... risk measure of two portfolios, if combined, is always smaller or equal tothe sum of the risk measures of the two individual portfolios) Of Range of practices and issues ineconomic capital modelling ... Definitions of risk types may differ across institutions, or even across portfolios within a single banking organisation, often reflecting the nature of the bank s business or the degree of sophistication ... effect of simulating these factors across all portfolios and business units Range of practices and issues ineconomic capital modelling 27 The final version of this document was published in...
... highest level constituents correspond to intonational constituents, annotated as to their discourse function Surface structure therefore subsumes intonational structure It also subsumes information ... distinctions of discourse focus among the concepts and open propositions that the speaker has in mind prefers Mary (See [9], [18] and [19] for a discussion of the obvious problems for parsing ... tothe object of the open proposition ate the beans, because the intonation of the original question indicates that eating beans as opposed to some other comestible is the new topic, s Consider...
... assets Ratio of liquid assets to total assets Ratio of customer (i.e non-bank) deposits to total assets Ratio of equity to total assets Ratio of non-interest income to total operating income Shares ... assets), ownership type, the ratio of loans to total earning assets, the ratio of liquid assets to total assets, the ratio of retail deposits to total funding, the ratio of loan loss provisions ... left us unsatisfied with the classification of some of the banks in terms of their ownership class as reported by BankScope, we undertook the painstaking job of looking into this issue more in...
... has a distinct mode of action Classical arthropod toxins, such as those of scorpions, form a family of small proteins of 30–70 amino acids affecting the kinetics of sodium or potassium channels ... aqueous solution of the synthetic poneratoxin at pH 5.5 was used for the NMR analysis Structure of synthetic poneratoxin by NMR The solution structure of poneratoxin was determined on the basis of ... baculovirus system for expression of the insect-specific neurotoxin of the scorpion Androctonus australis [6] The sequence includes all the nucleotides from the first ATG of the open reading frame During...
... phrases The association process is similar tothe association process in chapter 0nly the selections of translation equivalents for English into Japanese MT have been discussed on the ass~nmption ... that the numbers of associated ideoms or ideom like parases become large, Therefore, the division of categories must further be done The process of constructing this data structure is as follows ... selections of translation equivalents of verbs in MT systems Additional information that should be associated to this data structure for the selections of translation equivalents is ideoms or ideom...
... easy to reuse classes for a slightly different purpose, a key benefit of OOP Polymorphism involves treating objects of different classes inthe same way For polymorphism to work, these different ... time you push a button, a bar chart shows you one step inthe process of sorting the bars into ascending order The values of variables used inthe sorting algorithm are also shown, so you can see ... preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions Neither is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the information contained...
... according to standard criteria of Rechtschaffen and Kales [18] Sleep onset was defined as the first three consecutive epochs of sleep stage or the first epoch of other stages of sleep An arousal ... an imbalance of the cytokine sleep network (that is, sleep-producing and sleep-disrupting cytokines) in favor of sleep-disrupting cytokines One purpose of this study was to determine whether stratifying ... correlations were found for pain and fatigue reported inthe evening and morning for patients but only inthe evening for controls Discussion CFS is diagnosed using clinical criteria and is therefore...
... feed) from foreign countries, and, as a result, the total amount of nitrogen imported into Japan is In this book, the word agroecosystems refers to grassland ecosystems, upland-field ecosystems, ... environment are properly used There are two reasons for this transformation The first is the depletion of readily obtainable fossil fuel resources The second is that consumption of fossil fuels ... interactions in agroecosystems; Part II discusses matter cycling in agroecosystems; and Part III addresses the effects of environmental changes on thestructure of agroecosystems The first chapters...
... Biotechnology Biocontrol of pests (crops) Biocontrol of pests (forests) Host plant resistance (crops) Host plant resistance (forests) Perennial grains (potential) Pollination Fishing Hunting Seafood Other ... accustomed to slash and burn practices inthe forest tend to result in savannaization This process occurs because, instead of being allowed to choose fresh plots, thefarmers are restricted to ... materials is not improving assessment andin most cases is a waste of invertebrates The second step in a bioindicator study is to plan the plots, repetitions, and sites to be compared andto select...
... uniform and constant conditions the most competitive species will come to dominate an area tothe exclusion of all other species The fact that grasslands composed of a single species rarely occur ... unimproved seminatural grassland accounted for only 1–2% of the total cover of permanent lowland grassland (Blackstock et al., 1999) These figures reflect losses of up to 97% of the extent of these ... 53 SPECIES DIVERSITY IN GRASSLANDS 53 or burning needs to be combined with landscape processes such as provision of buffer zones to reduce edge effects, maintenance of transhumance of livestock...
... of including the dispersal of weeds is to include space inthe model and allow for spatial gradients in density This has led tothe so-called reaction-diffusion models Versions of this type of ... individual-based models accounting for spatial processes Of these, the most frequent modeling approach has been to assume that the key determinant of rates of population growth is the density of the weeds ... tothe research list by Jordan and Jannink (1997) needs to be added the topic of increased understanding of the effects of IWM systems on the species structure of weed populations CONCLUSIONS...
... components, in which the population of grasshoppers increases as the biomass of pasture plants increases If the population of grasshoppers increases, the population of mantes increases, andthe ... outlined as follows: the inflow consists of various organic materials, such as litter, stubble and roots of crops, and stable manure The outflow consists of respiration caused by the decomposition ... is incorporated into crops by photosynthesis is designated as gross primary production Some of the gross primary production is used by plants for respiration The remaining gross production corresponds...
... action or influence on each other In grassland ecosystems, various types of grasses (different tribes and species) are grown in close proximity to one another and also to other herbaceous plants ... preponderance of therophytes results from a strong periodicity in biotope and biocoenosis The loss of a species reduces species diversity and threatens the functioning of ecological communities ... losses from trophic levels Production Strategy The grassland ecosystem contains a complex mixture of carbon components in a continuous state of creation, transformation, and decomposition This...
... applications are routinely made either during the growing season or during the fallow periods to ensure effective weed control For cotton production systems on the Southern High Plains of west Texas, ... production of some crops moves toward low-input sustainable systems The importance of AM fungi seems to be more crucial for these low input systems than inthe traditional high input production systems, ... annual crops From our experiences in annual cropping systems with cotton, weather has the controlling effect on whether a positive response to AM colonization is detected in cotton on the Southern...
... not fully understood, and therefore further investigation is necessary ATTRIBUTES OF MITE SPECIES COMMONLY FOUND IN AGROECOSYSTEMS AND FACTORS AFFECTING THEIR ABUNDANCE Among 77 species recorded ... different food types It seems that there is a trend of increasing dependability on animal food along the genus line of Phytoseius-Typhlodromus-AmblyseiusPhytoseiulus Of course, exceptional species ... enemies in upcoming sustainable agroecosystems NATURE OF SPECIES STRUCTUREAND ABUNDANCE OF PREDACIOUS PHYTOSEIID MITES As mentioned briefly inthe previous section, members of the family Phytoseiidae...
... also reported The absence of hosts of P infestans inthe natural ecosystems in most parts of the world outside Mexico eliminates the ecological effect of the disease inthe agroecosystems of the ... about the impact of these, and several other epidemics, on the ecology of their hosts This is probably duetothe difficulty in studying this aspect of the consequences of disease and man s interference, ... compound interest diseases Do these distinct types of diseases differentially affect their hosts? The answer is not straightforward Zadoks and Schein (1979) postulate that since the progress of...
... litter, and finally accumulates inthe soil The system of energy flow inthe alpine meadow grazing ecosystem from sun to animals or soil is shown in Fig 12.1 In this figure, sources and sinks of energy ... E The station lies at the foothill on the south slope of Lenglongling Mountains inthe eastern part of the Qilian Mountains, inthe northwest valley of the Datong River The lowest lands on the ... grazing and of rest? Should there be many or few subplots, and should the rotation cycle be long or short? These questions have for long been controversial among both pastoralists and scientists...
... clay or organic matter, or when soil moisture increases Degradation in Soil Degradation of pesticides in soil consists of nonbiological degradation, such as photolysis and hydrolysis, and biological ... competing and predatory species In some situations pesticides affect the balance of species in an ecosystem; for example, the effects of a pesticide on natural enemies or other organisms might instead ... chemical adsorbs into soil, the less easily it moves Some of the soil adsorption mechanisms of pesticides are by van der Waals force, hydrogen bonding, covalent bonding, and ion exchange They differ...
... implications for C storage and therefore greenhouse gas emissions from pasture One negative consequence of grazing is the lower soil Ca and Mg contents duetothe high rate of cycling of K through ... damage to meristems and other plant parts resulting in a loss of function, e.g., photosynthetic capacity, transport of nutrients, or increased susceptibility to pest and diseases Part of the reason ... by crushing or through cutting of plant parts by sharp hooves The consequences of these physical aspects of grazing are not always separated from the effects of other grazing influences However,...
... It mainly consists of perennial meso-xerophilous cespitose and rhizomial grasses as well as meso-xerophilous and mesophilous herbs with more or less meso-xerophilous small shrubs This type is developed ... dry duetothe effect of the Mongolia high-pressure mass, while summer is temperate and humid under the influence of monsoons from the southeast Therefore, the plant growing season is short but ... of microthermic and xerophilous perennial herbage, on some occasions of small xeric half-shrubs Steppe is the principal component of grassland in China This chapter s discussion is also confined...