... to a typical character sequence.3.4 Character- and word- based featuresAs studied in previous work, word- based featuretemplates usually include the word itself, sub-wordscontained in the word, ... features are incorporatedinto word- based CWS models, some word- basedfeatures are no longer of interest, such as the start-ing character of a word, sub-words contained inthe word, contextual characters ... i.e.all tag types that are assigned to the word in trainingdata. Furthermore, we approximate unknown wordsin testing data by rare words in training data. Fora word that occurs less than 5 times...
... forup to two links per word Ralf Brown. 1997. Automated dictionary extraction for‘knowledge -free example-based translation. In Pro-ceedings of TMI 1997, pages 111–118.Ralf Brown. 1998. Automatically-extracted ... ofclustering is to enable variations of a wordto receivea higher dictionary score than words that are verycommon overall.Furthermore, we have decided to exclude wordsfrom clustering that account ... target language wordsthat cooccur with source language word .Similarly to the most frequent words, dictionary scores for word pairs that are too rare for clusteringremain unchanged. 0.220.240.260.280.30.320.340.360.380.40...
... time on connotative meaning Spend some time on connotative meaning Help learners to be aware of registerHelp learners to be aware of registerLook at word formationLook at word formationUse ... listeningUse listening for pleasure tooUse listening for pleasure tooShow learners they don’t have to understand every word Show learners they don’t have to understand every word Let learners experience ... learners need to listen tooFind out what your learners need to listen tooTeach learners the strategies needed to control they input they getTeach learners the strategies needed to control they...
... bosses and law enforces 85. The test administrator ordered we not to open our books until he told us to do so. englishto universityI. Circle the word whose bold part is differently pronounced.1. ... decimals58. According to the passage, mathematical operations include: _______.a. to add, subtract, multiply and divideb. to square, cube, or raise to any other powerc. to take a square, cube, ... to keep thesecret.A. promised B. cursed C. vowed D. swore34. Mountaineers climb Mount Everest must make reservations to doso, often up to seven years in advance.A. want to B. they want to...
... He is rumoured to be rich but stringy74 I don’t want to keep in touch with them any more A Not any longer I want to keep in touch with them B Not at more I want to keep in touch with them ... science fiction stories V. SENTENCE TRANSFORMATON 66. Tom has the ability to be a professional musician, but he's too lazy to practice. A. He is able to practice music lessons professionally ... the storm.a). The storm made them not to climb up the mountain.b). The storm prevented them from climbing up the mountain.c). The storm made them could not climb up the mountain.d). The storm...
... thanhả ề ượ to npaymentkhu v c thông tin trênựm ng đi n tạ ệ ửwebsiteki m to n viênểauditorki m to n, ki m traể ểauditkinh nghi p t nhân doệ ưm t ng i làm chộ ườ ủsole proprietorLlãiprofitlãi ... nhịassetstài s nảauditki m to n, ki m traể ểaudit divisionphân b ki m to nộ ểauditorki m to n viênểBbad debtscác món n khó đòiợbalancengân kho n đ i chi u, k tả ố ế ế to nbank statementb ... ng đ nươ ơpetitioner, applicantng i gi s sách k to nườ ữ ổ ếbookkeeperng i giúp khai thuườ ếtax preparer Englishto VietnameseAaccording to our recordsd a theo tài li u c aự ệ ủchúng...
... marketer’s job to tell people a story they want to hear. Page 6 of 30 It’s up to you whether your story is a complete fabrication. I tend to lean aggressively toward complete ... about a niche topic that wants to increase traffic, use humor to their benefit? The first rgood sense of humor is a wonderful asset, it’s all too easy to offend those you’re trying to attract. ... lays claim to being rpreleased way back in 1994, was downloaded over 1,000,000 time1998 when he stopped counting. Joyner gave express permissiononly to pass along his e-book, but also to bundle...
... implicit to the right tofree expression and free information Access to the Internet remains the most important prerequisite to be part of and take part in e Information Society. Access to the ... also in regard to the medium and technology The right to freedom of expression and freedom of the media were not designed to fit a particular medium, technology or platform. Freedom of expression ... countries, the freedom to report freely and unhindered will be severely hampered. Journalists might be subject to defamation charges in many countries where their stories have been read or downloaded....
... attached to the word. So syArp +P:1S recombines to syArty(’my car’)2. Letter Ambiguity: The character ’Y’ (AlfmqSwrp) is normalized to ’y’. In the recom-bination step we need to be able to decidewhether ... We also report on the useof Factored Translation Models for English- to- Arabic translation.1 IntroductionArabic has a complex morphology compared to English. Words are inflected for gender, ... Lan-guage Models to rerank the output.Most of the related work, though, is on Arabic -to- English SMT. Lee (2004) uses a trigram languagemodel to segment Arabic words. She then pro-ceeds to deleting...
... few words or only one word, which is called an atom word group, an atom class or an atom node. The words in the same atom node hold the smallest semantic dis-tance. From the root node to ... ambiguous word need to simulate the function of the real ambiguous word, and to acquire semantic knowledge as the real ambiguous word does. Thus, we call it an equivalent pseudoword (EP) ... monosemous word is usually synonymous to some polysemous words. For example the words "信守, 严守, 恪守遵照 遵从 遵循, , , , 遵守" has similar meaning as one of the senses of the ambiguous word...
... we havehad two main problems to solve. Firstly, it is well-known that translation from Englishto Japanese re-quires major reorganisation of the syntactic form. Word- order is nearly always completely ... relates to elliptical utterances. These are very important due to the one-way character of the interaction: insteadof being able to ask a WH-question (“What doesthe pain feel like?”), the doctor ... un-changed, but where necessary the form was revised to make it more appropriate to a spoken dialogue.When we felt that it would be difficult to remem-ber what the canonical form of a question...
... successfully applied to German -to- English and Chinese -to -English SMT (Collins etal., 2005; Wang et al., 2007).In this paper, we propose the use of a similarapproach for English- to- Arabic SMT. Unlike ... ambigu-ity at the word level, since a word can have morethan one reading. These factors adversely affectthe performance of Arabic -to -English SMT, espe-cially in the English- to- Arabic direction.Simple ... Mor-phological segmentation has been shown to benefitArabic -to -English (Habash and Sadat, 2006) and English- to- Arabic (Badr et al., 2008) translation,although the gains tend to decrease with increas-ing...
... min at 72 °C),the purified PCR product was cloned into PCRII TOPOvector (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA), and transferred to the pYeDP60 vector using the BamHI and KpnI restrictionsites. The ... substrate, rangingfrom 10 to 200 lm for C12:0, 5 to 120 lm for C18:1, 5to 80 lm for C18:2, and 5 to 120 lm for C18:3.TLC methodsIncubation media were directly spotted onto TLC plates. Forthe ... the cytosolic fraction of A. thaliana(Fig. 7C). Together, these experiments show that vernol-ic acid produced by CYP77A4 can be converted to thecorresponding diol by microsomal and cytosolic...
... lets word alignment to align over any ofthe factors. We aligned our training sets using onlythe root factor to conflate statistics from differentforms of the same root. The rest of the factors ... butrather eliminate certain English function words astokens in the text and fold them into complex syn-tactic tags. That is, no transformations reorderthe English SVO order to Turkish SOV,17for ... function words andtheir folding into complex tags (which do not getinvolved in GIZA++ alignment – we only align theroot words) seems to improve alignment as thereare less number of “words” to worry...
... Kana -to- Kanji conversion system consist of two kinds: (1) idiomatic expressions, whose meanings seem to be difficult to compose from the typical meaning of the individual compo- nent words ... results of e-bunsetsu-segmentation: , hitoh.a/kigqkikunikositagotol, taarimasen (there is nothing like being watchful) hitohdv'Mga/Idkimi/ko3itcv;kotoha/arimasen In the above examples, ... its evaluation by the cost. 3.1 Prototype System A We first developed a prototype Kana -to- Kanji con- version system which we call System A, revising Kana -to- Kanji conversion software on the...