... understanding oftheanatomyand function ofthe ear andthe auditory nervous system, and it discusses the cause and treatment of hearing disorders Most books on hearing focus either on theanatomy ... original work on the different subjects Understanding oftheanatomyandthe function ofthe auditory system together with knowledge about the pathophysiology ofthe auditory system are essential ... function ofthe cochlea than of any other sensory organ C H A P T E R Anatomyofthe Ear ABSTRACT 10 The ear consists ofthe outer ear, the middle ear andthe inner ear The outer ear consists of the...
... at the entrance ofthe ear canal compared with the sound pressure that is measured in the place ofthe head The effect ofthe head on the sound at the entrance ofthe ear canal is related to the ... ratio between the effective area ofthe tympanic membrane andthe area ofthe stapes footplate, but the lever ratio ofthe middle ear bones also contributes The ratio of areas ofthe BOX 2.2 SOUND ... remarkable in the light ofthe FIGURE 2.12 (A) Average displacements ofthe umbo, the head ofthe stapes andthe lenticular process ofthe incus (B) The lever ratio at 124 dB SPL at the tympanic...
... anatomyandphysiologyofthe auditory nervous systemof clinical importance Most studies ofthe function ofthe auditory system have aimed at the coding of different kinds of sounds in the auditory ... in the ventral parts ofthe MGB ofthe thalamus, the nonclassical sensory pathways use the dorsal and medial division ofthe MGB as relay (Fig 5.10) [122] These divisions ofthe MGB receive their ... ofthe fourth ventricle (Fig 5.15B) [72] The other part ofthe olivocochlear system projects mainly to the contralateral cochlea andthe fibers of that system travel deeper in the brainstem The...
... The caudal portion ofthe floor ofthe lateral recess is the (dorsal) surface ofthe dorsal cochlear nucleus andthe rostral portion ofthe floor ofthe lateral recess is the dorsal surface of ... difference between the latency ofthe N1 ofthe AP and that ofthe response from the intracranial portion ofthe auditory nerve is the travel time in the auditory nerve from the ear to the recording ... the latency ofthe first peak in the dipole andthe length is the relative strength ofthe dipoles Note the short distance between the two first dipoles (peak I and II ofthe ABR) andthe third...
... and standard error ofthe mean are shown as a function ofthe intensity ofthe noise The TTS was measured 20 s after the end ofthe exposure In this study the noise exposure consisted of a band ... basis ofthe elevation ofthe hearing threshold in disorders ofthe middle ear andthe cochlea but the effect on the function ofthe nervous system may affect speech discrimination Impairment of speech ... decreases the input to the cochlea and thereby decreases the contraction ofthe stapedius muscle, and that in turn causes the input to the cochlea to again increase, and that increases the contraction...
... increase the sensitivity and frequency selectivity ofthe ear (cf Chapter 3) The widening ofthe tuning ofthe basilar membrane broadens the “slices” ofthe spectrum of broad band sounds from which the ... noninvasively The outcome ofthe test depends on fine details oftheanatomyofthe stapes and its suspension in the oval window, the incudo-stapedial joint andthe orientation of its plane surface ... this view of flexibility ofthe function ofthe auditory system That injury and loss of cochlear hair cells can cause profound changes in the structure and function ofthe central auditory system...
... tinnitus and abnormal perception of sounds such as hyperacusis and phonophobia) are some ofthe most diverse and complex disorders ofthe auditory systemand their causes are often obscure Often ... corresponding to the F1 frequency andthe other corresponding to the frequency of F2 The rate ofthe impulses is that of F0 for voiced sounds, and a quasi-random rate (average of 100 pps) for ... determined on the basis ofthe output of 16 band-pass filters The output ofthe six band-pass filters with the largest amplitudes is coded in the impulses that are applied to the electrodes in the cochlea...
... human and rat CB1 receptor The CB2 antibody was raised against a sequence between the N-terminal andthe first transmembrane domain ofthe protein ofthe human and rat CB2 receptor The specificity of ... marrow stem cells, are the most potent antigen-presenting cells ofthe immune system They play a central role in the initiation of primary immune response and in the enhancement of secondary immune ... for AEA, PalEtn and 2AG, respectively Analysis of cannabinoid receptors and fatty acid amide hydrolase To determine the presence ofthe cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) andofthe fatty acid...
... The spin axes ofthe Sun andthe planets 7.4.1 Spin axes andthe Solar Nebula Theory 7.4.2 Spin axes andthe Modern Laplacian Theory 7.4.3 Spin axes andthe Accretion Theory 7.4.4 Spin axes and ... Newton the basic structure ofthe solar systemandthe laws that govern the motions ofthe bodies within it have been well understood One central body, the Sun, containing most ofthe mass ofthesystem ... picture ofthe origin and evolution ofthe solar system is the Capture Theory developed by the author and colleagues since the early 1960s This explains the basic structure ofthe solar system...
... 90–15) and 255 (M+ – 131) The loss of mass 131 results from the scission ofthe C1–C2 and C4–C5 bonds Figure 4C illustrates mass spectra of isolated 7-DHP-MO-TMS, andthe synthesized standard The ... (Invitrogen), andthe isolation of RNA followed the manufacture’s protocol The synthesis of first-strand cDNA was performed using the Superscript preamplification system (Invitrogen) Either lg of total ... investigation on the cutaneous expression of each ofthe components ofthe P450scc enzymatic system In addition, we tested reconstituted and mitochondrial P450scc systems for their ability to...
... The spin axes ofthe Sun andthe planets 7.4.1 Spin axes andthe Solar Nebula Theory 7.4.2 Spin axes andthe Modern Laplacian Theory 7.4.3 Spin axes andthe Accretion Theory 7.4.4 Spin axes and ... Newton the basic structure ofthe solar systemandthe laws that govern the motions ofthe bodies within it have been well understood One central body, the Sun, containing most ofthe mass ofthesystem ... picture ofthe origin and evolution ofthe solar system is the Capture Theory developed by the author and colleagues since the early 1960s This explains the basic structure ofthe solar system...
... deeper understanding ofthe intimate co-evolution of pathogens andthe immune system 10 11 12 13 14 Acknowledgements The author’s research is supported by grants from the Wellcome Trust, the Medical ... pathogens demanding conflicting response patterns, the fine-tuning effect of multiple allelic variants allows the immune system to be variably calibrated across the population In the absence of infection, ... to the development of damaging immune reactions in autoimmunity and allergy The identification of precise genetic variants controlling both parasite susceptibility and immunopathology offers the...
... Commission, UK Financial Services Authority, and, in the United States, the Office ofthe Comptroller ofthe Currency, the Securities and Exchange Commission, andthe Federal Reserve. For their joint review, see SSG 2008. ... of life), the Act mandates the formulation of so‐called “living wills” in the form ofthe preparation of resolution plans and credit exposure reports. The Act calls upon the Board of Governors ofthe Fed to require nonbank financial companies and bank ... its assets, all institutions ultimately rely on the banking system for support in the case of a shortfall of cash inflows andthe need to refinance their liabilities. Andthe banking system relies on the Fed. Thus, limiting discount lending to the banks means allowing a liquidity crisis to morph into an insolvency crisis ...
... Near the end ofthe compression stroke, the spark ignites the compressed air-fuel mixture, raising the temperature ofthe gases in the cylinder to the range of few thousands of degrees, and increasing ... supplied to the engine, otherwise known as the “charge” ofthe engine In the scenario where the only method of charging the engine is by the vacuum pressure created by the expanding ofthe combustion ... intake system, to reduce the impact ofthe air restrictor on the entire engine system Location of Engine The dominant design ofthe Formula SAE race car has the engine located in the rear of the...
... each of these features is discussed in more detail THE EARLY INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE TO MICROBES The principal barriers between the host andthe environment are the epithelia ofthe skin andthe ... affinity ofthe leukocyte integrins for their ligands on the endothelium Concurrently, TNF and IL-1 act on the endothelium to stimulate expression of ligands for integrins The firm binding of integrins ... Potential for immunotherapy of cancer FIGURE 1-1 The importance ofthe immune system in health and disease This table summarizes some ofthe physiologic functions ofthe immune system Note that...
... Across the top are the two genetically possible types of eggs the mother could produce, and on the left side are the possible types of sperm from the father The four cells ofthe square show the ... flashcards, and much more that will complement your learning and understanding ofanatomyandphysiology Saladin: Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function, Third Edition Genetics and Cellular ... epidermis and nervous systemThe inner layer, the endoderm,4 gives rise to the mucous membranes ofthe digestive and respiratory tracts and to the digestive glands, among other things Between these...
... on the other The head ofthe humerus fits into the glenoid cavity ofthe scapula, andthe head ofthe femur fits into the acetabulum ofthe os coxae These are the only multiaxial joints ofthe ... Movements ofthe Scapulae and Mandible (a) Elevation ofthe scapulae; (b) depression ofthe scapulae; (c) protraction ofthe mandible; (d) retraction ofthe mandible; (e) lateral excursion ofthe mandible; ... example is the atlantooccipital joint ofthe neck, where the muscles ofthe back ofthe neck pull down on the nuchal lines ofthe skull and oppose the tendency ofthe head to tip forward Loss of muscle...
... from the shoulder and upper chest and inserts platy ϭ flat 25 broadly along the mandible and overlying skin It depresses the mandible, helps to open and widen the mouth, and tenses the skin ofthe ... They arise from the pterygoid processes ofthe sphenoid bone and insert on the medial surface ofthe mandible (fig 10.9b) The pterygoids elevate and protract the mandible and produce the lateral ... broad muscle ofthe back that extends from the waist to the axilla These muscles bear the primary responsibility for attachment ofthe arm to the trunk, and they are the prime movers ofthe shoulder...
... reflexes The autonomic nervous system has two further divisions: nervous system, and these subsystems are interconnected parts ofthe whole Saladin: Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function, ... its physiology, and modify that of other organs Thus, these systems functionally coordinate the organs ofthe body and play a central role in maintaining homeostasis The scientific study ofthe ... system is called neuroscience It includes neuroanatomy, the study of structure, and neurophysiology, the study of function The branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of...
... the two types of tissue in the central nervous systemand state their locations; • describe the gross and microscopic anatomyofthe spinal cord; and • name the major conduction pathways ofthe ... “gateway” called the thalamus at the upper end ofthe brainstem; and a third-order neuron that carries the signal the rest ofthe way to the sensory region ofthe cerebral cortex The axons of these neurons ... part ofthe ganglion.) Where are the somas ofthe motor neurons located? ofthe back The ventral ramus innervates the ventral and lateral skin and muscles ofthe trunk and gives rise to nerves of...