... consumption, concentration of serum folate and tHcy, and genotype frequencies between the positives and the negatives of H. pylori infection and gastric atrophy were examined by a Mann-Whitney ... concentrations of serum folate and tHcy were found between the posi-tives and the negatives of H. pylori infection and gas- tric atrophy according to the genotypes of MTHFR and TS in any subgroups ... infection and gastric atrophy are shown in Table 1. Age was significantly associated with H. pylori infec-tion and gastric atrophy. There were no significant differences in sex, smoking status and...
... males and 328 females) aged 35 to 85 without a history of gastric cancer and 202 gastric cancer patients (134 males and 68 females) aged 33 to 94 with pathologically confirmed diagnosis of gastric ... loss of the infection due to sever gastric atrophy. Because, in our study, gastric atrophy and H. pylori infection were based on serological diagnosis and the diagnosis happened to be imperfect, ... influencing the abnormal proliferation and movement of gastric epithelial cells related to gastric atrophy via the activation of ERK. This study also showed that the gastric atrophy risk was highest...
... increase of 40% and 57% respectively). Dose-dependent effect was observed in both gastric and duodenal tissues. Effects of Angelica polysaccharides on cell proliferation in gastric and duodenal ... polysaccharides on VEGF, c-Myc, ODC and EGF protein expressions in gastric musoca As we had demonstrated that both the blood vessel and proliferating cell counts in gastric and duodenal tissues were ... significantly increased the number of blood vessel and PCNA-positive cell in both the gastric (Fig. 2A and 2B respectively) and duodenal tissues (Fig. 3A and 3B respectively). Dose-dependent effects...
... ENGINES ANDGAS TURBINESwhere s is the stiffness in newtons per metre of deflection and m is the mass attached in kg.The essence of control is to adjust these two parameters, q and I (ors and ... input and output gears are respectivelyPounder’sMarine Diesel Engines and Gas TurbinesEighth editionia decade later the fleet had grown to some 2000 ships of almost twomillion grt; and by ... experimental and demonstration purposes. MAN built the first dieselengine—a 250 mm bore/400 mm stroke design—in 1893Preface viiIntroduction ix1 Theory and general principles 1 2Gas- diesel and dual-fuel...
... requiringnatural gas orpropaneasasourceofheat;therebysavingvaluable and diminishingnaturalresources.Spaceheaters and furnacesareexcellentcandidates.Stoves and othercookingunitssuchasbarbecuegrillscanalsobefueledbythewater‐hybridsystem.Suchapplicationsrequireaseparatepowersupplytoconvertyourhomes120voltACpowerintothe12voltDCpowerrequiredbythewater‐hybridsystem.YoucanpurchaseaninexpensivepowersupplyatanyelectronicsstoresuchasRadioShack,orhavesomeonefamiliarwithelectronicsbuildoneforyousincethedesignisverysimple.Thecostofhomeelectricityusedbythewater‐hybridsystemisinsignificant,probablylessthan$3permonthinmostcases.IstheWaterhybridsystemdifficulttobuild?No,thewater‐hybridsystemisrelativelyeasytoassemble and veryeasytoinstall,especiallycomparedwithotherconversionplansonthemarket.Nospecialtoolsarerequired.Theusualtool and equipmentfoundinatypicalhomeworkshopwilldothejob.AssemblingtheHyTronicmoduletoachieveitsinherenthighlevelofreliabilityrequirescare and attentiontodetails,alongwithaverageelectronicsskills.Theonlyspecialpieceoftestequipmentyoumaywanttohaveaccesstouseisanoscilloscope.ItISNOTnecessary,butmayhelpyouobtainpeakefficiencyfromtheHyTronicsmodule.But,youshouldn’thaveanyproblemgettinghelpfromalocalelectronicsguruifyoudon’thaveanoscilloscope.Mostfolksaresofascinatedbyunusualelectronicsystems and devicesthattheywouldalmostbewillingtopayyoufortheprivilegeoftweakingyourHyTronicsmodule!CanIbuyareadytoinstallWaterhybridsystem?Rightnow,thisspecificwater‐hybridsystemisnotbeingcommerciallymanufactured,buttherearevariousdistributorsaroundthecountrywhoofferDIY(Doityourself)partsorfullyassembledkitsutilizingsimilartechnologies and principles.PlanningisintheinitialstagesforproducingWater‐hybridconversionkitsformostvehicles and eventuallymanufacturingtheentiresystem,oratleastitsmajorcomponents.We’rehopingtohavesomeprototypekitstestedsoon and deliveryofready‐to‐installkitsshouldbeginsometimebeforetheendof2008.However,you’llsoonbebuildingyourown!23RunaCaronWater2. ... Besurepetroleumjellycoatsonlytheendcapthreads.17RunaCaronWaterFigure5:GeneratorElectrodeCircuitSchematic18RunaCaronWaterThesquarewavepulseratiodeterminestheamountofcurrentsenttotheGeneratorelectrodesbythecircuitoffigure5.Iftheratioislow(1:1),verylittlecurrentarrivesattheelectrodes.So,verylittlehydrogen and oxygenareproducedbytheGenerator.Iftheratioishigh(10:1),maximumcurrentreachestheelectrodes and theGeneratorproducesmaximum gas volume.Varyingvoltageinputfromapotentiometerconnectedviaa10Kresistortopin3ofcomponentLM741causesthecircuittovarythepulseratio, and thereforecontrolstheamountofgasesproduced.Thepotentiometershaftconnectstothevehiclethrottlelinkage,enablingcontrolof gas volumeindirectresponsetovoltagechangescorrelatingwithrotationofthepotentiometershaftinrelationtothrottlepositioning.Atrimmingpotentiometerconnectspins2 and 6ofcomponentLM741,enablingpreciseadjustmentofthethrottleinputsignal.Asecondtrimmingpotentiometerconnectspins4 and 7ofcomponentNE555,enablingprecisepulsewidthadjustment.TheelectrodepairsofeachGeneratorexhibitauniquefrequencyofelectricalresonanceatwhichoptimum gas volumeiscreated.ThisfrequencyoftenvariesconsiderablyamongdifferentGenerators.Severalfactorsdetermineresonancefrequencysuchas:electrodesize and shape,Generatorchambersize and shape,spacingbetweenelectrodes,coilparameters and relativepositioning, and pulseamplitude(voltagelevel).Atrimmingpotentiometerconnectedbetweenpins1 and 2ofcomponentCD4069allowstheprecisefrequencytobeobtained.Byselectingvariouscombinationsofdipswitchconnectionstoabankoffourcapacitors,pulsefrequencycanbevariedbetweenapproximately8KHz and 260KHz. ... Usingyourfinger,applyaverythin,butunbroken,coatofepoxycompletelyaroundthebottomedge(rodend)oftheouterelectrode.Formabandexte4ndingabout¼”highfromthebottomedge,coatingboththeinside and outsidesurfacesoftheelectrode.NoteBesuretoinstalltheouterelectrodefirst.NoteTheprocedureofstep41centerstheinnerelectrodewithintheouterelectrode.Donotoverlaptapeendsifmoretapeisadded;simplybuttthetapeendsbeforecontinuingtowrap.12RunaCaronWaterForafewbriefmoments,onlymoreaccuratealignment and increasedpullingactionuponthewatermoleculesoccurs.But,theHyTronicssignalpulseskeepchargingthewatercapacitortohigher and highervoltagelevels;actuallyseveralthousandvolts.Suddenlytheelectricalforcesbecomesogreatthatthewatermoleculesburstapart(scientistscallthisactiondisassociation)intotheirgaseousformsofhydrogen and oxygen.IfyouwereabletolookintotheGenerator,thisactionwouldbeobviousbecauseoftheformationofmillionsoftinyhydrogen and oxygen gas bubbles.AslongastheHyTronicssignalisapplied,thewatercapacitorremainsfullycharged;continuouslycreatingorthohydrogen and oxygen.Anotherelectroniccircuitisformedbythegeneratorcoil.Thisisaninductivecircuit,meaningitcreatesamagneticfieldasopposedtothechargedfieldcreatedbythewatercapacitor.TheverylowfrequencyHyTronicssignal(actuallyashortpulse)activatesthemagneticfieldofthecoil.Assoonasthepulsestops,themagneticfieldcollapses.Thiscreatesanevenstrongermagneticfield,butafieldofoppositepolarity.Thatishowaninductivecircuitworks,anactioncommonlycalled“inductivekick.”Eachpulseispreciselytimedsothatalmostimmediatelyafterthemagneticfieldreverses,anothershortpulsearrives.Onceagainthecoilischarged and itsmagneticfieldcollapses.Butnowthecontinuallyreversingmagneticfieldbecomesevenstrongerduetoaddedenergyofeachnewpulse.Eventually(actuallywithinjustafewseconds)thecoilreachesitsmaximummagneticstrength,calleditssaturationpoint.Mostmoleculesareeffectedbymagneticfields.Thecoil’sreversingmagneticfieldsvibratethewatermoleculessovigorouslythattheydisassociateintogaseousformsofparahydrogen and oxygen.Disassociationobservablyoccurs,asseenbythecreationofmillionsoftinyhydrogen and oxygen gas bubblesaroundthecoil.Atthispoint,we’vecoveredtheconceptsneededtounderstandthebasicfunctioningofthegenerator.EveryothercomponentoftheWater‐hybridsystemissimplyusedtopreciselycontroltheactionofthegenerator.Byvaryingthestrength and frequencyoftheHyTronicsignals,theratebywhichhydrogen and oxygenarecreatedcanbevariedtomatchenginerequirementsatanyparticularmoment.Waterissuppliedbythetank and pump,whilewaterlevelwithintheGeneratoriscontrolledbyalevelsensor and switch.Forsafetypurposes,areliefvalveprotectsagainstexcesspressurebuildupwithinthegenerator.Separateportsareprovidedforattachinghosestoroute gas totheengine and toanoptionalgaugetomonitor gas pressurebuildupwithinthegenerator.Adrainvalveisinstalledtoallowperiodicflushingofaccumulatedminerals and contaminants.ThebottomendcapisthreadedsothattheGeneratorcaneasilybeopenedupforinspectionorrepair and foroccasionalcleaningoftheelectrodes and coil.Twopairsofstainlesssteel(copper,oranyconductivemetal)rodends19RunaCaronWaterFigure6:GeneratorCoilCircuitSchematicTheGeneratorcoilcircuitcreatesapulsedsignalverymuchsimilartothatoftheelectrodecircuitoffigure5;but,productionofparahydrogen and oxygenbythecoilentailstotallydifferentoperatingparametersthandoesorthohydrogen and oxygenproductionbytheelectrodes.Optimumoperatingfrequencyforthecoilismuchlower,withintherangeofapproximately16Hzto25Hz.Coilfrequencydirectlycorrelatestotheoptimumoperatingfrequencyoftheelectrodecircuitsinceitsinputsignalisreceiveddirectlyfrompin3ofelectrodecircuitcomponentNE555.Theelectrodecircuitsignalisreceivedviathe“DividebyN”logiccircuitwhichproducesoneoutputsignalinresponsetoaspecificnumberofinputsignals.Forexample,iftheoptimalfrequencyoftheelectrodecircuitis19KHz and the“DividebyN”logiccircuitcreatesoneoutputpulseforevery1,000inputpulses,theoutputfrequencyofthe“DividebyN”logiccircuitwouldbe19Hz.Thatsignalisreceivedviapin2ofcomponentNE555,whichcreatestherequiredsquarewavepulses.Thosepulsesaresentviapin3tothebaseoftransistor2N3055,wheretheyareamplified and transmittedtothecoil.11RunaCaronWatertoslowitsburningrate.Atbestthisisaninexactsciencesinceitdependsupontryingtoaveragetheoctanerequirementsformillionsofengines.Technicallyspeaking,theHydrogen/OxygenGeneratoritselfisanelectronic‐basedunit.Thetwoelectrodesformabasiccapacitor,thousandsoftimeslargerthancapacitorsusedintypicalcircuits,withwateractingasitsdielectric.Theinnerelectrodeisnegativelycharged, and theouterelectrodeispositivelycharged,bythehighfrequencyHyTronicssignal.Chemically,eachwatermolecule(H20)iscomposedoftwopositivelychargedatomsofhydrogen and onenegativelychargedatomofoxygen.Sinceoppositechargesattract,thepositivelychargedhydrogenatomsarepulledtowardtheinnerelectrode.But,atthesameinstant,thenegativelychargedoxygenatomsarepulledtowardtheouterelectrode.Thisactionalignseverywatermoleculebetweentheelectrodes,withtheendsofeachmoleculebeingpulledinoppositedirections.Inanutshell,thisisthehydrolysisprocesscentraltohydrogenextraction.Figure1:Hydrogen/OxygenGenerator22RunaCaronWaterLet’sBuildthewaterhybridsystem!:GeneratorConstructionElectrodesSinceenginerequirementsdictatethevolumeofhydrogen and oxygengasesthatthegeneratormustcreate, andgas volumeisvariable,Irecommendsizingitaslargeasispracticaltoallowreservecapacity.Maximumoutsidediameterof4.5”isalreadydeterminedbytheconstructionmaterialusedfortheGeneratorhousing:4”CPVCSchedule80pipe.Irecommendaminimumheightof10”.Maximumheightdependsuponavailablespacewithintheenginecompartmentbut,forstructuralintegrity,limitheightto18”.Carefullychecktheenginecompartmentofyourvehicletoensurethatadequatespaceexistsforgeneratorinstallation.Ifadequatespacedoesnotexisteitherlimitthegeneratorheight(butnotlessthan10”),orlocatethegeneratorwithinthetrunk,orasfarforwardaspossibleunderthedash.1....
... association between nitrite and nitrosamine intake and GC, between meat and processed meat intake and GC and OC, and between preserved fi sh, vegetable and smoked food intake and GC, but is not conclusive. ... nitrite and nitrosamine intake and gastric cancer (GC), between meat and processed meat intake, GC and oesophageal cancer (OC), and between preserved fi sh, vegetable and smoked food intake and ... intake; Gastric cancerJakszyn P, González CA. Nitrosamine and related food intake and gastric and oesophageal cancer risk: A systematic review of the epidemiological evidence. World J Gastroenterol...
... unconventional natural gas resources including tight gas sands, shale gas, and CBM. Unconventional oil andgas resources are loosely defined as resources that are generally deeper and / or more difficult ... water, and land use impacts associated with oil andgas production nationally and in Region 8. These policies range from the implementation of mandatory emissions limits on oil andgas operations ... CO2 emissions. Specifically, natural gas lease and plant is recovered natural gas used as fuel for various oil andgas extraction operations and natural gas processing equipment. CO2 emissions...
... risk mitigation and a low carbon future THE ECONOMIC IMPACTS FOR IRELAND OF HIGH OIL ANDGAS PRICES 17 Oil andGas Prices and their DeterminantsChapter 1. Oil andGas Prices and their DeterminantsThis ... 07Chapter3.Economic and SocialImpactsofthreeOil andGas PriceScenarios. 09Chapter4.Ireland’sdependenceonOil and Gas. 15Chapter5.Options and actionstoreduceexposuretoHighOil andGas Prices. ... IRELAND OF HIGH OIL ANDGAS PRICES Pathways to risk mitigation and a low carbon future Pathways to risk mitigation and a low carbon future THE ECONOMIC IMPACTS FOR IRELAND OF HIGH OIL AND GAS...
... consent and local clinical governance committee support. The routine use of epidural analgesia is recommended in gastric and oesophageal cancer surgery. D4Treatment and survivalSurgery and ... cancer of the oesophagus and for oesophagogastric junction cancer. Deprivation is a risk factor for development of squamous cancer of the oesophagus and for gastric cancer. Tobacco smoking ... patients with oesophageal tumours with a gastric component, and in patients with gastric tumours being considered for surgery where full thickness gastric wall involvement is suspected. CMRI...
... rice (GBR), we processed grain of cultivars with a large germ by soaking and gaseous treatment. After soaking for 3 h and gaseous treatment for 21 h at 35 °C, the content of c-aminobutyric acid ... (control), GBR (soaked at 35 °C for 24 h), and GBR–SGT (21 h gas at 35 °C). In GBR, contents ofaspartic acid, serine, asparagine, and glutamic acid weredecreased, and others were increased. Amino acids ... GBR by soaking and gaseous treatment(GBR–SGT)Washed grains (100 g) of all five cultivars were soaked inwater at 35 °C for 24 h. After germination, the wat er wasdrained off and grains were...
... to NO2 and H2S of gas sensors based on differentlyannealed WO3. Thick-film gas sensors based on differentlyannealed WO3nanopowders (400 and 700 8C) were pre-pared and their gas- sensing ... SpainAbstractStructural and NO2 and H2S gas- sensing properties of nanocrystalline WO3powders are analysed in this work. Sensor response of thick-film gas sensors was studied in dry and humid air. ... temperatures for thedetection of our target gases (between room temperature and 300 8C) in order to better relate structural and gas- sensing properties.Sensors and Actuators B 93 (2003) 475–485*Corresponding...
... concentration of NOx gas [6]. However,most reports focused on the NOx gas sensors, and thestudy of sensing to other gases was rare. In this paper,we have investigated the electrical and gas- sensingcharacteristics ... theother hand, the sensitivity of sensor to other gases suchas petrol, butane and methane is very low, though gas concentration is 1000 ppm.Fig. 6 shows the relationship between sensitivity and sample ... a-Fe2O3 and so on. Thesecandidates have non-stoichiometrics structures, so freeelectrons originating from oxygen vacancies contributeto electronic conductivity [1]. The demands for accurateand...
... theeffective gas diffusion (Fig. 5). The gas response was improved fur-Fig. 7. Dynamic sensing transients of (a) R30-RH and (b) R30 sensors and (c) gas responses (Rg/Ra) of R30-RH and R30 sensors ... of those ofthe other gases. These results demonstrated the high gas response and selective detection of WO3nano-porous microspheres to NO2.The selective detection andgas responses were enhanced ... reported higher gas responses.The higher gas response of the R30 microspheres than thoseof the R5 and R05 powders was attributed to the higher surfacearea for gas sensing reaction and the large...
... nanorod arrays and commercial WO3powders.(b) Sensing responses vs. gas concentrations of various gases, including 1-butanol,acetone, toluene, 2-propanol, acetic acid, ethanol, gasoline, and heptane.Sensors ... ina test gas could be measured. The gas sensing response is definedas the ratio of the stationary electrical resistance of the sensor inair (Rair) to the resistance in the test gas (R gas ), ... organic solvents and fuels, including acetone, ethanol,propanol, butanol,toluene, heptane, acetic acid, and gasoline. Someof these chemicals are very important industrial raw materials, and the others...
... in gases and liquids, flue gasand fire detection, liquid quality sensors, biosensors and medical sensors. Some of the major applications in the home include indoor air quality and nat-ural gas ... thin film and nanowire wide bandgap semiconduc-tors, principally GaN, InN, ZnO and SiC, for sensing of gases, heavymetals, UV photons and biological molecules. For the detection ofgases such ... metabolites and markers, and this can be valuable in measuring both medication adherence and in determining theblood levels of these drugs and medications. Some of today’s blood and urine-based...