@FIFZ]TV AE OM_JH]FAI HIM ]THFIB _IFUOTZF]V AE OJAIA@FJZ LJ@J MHA U_ ^L_AIB CFIL CHDAT ^TAM_J]FUF]V AE UFO]IH@ OI]OT^TFZOZ @HKAT; MOUOCA^@OI] OJAIA@FJZ JAMO ; 6:8>8>? ^L.M MFZZOT] MFZZOT]H H]FAI O\OJ_]FUO Z_@@HTV LA JLF @FIL JF]V 4>4> ]lo tlosfs whs ja`pcoto ht; _ifvorsfty ae Ojaia`fjs La Jlf @fil Jfty Zuporvfs Zupor vfsar; ar; Mr Mr ^lẨ ^lẨ` ` Glh Glhil il Ih Ih` ` Mr Co Uhi Jlai Tovfowor 8; Tovfowor 4; Tovfowor :; ]lo ]losfs ]losfs wfcc prosoitom ta tlo _ifvorsfty _ifvorsfty Mfss Mfssorthtfai orthtfai Dahrm ht; Ht laurs mhy `aitl yohr ]lo tlosfs jhi eauim ht tlo cfdrhry; JLH^]OT FI]TAM_J]FAI 8.8 Dhjgbrau Dhjgbrauim im him ros rosohrj ohrjl l bhp 8.8 8.8 ^rhj ^rhjtf tfjh jhcc dhjg dhjgbr brau auim im Fi tlo 866>s ae tlo 4>tl joitury, Ufotih`'s ojaia`y oxporfoijom h ro`hrghdco brawtl `hficy era` tlo fijrohso fi chdar pramujtfvfty fi hbrfjucturo ]lfs fs tlo rosuct ae tlo prajoss ae mfssacutfai ae jaaporhtfvos him tlo trhiseor ae chim uso rfblts ta tlo prfvhto sojtar Mospfto dofib jcohror him `aro sthdco prabross tlhi sa`o atlor jauitrfos, Ufotih` fs jaitfiufib ta ehjo iow jlhccoibos Ojaia`fj brawtl him tlo trhisftfai era` hbrfjucturo ta atlor sojtars lhvo slawi sfbis ae scawfib mawi, wftl caw por jhpfth fija`o (Uu, 4>85).^ramujtfvfty brawtl lhs dooi h goy ehjtar ear Ufotih`'s ojaia`fj brawtl fi tlo ohrcy yohrs ae fiiavhtfai, wlfjl lhs scawom mawi avor tlo phst mojhmo, him tlo brawtl rhto ae chdar pramujtfvfty lhs baio mawi (Ibuyoi him Goifjlf, 4>88=), tlfs fs iat h susthfihdco `amoc, sufthdco ear Ufotih` ta oisuro h lfbl brawtl rhto fs `hfithfiom Hctlaubl jaisfmorom hs aio ae tlo jauitrfos wftl tlo dost chdar pramujtfvfty brawtl fi tlo robfai, wloi ja`phrfib fitorihtfaihccy hjjarmfib ta tlo ropart ae tlo Fitorihtfaihc Chdar Arbhifzhtfai (FCA, 4>8?) him HMD tlo chdar pramujtfvfty ae HZOHI 4>8=, Ufotih`'s Ufotih`'s chdar pramujtfvfty whs aicy 8/= ae ]lhfchim, 8/? ae @hchysfh, 8/8> ae Zautl Garoh him 8/8? ae Zfibhparo ]lo `ast ja``aicy usom `otlams ta fijrohso chdar pramujtfvfty fi Ufotih` tamhy fs ta fijrohso tojlia toj liacab cabyy tlr tlraub aubll apo apoifi ifibb tlo oja ojaia` ia`yy, fi phr phrtfj tfjuch uchrr, httrhj httrhjtfib tfib ear earofb ofbii mfr mfrojt ojt fiv fivost ost`oi `oitt him oijaurhbfib dusfiossos Ma`ostfj oitorprfsos oxpart ar fijrohso chdar pramujtfvfty tlraubl dhsfj whbo fijrohso fijroh so pacfj pacfjyy Law Lawovor ovor,, tlo hjlfovo`o hjlfovo`oits its lhvo iat dooi hs oxpojtom hs ovfmoijom ovfmoijom dy tlo rosucts ae chdar pramujtfvfty `oitfaiom hdavo Fi armor ear tlo chdar earjo ta doja`o `aro pramujtfvo, ft fs iojosshry ta jaisfmor tlo chdar earjo fi tlo oitorprfso systo` dojhuso ft fs tlo pchjo tlht lacms tlo `hkarfty ae tlo jauitry's chdar earjo ]lo dusfioss systo` him him tlo prfvhto sojtars hro hi oxtro`ocy oxtro`ocy f`parthit phrt him tlo `hfi mrfvor mrfvor ae U Ufotih`'s fotih`'s ojaia`fj brawtl (RD, 4>8=) Hjjarmfib ta h ropart ae tlo @fifstry ae ^chiifib him Fivost`oit (4>86) tlo pramujtfvfty him ja`potftfvoioss ae Ufotih`oso oitorprfsos, Ufotih`'s jurroit chdar pramujtfvfty fi tlo rojoit porfam fs chrbocy jaitrfdutom dy tlo Fitorihc hppcfjhtfai ‐(8) ]loroearo, hihcyzfib tlo motor`fihits ae chdar pramujtfvfty era` hi oitorprfso porspojtfvo, hssu`fib tlht tlo `hfi ja`paioit ae tlo "fitrh-fimustry oeeojts" fi tlo fijrohso ae chdar pramujtfvfty fs vory f`parthit 8.8 8.4 ]loa ]loaro rotf tfjh jhcc dhjg dhjgbr brau auim im Chdar pramujtfvfty brawtl pchys hi f`parthit raco fi oitorprfso survfvhc, brawtl, him movocap`oit him lhs h mojfsfvo fiecuoijo ojaia`fj brawtl (Drou ot hc., 4>84) ]loroearo, tloro fs h cat ae rosohrjlos fi datl tloary him oxporf`oit era` `hiy `fjra him `hjra porspojtfvos ta stumy tlo ehjtars heeojtfib chdar pramujtfvfty Dojhuso ae tlo mosfro ta eajus f`pravfib chdar pramujtfvfty ear tlo prfvhto sojtar, dusfiossos, fi tlo jaitoxt ae tloary tloary,, tlo tlosfs aicy prosoits stumfos ehjtars heeojtfib chdar pramujtfvfty uimor tlo `fjra-sjhco Tobhrmfib Tobhrm fib tlo rochtf rochtfais aislfp lfp dot dotwo wooi oi EM EMFF him oxp oxpart art ta chd chdar ar pra pramuj mujtfvf tfvfty ty era era` ` hi oitorp oitorprfs rfsoo porspojtfvo, tlo efrst stumfos hro Uoriai (8655), Jhvos (862=), Efimchy (8624), Uhmch`hiihtf (4>88), Boarbosju (4>84), Dorihrm him Koisoi (8666), Dchcajg (4>>=), Rhbior (4>>2), Lhfmhr (4>84), Mo Caojgor (4>8:) Jchssfj tloarotfjhc `amocs sujl hs tlaso ae Zwhi (86?5)7 Zacaw (86?2) `orocy jaisfmorom earofbi mfrojt fivost`oit (EMF) hs hi f`parthit jhpfthc suppcy jlhiioc ear tlo ojaia`y, tlo chtor o`pfrfjhc stumfos wloi rosohrjlfib era` `fjra porspojtfvo hcsa slawom tlht jhpfthc ecaws EMF ecawfib fita tlo fitorfar ae h jauitry wfcc cohm ta tojliacaby trhiseor, fijrohsfib pramujtfvfty ear fts ma`ostfj ja`phifos (Hftgoi him Lhrrfsai, 86667 Brfeeftl, 4>>47 Ib, 4>>2) EMF efr`s, ospojfhccy `uctfihtfaihc ja`phifos, hro hi f`parthit taac fi tojliacaby hppcfjhtfai dojhuso tloy aeeor autsthimfib tojliacabfjhc hmvhithbos Fi hmmftfai ta mfrojt f`phjts tlo ojaia`y ojaia`y,, EMF oitorprfsos jhi fimfrojtcy jrohto caib-tor` f`phjts tlo `hiuehjturfib fimustry fi tlo last jauitry (Jhvos @amoc, 862=) Lawovo Law ovorr, `uc `uctfih tfihtfa tfaihc ihc ja` ja`phi phifos fos `hy hcs hcsaa rom romujo ujo tlo chdar chdar pra pramuj mujtfv tfvfty fty ae las lastt jau jauitr itrfos fos (Tamrfbuoz-Jchro, 8665) ]lo ovfmoijo ae tloso stumfos fs tlht `uctfihtfaihc ja`phifos heeojt last jauitrfos tlraubl dhjgwhrm him earwhrm cfigs him atlor oeeojts Hiatlor tojliacaby hppcfjhtfai jlhiioc tlht hcsa heeojts chdar pramujtfvfty fs tlraubl fitorihtfaihc trhmo, ospojfhccy oxpart @ast jurroit tloarfos him hppcfom stumfos subbost tlht oxparts lhvo h pasftfvo f`phjt chdar pramujtfvfty (Rarcm Dhig 866:7 @otcfz 4>>:7 Dorihrm ot hc 4>>:) Lawovor, sa`o stumfos sujl hs Vauib Vauib (8668) slaw tlht h eroor trhmfib robf`o scaws tlo brawtl ae chdar pramujtfvfty ae movocapfib jauitrfos muo ta tlo chjg ae ja`phrhtfvo hmvhithbo fitorihtfaihccy ]loroearo, tlo oeeojts ae oxparts tlo chdar pramujtfvfty ae movocapfib jauitrfos `hy vhry Hctlaubl datl EMF him oxparts `hy fiecuoijo tojliacabfjhc spfccavors tlht heeojt chdar pramujtfvfty pramujtfvfty,, `ast ae tlo stumfos fi Ufotih` (Ibuyoi, 4>867 ^lh`, 4>>>2, Iow`hi ot hc (4>82) iatom tlo tojliacabfjhc mfeeusfai ae EMF ar oxparts ta chdar pramujtfvfty hs twa sophrhto jlhiiocs wftlaut jaisfmorfib sf`ucthioauscy tlo f`phjt ae EMF him oxpart ta chdar pramujtfvfty ae oitorprfsos hs twa jlhiiocs ae tojliacabfjhc mfeeusfai fitorihtfaihc ja`potftfai him tlofr mfeeoroijos ta dusfioss adkojts wftl mfeeoroit covocs ae jhpfthc ]lo roc rochtf htfais aislfp lfp dot dotwo wooi oi woc wocehr ehroo ar ro` ro`uio uiorht rhtfai fai pac pacfjf fjfos os him chdar chdar pra pramuj mujtfv tfvfty fty lhs doo dooii stroibtloiom fi ojaia`fj tloary (mo`him tloary (@hscaw, 86?=)7 oxpojthtfai tloary (Ura`, 865=)7 twa-ehjtar tloary ( Lorzdorb, 86>?7 Zfibl, 4>>67 Hihim ot hc., hc., 4>8>) 4>8>) mo` mo`ais aistrh trhto to tlh tlhtt chd chdar ar doi doioef oefts, ts, ft jai jaitrf trfdut dutos os pasft pasftfvo fvocy cy ta tlo chdar chdar pra pramuj mujtfv tfvfty fty ae o`pcayoos him tlo lohctl ae o`pcayoos lhvo h pasftfvo f`phjt chdar pramujtfvfty him tlo lohctl ae tlo iht ihtfai faihc hc oja ojaia` ia`yy ]lo ]loso so doi doioef oefts ts str straib aibcy cy fiecuo fiecuoijo ijo tlo dolhvf dolhvfar ar ae o`p o`pcay cayoos oos,, wlfjl wlfjl fs h ja`poccfib rohsai ta locp o`pcayoos jaitfiuo ta warg ear dusfioss awiors hs wocc hs tloy hro earjom ta ja`poto wftl ohjl atlor him tlfs wfcc cohm ta fijrohsom chdar pramujtfvfty ae oitorprfsos Mfshbroofib wftl tlfs vfow, sa`o stumfos subbost tlht wocehro robf`os hro aicy sooi hs h ehjtar ta robuchto him pravfmo efihijfhc suppart ear o`pcayoos dojhuso tloy hro `o`dors ae hi arbhifzhtfai ar h dusfioss, iat h `atfvhtar ar earjos rochtom ta chdar pramujtfvfty (Tasoidcaa` him Lhcc`hi, 864). 8.8.: Tosohrjl bh bhp Tosohrjl chdar pramujtfvfty fs f`parthit ear datl pudcfj pacfjfos him mojfsfais ear tlo prfvhto sojtar (Zhuor`hii, 4>85) dojhuso tlfs fs hi sudsthitfhc fimfjhtar roecojtfib tlo ojaia`fj movocap`oit oeeojtfvoioss ae ihtfaihc, oitorprfso him o`pcayoo quhcfty Ospojfhccy wftl tlo jaitoxt ae Ufotih`, fi tlo : phst twa mojhmos, hctlaubl Ufotih`'s chdar pramujtfvfty lhs fijrohsom rhpfmcy, ft fs stfcc iohr tlo datta` ae HZOHI‖s Fe tlfs brawtl rhto fs `hfithfiom, Ufotih` wfcc lhvo ta spoim 8> ta ?> yohrs ta jhtjl up wftl atlor jauitrfos fi tlo robfai (FCA, 4>8?) ^ra`atfib chdar pramujtfvfty ae tlo ojaia`y slaucm efrst daast tlo pramujtfvfty ae oitorprfsos ]loro hro tlroo `hfi braups ae ehjtars tlht locp motor`fio chdar pramujtfvfty; lu`hi jhpfthc, tojliacabfjhc prabross, him ojaia`fj sfzo (Broochw ot hc., 4>88?) Fi tlfs tlosfs, spojfhc httoitfai ear tlo twa jlhiiocs heeojtfib heeo jtfib chdar pramujtfv pramujtfvfty; fty; tojli tojliacabf acabfjhc jhc prab prabross ross tlrau tlraubl bl ojaia ojaia`fj `fj fitob fitobrhtfai rhtfai,, lu`hi jhpfthc tlraubl o`pcayoo wocehro Ufotih` fs doja`fib `aro him `aro moopcy fitobrhtom fita tlo ojaia`y, sa tloro lhvo dooi `hiy ma`ostfj stumfos tlo fiecuoijo ae earofbi tojliacaby hppcfjhtfai jlhiiocs tlraubl EMF him oxpart ta pramujtfvfty (Ibuyoi & Ibuyoi, 4>847 Iba, 4>827 ^lh`, 4>8>6 ta 4>85 = Oitorprfso sjapo; fijcumfib chrbo oitorprfsos him Z@Os wftl tlo efrst bahc him eajusom Z@Os wftl tlo sojaim bahc Hroh/sojtar ae tlo oitorprfso; Oitorprfsos wftl mfeeoroit typos ae awiorslfp fi tlo `hiuehjturfib him prajossfib fimustry fimustry 8.? Tosohrjl @otlamacaby ]a sacvo twa adkojtfvos, tlo tlosfs usos tlo EO@ `amoc him tlo TO@ `amoc ta prajoss tlo rosohrjl `amoc ostf`htom thdco mhth ]loso `otlams hccaw jaitrac ae uiadsorvom efxom oeeojts ae tlo ja`phiy (Raacmrfmbo, 4>>4) ]a sacvo tlo rosohrjl bahc Ia 8, tlo tlosfs usos h ja`dfihtfai ae mhth sots era` Ufotih` Oitorprfso Joisus mhth (UOZ) fi 4>8? him 4>85 Ear rosohrjl adkojtfvo Ia 4, tlo tlosfs usos h sot ae mhth ja`pfcom era` : sots ae Z`hcc him @omfu` Oitorprfsos Zurvoy (Z@Os) fi 4>88, 4>8:, him 4>8? Muo ta tlo lotoraboiofty fi tlo quostfaiihfro ae tlo UOZ mhthsot fi tlo yohrs ]loroearo, tlo mfssorthtfai lhs mfeefjucty fi usfib tlo iojosshry fiear`htfai ear rosohrjl purpasos fe usfib mhth sots ear `hiy yohrs, rosuctfib fi hi fijaisfstoijy fi tlo stumy tf`o ae tlo twa adkojtfvos 8.5 Tosohrjl `ohifib Adkojtfvo hihcyzos tlo mfeeoroit oeeojts ae EMF him oxparts tlo chdar pramujtfvfty ae oitorprfsos fi mfeeoroit jhpfthc-fitoisfvo sojtars ]lo rosucts robf`o ae tlo tlosfs locpEMF dusfiossos bavori`oits ta `aro arfoitom sa tloy jhi kafi tlo bcadhcfzhtfai tlraubl ar oxparthim dhsom tlo jhpfthcfitoisfvo jlhrhjtorfstfjs ae tlo fimustry ta drfib tlo dost doioefts Era` tloro, ft locps efr`s him bavori`oits ta `hgo `aro hppraprfhto fivost`oit pacfjfos him arfoithtfais Fi adkojtfvo 4, tlo stumy ae tlo f`phjt ae wocehro pacfjfos tlo pramujtfvfty ae Z@Os, tloroearo tlo efrst `ohifib ae tlo mfssorthtfai fs ta jaitrfduto o`pfrfjhc ovfmoijo tlfs rochtfaislfp fi Ufotih` Rloi tloro hro eow stumfos wocehro pacfjy, tloro hro eow stumfos Zojaimcy, tlo tlosfs puts tlo rochtfaisl rochtf aislfp fp ae tlo woce wocehro hro pacfjy him chdar pram pramujtfvf ujtfvfty ty ae tlo oitorp oitorprfso rfso rosohrjl rosohrjlom om ht tlo oitorprfs oitorprfsoo covoc, wlfjl wfcc cohm ta tlo cfig dotwooi o`pcayoos' doioefts him pramujtfvfty (doioefts) ae tlo oitorprfso Fi atlor warms, ft roecojts tlo fitorosts ae tlo pravfmors ae tloso pacfjfos ]lfrmcy, tlo rosuct ae tlo tlosfs hisworfib tlo jaitravorsfhc fssuo fi Ufotih` tamhy fs wlotlor ft fs iojosshry ta jaisfmor ropchjfib tlo `fif`u` whbo fijrohso wftl tlo f`pco`oithtfai ae iai-shchry wocehro pacfjfos ta f`pravo chdar pramujtfvfty ae tlo efr`s 8.2 Tosohrjl strujturo ]lo mfssorthtfai ja`pasos ? jlhptors ]lo efihc sojtfai fijcumos hutlar's pudcfjhtfai, roeoroijos him hppoimfjos JLH^]OT ]LOATV HIM CF]OTH]_TO TOUFOR 4.8 Fitramujtfai 4.4 Jaijopt him `ohsuro ae chdar pramujtfvfty Zyvorsai (4>8>) pramujtfvfty fs tlo oeefjfoijy ae pramujtfai oxprossom dy law `ujl autput fs adthfiom era` h bfvoi fiput ]loroearo, ft fs usuhccy oxprossom hs tlo fiput rhtfa ae tlo autput ]loro hro `hiy `otlams ae `ohsurfib pramujtfvfty, ae wlfjl chdar pramujtfvfty fs aio ae tlo `ast usom jrftorfh Hjjarmfibcy, chdar pramujtfvfty oxpcafts tlo oxtoit ta wlfjl lu`hi jhpfthc drfibs vhcuo ta hi ojaia`y ar hi oitorprfso (Gajl him @jBrhtl, 8665) ? Fi tlfs mossorthtfai, tlo thrbot fs tlo chdar pramujtfvfty ae oitorprfsos fi fimustrfos wftl mfeeoroit autputs, wftl him wftlaut prajossfib datl bahcs him tlo mhth hvhfchdfcfty Mhth ma iat `oot tlo roqufro`oits ear tlo `ohsuro`oit ae tathc autput ]loroearo, tlo mfssorthtfai mojfmom ta uso vhcuo-hmmom jrftorfh hs h `ohsuro ear autput him tlo iu`dor ae o`pcayoos hs hi fiput `ohsuro ta jhcjuchto chdar pramujtfvfty pramujtfvfty Chdar pramujtfvfty 4.: Ehjtars heeojtfib chdar chdar pramujtfvfty pramujtfvfty ae oitorprfsos Hjjarmfib ta Broo Hjjarmfib Broochw chw ot hc (4>88>) wloi stumyfib chdar pramujtfvfty ht tlo `fjra-covoc, oitorprfsos rohcfzo tlht chdar pramujtfvfty fs mfrojtcy heeojtom dy twa `hfi braups; fitorihc him iai-dusfioss braups ]lo braup wftlfi tlo oitorprfso fijcumos oco`oits ae dusfioss hjtfvftfos sujl hs prhjtfjo/`hihbo`oit thcoit, quhcfty ae chdar him jhpfthc fiputs, pramujt fiiavhtfai, him arbhifzhtfaihc strujturo ae fitorihc pramujtfai uifts ja`phiy ]lo sojaim sot ae ehjtars hmmrossos oivfrai`oithc motor`fihits, wlfjl wfcc fijcumo ehjtars sujl hs tlo sprohm ae pramujtfvfty tlht ja`os era` giawcombo trhiseor, tlo covoc ae ja`potftfai fi tlo chdar him pramujt `hrgots, him tlo f`phjt ae robuchtfais, pacfjfos era` tlo autsfmo Fi hmmftfai ta tlo twa `hfi braups ae ehjtars hs hdavo @fjhccoe (4>85), tloro hro hcsa sa`o ehjtars tlht lhvo h maudco oeeojt tlo t lo twa braups hdavo ]a pramujtfai-dhsom stumfos, fi phrtfjuchr, morfvom era` Jadd-Maubchs (o.b Bcador`hi, 86267 Dca`strõ` him ^orssai, 86>>7 Tabor him ]soib, 4>>>7 Rhbior, 4>>47 Uhltor, 4>>=7 Brooihwhy ot hc., 4>>=7 Marhszocsgf him Khu`himrou, 4>8:7 Hrslhm him @hcfg, 4>8?) ] O J L I A C A B JF H ^ T A B T O Z Z C ^ T A M _ J ] FU ]F V C H D A T ^fjturo 8; Motor`fihits ae chdar pramujtfvfty O J A I A @ FJ Z J H Fi tlfs stumy, tlo `hfi jaijori fs tlo jaitrfdutfai ae EMF him oxparts tlraubl tojliacabfjhc prabross L _ him o`pcayoo wocehro tlraubl lu`hi jhpfthc ta tlo pramujtfvfty ae oitorprfsos ]lo f`phjt ae tloso @ C jaijopts tloarotfjhc chdarDOI pramujtfvfty hs wocc hs HI o`pfrfjhc ovfmoijo tloso rochtfaislfps fs H D J O A E H T ioxt sojtfai ae tlo jlhptor su``hrfzom him prosoitom fi tlo F] ^ F] H C E M F ^ T A B T O Z Z ] O J L I A C A B FJ H C ^ T A M _ J ] FU F] V C H D A T O \ A ^ T ] O J A I A @ JF ^fjturo 4; HihcytfjhcZJ erh`owarg H C O 4.= Earofbi mfrojt fivost`oit (EMF) him chdar pramujtfvfty ae oitorprfsos 4.=.8 ]lo tloary ae tlo rochtfaislfp dotwooi EMF him chdar pramujtfvfty Era` h `fjra porspojtfvo, EMF fiecaws fita h jauitry drfib h trhiseor ae iat aicy tojlifjhc giawcombo giaw combo dut hcsa `hihb `hihbo`oit o`oit sgfccs tlht `hgo EMF mfeeor mfeeoroit oit era` atlor typos ae jhpfthc (Cfu ot hc., 4>>8) ]lo efrst ojaia`fj `amocs stumfom ear tlfs spfccavor oeeojt woro Uoriai (8655), Muiifib (8622), Jhvos (862=), him Bcador`hi (8626) ]lo f`phjt ae EMF pramujtfvfty jhi fimfrojt ar mfrojt (Hftgoi him Lhrrfsai, 86667 Barb him Brooihwhy, 4>>=7 Cfu ot hc., 4>>8) Rloi EMF jhpfthc fs fivostom fi tlo ojaia`y, fi hmmftfai ta fijrohsfib jhpfthc, ft fs hjja`phifom dy tlo fitramujtfai ae iow pramujtfai him `hihbo`oit sgfccs tlht mfr mfrojt ojtcy cy he heeoj eojtt pramuj pramujtfai tfai oe oeefj efjfoi foijy jy (Mu (Muiif iifib ib (86 (8626) 26) EMF EMF hcsa hcsa pra pravfm vfmos os fimfro fimfrojt jt oeeoj oeeojts ts dy mfsso`fihtfib giawcombo (Dca`stra` & Gagga, 8664)7 (:) tlo prosoijo ae `uctfihtfaihc sudsfmfhrfos fi hi fimustry jhi hjjocorhto tlo prajoss ar romujo tojliacaby trhiseor jasts 4.=.4 O`pfrfjhc stumfos tlo rochtfaislfp dotwooi EMF him chdar pramujtfvfty Tojoit o`pfrfjhc stumfos slaw tlht earofbi mfrojt fivost`oit lhs mfeeoroit oeeojts pramujtfvfty brawtl, thgfib pchjo sf`ucthioauscy, him jhi mfrojt ar fimfrojt (Hftgoi & Lhrrfsai, 8666) Cfjltoidorb & Zfoboc, 86>>7 ^fsjftocca, Thddfasf, 4>>?7 Ib, 4>>27 Cfu, [lha, 4>>57 4>>57 R Rhjgor hjgor him U Uhmch`hiihtf, hmch`hiihtf, 4>88 4>8877 Boarbosju, 44>84) >84) ]lo pasftfvo pasftfvo oeeoj oeeojtt chdar pramujtf pramujtfvfty vfty ae cajhc dusfio dusfiossos ssos lhs doo dooii slawi ta tlo rosuct ae earofbi mfrojt fivost`oit fi stumfos fi mfeeoroit jauitrfos sujl hs tlo _iftom Zthtos (Cfjltoidorb him Zfoboc Zfo boc,, 86< 86> 4>>>), >), Fthcy Fthcy (^fsjftocca, Thddfasf, 4>>?), Jlfih (Cfu, [lha, 4>>5) him sa`o atlor stumfos Fi hmmftfai ta mfrojtcy heeojtfib chdar pramujtfvfty, EMF hcsa lhs sa`o oeeojts tlo chdar `hrgot, fimfrojtcy heeojtfib chdar pramujtfvfty Rhjgor him Uhmch`hiihtf (4>88) stumy tlo f`phjt ae EM_ aptf`fzfib chdar `hrgot prajossos Boarbosju (4>84) eauim tlht fi o`orbfib `hrgots ta httrhjt EMF, strhtobfos lhvo dooi f`pco`oitom tlraubl vhrfaus `ohsuros ar `ohis ta pravfmo h trhisphroit him erfoimcy dusfioss oivfrai`oit fivostars, tlfs locps suppart tlo fijrohso ae chdar pramujtfvfty pramujtfvfty 4.? Oxpart him chdar pramujtfvfty Hjjarmfib ta Rhbior (4>>2), twa lypatlosos lhvo dooi put earwhrm tlht oxpchfis tlht oxpartfib oitorprfsos lhvo lfblor chdar pramujtfvfty tlhi iai-oxpartfib oitorprfsos; (8) muo ta tlo pradco` ae socesocojtfai oitorprfsos wftl dottor pramujtfvfty wfcc oxpart baams7 (4) cohrifib dy oxpartfib tloary; Giawcombo era` fitorihtfaihc duyors (justa`ors, f`partors hdrahm) ar ovoi fitorihtfaihc ja`potftars tlhtt locp tlh locp f`p f`prav ravoo tlo pra pramuj mujtfvf tfvfty ty ae oit oitorp orprfs rfsos os wlo wloii tloy tloy oxp oxpart art baa baams ms ta ear earofb ofbii jau jauitr itrfos fos @aroavor @aro avor,, dusf dusfioss iossos os phrtfj phrtfjfphtfi fphtfibb fi tlo fitor fitorihtfai ihtfaihc hc `hrgo `hrgott ehjo `aro fitoi fitoiso so ja`po ja`potftfai tftfai him hro earjom ta f`pravo tlo`socvos ehstor ta `oot tlo t lo thstos ae tlaso wla aicy socc ta t a tlo ma`ostfj `hrgot 4.? ?.8 Zoce Zoce so socojt cojtfa fai i tloa tloary ry Rloi soccfib baams hdrahm (oxpart), efr`s lhvo ta spoim `aro typos ae jasts fijcumfib slfppfib jasts, jas ts, soc soccfib cfib jas jasts, ts, `hr `hrgot gotfib fib jas jasts, ts, avo avorso rsohs hs ja` ja``ui `uifjh fjhtfa tfaii jas jasts, ts, `hihbo `hihbo`oi `oitt sgf sgfccs ccs ear earofb ofbii iotwargs ar pramujtfai jasts fi `amfeyfib oxfstfib pramujts ear earofbi jaisu`ptfai (Lhfmhr, 4>847 Lhrrfs him Cf, 4>>8) Rhbior (4>>2) oitorprfso dolhvfar `hy earwhrm-caagfib fi tlo soiso tlht tlo mosfro ta oxpart ta`arraw wfcc locp f`pravo pramujtfvfty tamhy ta ja`poto fi earofbi `hrgots 4.?.4 Cohrifib dy oxpartfib tloary Rloi dus Rloi dusfio fioss ssos os oit oitor or tlo fitori fitorihtfa htfaihc ihc `hr `hrgot got,, tlo tloyy bhfi bhfi sup suporf orfar ar gia giawco wcombo mbo tlraub tlraubll tlo fiiavhtfai iooms ae earofbi justa`ors, hppcyfib iow pramujtfai tojlifquos wftl lfblor jhphjfty ta fijroh fij rohso so dum dumbot bot him oxj oxjlhi lhibo bo oe oeefj efjfoi foijy jy ]lo ja` ja`phi phiy's y's iow dusfio dusfioss ss (Cu him Doh Doh`fs `fsl, l, 4>> 4>>57 57 Jhstocchif, 4>>47 Mo Caojgor, 4>8:) 4.?.: O`pfrfjhc stumfos rochtfaislfp dotwooi oxparts him chdar pramujtfvfty Rhbior hbior (4> (4>>2) >2) survo survoyom yom `fj `fjra mht mhthh tlo rochtf rochtfais aislfp lfp dot dotwoo wooii oxpart oxpart him pra pramuj mujtfv tfvfty fty ae oitorprfsos era` 866? ta 4>>= Lo eauim tlht oitorprfsos wftl `aro dumbot wfcc jlaaso ta kafi tlo oxpart `hrgot, wlfco oxparts ma iat iojosshrfcy f`pravo pramujtfvfty pramujtfvfty < Rhbior's pafit (4>>2) ae vfow fs hcsa kustfefom ear chtor rosohrjl fi tlo jhso ae mfeeoroit jauitrfos era` fimustrfhcfzom ihtfais cfgo fi Zphfi fi Jhssf`hi ot hc (4>>2) ) ar fi Bor`hiy fi Dhu`hii ot hc (4>85)7 Chtfi H`orfjhi jauitrfos sujl hs Jlfco fi Hcvhroz him Capoz (4>>?), @oxfja, Jaca`dfh him @arajja fi Jcorfmos ot hc (866 ta 8665 ae Dchcajg him Bortcor (4>>=), Dhirf & Hyu`u (4>8:) stumfom ear Khphioso Z@Os Ai tlo atlor lhim, sa`o stumfos pravfmo h sojaim lypatlosfs, `ohifib tlht efr`s oitorfib tlo oxpart `hrgot cohri era` fitorihtfaihc duyors hs wocc hs ja`potftars' pramujtfvfty tlht cohms lfblor Ovfmoijo ae tlfs lypatlosfs fs pravfmom dy @hrtfis him Vhib (4>>6) ]loy jaimujtom hi fitobrhtom hihcysfs ae oxpart cohrifib lypatlosos (CDO) `aro tlhi :> hrtfjcos him motor`fiom tlht oxparts sfbifefjhitcy f`pravom oitorprfsos' dumbots fi movocapfib jauitrfos muo ta tlo brohtor mfsthijo era` tlo darmor tojliacaby 4.5 Chdar doioefts him heeojtfib chdar pramujtfvfty Lu`hi jhpfthc fs jaisfmorom tlo `hfi ehjtar cohmfib ta tlo pramujtfvfty mfeeoroijo dotwooi wargors him dusfiossos (Dojgor, 862?7 Gajl & @jBrhtl, 8665) Hjjarmfib ta tlo ^orrfi ]awors `amoc (Hr`straib, 4>8>), ja`poishtfai fs mfvfmom fita phrts fijcumfib thibfdco rowhrms (purocy efihijfhc) him fithibfdco rowhrms ^uro efihijfhc rowhrms sujl hs jhsl (o.b shchrfos) hro ohsy ta f`fthto fi tlo dusfioss ja``uifty dut fithibfdco ar iaiefihijfhc rowhrms sujl hs wocehro pacfjfos hro iat ohsy ar jaucm iat ta f`fthto ta lhvo hi hmvhithbo ae tlo arbhifzhtfai's awi lu`hi rosaurjos Ft fs f`parthit ta uimorsthim fts f`phjt tlo pramujtfvfty ae fimfvfmuhcs ar dusfiossos hs tlo slhro ae doioefts phfm ta ro`ui ro`uiorhtfa orhtfaii phjgh phjghbos bos fs tlo rfso warcmw warcmwfmo fmo (Ghib, V Vuu him Coo, 4>85) 4>85) him fts awi hmvhithbos tlht jrohto lu`hi rosaurjos ear arbhifzhtfais him dusfiossos 4.5.8 Chdar doioefts Rocehro roprosoits hcc ear`s ae rowhrms, oxjopt jhsl phy`oits (@fgavfjl him Iow`hi, 4>>=) Rhftftu (4>82) wocehro fs h myih`fj jaijopt dojhuso avor tf`o iow wocehro pacfjfos wfcc hmmom ta oxfstfib pacfjfos fi hjjarmhijo wftl jlhibos fi sajfoty's iooms 4.5.4 ]lo tloary ae tlo f`phjt ae chdar doioefts oitorprfso chdar pramujtfvfty Ghib ot hc (4>85), `ast stumfos subbost tlht tlo ja`paioits ae wocehro hro pasftfvocy hssajfhtom wftl o`pcayoo shtfsehjtfai ]lo oxphisfai ae wargors' wocehro pravfmos o`pcayoos wftl `atfvhtfai him, fi turi, tlo fijrohsom covoc ae `atfvhtfai provoits o`pcayoos era` cohvfib tlofr kads him locpfib tlo` movocap Efihccy, Efihccy, pramujtfvfty ar dusfioss porear`hijo `hy fijrohso Lorzdorb's muhc-ehjtar tloary (865>4) bfvos sa`o o`pfrfjhc ovfmoijo tlo t lo twa-why rochtfaislfp dotwooi wargor wocehro him chdar pramujtfvfty pramujtfvfty,, ospojfhccy jaisfmorfib tlo ihturo ae tlo prajoss ae osthdcfslfib doioefts fi mfeeoroit jauitrfos Hjjarmfib ta Rfccfh`s (4>>2), tlo f`pco`oithtfai ae o`pcay o`p cayoo oo doi doioef oefts ts wfc wfccc drf drfib ib baa baamm doi doioef oefts ts ta hi oit oitorp orprfs rfsoo suj sujll hs f`prav f`pravfib fib dum dumbot bot,, locpfi locpfibb dusfiossos ta hjlfovo tlofr bahcs, romujfib lu`hi rosaurjo jasts, hjlfovfib bahcs purpaso ae lu`hi rosaurjos Fi hmmftfai ta stumfos suppartfib tlo pasftfvo rochtfaislfp ae wargors' wocc-dofib wftl rospojt ta chdar pramujtfvfty,, tloro hro hcsa `fxom vfows (Tasoidcaa` him Lhcc`hi, 868? him 4>85 Oitorprfso Zurvoy, ear oitorprfsos fi tlo braup `hiuehjturfib fimustry ta sorvo tlo efrst bahc ]lo mhth sot ae tlo stumy socojts aicy aio sud-braup ae roprosoithtfvo prajossfib fimustrfos ta hihcyzo chdar-fitoisfvo him jhpfthc-fitoisfvo fimustrfos :.: Ostf`htfib chdar pramujtfvfty pramujtfvfty ht tlo oitorprfso oitorprfso covoc ]a ostf`hto chdar pramujtfvfty ht tlo oitorprfso covoc, tlo Jadd - Maubchs pramujtfai euijtfai fs usom Brfcfjlos (86 + δ8EMFft +δ4\ft + δf ∘ \ f + οft (4) :.= Moefifib, `ohsurfib vhrfhdcos him rosohrjl lypatlosos ]hdco 8; Moefifib, `ohsurfib vhrfhdcos EMFf Uhrfhdco EMFft*Zjhcoft EMFft*Jhpft Oxpart \ft*Zjhcoft \ft*Jhpft EMFft*\ft* Zjhcoft EMFft*\ft*Jhpft Zjhcoft Jhpft Chdarquhcftyft Awiorslfpft Moefiftfai him `ohsuro Uhcuo 8; Fe ft fs hi EMF oitorprfso Uhcuo >; Fe ft fs iat hi EMF oitorprfso EMF*Zjhco EMF*Jhp Uhcuo 8; Fe tlo oitorprfso oxparts Uhcuo >; Fe tlo oitorprfso maos iat oxpart \*Zjhco \*Jhpfthcfzhtfai EMF*\*Zjhco EMF*\*Jhpfthcfzhtfai Cab ae tlo efr` hssots hssots _ift ae efr` hsso hssots; ts; `fccfai maib G ft Cab ae tlo efr` hss hssots/o`pcayoo ots/o`pcayoo _ift aaee ( Cft ) `fccfai maib/o`pcayoo Hvorhbo chdar jast (tathc h`auit ae `aioy MI phys ear o`pcayoos) por o`pcayoo _ift; `fccfai maib / o`pcayoo Uhcuo 8; fe ft fs h sthto-awiom oitorprfso 8> [aio Zautl Joitrhc Uhcuo >; fe ft fs h prfvhtocy awiom oitorprfso Uhcuo 8; fe tlo oitorprfso fs cajhtom fi hi oxpart prajossfib zaio Uhcuo >; fe tlo oitorprfso fs autsfmo tlo oxpart prajossfib zaio Uhcuo 8; fe tlo oitorprfso fs cajhtom fi tlo sautl Uhcuo >; fe tlo oitorprfso fs cajhtom fi hiatlor zaio Uhcuo 8; fe tlo oitorprfso fs cajhtom fi tlo joitrhc Uhcuo >; fe tlo oitorprfso fs cajhtom fi hiatlor zaio Tosohrjl lypatlosos Lypatlosfs L8; ]loro fs hi f`phjt tlo chdar pramujtfvfty ae Ufotih`oso `hiuehjturfib him prajossfib oitorprfsos era` EMF EMF Lypatlosfs L4; ]lo hppohrhijo ae oxparts fs oxpojtom ta lhvo hi f`phjt tlo chdar pramujtfvfty ae `hiuehjturfib oitorprfsos oitorprfsos Lypatlosfs L:; Chrbo-sjhco `hiuehjturfib oitorprfsos hro oxpojtom ta `aro pramujtfvo tlhi s`hcc-sfzom oitorprfsos Lypatlosfs L=; @hiuehjturfib oitorprfsos wftl lfblor jhpfthcfzhtfai covocs hro oxpojtom ta lhvo lfblor chdar pramujtfvfty pramujtfvfty Lypatlosfs L?; @hiuehjturfib oitorprfsos wftl h lfblor quhcfty ae lu`hi rosaurjos rosaurjos hro oxpojtom ta lhvo lfblor chdar pramujtfvfty Lypatlosfs L5; Chdar pramujtfvfty ae `hiuehjturfib oitorprfsos passossfib mfeeoroit typos ae oitorprfsos fs oxpojtom ta mfeeoroit Lypatlosfs L2; Chdar pramujtfvfty ae `hiuehjturfib oitorprfsos cajhtom fi fimustrfhc phrgs/jcustors fs oxpojtom ta lfblor rosohrjl rosohrjl lypatlosfs Lypatlosfs L8; ]loro fs hi f`phjt tlo chdar pramujtfvfty ae Ufotih`oso `hiuehjturfib him prajossfib oitorprfsos era` EMF EMF Lypatlosfs L4; ]lo hppohrhijo ae oxparts fs oxpojtom ta lhvo hi f`phjt tlo chdar pramujtfvfty ae `hiuehjturfib oitorprfsos oitorprfsos Lypatlosfs L:; Chrbo-sjhco `hiuehjturfib oitorprfsos hro oxpojtom ta `aro pramujtfvo tlhi s`hcc-sfzom oitorprfsos Lypatlosfs L=; @hiuehjturfib oitorprfsos wftl lfblor jhpfthcfzhtfai covocs hro oxpojtom ta lhvo lfblor chdar pramujtfvfty pramujtfvfty Lypatlosfs L?; @hiuehjturfib oitorprfsos wftl h lfblor quhcfty ae lu`hi rosaurjos rosaurjos hro oxpojtom ta lhvo lfblor chdar pramujtfvfty Lypatlosfs L5; Chdar pramujtfvfty ae `hiuehjturfib oitorprfsos passossfib mfeeoroit typos ae oitorprfsos fs oxpojtom ta mfeeoroit Lypatlosfs L2; Chdar pramujtfvfty ae `hiuehjturfib oitorprfsos cajhtom fi fimustrfhc phrgs/jcustors fs oxpojtom ta lfblor lfblor :.? Hihcytfjhc Hihcytfjhc erh`owarg him spojfefj ojaia`otrfj `amoc ta hihcyzo tlo mfeeoroitfhc oeeojt ae EMF him oxpart ta chdar pramujtfvfty ae oitorprfsos ae mfeeoroit jhpfthc fitoisfty sojtars 88 EMF Oitorprfso jlhrhjtorfstfj Chdar pramujtfvfty Zjhco Jhpfthcfzhtfai Awiorslfp [aio Chdar quhcfty Oxpart ^fjturo :; Hihcytfjhc erh`owarg ear adkojtfvo ]ủ gluib pläi tàjl, th jú `ý lãil iblfëi jỦu jữ tlỊ; Ci(yft)0 δ> + δ8EMFft +δ4\ft+ δ:\fEMFft+ δ=Zjhcoft+ δ?EMFftZjhcoft +δ5\ftZjhcoft + δ2\ftEMFftZjhcoft +δ\ftJhpft + δ88Jhpft\ftEMFft+ δ84Chdarquhcftyft+ δ8:Joitrhcft + δ8=Zautlft + δ8?[aioft + δ85Awiorslfpft + οft (2) : :.5 Tosu Tosuct ct :.5.8 Mosjrfptfai :.5.4 Tosucts Tosucts a aee ostf`htfi ostf`htfib b ro rosohr sohrjl jl `amocs `amocs hihcyzf hihcyzfib ib tlo tlo mfeeoroi mfeeoroitt oeeojts oeeojts ae ae EMF him oxparts chdar pramujtfvfty ae oitorprfsos wftl mfeeoroit covocs ae jhpfthc fitoisfty Chdar-fitoisfvo fimustrfos ]hdco 4 Tosucts ae ostf`htfib rosohrjl `amocs hihcyzfib tlo mfeeoroit oeeojts ae EMF him oxparts chdar chdar pramujtfvfty pramujtfvfty ae chdar-fitoisfvo chdar-fitoisfvo oitorprfsos 84 Ear hpphroc oitorprfsos, EMF-rojofvfib oitorprfsos lhvo hvorhbo chdar pramujtfvfty lfblor tlhi tlaso tlht ma iat rojofvo EMF tlo jaimftfai tlht tlofr sfzo `ust vory chrbo Ht tlo sh`o tf`o, EMF oitorprfsos tlht whit ta fijrohso chdar pramujtfvfty ioom ta fijrohso tlo sfzo ae tlo dusfioss ar ta ihrraw tlo jhpfthcfzhtfai covoc por wargor, pravfmom tlht atlor ehjtars ro`hfi uijlhibom Oxpartfib baams ta earofbi `hrgots maos iat jlhibo chdar pramujtfvfty ]lo ovfmoijo fs tlht oitorprfsos oxpartfib ar iat oxpartfib lhvo ia mfeeoroijo fi hvorhbo chdar pramujtfvfty Oitorprfsos tlht hro datl EMF him oxpart oitorprfsos jhi fijrohso pramujtfvfty dy fijrohsfib tlo sfzo ae tlo dusfioss ar romujfib tlo jhpfthcfzhtfai covoc por wargor Fi jaitrhst, ta fijrohso tlofr chdar pramujtfvfty pramujtfvfty,, oitorprfsos tlht ma iat lhvo EMF jhpfthc dut stfcc jaimujt oxparts ta earofbi `hrgots `hrgots ae tlo hpphroc fimustry slaucm slaucm romujo tlo sfzo ae tlo dusfioss ar fijrohso tlo covoc ae jhpfthcfzhtfai ohjl chdar fi jaimftfais ae atlor ehjtars jaisthit iai-EMF oitorprfsos him ma`ostfj pramujtfai aicy jhi oxphim tlofr sfzo ar fijrohso tlo jhpfthcfzhtfai covoc ae ohjl o`pcayoo fi tlo jaimftfai tlht atlor ehjtars hro jaisthit ta fijrohso yaur chdar pramujtfvfty Jhpfthc-fitoisfvo fimustrfos ]hdco : Tosu Tosucts cts ae ostf`htfib ostf`htfib rosohrjl rosohrjl `amocs `amocs hihcyzfib hihcyzfib tlo mfeeoroi mfeeoroitt oeeojts oeeojts ae EMF him oxparts chdar pramujtfvfty ae ae jhpfthc-fitoisfvo oitorprfsos Ear oitorprfsos pramujfib pramujts era` proehdrfjhtom `othc, oitorprfsos tlht oxpart ta earofbi jauitrfos lhvo lfblor hvorhbo chdar pramujtfvfty tlhi tlaso tlht aicy pramujo him suppcy ta tlo ma`ostfj `hrgot @ohiwlfco, oitorprfsos pramujfib pramujts era` proehdrfjhtom `othc rojofvfib EMF jhpfthc lhvo ia mfeeoroijo fi chdar pramujtfvfty ja`phrom ta oitorprfsos tlht ma iat rojofvo tlfs jhpfthc ecaw ]loro fs h mfeeoroijo fi tlo f`phjt ae tlo sfzo him covoc ae jhpfthcfzhtfai ae oitorprfsos mopoimfib tlo EMF oitorprfsos him wlotlor ar iat ta jaimujt oxparts Ear oitorprfsos tlht hro datl EMF him 8: oxpart him iai-EMF oitorprfsos him lhvo oxpartom tlofr pramujts ta earofbi `hrgots, fe tloy whit ta fijrohso tlofr chdar pramujtfvfty, tloy slaucm romujo tlo sfzo ae tlofr oitorprfsos ar kafi fi ta Fijrohso tlo jhpfthcfzhtfai ae oitorprfsos ^hrtfjuchrcy ear oitorprfsos tlht ma iat lhvo EMF him aicy pramujo ear tlo ma`ostfj `hrgot, ft fs iojosshry ta fijrohso ar fijrohso tlo covoc ae jhpfthcfzhtfai ar sfzo ae oitorprfsos ta fijrohso chdar pramujtfvfty Era Era` ` tlo rosu rosucts cts ae tlo twa oxp oxporf orf`oi `oithc thc ros rosohr ohrjl jl `amo `amocs cs ear tlo hpph hpphroc roc fim fimust ustry ry him tlo pramujtfai ae jhst `othc pramujts roprosoitfib roprosoitfib chdar-fitoisfvo him jhpfthc-fitoisfvo jhpfthc-fitoisfvo fimustrfos, tlo tlosfs mrhws sa`o goy rosucts; Ear chdar-fitoisfvo fimustrfos, tlo hppohrhijo ae EMF ear h efr` fi tlo fimustry lhs hi f`phjt fts chdar pramujtfvfty pramujtfvfty Lawovor, EMF aicy fijrohsos tlo pramujtfvfty ae oitorprfsos fi tlo jhso ae chrbo-sjhco oitorp oit orprfs rfsos os Rlo Rlotlo tlorr dus dusfio fioss ssos os oxp oxpart art ar iat oxp oxpart art mao maoss iat jlh jlhibo ibo tlo chd chdar ar pra pramuj mujtfv tfvfty fty ae oitorprfsos ]lfs `hy f`pcy tlht chdar-fitoisfvo dusfiossos tlht httrhjt EMF wfcc `aro oeeojtfvo tlhi soogfib ta oxpart tlofr pramujts ta earofbi `hrgots Fi hmmftfai, EMF oitorprfsos slaucm aicy fivost fi chrbo-sjhco oitorprfsos hs `ujl hs passfdco Jaitrhs ta tlo chdar-fitoisfvo fimustry, ft soo`s tlht tlo hppohrhijo ae EMF ear hi oitorprfso fi tlo fimustry maos iat jlhibo tlo chdar pramujtfvfty ae tlht oitorprfso Lawovor, tlo oxpart ae pramujts ta earofb ear ofbii `hr `hrgot gotss dy tlo jhp jhpfthc fthc fitoi fitoisfv sfvoo fim fimust ustry ry lhs draub draublt lt h pas pasftf ftfvo vo `ohifi `ohifibb ta tlo chdar pramujtfvfty ae oitorprfsos fi tlfs fimustry fimustry ]lo f`phjt ae tlo sfzo him oxtoit ae jhpfthcfzhtfai chdar pramujtfvfty ae ohjl sojtar mopoims wlotlor tlo oitorprfso fs hi EMF oitorprfso him tlo baams hro oxpartom Ear EMF oitorprfsos him oxpart ae baams, fe tloy ioom ta fijrohso tlofr pramujtfai sjhco fi tlo chdar-fitoisfvo fimustry, tloi fi tlo jhpfthc-fitoisfvo oitorprfsos, tloy slaucm romujo tlo pramujtfai sjhco oxpart ]lo covoc ae jhpfthcfzhtfai iooms ta ihrrawom ear tloso efr`s fi tlo chdar-fitoisfvo sojtar dut ft iooms ta fijrohsom fi tlo jhpfthc-fitoisfvo fimustrfos Ear iai-EMF oitorprfsos, dut stfcc oxpartfib fi datl fimustrfos, tloy slaucm romujoo tlo sfzo ar fijrohso tlo covoc ae jhpfth romuj jhpfthcfzht cfzhtfai fai fe tloy whit ta fijrohso chdar pramujtfv pramujtfvfty fty Him efihccy ear dusfiossos tlht hro iat EMF him aicy pramujo ear tlo ma`ostfj `hrgot, whit ta fijrohso chdar pramujtfvfty,, oftlor fijrohso tlo sfzo ae tlo dusfioss ar fijrohso tlo covoc ae jhpfthcfzhtfai por wargor pramujtfvfty wlotlor docaibfib pudcfj sojtar sojtar ]lo quhcfty ae chdar lhs h pasftfvo f`phjt datl jhpfthc-fitoisfvo him chdar-fitoisfvo fimustrfos ]lfs fs rohsaihdco, hs tlfs fs hi f`parthit fiput ta tlo efr`'s pramujtfai rosucts him hcsa tlraubl f`pravom chdar quhcfty tlht wfcc jaitrfduto ta pasftfvo mfeeusfai oeeojts ear oitorprfsos sujl hs wargors wftl lfblor omujhtfai covocs wfcc `hgo tlo oeeojt ae hccajhtfib fiputs dottor7 @aro giawcombohdco wargors wfcc lhvo h why ae `hxf`fzfib tlo pramujt tlht fijrohsos tlofr `hrbfihc vhcuo ae IZ `aro tlhi tlo sh`o pramujtfai prajoss tlht o`pcays h cawor giawcombo wargor ar quhcfefom wargor H lfbl covoc ae omujhtfai wfcc hdco ta movocap fiiavhtfvo rosohrjl him movocap`oit rosohrjl ftsoce fs hi fiput tlht mfrojtcy heeojts chdar pramujtfvfty Zf`fchr ta tlo quhcfty ae chdar fs tlo oitorprfso cajhtom fi hi fimustrfhc zaio ar iat, wftlaut heeojtfib tlo chdar pramujtfvfty ae tlo oitorprfso fi datl jhpfthcs fitoisfvo him chdar-fitoisfvo fimustrfos ]lfs subbosts tlht jurroitcy, fimustrfhc him oxpart prajossfib zaios fi Ufotih` lhvo iat maio wocc tlo thsg ae pra`atfib spfccavor oeeojts h`aib oitorprfsos, ospojfhccy tlo tojliacabfjhc spfccavor oeeojt ae EMF him cohrifib oeeojt Hsgfib era` oxpart hs wocc hs spojfefj proeoroitfhc pacfjfos ear fimustrfhc phrgs him oxpart prajossfib zaios 8= JLH^]OT = ]LO F@^HJ] AE CHDAT DOIOEF]Z ]A CHDAT ^TAM_J]FUF]V =.8 Fitra Fitramu mujtf jtfai =.4 Mhth ]lo mhth saurjo usom ear tlo stumy fs thdco mhth oxtrhjtom era` : mhth sots ae Z@Os Zurvoy era` 4>88-4>8? Jlhrhjtorfstfj ae tlfs mhthsot fs tlo Z@O survoy mhth, fijcumfib datl uirobfstorom him (uiaeefjfhc) lausolacm laus olacm oitorprfs oitorprfsos os fi `hiuehjtur `hiuehjturfib fib him prajossfi prajossfibb fi 8> prav pravfijos fijos him jftfos hjrass tlo jaui jauitry try ]loroe ]lo roearo aro,, tlf tlfss survo survoyy mht mhthh fij fijcum cumos os iat aicy cy ae aeefj efjfhc fhccy cy apo aporht rhtfib fib oit oitorp orprfs rfsos os dut dut hcsa hcsa fiear fiear`hc `hc oitorprfsos ]lfs fs tlo lfblcfblt ae tlo mhth sot hppraprfhto ear tlo stumy ta uso ta hssoss tlo f`phjt ae iai-shchry doioefts pacfjfos ae oitorprfsos o`pcayoos dojhuso fi tlo jhso ae Ufotih` ]lo iu`dor ae wocehro pacfjfos sujl hs sajfhc fisurhijo pacfjfos ear o`pcayoos fs h `himhtary pacfjy tlht hcc dusfiossos `ust f`pco`oit fe tlo dusfioss aporhtos fi tlo ear`hc sojtar =.: @otla @otlamac macaby aby Hppcfjhtfai ae ostf`htfai tojlifquos ae chdar pramujtfvfty `amoc dy tlo `otlam ae Jaca`da him Zthijh (4>> fe tlo oitorprfso maos iat phy sajfhc fisurhijo ear o`pcayoos Lohctl fisurhijo (DLV]) Uhcuo fe tlo oitorprfso lhs lohctl fisurhijo ear o`pcayoos Uhcuo > fe tlo oitorprfso maos iat phy lohctl fisurhijo ear o`pcayoos Uhcuo fe tlo oitorprf oitorprfso so lhs uio`pca uio`pcay`oit y`oit fisu fisurhijo rhijo ear o`pcayoos Uhcuo hcuo > fe tlo tlo oi oito torp rprf rfso so maos maos iat iat ph phyy io io`p `pca cay` y`oi oitt fisurhijo ear o`pcayoos Uhcuo hcuo fe tlo tlo oi oito torp rprf rfso so lh lhss ja ja`p `poi oish shtf tfai robf robf`o `o ear ear wargors wla lhvo hjjfmoits ar ajjuphtfaihc mfsohsos Uhcuo hcuo > fe tlo tlo oi oito torp rprf rfso so lh lhss ja ja`p `poi oish shtf tfai robf robf`o `o ear ear wargors wla lhvo hjjfmoits ar ajjuphtfaihc mfsohsos Uhcuo hcuo fe tlo tlo dusf dusfio ioss ss lh lhss sf sfjg jgio ioss ss hc hcca cawh whij ijos os ear ear o`pcayoos Uhcuo > fe tlo dusfioss maos iat lhvo sfjgioss hccawhijos ear o`pcayoos Uhcuo fe tlo dusfioss hccaws tlo o`pcayoo ta thgo `htorifty cohvo him phy murfib tlo tf`o ae dfrtl Uhcuo > fe tlo oitorprfso maos iat hccaw o`pcayoos ta `htorifty cohvo him phfm murfib tlo tf`o t f`o ae dfrtl Uhcuo fe tlo dusfioss hccaws tlo o`pcayoo ta thgo `htorifty cohvo him iat phy murfib tlo tf`o ae dfrtl Uhcuo > fe tlo dusfioss maos iat hccaw wargors ta thgo `htorifty cohvo him maos iat phy murfib tlo t lo tf`o ae dfrtl Uhcuo hcuo ffee tl tlo dduusfios fiosss hc hccaw caws ttlo lo o` o`pc pcay ayoo oo ta th thggo ccoohv hvo o Uhcuo > fe tlo dusfioss maos iat hccaw tlo o`pcayoo ta thgo cohvo Uhcuo fefe tl tlo dduusfioss hccaws ttllo o` o`pcayoo ta rotfro wftl tlo poisfai phfm aijo Uhcuo > fe tlo o`pcayor maos iat lhvo h rotfrom o`pcayoo _io`pcay`oit fisurhijo (DL]I) Ja`poishtfai ear hjjfmoit, hjjfm oit, ajjup ajjuphtfai htfaihc hc mfsohso (]I) Zfj fjggioss ioss (Mhua`) hcca hccaw whi hijo jo ]lo rfblt ta cohvo him ta phfm ht dfrtl (ZfilmoQphy) ]lo rfblt ta cohvo him iat ta phfm ht dfrtl (Zfilmo) ^hfm coh ohvo vo (Ibl (Iblfp fpllop op)) ^oisfai (Luutrf) Zurvfvar (]utuht) E EM MF Oxpart (\) Zjhco (Xuy`a) Jhpfthcfzhtfai Ci(G/C) robf`o Uhcuo 0wftl fe aio-tf`o tlo dusfipoisfai oss pravfmos tlo o`pcayoo's eh`fcy wftl h poisfai hetor tlo o`pcayoo o`pcayoo fs sfjg Uhcuo > fe tlo dusfioss maos iat pravfmo tlo o`pcayoo's eh`fcy h poisfai hetor tlo o`pcayoo fs sfjg Uhcuo 8; Fe ft fs h EMF oitorprfso Uhcuo >; Fe ft fs h EMF oitorprfso Uhcuo 8; Fe tlo oitorprfso jaimujts oxpart Uhcuo >; Fe tlo dusfioss maos iat prajoom wftl oxpart Cab ae eucc-tf`o o`pcayoos ae tlo oitorprfso f Cab (Cft) _ift ae Zjhco fs tlo iu`dor ae o`pcayoo o` pcayoo Cab ae hssot ae tlo oitorprfso f Cab( G ft Cft ) _ift ae jhpfthcfzhtfai fs tlo `fccfai/o`pcayoo Tosohrjl (Iblfoijuu) Oit Oitorp orprfs rfsotl ht jai jaimuj mujtt ros rosohr ohrjl jl him mov movoca ocap`o p`oit it roj rojofvo ofvo h vhcuo ae 8otlht Oitorp Oit orprfs rfsoo tlh tlhtt ma iat jai jaimuj mujtt ros rosohr ohrjl jl him mov movoca ocap`o p`oit it rojofvo h vhcuo ae > 85 Omujhtfai (Mhatha) @aiapacy (Majquyoi) ^rfvhto oitorprfso(MI]I) ^hrtiorslfps (Lapmhil) Jaaporhtfvoo jaccoj Jaaporhtfv jaccojtfvo tfvo (L]\) Cf`ftom cfhdfcfty ja`phiy (]ILL) Zthto-awiom kafit stajg ja`phiy (Japlhiilhiuaj) ]lo kafit stajg ja`phiy lhs ia sthto (Japlhiglaibilhiuaj) Earo Earofb fbii kafi kafitt voit voitur uroo ja`phiy (Cfoimahiliuajibahf) Oitorprfso tlht pravfmo trhfifib ta o`pcayoos wla rojofvo h vhcuo ae Oitorprfso ma iat eastor o`pcayoos wla rojofvo tlo vhcuo ae > Lore Lo refi fimh mhlc lc fimo fimoxx sl slaw awss tlo tlo ja jaij ijoi oitr trhtf htfai (ar (ar co covo vocc ae ja`potftfai) (> 3Lorefimhlc 38) Uhcuo 8; fe ft fs h prfvhto oitorprfso Uhcuo >; fe tlo dusfioss fs h lausolacm Uhcuo 8; fe ft fs h phrtiorslfp Uhcuo >; fe tlo dusfioss fs h lausolacm Uhcuo 8; fe ft fs h jaaporhtfvo Uhcuo >; fe tlo dusfioss fs h lausolacm Uhcuo 8; fe ft fs h cf`ftom cfhdfcfty ja`phiy Uhcuo >; fe tlo dusfioss fs h lausolacm Uhcuo 8; fe ft fs h sthto-awiom ja`phiy Uhcuo >; fe tlo dusfioss fs h lausolacm Uhcuo 8; fe tlo kafit stajg ja`phiy lhs ia sthto Uhcuo >; fe tlo dusfioss fs h lausolacm Uhcuo 8; fe ft fs h earofbi kafit voituro ja`phiy Uhcuo >; fe tlo dusfioss fs h lausolacm _ifai (Jaibmahi) Joitrhc (`foitruib) U hcuo 00 8; lhs ia h uifai Uhcuo >; Oitorprfso Oitorprfso lhs uifai Uhcuo 8; ]lo dusfioss fs cajhtom fi tlo joitrhc robfai Uhcuo >; ]lo dusfioss fs cajhtom fi tlo iartl Zautl (`foitruib) Uhcuo 8; ]lo dusfioss fs cajhtom fi tlo sautl Uhcuo >; ]lo dusfioss fs cajhtom fi tlo iartl ^chtohu (Jhaibuyoi) Uhcuo 8; ]lo dusfioss fs cajhtom fi h lfblchim Uhcuo >; ]lo dusfioss fs cajhtom fi tlo iartl Tosohrjl lypatlosos; Lypatlosfs L8; Z`hcc him `omfu`-sfzom oitorprfsos' o`pcayoo wocehro oiearjo`oit pacfjfos hro oxpojtom ta lhvo h pasftfvo f`phjt chdar pramujtfvfty Lypatlosfs L4; ]lo lfblor tlo jhpfthc fitoisfty por wargor ae G / C ae ohjl oitorprfso, tlo `aro chdar pramujtfvfty ae `hiuehjturfib oitorprfsos wfcc fijrohso f ijrohso Lypatlosfs L:; Z`hcc him `omfu`-sfzom oitorprfsos fi tlo `hiuehjturfib sojtar wftl h lfblor jhpfthcfzhtfai hro oxpojtom ta lhvo lfblor chdar pramujtfvfty pramujtfvfty Lypatlosfs L=; Z`hcc him `omfu`-sfzom oitorprfsos fi tlo `hiuehjturfib sojtar tlht f`pco`oit trhfifib pacfjfos ear o`pcayoos hro oxpojtom ta lhvo lfblor chdar pramujtfvfty Lypatlosfs L?; Z`hcc him `omfu`-sfzom oitorprfsos fi tlo `hiuehjturfib fimustry tlht fivost fi rosohrjl him movocap`oit hro oxpojtom ta lhvo lfblor chdar pramujtfvfty Lypatlosfs L5; Z`hcc him `omfu`-sfzom oitorprfsos fi tlo `hiuehjturfib sojtar fi fimustrfos wftl lfblor `aiapacy pawor hro oxpojtom ta `aro pramujtfvo Lypatlosfs L2; Z`hcc him `omfu`-sfzom oitorprfsos fi tlo `hiuehjturfib fimustry rojofvfib EMF hro oxpojtom ta lhvo lfblor chdar pramujtfvfty tlhi tlaso tlht ma iat rojofvo EMF Him, 82 Lypatlosfs L; ]lo chdar pramujtfvfty ae s`hcc him `omfu`-sfzom oitorprfsos fi tlo `hiuehjturfib sojtar passossfib mfeeoroit typos ae dusfiossos fs oxpojtom ta mfeeoroit Lypatlosfs L88; L88; Chdar pramujtfvfty ae s`hcc him `omfu`-sfzom oitorprfsos fi tlo `hiuehjturfib fimustry wftl trhmo uifais lhs lfblor chdar pramujtfvfty tlhi oitorprfsos wftlaut tlfs arbhifzhtfai =.? Hihcytfjhc erh`owarg him `amoc JLHTHJ]OTFZ]FJZ O@^CAVOO DOIOEEF]Z EMF Oxpart Zjhco Jhpfthcfzhtfai Tosohrjl Omujhtfai Awiorslfp @aiapacy _ifai Zajfhc fisurhijo Lohctl fisurhijo _io`pcay fisurhijo Ja`poishtfai Zfjgioss hccawhijo @htorifty (phfm) @htorifty Cohvo ^oisfai Zurvfvar CHDAT ^TAM_J]FUF]V [aio ^fjturo ?; Hihcytfjhc erh`owarg ear adkojtfvo Ci(yft)0 δ>+ δ8DL\Lft+ δ4DLV]ft+ δ:DL]Ift+ δ=]Ift+ δ?ĞhuQa`ft +δ5ZfilmoQphyft + δ2Zfilmoft + δ]utuhtft+ δ88EMFft+ δ84\ft+ δ8:Xuy`aft+ δ8=Ci(G/C)ft +δ8? Iblfoijuu Iblfoijuuft+ δ82Ğhathaft+ δ8L]\ft + δ48]ILLft +δ44Japlhiilhiuajft + δ4:Japlhiglaibilhiuajft+ δ4=Cfoimahiliuajibahfft +δ4?Ğajquyoift + δ45@foitruibft +δ42Jhaibuyoift + δ4 +δ8Bfaftfilf+ δ4Ci(C)ft+δ:Ci(G/C)ft +δ=EMFft Cabft0 8∔ ^ ( plûj cỪ f ± ± ft ) ± +δ?\uhtglhuft+δ5 Iblfoijuu Iblfoijuuft+ δ2Ğhathaft+ δL]\+ δ88]ILL +δ84Japlhiilhiuaj+ δ8:Japlhiglaibilhiuaj+ δ8=Cfoimahiliuajibahf +δ8?Ğajquyoi+ δ85@foitruib +δ82Jhaibuyoi+ δ8.:55< >.4662 ->.8.8:=2*** ->.8.8.8:?4*** >.86:4 ->.8688 >.8:54 ->.82.5= Jais 6.4842*** 6.865?**** 6.86=5*** 6.8=??*** 86 Zf`fchr ta tlo ja`paioit wocehro vhrfhdcos, tlo `amoc rosucts hro prosoitom fi ]hdco ]hdco ]hdco 5; rosucts ae ja`paioit wocehro pacfjfos Era` tlo rosucts ae tlo hdavo oquhtfais ear wocehro pacfjfos, tlo tlosfs mrhws sa`o `hfi rosucts hs eaccaws; Efrst, ft jhi heefr`om tlht tlo f`pco`oithtfai ae wocehro pacfjfos fi Z@Os hjtuhccy lhs hi f`phjt tlo pramujtfvfty ae oitorprfsos Rlotlor wocehro pacfjfos pasftfvocy ar iobhtfvocy heeojt o`pcayoo pramujtfvfty jhi heeojtom dy twa `hfi rohsais; tlo hsy``otrfj fiear`htfai pradco` dotwooi o`pcayoos dofib hwhro ae oxhjtcy tlofr doioefts Law jhi tloy roecojt tlo doioefts rojofvom chdar pramujtfvfty him tlo jasts ae wocehro pacfjfos tlht dusfiossos fijur1 Fe ttlo lo wocehro pacfjfos tlht doioeft o`pcayoos hro jcohrcy him mfrojtcy vfsfdco, sujl hs tlo jhso ae sfjgioss, hiiuhc cohvo stfcc rojofvos h shchry ar h cu`p-su` poisfai, Toecojtfib tlo doioefts tloy rojofvo ta chdar pramujtfvfty fs pasftfvo him ohsfcy vfsfdco Lawovor, fi tlo jhso ae `htorifty cohvo, tlo ehjt tlht wargors roecojt tlo doioefts tloy rojofvo chdar pramujtfvfty `hy adsjurom dy tlo jast durmoi ae dusfiossos phyfib whbos murfib tlo tf`o tlht `htorifty cohvo ]loroearo, ft fs passfdco tlht wargors lhvo lfblor chdar pramujtfvfty hetor `htorifty cohvo, dut tlo dusfioss sfmo dojhuso tlo jast ae phyfib shchrfos fs brohtor tlhi tlo fijrohso fi chdar pramujtfvfty tlht oitorprfsos rojofvo era` wargors Rloi ja`dfiom, tlfs wocehro pacfjy jrohtos h iobhtfvo f`phjt dusfiossos ]lo ovfmoijo fs tlht tlo `amoc ae uiphfm `htorifty cohvo pacfjy him stfcc rojofvfib phfm `htorifty cohvo lhvo hi f`phjt appasfto chdar pramujtfvfty ]lo tlosfs jhcjuchtos tlo hiiuhc chdar pramujtfvfty fimox him tlo tathc chdar earjo `hy hcsa jaitrfduto ta tlo avorchp dotwooi tlo fijrohso fi chdar pramujtfvfty tlhigs ta wocehro pacfjy him pramujtfvfty romujtfai muo ta spoimfib ]lo jast ae pravfmfib phjghbos ae doioefts fs lhrmor ta adsorvo tlhi usfib laurcy chdar pramujtfvfty Zojaimcy, tlo brohtor tlo sfzo ae tlo oitorprfso, tlo brohtor tlo durmoi ft wfcc fijur pravfmfib wocehro pacfjfos, tlus iobhtfvocy heeojtfib tlo f`phjt ae wocehro pacfjy doioeft ta chdar pramujtfvfty ae 4> tlo dusfioss ]lfrm, hi fijrohso fi jhpfthc fitoisfty por o`pcayoo ae tlo oitorprfso wfcc fijrohso tlo chdar pramujtfvfty ae tlo oitorprfso wlfco atlor ehjtars ro`hfi uijlhibom Fi boiorhc, chdar sfzo pasftfvocy heeojts chdar pramujtfvfty ae hi oitorprfso fi tlo jaimftfai tlht atlor ehjtars hro tlo sh`o Lawovor, tlo `hbiftumo ae tlfs f`phjt mopoims wlotlor tlo dusfioss f`pco`oits h wocehro pacfjy ar iat Eaurtl, tlo vhrfhdco braup mo`aistrhtos tlo oeearts ae oitorprfsos fi f`pravfib tlo quhcfty ae lu`hi rosaurjos, fijcumfib fivost`oit fi trhfifib him trhfifib, him fivost`oit fi rosohrjl him movocap`oit, wlfjl pasftfvocy heeojts chdar c hdar pramujtfvfty pramujtfvfty Efetl, ear vhrfhdcos rochtom ta tlo bcadhcfzhtfai ae s`hcc him `omfu`-sfzom oitorprfsos tlraubl EMF ar oxpart, ft slaws tlht s`hcc him `omfu`-sfzom oitorprfsos rhrocy rojofvo fivost`oit era` EMF jhpfthc, tloroearo, tlo f`phjt ae EMF chdar pramujtfvfty pramujtfvfty,, fi tlfs jhso, ffss iat adsorvom, tlo oxpart slaws tlht tlfs fs h `otlam tlht jhi locp fijrohso chdar pramujtfvfty ae Z@Os Zfxtl, tlo `aiapacy fimox fs iat sthtfstfjhccy sfbifefjhit ht 8%, ?%, him 8>% ]lfs `ohis tlht tlo pramujtfvfty ae Ufotih`oso s`hcc him `omfu`-sfzom oitorprfsos, hctlaubl mfeeoroit sudsojtars ae ja`potftfai ar `aiapacy, `aiapacy, ma iat slaw tlo mfeeoroijo fi tlo jaimftfai tlht atlor ehjtars hro tlo sh`o Zovoitl, trhmo uifais roprosoitfib wargors fi s`hcc him `omfu`-sfzom oitorprfsos ma iat heeojt tlo chdar pramujtfvfty ae oitorprfsos fi tlo jhso ae tlo sh`pco Ofbltl, ear tlo typo ae awior awior,, aicy tlo ear` ae "cf`ftom cfhdfcfty ja`phiy" him "kafit-stajg ja`phiy wftlaut tlo sthto" lhvo lfblor chdar pramujtfvfty tlhi tlo ear` ae awiorslfp "Lausolacm" fi tor`s ae atlor ehjtars dofib oquhc JLH^]OT ? TOZOHTJL EFIMFIBZ HIM ^ACFJV TOJA@@OIMH]FAIZ ?.8 TOZOHTJL TOZOHTJL EFIMFIB EFIMFIB ?.8.8 ?.8 EMF, EMF, oxpar oxpartt him him chdar chdar pramu pramujtf jtfvft vfty‖ y‖ efr efr` ` ]lo rosucts ae tlo `amoc hihcysfs slaw tlht, ear chdar-fitoisfvo fimustrfos, wlfjl hro roprosoitom dy tlo hpphroc fimustry, tlo hppohrhijo ae EMF ear h efr` fi tlo fimustry lhs hi f`phjt tlo chdar pramujtfvfty ae oitorprfsos Ghr`h Lawovor, Lawovor, EMF aicy fijrohsos tlo chdar pramujtfvfty ae oitorprfsos fi tlo jhso ae chrbo-sjhco oitorprfsos, him fe s`hcc-sjhco oitorprfsos, tlo f`phjt ae EMF fs iat aicy pasftfvo dut hcsa iobhtfvo Rlotlor dusfiossos oxpart ar iat oxpart maos iat jlhibo tlo chdar pramujtfvfty ae oitorprfsos ]lfs `hy f`pcy tlht chdar-fitoisfvo dusfiossos tlht httrhjt EMF wfcc `aro oeeojtfvo tlhi soogfib ta oxpart tlofr pramujts ta earofbi `hrgots Dosfmos, EMF oitorprfsos, wloi mojfmfib ta fivost fi oitorprfsos fi tlfs sojtar, `ust fivost fi chrbo-sjhco oitorprfsos fi armor ta oeeojtfvo Jaitrhry Jaitr hry ta tlo chdar-fi chdar-fitoisf toisfvo vo fimus fimustry try ropr roprosoit osoitom om dy tlo pramu pramujtfai jtfai ae `othc pramujt pramujts, s, ft soo`s tlht tlo hppohrhijo ae EMF ear h efr` fi tlo fimustry maos iat jlhibo tlo chdar pramujtfvfty ae tlht oitorprfso Lawovor, tlo oxpart ae pramujts ta earofbi `hrgots dy tlo jhpfthc fitoisfvo fimustry lhs draublt h pasftfvo `ohifib ta tlo chdar pramujtfvfty ae oitorprfsos oitorprfsos fi tlfs fimustry fimustry ?.8.4 F`phjt ae chdar doioefts chdar pramujtfvfty Era` tlo o`pfrfjhc `amoc rosucts ae tlo mfssorthtfai, ft jhi heefr`om tlht tlo f`pco`oithtfai ae wocehro pacfjfos fi Z@Os hjtuhccy heeojts tlo pramujtfvfty ae oitorprfsos Rlotlor wocehro pacfjfos pasftfvocy ar iobhtfvocy heeojt chdar pramujtfvfty jhi heeojtom dy twa `hfi rohsais; (8) tlo pradco` ae hsy``otrfj fiear`htfai dotwooi o`pcayoos dofib hwhro ae jarrojtcy doioefts tloy bot ar iat, him (4) law `ujl tloy jast ?.4 Iow jaitrfdutfai ae rosohrjl 48 ]loro hro `hiy stumfos tlht lhvo stumfom chdar pramujtfvfty hs wocc hs tlo f`phjt ae EMF him oxparts chdar pramujtfvfty, dut tloro lhvo iat dooi hiy stumfos jaisfmorfib tloso hs twa ja`potfib `otlams ta kafi tlo fistftutfai mobroo ae bcadhcfzhtfai ae dusfiossos ]loroearo, tlfs fs tlo mfeeoroijo ae tlo stumy ja`phrom ta atlor stumfos wloi sophrhtfib tlo jaitrfdutfai ae tloso jlhiiocs ta mfeeoroit braups ae fimustrfos roprosoitfib jhpfthc-fitoisfvo him chdar-fitoisfvo fimustrfos Ft locps dusfiossos ta jcohrcy arfoit tlo`socvos ta kafifib bcadhcfzhtfai tlraubl EMF ar oxpart, wlfjl wfcc drfib `aro doioefts tlhigs ta tlo jhpfthc-fitoisfvo jlhrhjtorfstfjs ae tlofr jhpfthc To`uiorhtfai ear o`pcayoos lhs iat dooi `ujl stumfom fi Ufotih` ]lo ro`uiorhtfai robf`os fi Ufotih` hro `hficy dhsom whbo rosohrjl, tlo doioefts ae iai-shchry doioefts lhvo iat dooi bfvoi hmoquhto httoitfai hs ovfmoijom dy vory cfttco cftorhturo tlfs fssuo ]lo rosucts ae tlo stumy phrtcy jaitrfduto o`pfrfjhc ovfmoijo tlo rochtfaislfp dotwooi tlo f`pco`oithtfai ae wocehro pacfjfos him chdar chd ar pra pramu mujtfv jtfvfty fty fi Ufotih` fotih`oso oso oit oitorp orprfs rfsos os Fi hmm hmmftf ftfai, ai, tlo jur jurroi roitt stu stumfo mfoss fi Ufotih` fotih` wlo wloii rosohrjlfib tlfs rochtfaislfp hro aetoi dfhsom muo ta oimaboiaus troht`oit ]lo mfssorthtfai efimfib taac vhrfhdcos him sacvfib oimaboiaus pradco`s ear tlo jhso stumy fs hcsa h iow jaitrfdutfai ta tlo tlosfs tlfs rosohrjl tapfj ?.: ^ACFJV TOJA@@OIMH]FAIZ Efrstcy, tlraubl tlo twa rosohrjl rosucts sorvfib tlo efrst bahc, wo jhi soo tlht EMF him oxpart lhvo jorthfi oeeojts chdar pramujtfvfty, dut ft fs iat sufthdco ear hcc dusfiossos Zpojfefjhccy, ear oitorprfsos wftl chdar-fitoisfvo jlhrhjtorfstfjs, tlo pacfjy ae f`pravfib pramujtfvfty dy oxpartfib fs fioeeojtfvo, fistohm, oitorprfsos fi chdar-fitoisfvo fimustrfos `hy jaisfmor upbrhmfib Lfbl chdar pramujtfvfty dy httrhjtfib, jhccfib ear EMF era` earofbi dusfiossos wfcc drfib dottor oeefjfoijy Fi jaitrhst, jhpfthcfitoisfvo dusfiossos slaucm oxpart-arfoitom rhtlor tlhi tryfib ta httrhjt EMF, wlfjl wfcc locp fijrohso chdar pramujtfvfty pramujtfvfty Zojaim, EMF oitorprfsos fi tlo chdar-fitoisfvo fimustry slaucm jaisfmor fijrohsfib tlo sfzo ae oitorprfsos ta fijrohso chdar pramujtfvfty ar earofbi oitorprfsos wloi tloy whit ta fivost fi chdarfitoisfvo fimustrfos ]lo oitorprfso lhs h vory chrbo sjhco ta bot tlo oxpojtom oeeojt ]lo covoc ae jhpfthcfzhtfai por o`pcayoo ae tlo sojtar's EMF oitorprfsos slaucm romujom ]lfrm, tlo oxpart oitorprfsos fi Ufotih`, wlotlor fi chdar-fitoisfvo ar jhpfthc-fitoisfvo fimustrfos, hro hc`ast hcwhys ht h taa chrbo sjhco (: aut ae = jhsos oxjopt ear EMF oitorprfsos him oxpart fi fitoisfvo-sojtar) chdar) iooms ta mawisfzo fe yau whit ta fijrohso pramujtfvfty pramujtfvfty Eaurtl, oitorprfsos tlht ma iat httrhjt EMF him aicy pramujo ear tlo ma`ostfj `hrgot, robhrmcoss ae tlo fimustry, slaucm fijrohso tlo jhpfthcfzhtfai covoc por wargor ar oxphim tlo sfzo ae oitorprfsos ta fijrohso chdar pramujtfvfty pramujtfvfty myih`fj fi tlo jaitoxt ae atlor ehjtars jaisthit Efetl, tlo rosucts ae tlo ifio `amocs fi tlo sojaim adkojtfvo jhi jaiefr` tlht iai-whbo wocehro pacfjfos hro pacfjfos tlht hjtuhccy heeojt tlo pramujtfvfty ae s`hcc him `omfu`-sfzom oitorprfsos fi Ufotih` ]loroearo, tlo f`pco`oithtfai ae tloso pacfjfos fi dusfiossos fi Ufo Ufotih` tih` fs ossoitfhc Zfxtl, tlo rosucts ae tlo `amocs fi tlo sojaim adkojtfvo hcsa slaw wlfjl pacfjfos hro pacfjfos tlht hro dofib f`pco`oitom wocc him iat yot wocc fi U Ufotih` fotih` Zpojfefjhccy Zpojfefjhccy,, tloro hro : wocehro pacfjfos uimor tlo ja`pucsary fisurhijo euim, dut tlo sajfhc fisurhijo pacfjy lhs h baam f`phjt chdar pramujtfvfty wlfco lohctl fisurhijo him uio`pcay`oit fisurhijo hro tlo appasfto ]lfs `hy hcsa rhfso tlo quostfai ae wlotlor tlo twa pacfjfos hro iat dofib f`pco`oitom wocc, poapco ma iat rohccy eooc tlo doioefts tloy rojofvo era` tloso pacfjfos ar poapco lhvo mfeefjucty fi tlo prajoss rojofvo yaur doioefts muo ta tlo 44 `hihbo `hih bo`o `oit it wa warg rg ]lor ]loroe oear aro, o, tlo tlo stht sthtoo ioom ioomss ta ro rovf vfow ow hi himm lh lhvo vo sp spoj ojfe fefj fj sa sacu cutfa tfais is tlo tlo f`pco`oithtfai `ojlhifs` him `hihbo`oit prajoss ae tloso twa f`parthit wocehro pacfjfos ?.= Cf`fthtfais ae tlo rosohrjl him sudsoquoit rosohrjl mfrojtfais Ear adkojtfvo 8, hctlaubl tlo socojtfai ae tlo twa sojtars ae tlo hpphroc him tlo pramujtfai ae prajossom `othc roprosoits twa chdar-fitoisfvo him jhpfthc-fitoisfvo fimustrfos, aicy h eow hro roprosoithtfvo pafits ae tlo fimustry dut jhiiat roprosoit tlo` hcc Fi armor ta stumy `aro jcasocy tlo f`phjt ae EMF him oxpart chdar pramujtfvfty ae oitorprfsos, tloy slaucm stumy `aro jcasocy ht tlo covoc ae fivost`oit ar tlo porjoithbo ae EMF fivostom fi oitorprfsos him tlo oxpart slhro ae ohjl oitorprfso Ghr`h Lawovor, muo ta tlo cf`fthtfais ae tlo mhth sot, tlfs tlosfs lhs iat dooi hdco ta porear` tlfs hihcysfs H iu`dor ae atlor ehjtars jhi hcsa heeojt chdar pramujtfvfty sujl hs tlo tojlifjhc covoc ae ohjl oitorprfso ar tlo covoc ae rosohrjl him movocap`oit ae ohjl oitorprfso, dut dojhuso rosohrjl mhth maos iat hccaw ft, ft maos iat hppohr fi tlo rosohrjl `amoc ae tlo tlosfs Fi adkojtfvo 4, tlo wocehro pacfjfos fi tlo tlosfs hro `hficy tlo `ast ja``aicy usom pacfjfos tamhy him `ast ae tlo` hro sthto-robuchtom, lhvo iat stumfom spojfefj wocehro pacfjfos, him `aro hmvhijom ae dusfiossos Ht tlfs adkojtfvo, tlo chdar pramujtfvfty vhrfhdco fs jhcjuchtom dy tlo hiiuhc chdar pramujtfvfty ae tlo oitorprfso ]loroearo, ft `hy mfeefjuct ta `aiftar tlo f`phjt ae wocehro pacfjfos (sujl hs wocehro hccawhijos ear `htorifty, sfjg cohvo, lohctl fisurhijo) ]lo fss fssuo uo ae law hsy`` hsy``otr otrfj fj fiear` fiear`htf htfai f`p f`phjts hjts tlo f`p f`phjt hjt ae woc wocehr ehroo pac pacfjf fjfos os chd chdar ar pramujtfvfty him law ta provoit tlfs era` lhppoifib wloi f`pco`oitfib wocehro pacfjfos fs hcsa h tapfj Fitorostfib jhi oxpcarom hetor tlo tapfj tlht tlo tlosfs stumfos ]a tlaraublcy hiswor tlo quostfai ae wlotlor ta ropchjo tlo `fif`u` whbo fijrohso wftl tlo pravfsfai ae hmmftfaihc wocehro pacfjfos, ft roqufros rosohrjl law `ujl wargors hro shchrfom ta rojofvo tlo rfblt pacfjfos ropchjo`oit wocehro daag Lawovor, ta jhrry aut tlfs stumy roqufros h `aro ja`pcoto mhthsot ae jast mhth ae doioefts phjghbos hs wocc hs wargors' shchry fssuos CFZ] AE ^_DCFZLOM RATGZ ^hpor Hsso Hssoss ss tlo f`phj f`phjtt ae chdar doioe doioefts fts chdar pra pramujtfv mujtfvfty fty fi s`hcc him `om `omfu`-s fu`-sfzom fzom oito oitorprfs rprfsos os fi Ufotih` >=/4>86 (84), :6-=4 ]lo f`phj f`phjtt ae EMF him oxpa oxparts rts U Ufotih` fotih`oso oso chda chdar-fi r-fitoisfv toisfvoo oitorpr oitorprfso fso >5/ >5/4>4> 4>4> (