endophthalmitis following cataract surgery clinical features treatment and prophylaxis
Chapter 127. Treatment and Prophylaxis of Bacterial Infections (Part 1) ppsx
... pharmacodynamics, toxicities, and interactions; (2) mechanisms underlying bacterial resistance; and (3) strategies that can be used by clinicians to limit resistance ... patient-associated parameters, such as infection site, other drugs being taken, allergies, and immune and excretory status, are critically important to appropriate therapeutic decisions This chapter ... to be discussed in this section are summarized in Table 127-1 and are depicted in Fig 127-1 Table 127-1 Mechanisms of Action of and Resistance to Major Classes of Antibacterial Agents Let ter...
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Chapter 127. Treatment and Prophylaxis of Bacterial Infections (Part 2) potx
... inhibition of bacterial cell growth and, in most cases, to cell death Peptidoglycan is composed of (1) a backbone of two alternating sugars, N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid; (2) a chain ... in the cell's death due to osmotic lysis However, much of the loss of cell-wall integrity following treatment with cell wall–active agents is due to the bacteria's own cell-wall remodeling enzymes ... antibiotics (penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams; Table 127-2) are characterized by a four-membered β-lactam ring and prevent the cross-linking reaction called transpeptidation...
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Chapter 127. Treatment and Prophylaxis of Bacterial Infections (Part 3) ppsx
... the 50S ribosomal subunit and blocks the initiation of protein synthesis Tetracyclines and Glycylcyclines Tetracyclines (tetracycline, doxycycline, and minocycline) and glycylcyclines (tigecycline) ... from the aminoglycosides and is bacteriostatic rather than bactericidal Macrolides, Ketolides, and Lincosamides Macrolide antibiotics (erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin) consist ... (streptogramin B) and dalfopristin (streptogramin A)], which are supplied as a combination in Synercid, are peptide macrolactones that also bind to the 50S ribosomal subunit and block protein...
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Chapter 127. Treatment and Prophylaxis of Bacterial Infections (Part 4) pdf
... ring Genes encoding β-lactamases have been found in both chromosomal and extrachromosomal locations and in both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria; these genes are often on mobile genetic ... DNA gyrase and topoisomerases are responsible for negative supercoiling of DNA—an essential conformation for DNA replication in the intact cell Inhibition of the activity of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase ... are thought to cause DNA strand breakage, either directly or indirectly Metronidazole Metronidazole, a synthetic imidazole, is active only against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa The reduction...
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Chapter 127. Treatment and Prophylaxis of Bacterial Infections (Part 5) pdf
... binds mupirocin poorly Trimethoprim and Sulfonamides The most prevalent mechanism of resistance to trimethoprim and the sulfonamides in both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria is the acquisition ... have been found in both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria A second aminoglycoside resistance mechanism, which has been identified predominantly in clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, ... Macrolides, Ketolides, Lincosamides, and Streptogramins Resistance in gram-positive bacteria, which are the usual target organisms for macrolides, ketolides, lincosamides, and streptogramins, can be due...
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Chapter 127. Treatment and Prophylaxis of Bacterial Infections (Part 6) doc
... in serum and tissue versus time and reflects the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion Important characteristics include peak and trough serum concentrations and mathematically ... porins and efflux proteins of gram-negative bacteria These mutations decrease bacterial intracellular and periplasmic accumulation of βlactams, quinolones, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, and aminoglycosides ... hospital-associated strains of gram-negative bacteria, enterococci, and staphylococci and community-acquired strains of salmonellae, gonococci, and pneumococci Mutations that confer resistance to multiple...
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Chapter 127. Treatment and Prophylaxis of Bacterial Infections (Part 7) pot
... Legionella, Chlamydia, Brucella, and Salmonella may persist or cause relapse if the antibacterial agent does not enter the cell In general, β-lactams, vancomycin, and aminoglycosides penetrate cells ... ketolides, tetracyclines, metronidazole, chloramphenicol, rifampin, TMP-SMX, and quinolones penetrate cells well Metabolism and Elimination Like other drugs, antibacterial agents are disposed of by ... efficacy of aminoglycoside monotherapy In addition, the abscess milieu reduces the penetration and local activity of many antibacterial compounds, so that surgical drainage may be required for...
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Chapter 127. Treatment and Prophylaxis of Bacterial Infections (Part 8) pdf
... pharmacokinetic and adverse-reaction profile of active compounds, the site of infection, the immune status of the host, and evidence of efficacy from wellperformed clinical trials If all ... bacterial isolate to an antibacterial drug under standardized conditions These conditions favor rapidly growing aerobic or facultative organisms and assess bacteriostasis only Specialized testing ... of resistance among such fastidious organisms as obligate anaerobes, Haemophilus spp., and pneumococci; and for the determination of resistance phenotypes with variable expression, such as resistance...
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Chapter 127. Treatment and Prophylaxis of Bacterial Infections (Part 9) doc
... achievable urine concentrations For drugs that are used only for the treatment of UTIs, such as the urinary tract antiseptics nitrofurantoin and methenamine salts, achievable urine concentrations are used ... determine susceptibility Nitrofurantoin is often active against VRE and is a less expensive alternative to linezolid for the treatment of lower UTIs Combination Chemotherapy One of the tenets ... against the pathogen diminishes the alteration of normal flora and thus limits the overgrowth of resistant nosocomial organisms (e.g., Candida albicans, enterococci, Clostridium difficile, or methicillin-resistant...
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Chapter 127. Treatment and Prophylaxis of Bacterial Infections (Part 10) pptx
... local clinical microbiology laboratories, state health departments, or publications of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (e.g., Emerging Infectious Diseases and Morbidity and Mortality ... E coli UTI, E coli (7) surgical prophylaxis, S aureus (non-MRSA) bacteremia S aureus (46; and MRSA) endocarditis Cefoxitin, cefotetan Intraabdominal infections and Bacteroides pelvic fragilis ... results of studies identifying the usual pathogens at that site or in that clinical setting, by pharmacodynamic considerations, and by the resistance profile of the expected pathogens in a particular...
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Chapter 127. Treatment and Prophylaxis of Bacterial Infections (Part 11) docx
... Linezolid Myelosuppressio n Follows longterm treatment Ocular and Follow long- peripheral neuritis Daptomycin Distal pain or weakness muscle term treatment Weekly creatine phosphokinase measurements, ... vestibular and hearing toxicities Macrolides/ketolides Gastrointestinal distress Ototoxicity Most common with erythromycin High-dose IV erythromycin Cardiac toxicity QTc prolongation and torsades ... necrolysis Hematologic reactions Uncommon; include agranulocytosis and granulocytopenia (more common in HIV-infected patients), and hemolytic megaloblastic anemia, thrombocytopenia Renal insufficiency...
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Chapter 127. Treatment and Prophylaxis of Bacterial Infections (Part 12) potx
... interaction with clinically important consequences; = an interaction of uncertain frequency but of potential clinical importance b Lovastatin and simvastatin are most affected; pravastatin and atorvastatin ... atorvastatin are less prone to clinically important effects c The macrolide antibiotics and quinupristin/dalfopristin inhibit the same human metabolic enzyme, CYP3A4, and similar interactions are ... Interactions of Antibacterial Agents with Other Drugs Antibiotic Interacts with Potential Consequence (Clinical Significancea) Erythromycin/clarithromycin/ Theophylline telithromycin Theophylline toxicity...
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Chapter 127. Treatment and Prophylaxis of Bacterial Infections (Part 13) pot
... Before and during procedure hysterectomy) Clean-contaminated (high-risk surgery) genitourinary Fluoroquinolone Before and during procedure Clean-contaminated (colorectal surgery Before and or ... Clean-contaminated Cefazolin (or clindamycin (head and neck, high-risk for head and neck) Before and during procedure gastroduodenal or biliary tract surgery; cesarean high-risk section; hysterectomy) ... Cefazolin (vancomycin) c Before and vascular, neurologic, or during procedure orthopedic surgery) Ocular Topical combinations and subconjunctival cefazolin During and at end of procedure Clean-contaminated...
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Chapter 127. Treatment and Prophylaxis of Bacterial Infections (Part 14) pot
... Antibiotic use in pregnancy and lactation: What is and is not known about teratogenic and toxic risks Obstet Gynecol 107:1120, 2006 [PMID: 16648419] Peterson LR: Penicillins for treatment of pneumococcal ... rise in rates of resistant microorganisms and its causes The message seems clear: the use of existing and new antimicrobial agents must be more judicious and infection control more effective if ... Johns Hopkins website (http://hopkinsabxguide.org) offer current and practical information regarding antimicrobial drugs and treatment regimens Evidence-based practice guidelines for most infections...
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OUTBREAK OF HAND, FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE IN BHUBANESWAR, ODISHA: EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CLINICAL FEATURES doc
... KAR, et al HAND, FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the epidemiology and clinical features of cases in a outbreak of Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD) Design: ... hospital, clinical examination and recording, data interpretation and manuscript preparation; BD: Field investigation, Clinical examination and recording, data interpretation, study design and manuscript ... 2012 [E-PUB AHEAD OF PRINT] KAR, et al HAND, FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE eosinophilia and two cases with neutrophilia Routine and microscopic examination of stool and urine samples did not reveal any...
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Osteoarthritis – Diagnosis, Treatment and Surgery Edited by Qian Chen pptx
... only when appropriate nonpharmacologic and 12 Osteoarthritis – Diagnosis, Treatment and Surgery pharmacologic treatments have been tried and referral for surgery has been considered (Zhang et ... Osteoarthritis of the 16 Osteoarthritis – Diagnosis, Treatment and Surgery Knee: a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo- and Active-Controlled Phase III Study Clinical Drug Investigation, Vol.30, No.8, pp ... Literature 203 Oliver Boughton and Hugh Mackenzie Chapter 11 Low Level Laser Therapy in the Treatment of Temporomandibular Joint Arthritis: Questions and Answers Marini Ida and Gatto Maria Rosaria Part...
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báo cáo hóa học: "Patient-reported benefit of ReSTOR® multi-focal intraocular lenses after cataract surgery: Results of Principal Component Analysis on clinical trial data" pdf
... to quantify vision benefit following cataract surgery as reported by the patients A large number of patients in need of cataract surgery and enrolled in multi-centre clinical trials were bilaterally ... after the 1st eye and after the 2nd eye surgery Factor showed a difference in factorial coordinates between baseline and after the 1st eye surgery, and a difference between the 1st and 2nd eye surgeries, ... Health Organ 1995, 73:115-121 Allen D, Vasavada A: Cataract and surgery for cataract BMJ 2006, 333:128-132 Gimbel HV, Sanders DR, Raanan MG: Visual and refractive results of multifocal intraocular...
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OSTEOARTHRITIS – DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT AND SURGERY doc
... only when appropriate nonpharmacologic and 12 Osteoarthritis – Diagnosis, Treatment and Surgery pharmacologic treatments have been tried and referral for surgery has been considered (Zhang et ... Osteoarthritis of the 16 Osteoarthritis – Diagnosis, Treatment and Surgery Knee: a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo- and Active-Controlled Phase III Study Clinical Drug Investigation, Vol.30, No.8, pp ... Literature 203 Oliver Boughton and Hugh Mackenzie Chapter 11 Low Level Laser Therapy in the Treatment of Temporomandibular Joint Arthritis: Questions and Answers Marini Ida and Gatto Maria Rosaria Part...
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Báo cáo khoa học: "Clinical features and therapeutic management of patients admitted to Italian acute hospital psychiatric units: the PERSEO (psychiatric emergency study and epidemiology) survey" pot
... admission, referring structure, clinical and psychometric evaluations, concomitant diseases, previous and ongoing psychiatric treatment, admission and discharge diagnoses, and treatments administered ... sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients, their pathways to psychiatric admission, and describing their behaviour, subjective wellbeing, management and attitude towards treatment during ... including sociodemographic features and life habits, diagnoses, behaviours, and psychiatric symptoms at presentation, as well as their clinical management, subjective wellbeing and attitudes toward...
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Báo cáo y học: "Heterogeneity of autoantibodies in 100 patients with autoimmune myositis: insights into clinical features and outcomes" ppt
... Bohan and Peter classification Primary dermatomyositis CTM Cancer-associated myositis: with clinical paraneoplasic features and without a myositis autoantibody or anti-Mi-2 aClinical overlap features: ... between June 1999 and April 2001 The associations between autoantibodies and clinical features were determined at myositis diagnosis, whereas associations with myositis course and response to therapy ... probable myositis, and five had definite myositis Definitions for overlap CTD features, target organ involvement, and clinical characteristics are described in detail elsewhere [14] and are summarized...
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