... expect It’s up to you, as a developer, to decide how you expect them to occur and to use transactions to meet your goals CHAPTER ■ INTRODUCTIONTODATA ACCESS • Network connections to database systems ... important to fix These categories apply whenever you write data- access code To our knowledge, all data- access tools available today can be affected by any of these categories Database Resources Data- access ... invoices to its work The database stores all members and all invoices It must be possible to get a list of all CHAPTER ■ INTRODUCTIONTODATA ACCESS invoices per member, which means the database...
... The third factor that affects the storage and transmission of data is security Generally, we not want our data transmissions to be intercepted, copied, and read on their way Even data saved on ... specific type of data The goal of the book is to introduce the reader to the chief approaches, methods, and techniques that are currently employed to compress data The main aim is to start with ... www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark 1 Approaches to Compression How can a given a data file be compressed? Compression amounts to eliminating the redundancy in the data, so the first step is to find...
... determines whether it is a token or raw data A token is used to obtain data from the dictionary and write it on the output Raw data is output as is The decoder does not have to parse the input in ... Compare X to its successors in the tree (from left to right and bottom to top) If the immediate successor has frequency F + or greater, the nodes are still in sorted order and there is no need to change ... encoder has to use a buffer Bits of the compressed data are entered into the buffer as they are being generated and are moved out of it at a constant rate, to be transmitted It is easy to see intuitively...
... order to remove ambiguity, the term “edoc” is used here to refer to them Each edoc is converted to a prefix code that’s output The first table allocates edocs through 255 to the literals, edoc 256 to ... frequency It is also possible to modify this transform to conserve the energy of the data vector All that’s needed is to multiply the transformation matrix W by the scale factor 1/2 Thus, the product ... statistical model of the data They are based on the fact that the data files that are of interest to us, the files we want to compress and keep for later use, are not random A typical data file features...
... wavelet transform is the tool used in practice to analyze digital data and compress it The wavelet transform is a tool that cuts up data or functions or operators into different frequency components, ... compressed in a single left -to- right, top -to- bottom scan; (b) progressive mode where the image is compressed in multiple blocks (known as “scans”) to be viewed from coarse to fine detail; (c) lossless ... DCT when applied to a continuous-tone image and to a discrete-tone image We start with the highly correlated pattern of Table 5.10 This is an idealized example of a continuous-tone image, since...
... computer users long to realize that a computer can also store and process nonnumeric data The term “multimedia,” which became popular in the 1990s, refers to the ability to digitize, store, and manipulate ... is then applied in the same manner to three of the 16 subbands, decomposing each into 16 smaller subbands The last step is to decompose the top-left subband into four smaller ones 11 12 13 14 15 ... audio file, we often want to listen to it while it is decompressed (in fact, we decompress it only in order to listen to it) This is why audio compression methods tend to be asymmetric The encoder...
... method to “predict” (to assign probabilities to) the datato be compressed This concept is important in statistical data compression When a statistical method is used, a model for the data has to ... Shannon–Fano constructs its codes top to bottom (from the leftmost to the rightmost bits), while Huffman constructs a code tree from the bottom up (builds the codes from right to left) (See also Shannon–Fano ... save pieces of the data in a “dictionary” data structure If a string of new data is identical to a piece that is already saved in the dictionary, a pointer to that piece is output to the compressed...
... method to “predict” (to assign probabilities to) the datato be compressed This concept is important in statistical data compression When a statistical method is used, a model for the data has to ... Shannon–Fano constructs its codes top to bottom (from the leftmost to the rightmost bits), while Huffman constructs a code tree from the bottom up (builds the codes from right to left) (See also Shannon–Fano ... save pieces of the data in a “dictionary” data structure If a string of new data is identical to a piece that is already saved in the dictionary, a pointer to that piece is output to the compressed...
... Module 1: IntroductiontoData Warehousing and OLAP ! Organizes data into non-volatile, subject-specific groups A data warehouse stores data as non-volatile, subject-oriented data sets A data warehouse ... as their data sources Customer_Dim Customer_Dim ShipperKey ShipperKey ShipperID ShipperID CustomerKey CustomerKey CustomerID CustomerID To facilitate data retrieval and analysis, a data warehouse ... Storage Data Storage Relational Relational Data Structure Data Structure N-dimensional N-dimensional Data structure Data structure Data Content Data Content Detailed and Detailed and Summarized Data...
... 17: IntroductiontoData Mining Data Mining Models Topic Objective To describe different data mining models and how they apply todata analysis ! Analysis Services Models Lead-in A variety of data ... Module 17: IntroductiontoData Mining 19 Selecting Training Data Topic Objective To review the meaning of training data and demonstrate how to select training data Lead-in What is training data? ... IntroductiontoData Mining Overview Topic Objective To provide an overview of the module topics and objectives ! Introducing Data Mining Lead-in ! Training a Data Mining Model ! Building a Data...
... 7.3 Eulerian Walks and Hamiltonian Cycles 135 Trees 8.1 How to Define Trees 8.2 How to Grow Trees 8.3 How to Count Trees? 8.4 How to Store Trees 8.5 The ... finally get to a node that does not represent a question, but contains a listing of the elements of S Thus to select a subset corresponds to walking down this diagram from the top to the bottom There ... logicians who are to blame In fact, you will find this quite natural and handy after a while.) There are many ways to order the subsets of a set to form a list A fairly natural thing to is to start with...