more difficult than the first...
... validity ofthe algorithm as well as ofthe correctness ofthe process of analysis Some algorithms are worth analyzing because their analyses can add tothe body of mathematical tools available Such ... If the standard deviation is signi cantly smaller than the mean, then, as N gets large, an observed value is very likely to be quite close tothe mean is is often the case in the analysis of ... methods of analysis a secondary role is book can serve as basic preparation for the advanced results covered and referred to in Knuth s books We also cover approaches and results in the analysis of...
... between a loss and a businessman s loss is important A businessman s risk is a small dip in equity but a loss goes through that limit As traders we are all in the business of trading and must take ... permission to use some ofthe contents of his book Understanding Emotions, and for his friendship over the years My thanks to Professor Jennifer Jenkins of Toronto University for allowing me to ... because they have spent several thousand pounds and this more than any thing convinces them that CW must hold the key to substantial wealth At other times, he discusses his recent victories in the...
... understanding of these notions, as well as of related notions The purpose of this chapter is to define some ofthe basic concepts used in this book The first section of this chapter considers the ... field The exposition, however, is not always standard For instance, transition diagrams are offered as representations of pushdown transducers and Turing transducers These representations enable ... links the development ofthe mathematical theories tothe study of programs The only cost of this approach occurs in the introduction of transducers, instead of restricting the http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/~gurari/theory-bk/theory-bk-preface.html...
... then f > F|G consists solely of minuses Proof Similar tothe above Note that the empty sequence consists solely of pluses and solely of minuses! Theorem 2.3 £(F|G) _< the least a such that Va[a e ... - ] } In other words, the d e f i n i t i o n simply requires that the terms ofthe sequence a(n) of pluses and minuses not eventually have constant signs This is analogous tothes i t u a t ... as in the case ofs a t i s f y the hypothesis of lemma , so that ab is r e a l Note that during the proofs of closure we obtained nice representations of sums and products of reals with the...
... physics is still in its infancy It cannot explain even the consciousness of a mouse! It is as far from understanding consciousness today as it was from understanding the motions ofthe planets ... and diaphanous all you come across in introspection are the objects of consciousness, not consciousness itself This feature of consciousness has induced some thinkers to describe consciousness ... a further thesis, namely that the very possession of propositional attitudes requires self-consciousness: for the possession of propositional attitudes requires sensitivity to principles of rationality,...