... Estimation of genetic distance and evolutionary rate 6.2.2 Synonymous/Nonsynonymous Test 233 233 Discussion 236 6.3.1 238 6.3 Implications of the evolution onthe efficacies of real-time RT-PCR and ... in the Asia Pacific region from 1995 to 2005 were obtained from the GenBank andthe evolutionary rates of both the VP1 andthe 3Dpol regions were analysed The results showed that the evolutionary ... based on neutralization by antisera pools such as the LBM pool from the WHO (Melnick et al., 1977) or the RIVM (National Institute of Public Health andthe Environment) pool from the Netherlands...
... the proposition from the Pool that best fits the current state of the game (considering both the situation onthe field andthe comment currently being made) It then translates the proposition ... information onthe positions of the ball andthe players An NL generator then selects contents from a large number of propositions describing these features The selection of contents is controlled ... 'formation', and 'play area' modules) The modules analyze the data from the Soccer Server, communicate with each other via the shared memory, and then post the results as propositions into the Pool The...
... hampered by the lack of standard methods for JCV detection and quantitation JCV major capsid protein, VP-1, is responsible for red blood cell (RBC) agglutination and traditionally, hemagglutination (HA) ... uniformly controlled detection and quantitation techniques are essential for in vitro monitoring of JCV replication In this study, we investigated the relationship between real-time PCR and HA assays ... incubated at 4°C for 3–6 hr The HA titer was the reciprocal of the final dilution of virus suspension that agglutinated RBC The end point dilution was considered hemagglutination unit (HAU) Both batches...
... Tamburro C, Jacobson IM: A randomized, controlled trial of interferon alfa-2b alone and after prednisone withdrawal for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B The Hepatitis Interventional Therapy Group ... chronic carriers of the virus, 60 million of them residing in Africa [1] In the Gambia, where HBV is endemic, the prevalence of chronic infection is 10– 15% of the adult population [2,3] Chronically ... [16,17] We describe the development and validation of a quantitative PCR (qPCR) method to measure the concentration of HBV DNA in serum The assay is based onthe specific amplification of HBV DNA using...
... hampered by the lack of standard methods for JCV detection and quantitation JCV major capsid protein, VP-1, is responsible for red blood cell (RBC) agglutination and traditionally, hemagglutination (HA) ... uniformly controlled detection and quantitation techniques are essential for in vitro monitoring of JCV replication In this study, we investigated the relationship between real-time PCR and HA assays ... incubated at 4°C for 3–6 hr The HA titer was the reciprocal of the final dilution of virus suspension that agglutinated RBC The end point dilution was considered hemagglutination unit (HAU) Both batches...
... using the formula Q = EΔCq where E is the efficiency of the gene amplification and ΔCq is the sample with the lowest expression in the data set minus the Cq value of the sample in question These ... instance, for the normalization of the floral organ set, only two genes are necessary Onthe other hand, five genes are required for the normalization of the plant organ set When evaluating all the pairwise ... Authors’ contributions SA and SMN were responsible for the experiments, RNA sample preparation, RT-qPCR data analyses and drafting the manuscript OS and MF G-S contributed with sample preparation and...
... Generation of RNA standard for the qRT-PCR The target region from the 3'UTR was amplified from DENV-3 (633798) and cloned in to the TEasy cloning vector (Promega Corporation, Madison, WI, USA) The ... presence and orientation of the insert DNA was confirmed by sequencing The plasmid was linearized by digestion with ApaI andthe target sequence was amplified using the in vitro RNA transcription kit ... spectrophotometry The copy numbers of the RNA was calculated based onthe concentration and its molecular weight and 10 fold serial dilutions of this RNA http://www.virologyj.com/content/6/1/10 from...
... been considered the gold standard for the detection of respiratory viruses, but its limitation is that it can only detect a small number Furthermore, the yield of viral culture depends onthe quality ... analysis, and revised the report NJ participated in the design of the study, directed the acquisition and interpretation of clinical data, and revised the report AvL played a substantial role in conceiving ... nucleotides (dUTP) and uracil-DNA glycosylase (UNG) for control of contamination in the PCR-based amplification of (c)DNA as well as the closed-tube detection system [3] In addition, during the procedures...
... legislation andthe Standard Operating Procedures of the Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, Pain and Resuscitation The sponsor organisation for the trial is Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust ... over faster to compressions’ Visual feedback provides information onthe adequacy of chest compression depth, compression and ventilation rates andthe duration of interruptions in CPR Post-event ... cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care identified during the 2005 International Consensus Conference on ECC and CPR Science with Treatment Recommendations A Consensus Statement...
... Additional data file contains all the data and calculations that were used for the evaluation of the effect of interrun calibration onthe final results The conclusions of these calculations are ... Calculation of the calibration factor CF for gene j in run l based onthe NRQs of the IRCs m: NFk = The base for exponential amplification E, and its standard error SE(E) are calculated from these ... 16 17 Additional data files The following additional data are available with the online version of this paper Additional data file contains all the data and calculations leading to the results...
... door, , and (1, 1, 1) for done The encoding of a transition includes parts: the source andthe destination states, the event name, the guard condition, andthe transaction For instance, the formula ... the system changes from the source state to the destination state (which is the second line of the transition label) For example, in the transition from state to state 1, the event name is start ... Moreover, the value of b in the condition is no longer valid andthe final encoding of the transaction is a = ∧ b = a • If the command is if (b) then s1 else s2 where b is an boolean expression and...
... emerging as the predominant protocol for in-vehicle automotive communication systems Given a specification of the applications running onthe system, their partitioning and mapping onthe different ... is referred to as the frame separation property [74] andthe second as the localized Monotonic Absolute Deadlines property (l-MAD) [10] In this thesis, we assume either one of these two properties ... simulation tools take long running times and coupled with naive design space exploration techniques, the total design cycle becomes very long 1.2 Thesis Contributions In the above discussion, we...
... given control cost function under certain scheduling constraints The optimization problem is based onthe convex relationship of the PI andthe sampling frequency However, the convex function may ... specification is changed In this thesis, the control performance, resource constraints andthe on- line task urgency are considered together to decide the optimal task set periods Once we take the on- line ... that affect the PI In other words, the PI function is regarded as a function of both the sampling frequency and time Then, based onthe PI function, we introduce the concept of an on- line performance...
... a on C(t) a=0.5 a=1 a=2 −5 Effects of K on I(t) 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 t Effects of r on I(t) r=0.5 r=1 r=2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 K=0.5 K=1 K=2 0.0 I(t) 15 tm=0 tm=5 tm=10 −5 10 t Effects of tm on ... 15 10 15 t Effects of a on I(t) a=0.5 a=1 a=2 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 10 t Effects of tm on C(t) −5 I(t) r=0.5 r=1 r=2 0.3 C(t) 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Effects of r on C(t) 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 ... 0.3 C(t) 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Effects of r on C(t) 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 2.0 Effects of K on C(t) K=0.5 K=1 K=2 −5 ❢r♦♠ ❘✐❝❤❛r❞s ♠♦❞❡❧ ✇✐t❤ ♣❛r❛♠❡t❡rs ✉♥❧❡ss ♦t❤❡r✇✐s❡ st❛t❡❞ 0.5 C(t) C(t)...
... in the biofilm in autumn at the practical biological treatment facility, but there is little information about the dynamics of the bacteria in lake water and other water bodies Therefore, further ... al., 2001) and is included in the genus Sphingomonas (AB084247) The strains MG-15 and MG-22 were isolated from Monas guttula that preys on Microcystis cells These strains are included in the genus ... amplification PCR amplifications were conducted using modified protocols andthe MF-MR and QMF-QMR primer sets described in Table New primers, QMF and QMR, were created based on high homology positions...
... dB: The transition band is the area between the passband edge frequency !p andthe stopband edge frequency !s The magnitude response decreases monotonically from the passband to the stopband ... passband and stopband, as well as specify a transition band between the passband and stopband The design is based on magnitude response specifications only, so the phase response of the filter ... depend onthe input applied after n0 It depends only onthe input applied at and before n0 Onthe contrary, the output of a non-causal filter depends not only onthe past input, but also on the...