Learn English Improving Spoken English Hazel Robins Book First published in 2017 Text copyright © Sandford Press Limited Images copyright © Sandford Press Limited Hazel Robins has asserted her right to be identified as the author of this work under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights are reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the copyright owners Published by Sandford Press Limited Hillside, Albion Street, Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire, OX7 5BH ISBN 978-0-9957327-1-1 Author: Hazel Robins Editor: Nicola Mee Illustrator and designer: Lorraine Inglis Printed and bound in the UK This book contains web links to sites and resources on the Internet that are controlled by third parties These links are provided solely as a convenience to our readers and not constitute an endorsement, recommendation or certification by Sandford Press or the author of this book Any concerns regarding external links or other websites should be directed to the publisher Because Sandford Press has no control over such sites and resources, you acknowledge and agree that Sandford Press shall not be responsible or liable, directly or indirectly for any damage or loss caused or alleged to be caused by or in connection with use of or reliance on any linked content You further agree and acknowledge that any information made available via the Services regarding third party offers is for information purposes only and when you click on any link that takes you outside the Services, your use of the Internet will be governed by the terms of use and privacy policies, if any, of the particular website or service that you are accessing You acknowledge that all third party postings available through the Services have been provided by a third party operator/provider and we not make any warrant regarding quality, accuracy or completeness Finally, you understand that all visitor transactions with third parties are solely between the visitor and the third party Contents 10 11 12 Introduction: how to use this book Grammar and question tables Hello! Meeting people for the first time How’re you? Social etiquette What’s your family like? Having fun! Making conversation Talking about your daily routine Are you busy? Making plans Visiting places How I get there? Directions in town Visiting the doctor A table for two, please! Eating out A place to live – renting and buying houses How much is this? At the shops Numbers, money, measurements, time and dates Vocabulary Question words Introduction: how to use this book This book is for students who have an A1/A2 level of English and want to improve their speaking and listening skills through self-study Each chapter is situation-focused You not have to follow a specific order This course works best with a tablet or smart phone We recommend that students use: a good English-English dictionary app (rather than a translation app) to use for checking meaning, grammar and most importantly pronunciation of new words a ‘sounds’ app – for specific pronunciation work a good voice recognition app e.g Siri (set to British English) or Cortana, on iPhones and Windows Phones, or a good Android equivalent, to check pronunciation a means of recording their voice and playing back Chapter structure The chapters in this book all follow a structure to make it easier for you to learn English and to guide you through the learning process Underlining: to help with pronunciation, some words have underlining to show where the stress is The podcast will also help you to understand pronunciation Grammar: key grammar is included in the chapters so you can learn grammar in context, where it’s useful A list of the grammar points is at the front of this book Question words: this book explains all of the key question words in context A list of the question words and when you use them is at the front of this book Key Tips: important aspects of learning English are highlighted with the Key Tips Links to external content: for extra help we include links to external content online Practising numbers: we include a section with numbers, days, months and time used in context Podcast: we include several conversations in a Podcast that you can listen to on your phone tablet, laptop, etc online by visiting learnenglish1.education Pronunciation: practise your pronunciation: say key phrases to Siri/Cortana etc in your phone Does Siri understand? Vocabulary: the Vocabulary section at the back of this book explains the most important vocabulary Using the book As well as reading, understanding and practising the conversations contained in this book, it is important to listen to the conversations on the podcasts Listen to, read and repeat the conversations as many times as you need to Listen without the script the 1st time, then listen and read the 2nd time (and 3rd/4th time if you need to) Each unit has useful vocabulary for specific situations, and general language to help you in your speaking At the back of the book there is a list of vocabulary and descriptions Sometimes, try to understand generally without looking up every word If you this you will improve your listening skills quickly Your EnglishEnglish dictionary is a good tool for learning new words, but you don’t need to look up all the words to understand a conversation Listening To be good at speaking, you also need to be good at listening To improve your listening skills: Watch films in English Maybe try without subtitles Listen to your favourite English music, 1st without, then with the words online Listen to English radio stations while you cook or clean Relax – you don’t need to understand every word, and stress makes listening harder Just relax and let your brain the work Speaking Speaking a language is like driving a car – you need to practise This book lets you use technology to practise your language at home and work, before you try with other people The aim of this book is to give you the structure to learn alone and really improve your fluency, pronunciation and confidence with speaking Good luck, and remember, practice makes perfect! Grammar and question tables You can find below items of grammar and question words that are used in specific situations in the various chapters in the book Use these to help you learn key pieces of grammar and understand how they are used in situations Grammar tables Chapter 1: Hello! Meeting people for the first time 1.1 Present tense of be 1.2 Describing where you are from 1.3 Asking where someone is from Chapter 3: What’s your family like? 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 A and any after you have and have you got The present tense of have The present tense of have got Describing people using be, have and have got Possessives – my, your, his, her, their Chapter 4: Having fun! Making conversation 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 Ways of saying I like Other ways of saying I like Ways of saying I don’t like Ways of asking Do you like? Ways of saying you like something more Questions with regular verbs Regular verbs – endings with he/she/it He, she and they – likes, dislikes and preferences Negatives with regular verbs Chapter 5: Talking about your daily routine 5.1 Regular verbs Chapter 6: Are you busy? Making plans 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Polite ways of saying no The two negative forms of be Suggesting when to meet Questions with can, could and shall Chapter 7: Visiting places 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Pronouns after for Position of adjectives There be says what exists Does it have, has it got and are there Chapter 9: Visiting the doctor 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 I’d like and I need Can doesn’t conjugate Keep + -ing Using have + [past participle] to talk about the recent past (the present perfect) Chapter 10: A table for two please! Eating out 10.1 Asking questions with can and could 10.2 Asking questions with’d 10.3 Be in the past Chapter 11: A place to live – renting and buying houses 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 Regular verbs in the past – call, speak and show Subjects and objects Present questions, past questions and negatives with most verbs Present and past questions and negatives with be ’d meaning would Chapter 12: How much is this? At the shops 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 Would: questions, positives and negatives The comparative and superlative The future using will + [verb] Countable nouns Uncountable nouns Numbers, money, measurements, time and dates 13.1 Metric and imperial measures – kg, st, etc 13.2 The ordinal numbers in dates – 1st, 2nd etc 13.3 The past of be Questions Chapter 1: Hello! Meeting people for the first time 1.A What? asks for information 1.B How you? asks for a description 1.C How? asks for more information 1.D Where? asks about place 1.E Which? asks you to choose Chapter 3: What’s your family like? 3.A How many? asks about quantity 3.B What’s … like? asks for descriptions 3.C When? asks about time or date Chapter 4: Having fun! Making conversation 4.A What? asks for information Chapter 6: Are you busy? Making plans 6.A Where? asks about place Chapter 9: Visiting the doctor 9.A Who? asks about people Chapter 12: How much is this? At the shops 12.A What? asks for information 12.B Which? asks you to choose 12.C Where? asks about place 12.D How much? asks about quantity Hello! Meeting people for the first time Hello! You can say: Hello, Hi, Hiya, Heya, Good morning, Good afternoon, Good evening, Morning, Afternoon, Evening, Hello! is for all situations; Hi! is slightly informal; Hey!, Hiya! and Heya! are informal Good morning!, Good afternoon! and Good evening! are slightly formal Morning!, Afternoon! and Evening! are informal Goodbye! You can say: Goodbye, Goodnight, Bye-Bye, Bye Night, See you Goodbye! is slightly formal; Goodnight! is for all situations; Bye-bye! and Bye! are slightly informal; See you! and Night! are informal What time? 00.00–12.00: 12.00–17.00: 17.00–00.00: 21.00–00.00: Good Good Good Good morning! afternoon! evening! night! Metric (UK, Australia, Europe etc.) Imperial (US, Liberia, Myanmar; sometimes the UK) Distance/length/height km = kilometre 12 km = 12 kilometres m = metre m = metres cm = centimetre 15 cm = 15 centimetres mm = millimetre 31 mm = 31 millimetres ml = mile 13 ml = 13 miles yd = yard yd = yards ft = foot 26 ft = 26 feet in = inch 18 in = 18 inches Temperature 1ºc = degree (centigrade) 10ºc = 10 degrees (centigrade) 1ºf = degree (fahrenheit) 80ºf = 80 degrees (fahrenheit) To ask about measurements, you can use How + adjective: Weight How heavy…? How light…? Volume How much… is there? Distance How far…? How close…? Length How long…? How short…? Height (people) How tall…? How short…? Height (things) How high…? Temperature How hot…? How cold…? Examples How How How How How How heavy is an elephant? light is a baseball? much milk is there? far is London? far is your hometown? close are you? How How How How How How long is your hair? short is the walk? tall are you? short are your parents? high is the Empire State Building? high is Big Ben? Remember be in questions: am I? are you? is he/she/it? are we? are they? Time You can ask: What time is it? What’s the time? Do you know the time? Do you have the time? Have you got the time? Have you got the time? is slightly informal You can answer: It’s… I make it… Then you can say: 4:00 = four or four o’clock 10:00 = ten or ten o’clock 12:00 = twelve or twelve o’clock 13:00 = one or one o’clock 16:00 = four or four o’clock 20:00 = eight or eight o’clock You can say: a.m or in the morning p.m or in the afternoon Examples 11 a.m eleven a.m eleven in the morning eleven o’clock in the morning four p.m four in the afternoon four o’clock in the afternoon p.m p.m 11 p.m five p.m five in the evening five o’clock in the evening eleven p.m eleven at night eleven o’clock at night To say the minutes, you can say just numbers: You only say o’clock with the hour: five o’clock ✓ nine o’clock ✓ three forty-five o’clock ten past ten o’clock 6:05 7:40 9:10 10:15 12:30 15:45 17:50 six oh five seven forty nine ten ten fifteen twelve thirty three forty-five five fifty You can also say: Examples 6:05 9:10 five past six five minutes past six ten past nine ten minutes past nine 7:40 11:35 twenty to eight twenty minutes to eight twenty-five to twelve twenty-five minutes to twelve 15:20 22:22 twenty past three twenty minutes past three twenty-two past ten twenty-two minutes past ten 17:50 ten to six ten minutes to six five to nine five minutes to nine 20:55 You can also use: quarter (= 15 minutes) half (= 30 minutes) Examples 8:15 quarter past eight eight fifteen quarter past ten ten fifteen quarter to four three forty-five 10:15 15:45 21:45 7:30 12:30 quarter to ten nine forty-five half past seven seven thirty half past twelve twelve thirty You can also always add the time of day: six oh five a.m seven forty p.m five past six in the morning twenty minutes to eight in the evening quarter past ten at night half past eleven in the morning not yet three o’clock in the morning just before half past nine in the evening Don’t combine o’clock, past or to with a.m or p.m.: three o’clock a.m three o’clock in the morning ✓ half past nine pm half past nine in the evening ✓ quarter to eleven p.m four p.m ✓ nine thirty a.m ✓ quarter to eleven at night ✓ seven ten a.m ✓ three twenty p.m ✓ Conversations Dexter: Janos: Minho: Tadeo: What time is it? Eleven Do you know the time? Yep, ten past three in the morning Akiko: Sophia: Dylan: Odile: It’s five o’clock What time is it? Quarter past four What’s the time? Tanguy: Niamh: Evie: Finley: Mollie: Aran: Chiara: Do you know what the time is? Yeah, it’s almost four o’clock Do you have the time? Yes, it’s four thirty Have you got the time? Yes, I make it quarter to two What time you make it? Rafiq: Simone: Binh: Zuzana: Viveca: Mikhail: Sylvie: It’s ten a.m Do you know the time? Yes, it’s five minutes to six Do you have the time? Yeah, I make it almost four in the afternoon Have you got the time? Yes, it’s half past nine Dates and days You can ask: Do you know the date? What date is it? What date is it today? What’s the date? What’s the date today? What’s today’s date? Do you know today’s date? You can answer: It’s… Today’s… Today’s date is… or just the date To say the date, you say the + [ordinal number] + of + [month]: the the the the first of January twelfth of March twentieth of August second of December = = = = 1/1 12/3 20/8 2/12 the fifth of May = 5/5 The months of the year are: January February March April May June July August September October November December To make an ordinal number, you usually just add -th: 4th: the fourth 13th: the thirteenth 15th: the fifteenth 27th: the twenty-seventh 35th: the thirty-fifth 49th: the forty-ninth 56th: the fifty-sixth For the tens you add a syllable: 20th: the twenti|eth 30th: the thirti|eth 40th: the forti|eth Numbers that finish in one, two, three or five are also different: 1st: the first 2nd: the second 3rd: the third 5th: the fifth 21st: the twenty-first 32nd: the thirty-second 43rd: the forty-third 55th: the fifty-fifth 61st: the sixty-first 72nd: the seventy-second 83rd: the eighty-third 95th: the ninety-fifth But: 11th: the eleventh 12th: the twelfth 13th: the thirteenth 15th: the fifteenth 111th: the hundred and eleventh 112th: the hundred and twelfth 113th: the hundred and thirteenth 115th: the hundred and fifteenth 13.2 The ordinal numbers in dates 1st the first 17th the seventeenth 2nd the second 18th the eighteenth 3rd the third 19th the nineteenth 4th the fourth 20th the twentieth 5th the fifth 21st the twenty-first 6th the sixth 22nd the twenty-second 7th the seventh 23rd the twenty-third 8th the eighth 24th the twenty-fourth 9th the ninth 25th the twenty-fifth 10th the tenth 26th the twenty-sixth 11th the eleventh 27th the twenty-seventh 12th the twelfth 28th the twenty-eighth 13th the thirteenth 29th the twenty-ninth 14th the fourteenth 30th the thirtieth 15th the fifteenth 31st the thirty-first 16th the sixteenth Examples of dates the the the the the the twelfth of January ninth of February twenty-fifth of March seventh of April third of May fifth of June = = = = = = 12/1 9/2 25/3 7/4 3/5 5/6 the the the the the the first of July thirty-first of August eighteenth of September eleventh of October second of November twenty-third of December In the US, they say and write dates differently: January twelfth February ninth March twenty-fifth April seventh May third Conversations = = = = = 1/12 2/9 3/25 4/7 5/3 = = = = = = 1/7 31/8 18/9 11/10 2/11 23/12 Leif: Mia: Ellie: Elsie: Lucy: Ben: Agha: Kaiden: What date is it? It’s the fifth of June What date is it today? Today’s the twelfth of September What’s the date? Today’s the first of May What’s the date today? It’s the seventh of August Callum: Fabienne: Alexei: Evelyn: Emma: Alfie: What’s today’s date? It’s the fourth of July Do you know the date? Yes, today’s the twenty-seventh of August Do you know what the date is today? Yup, today’s the fifth of December For birthdays, see page 179 You can say: Monday the thirteenth of October Tuesday the seventh of December Wednesday the nineteenth of April Thursday the twelfth of January Friday the thirty-first of August Saturday the second of May Sunday the tenth of July When you write the date, you write Monday 7th August Not Monday the 7th of August Days of the week The days of the week are: Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday You can ask: What day is it? What day is it today? What’s the day today? You can also use tomorrow and yesterday: Today’s Wednesday Tomorrow’s Thursday Yesterday was Tuesday The day after tomorrow’s Friday The day before yesterday was Monday You can answer: Today’s… It’s… It’s… today or you can just say the day Conversations Ottavia: What day is it? Isabella: Monday Kai: What day is it today? Chang: Today’s Wednesday Baptiste: What’s the day today? Brooke: It’s Friday Years You can ask: What year is it? You can answer: It’s… or just the year Years are usually two numbers: 1923 1965 1980 2010 2012 2020 = = = = = = nineteen nineteen nineteen twenty twenty twenty twenty-three sixty-five eighty ten twelve twenty Sometimes, 1920–1999 are said with the tens only: 1927 = twenty-seven 1933 = thirty-three 1941 = forty-one 1958 = fifty-eight 1975 = seventy-five 1990 = ninety For the years after 2000 you can use thousand and: 2001 = two thousand and one 2005 = two thousand and five 2009 = two thousand and nine For years after 2010 you can use two words or or or 2010 = two thousand and ten 2012 = two thousand and twelve 2020 = two thousand and twenty twenty ten twenty twelve twenty twenty Conversations Eshe: Olivier: Alex: Darcy: What year is it? Two thousand and fourteen What year is it? It’s twenty ten Chieko: Elliott: Imogen: Lilly: What year is it? Twenty twenty What year is it? Twenty fourteen Date of birth You can ask: When were you born? What’s your date of birth? What What What What What year were you born in? What season were you born in? What month were you born in? year were you born? month were you born? date were you born? day were you born? What date were you born on? What day were you born on? You can answer: My date of birth’s [+ date] I was born in [+ year/month/season] I was born on [+ date] I was born on a [+ day] or just the year, month, date or day Examples Use in [+ years, months/seasons]: I was born in nineteen eighty five Were you born in March? Were you born in the spring? Use on with dates and days: I was born on the seventh November Were you born on a Monday? My date of birth’s the fifth of March I was born in two thousand and two I was born in the summer I was born in September I was born on the twenty-sixth of December I was born on a Friday You can ask: Is your date of birth [+ date]? Were you born in [+ year/season/month]? Were you born on [+ date/day]? You can answer: Yes.Yep No 13.3 The past of be Positive Questions Negatives I was was I? I wasn’t you were were you? you weren’t he/she/it was was he/she/it? he/she/it wasn’t we were were we? we weren’t they were were they? they weren’t When were you born? What date was he born? Was I born in nineteen twenty? When was Hazel born? Were we born in the same year? What year were they born? She wasn’t born in twenty ten They weren’t born in two thousand He wasn’t born before nineteen seventy I wasn’t born yesterday Examples I was born in nineteen eighty-nine You were born in nineteen seventy-two Tristan was born in nineteen ninety We were born in April Conversations Aafreen: Lottie: Guillaume: When were you born? In nineteen ninety-two What’s your date of birth? Devak: Padraig: Déwu: What year were you born? Two thousand and three Were you born in April? Mya: Abdul: Abhiram: An Toán: Sienna: Skye: Bourey: Daw: Laurent: Deodan: Violetta: The fifth of September What day were you born? I was born on a Monday What month were you born in? May What year were you born? I was born in 2010 What year were you born in? Nineteen eighty four What date were you born? I was born on the sixteenth of June Billy: Firoz: Fumito: No, I wasn’t What’s your date of birth? I was born on the eighth of January Soledad: When were you born? Jungyoon: Debdan: Venezia: I was born in two thousand Were you born in two thousand and six? Yes, I was Vocabulary A a bit (adv.) quite, some, not a lot a lot (adj adv pr.) much; very much many ability (n.) capability, skill I have the ability to something = I can something, I know how to something about (adj.) approximately, more or less activity (n.) something you actually (int.) by the way add (v.) say more; also say address (n.) where you live: house number, street name, town and country adult (n.) grown-up; mature person; not a child advice (n.) what you should do; recommendation; a good thing to after (adv.) later, next, e.g 10pm’s after 9pm, Tuesday’s after Monday afternoon (n.) 12:00-17:00, after noon, after 12pm against (pr.) disagreeing with; opposed to; doesn’t follow the rules of; not following the ideas of age (n.) how old you are, e.g I’m 35 years old, my age = 35 years old ago (adv.) before in 2014, years ago = 2010 on Monday, days ago = Friday at 5pm, hours ago = 3pm aisle (n.) passage in a shop, between the shelves in a shop all (adj pr.) every; everything; the whole of; the entirety of; completely allergic (adj.) I’m allergic to something = I can’t eat something, eating something makes me ill, consuming something makes me sick; breathing/touching something makes me ill along (adv.) from one part to another; the length of already (adv.) before now, previously, earlier, in the past alright (adj.) OK, fine, quite good also (adv.) as well, too, in addition ambitious (adj.) wants to well, e.g at work, wants to advance ambulance (n.) hospital vehicle, hospital van angry (adj.) upset, cross, displeased, mad anniversary (n.) celebration of past event, often wedding anniversary; when you got married; when you started your relationship annoyed (adj.) a bit angry annoying (adj.) irritating, makes you a bit angry another (pr.) 1 more a different answer (n.v.) answer (v.) response to a question, reply to an inquiry: question? answer (phone) pick up; say hello anxious (adj.) worried, nervous, a bit scared anything (pr.) a thing (not specific) anywhere (pr.) a place (not specific) apple (n.) a type of fruit appointment (n.) time when you see a doctor/nurse/hairdresser/lawyer etc approximate (adj.) not specific, not accurate architecture (n.) buildings, building design, construction style area (n.) region, part, subsection around (adv.) along the outside of something, circular movement arrange (v.) organise, plan, make happen arrive (v.) start being in a place, get to a place art (n.) creative activity; creative products e.g painting, drawing as well (adv.) also, too, in addition ask (v.) say a question; make a request at last (adv.) finally, in the end, after a wait ATM (n.) cash machine, place where you get money attention (n.) notice, interest, thought, seeing and listening aunt (n.) parent’s sister ♀ (see family tree, page 27) autumn (n.) September, October, November (in the UK) available (adj.) free, unoccupied, not in use not sold, not bought, free to buy awful (adj.) very bad, terrible B backache (n.) when your back hurts bakery (n.) shop that makes and sells bread, cakes and pastries balcony (n.) area outside on the 1st + floors, area to sit outside, above the ground bank (n.) place where you get/leave money, place where you deposit/withdraw cash bar (n.) place to drink alcohol, place that serves alcohol barbers (n.) place where you get your hair cut (for men) baseball (n.) type of American sport basketball (n.) sport played with a ball and hoops bathroom (n.) toilet, shower; room with toilet/shower/bath/sink be born (v.) enter the world (as a baby), leave your mother’s womb be sick (v.) vomit beach (n.) place by the sea; place to swim/sunbathe beautiful (adj.) very pretty, gorgeous, good-looking beauty (n.) beautiful woman, very pretty girl bed (n.) furniture you sleep on bedroom (n.) room where you sleep beef (n.) type of meat, meat from a cow beer (n.) type of alcoholic drink before (adv.) earlier, previously e.g 9pm’s before 10pm, Monday’s before Tuesday behind (adj.) at the back of, to the back of, not in front of belong (v.) be someone’s, be of someone; if something belongs to someone, they own it; it belongs to me = it’s mine best (adj.) most good, most superior big (adj.) large, not small blood (n.) red liquid inside the body blood test (n.) when the doctor tests your blood book (n.) thing you read; novel, e.g War and Peace, Of Mice and Men boring (adj.) not interesting, not fun, tedious boss (n.) person in charge at work bottle (n.) thing you keep liquid in, e.g wine bottle, water bottle boy (n.) young male person; child ♂ boyfriend (n.) romantic partner ♂ bread (n.) type of food you use for sandwiches break (v.) damage, harm, separate into more than piece; make not work/not function breakfast (n.) morning meal, usually eaten 6am-10am breathe (v.) inhale and exhale; take the oxygen you need; take the air you need bridge (n.) road that goes over a river/road/railway broken (pp.) damaged, harmed; in more than piece; not working, not functioning brother (n.) sibling ♂ , your parents’ son (see family tree, page 27) browse (v.) look but not buy brunch (n.) mid-morning or midday meal, usually eaten 10am-1pm brush your teeth (v.) clean your teeth buddy (n.) friend, mate (informal) bug (n.) illness, sickness, disease insect; small creature bus (n.) public transport on the road, big vehicle for many people bus stop (n.) place where you catch the bus, place where you wait for the bus busy (adj.) with lots to do, with lots of tasks, with little free time, occupied but (conj.) opposes things buy (v.) purchase, get with money, acquire with cash by (adj.) next to, near C café (n.) place to drink hot drinks, eat cakes, sandwiches and small meals cake (n.) sweet food, dessert/pudding calamari (n.) type of seafood call (v n.) ring, contact by telephone called (p.p) named, with the name of calm (adj.) quiet, peaceful, serene, composed, not stressed, not excitable can (v.) be able to; to with ability/possibility/permission can’t (v.) negative of can capital (n.) main city, principal city, biggest city car (n.) private vehicle e.g Volkswagen, Ferrari, Mitsubishi, BMW, Hyundai carnival (n.) Catholic festival, usually in February carrot (n.) orange vegetable carry on (v.) continue, keep going, not stop cathedral (n.) big important place of Christian worship (bigger than a church) cell (n) mobile, portable phone e.g iPhone, Samsung, Galaxy… Centre (n.) middle; important part; shopping district change (n.) smaller coins, e.g change for £5 = x £1, 10 x 50p, or 25 x 5p changing room (n.) place you change clothes, place you try on clothes charmer (n.) someone charming, someone people like cheap (adj.) not expensive, doesn’t cost much money check (v.) confirm, make sure, verify chef (n.) someone who cooks for their job chess (n.) game with 32 pieces and a black and white board chicken (n.) type of white meat animal, bird child (n.) young person, kid, descendant children (n pl.) plural of child chips (n.) fried food made of potatoes chocolate mousse (n.) type of dessert, pudding choice (n.) what you choose; when you choose choke (v.) not be able to breath; have something caught in the throat choose (v.) make a choice, decide, decide between options church (n.) Christian place of worship (smaller than a cathedral) cigarette (n.) thing you smoke cinema (n.) place to watch films city (n.) big town, important town civil war (n.) war between different people in country, conflict between different groups in the same country clever (adj.) intelligent, not stupid close (adj.) near, not far clothes (n.) what you wear, garments, attire e.g trousers, jacket, hat clothing (n.) what you wear, garments, attire e.g trousers, jacket, hat club (n.) place to drink alcohol, listen to music and dance coffee (n.) hot drink with caffeine cold (adj.) not hot, not warm; low temperature colleague (n.) someone you work with combine (v.) put together; use together; join together e.g combine and -> or 12; combine red and yellow -> orange come (v.) go here, move near, get closer comedian (n.) someone funny, someone entertaining computer (n.) machine for documents, internet, email, games etc computer games (n.) games you play on a computer/console condition (n.) something that must be true for something else to be true; something that needs to happen for something else to happen e.g I’ll eat breakfast on condition that I’m hungry; I’ll go to bed on condition that I’m tired confident (adj.) not scared, not shy, sure that you can things well confirm (v.) make sure, be certain, check, ascertain, when you know but want to be certain confirmation (n.) when you make sure, when you check cook (v.) make food (with heat) cool (adj.) good correct (v.) tell someone they’re wrong; say the right answer cost (v.) sell for; be valued at could (v.) be able to, to with ability/possibility/permission country (n.) nation, homeland e.g Britain, the US, Australia, Germany, China, Mozambique countryside (n.) rural area, not in town, not the city couple (n.) 2 boyfriend and girlfriend; husband and wife; partners etc course (n.) programme of learning, programme of study part of a meal, e.g starter, main course, dessert/pudding cousin (n.) your aunt and uncle’s child ♂/♀ (see family tree, page 27) crazy (adj.) mad, insane crime (n.) something against the law e.g murder, robbery cross (v.) go from one side to another; travel over something; travel through something crowded (adj.) with a lot of people; with a lot of things; with not much space curious (adj.) Interested; wants to know things curtain (n.) material that covers windows material to get dressed behind, material to take your clothes off behind cut (v pp.) injure with something sharp; divide with a knife; make bleed cycle (v.) travel by bicycle, go by bike D dad (n.) father, parent ♂ (informal, see family tree, page 27) dance (v.) move to music date (n.) day, month and/or year, e.g 12th April 2010 date of birth (n.) date you’re born daughter (n.) child ♀ (see family tree, page 27) day (n.) 24 hours; Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday etc degree (n.) amount, extent, how much of something, e.g how high, how tall etc department store (n.) big shop that sells a lot of different things, large store that has many different things depressed (adj.) sad, unhappy, down description (n.) describes someone/something, tells you what someone/something’s like dessert (n.) 3rd dish in a meal, sweet course, pudding diary (n.) calendar, something you write your plans in did (v.) past of different (adj.) not the same, distinct difficult (adj.) hard, challenging, not easy dinner (n.) meal, main meal, principal meal, evening meal (6pm-9pm); midday meal (12pm-2pm) directions (n.) how to get to a place, how to arrive somewhere, where something is disgusting (adj.) horrible, very bad, really bad something disgusting = something you don’t want to eat/see/touch dislike (v.) not like, hate distance (n.) how far something is, e.g 12km, 2m, 3miles, yards district (n.) area, region, part divorced (adj.) not married any more, ex-wife, ex-husband dizzy (adj.) feeling that everything is going around, feeling like everything’s spinning, feeling that you might fall (v.) make happen, carry out doctor (n.) medical professional, Dr dog (n.) type of animal, type of pet door (n.) entrance down (adj.) sad, depressed, unhappy down (adv.) lower draw (v.) make art with pencil/pen/charcoal etc drink (n.) liquid for drinking, e.g tea, coca cola, water alcohol for drinking, e.g wine, beer, cocktail drink (v.) consume liquids consume alcohol drive (v.) operate car/van/lorry, travel by car/van/lorry drunk (adj.) inebriated, after drinking a lot of alcohol dry (adj.) not wet, lacks moisture dump (n.) not nice place; ugly place; boring place; dangerous place E each (pr.) every 1; per early (adv.) near the beginning; before normal, before expected Earth (n.) the world, this planet easy-going (adj.) relaxed, calm eat (v.) consume food eat out (v.) eat in a restaurant/not at home elephant (n.) big grey animal from Africa/Asia else (adv.) more different, other, alternative email (n.) electronic communication, internet letter email address, e.g james123@gmail.com email (v.) send an email emergency (n.) something urgent, critical situation emphasise (v.) make obvious, make important, show importance of energetic (adj.) needs a lot of energy (sport, activity); has a lot of energy (person) enough (pr.) sufficient, all you need, as much as necessary enquire (v.) ask entrée (n.) 1st dish in a meal, dish you start with, starter estate agent (n.) person that sells/rents property estate agents (n.) company that sells/rents property, organisation that sells/rents property plural of estate agent evening (n.) after the afternoon and before night; roughly 17:00-21:00 every (adj.) all; each one everything (pr.) all things, each thing ex-husband (n.) not your husband any more, divorced ♂ ex-wife (n.) not your wife any more, divorced ♀ exam (n.) test, assessment in school or university e.g Maths exam, English exam excellent (adj.) very good, fantastic, wonderful, great excited (adj.) pleased; agitated; energetic exciting (adj.) interesting; fun; energetic; it excites you exist (v.) be present; be expensive (adj.) not cheap, costs a lot of money F faint (v.) lose consciousness, fall unconscious fall asleep (v.) go to sleep, start sleeping fall over (v.) go down suddenly, hit the ground unintentionally, go down, fall family (n.) your relatives: your mother, your father, your sisters, your brothers, your children… famous (adj.) well known, generally known fantastic (adj.) very good, excellent, wonderful, great far (n.) distant, not near, not close father (n.) dad, parent ♂ feel (v.) have a sensation; have an emotion feeling (n.) sensation; emotion festival (n.) large celebration, often with food, music and drink few (det.) not many; about 3-4 films (n.) movies, what you see at the cinema or on DVD find (v.) locate, discover; look for find out (v.) discover; get information about something, learn about fine (adj adv.) well, ok, quite good finish (v.) end, terminate, conclude, complete fireplace (n.) place in a room with a fire, place at the bottom of a chimney flat (n.) property with floor (to live), dwelling on level, property in a building with other properties flirt (n.) someone who shows sexual attraction to people, but not seriously floor (n.) thing you walk on, ground, has carpet, tiles, floorboards etc level of a building, level of a house, e.g ground floor, 1st floor, 2nd floor floorboards (n pl.) wooden floors, floors made of wood flu (n.) type of illness, sickness; typically a headache, weakness, pains, sneezes and coughing follow (v.) go after, go behind, pursue food (n.) what you eat, e.g chicken, pasta, chips, ice cream, pizza foot (n.) body part, at the bottom of your legs, what you walk on, what you put in shoes (see page 27) football (n.) soccer; type of game/sport forget (v.) not remember, lose the memory of, be unable to remember stop thinking about formal (adj) as of the behaviour required at work, in ceremonies etc fountain (n.) decoration with water, monument with water free (adj.) available, unoccupied, not in use costs nothing, no price French (adj.) from France frequency (n.) regularity, how often you something, how many times something happens frequently (adv.) often, usually friend (n.) someone you like, someone you see socially, buddy, mate friendly (adj.) (person) sociable, nice, talkative (place) warm, happy, with friendly people frightened (adj.) scared, worried frightening (adj.) scary, worrying, makes you frightened/scared/worried fun (adj.) entertaining, enjoyable (have) fun enjoy yourself, be entertained future (n.) after now, today +; on 31st December 2020, the future = 1st January 2021 +; today = now; tomorrow= the future G gallery (n.) place with art, place to see art garden (n.) your land next to your house, outside space of your property, green space behind/in front of your property, yard garden (v.) care for the plants in your garden, look after your garden gas station (n.) place to buy gas/petrol gay (adj.) homosexual, attracted to the same sex general (adj.) not specific, not particular generous (adj.) giving genius (n.) very clever person, incredibly intelligent person Georgian (adj.) from the Georgian period (1714–1837) get (v.) arrive achieve acquire buy, purchase become bring, fetch, carry get dressed (v.) put on your clothes get up (v.) leave your bed, wake up and get out of bed go up, climb up gin (n.) type of alcoholic drink, type of spirit girl (n.) young female person; child ♀ ; young lady girlfriend (n.) romantic partner♀ give (v.) provide, hand over, pass glad (adj.) happy go (v.) travel to a place, travel somewhere travel somewhere for an activity e.g go drinking, go dancing go out (v.) go to bars; go to clubs; go to the cinema; go to the theatre; go to a restaurant etc gone (p.p.) not here anymore; no longer available good (adj.) positive adjective, great, fine gown (n.) light clothing worn by patients, loose clothes worn in hospitals grandchild (n.) your child’s child ♀/♂ grandchildren (n.) your child’s children, plural of grandchild ♀/♂ granddaughter (n.) your child’s daughter ♀ (see family tree, page 27) grandmother (n.) your parent’s mother ♀ (see family tree, page 27) grandfather (n.) your parent’s father ♂ (see family tree, page 27) grandson (n.) your child’s son ♂ (see family tree, page 27) great (adj.) very good, excellent, fantastic, wonderful guess (v) estimate, conjecture guitar (n.) musical instrument with strings gym (n.) place to exercise, place to work out H hair (n.) what’s on your head, strands on your head and body hairdressers (n.) place to get a haircut, place to get your hair styled (for women) half (n.) ½, 0.5, 50% hang on (v.) wait happen (v.) occur, take place happy (adj.) content, pleased, not sad Happy Birthday! what you say on someone’s birthday hard-working (adj.) works hard, works a lot hat (n.) clothing for your head hate (v.) dislike a lot, not like at all he (pr.) ♂ singular, 3rd person, subject pronoun headache (n.) when your head hurts healthy (adj.) good for you, not fatty, has a lot of vitamins not sick, not ill in good shape, fit, not fat etc hear (v.) perceive a sound, listen (have a good) heart be nice, be kind, be sincere heart attack (n.) when your heart stops suddenly; an emergency with your heart heaven (n.) very nice place; lovely situation place you go when you die heavy (adj.) (weight) not light help (v.) aid, assist here (adv.) the place where you are high (adj.) (things) not short, big, tall hike (v.) walk in the countryside hill (n.) rise in the ground; slope in the road historic (adj.) old, old and famous, with a history history (n.) the past; what happened in the past hit (v.) touch with force; touch and give pain; slap; punch hobbies (n pl.) things you like doing, activites you in your spare time holiday (n.) vacation, time off home (n.) place where you live hometown (n.) town you’re from, town you come from I’m from Las Vegas = my hometown’s Las Vegas I come from Henfield = Henfield’s my hometown honest (adj.) tells the truth, doesn’t lie; doesn’t cheat horrible (adj.) very bad, really bad disgusting horse riding (n.) travel by horse hospital (n.) place you go when you’re sick/ill, institution you go to when you’re injured hostel (n.) place to stay, place you pay to sleep (cheap) hot (adj.) high temperature, not cold hotel (n.) place to stay, place you pay to sleep hour (n.) hour = 60 minutes house (n.) building people live in, dwelling, home house wine (n.) the restaurant’s wine, cheap wine housemate (n.) someone you live with, someone you share a house with housework (n.) work done in the house, e.g cleaning, cooking, ironing hungry (adj.) when you want food, when you want to eat hurt (v.) give pain; damage; make you say ‘ow’ husband (n.) man you are married to ♂ (see family tree, page 27) hypothetical (adj.) not real, not true; possible; improbable I I (pr.) singular, 1st person, subject pronoun I’ll (v.) for future plans ice cream (n.) type of cold dessert/pudding idiot (n.) stupid person ill (adj.) sick, unwell, poorly, unhealthy informal (adj) as of behaviour when with friends, casual and familiar information (n.) facts about a situation, thing, person etc instructions (n.) what you need to do, orders intellectual (n.) clever person; person interested in literature, art, history, science etc intention (n.) what you want to do; what you’ll do; what you plan to interest (n.) curiosity; entertainment interested (adj.) curious about, want to know more about interesting (adj.) fascinating, intellectually stimulating introduce (v.) tell someone who someone else is (introduce yourself) tell someone who you are introduction (n.) when you tell someone who someone else is it (pr.) thing; object ♂/♀ singular, 2nd person, subject/object pronoun J jacket (n.) clothing for your upper body; clothes you wear outside; small coat jewellers (n.) shop that sells jewellery, place that sells gold, silver, diamonds etc jigsaw (n.) type of game jog (v.) run; type of exercise joke (v.) not be serious; try to be funny/humorous; say something funny/humorous just (adv.) only K kayak (n.) type of boat and paddle kayak (v.) a sport with a boat and paddle keep (v.) continue doing something something a lot, something repeatedly have something for a long time; have something permanently key (adj.) important, necessary, vital kid (n.) child (informal) kind (n.) type, version kinda (adv.) Pretty, quite and kinda are usually less than very, so: very good > quite good > good very bad > quite bad > bad kitchen (n.) room where you cook/eat; place where you cook/eat klutz (n.) clumsy person know (v.) have knowledge; be aware L landmark (n.) obvious place; famous place; important place late (adv.) near the end; after normal; after expected later (adv.) more late layabout (n.) lazy person lazy (adj.) doesn’t work a lot, isn’t energetic learn (v.) study; memorize; discover; find out; memorize leave (v.) go, go from a place not take something; forget something in a place left (adj adv.) turn left remaining length (n.) how long something is, e.g 2m, 1km; hours, days less (adj adv.) a smaller amount, a smaller quantity e.g is less than 3, is less than let (v.) allow, permit let’s making a plan; making a suggestion liar (n.) lies, doesn’t say the truth light (adj.) not heavy, doesn’t weigh a lot like (adj.) similar to like (v.) enjoy; think is good listen (v.) hear, perceive a sound, appreciate a sound little (adj.) small, tiny live (v.) inhabit, reside lively (adj.) (person) energetic, happy (place) lots of things to do, lots of activity long (adj.) not short, lengthy look at (v.) see, direct your eyes to, perceive visually, observe consider look for (v.) search for, try to find, attempt to locate love (v.) (things, activities, etc.) like a lot (people) have strong affectionate/romantic feelings for lovely (adj.) (people) very nice, very kind, has a good heart (things) great, very nice, fantastic loving (adj.) shows love for someone/people lunch (n.) 2nd meal of the day, usually eaten 12pm-2pm M mad (adj.) US UK mad = angry mad = crazy magazine (n.) thing you read, e.g Hello! and Ok! main (adj.) principal; biggest; most important main (n.) main course; main dish; 2nd course in a meal make (v.) create, produce mall (n.) shopping centre, place with a lot of shops man (n.) male adult ♂ married (adj.) has a husband; has a wife matter (n.) problem; important question may (v.) possibly might, it may happen = it’s possible meal (n.) thing you eat (not a snack) e.g breakfast, brunch, lunch, dinner, supper mealtimes (n.) times when you eat meals, e.g breakfast time, lunch time, dinner time, supper time mean (v.) intend to say, want to say, try to say meet (v.) speak to a person for the 1st time see someone at a place, come together for an event/activity menu (n.) list of food/drink available met (p.p) past participle of meet method (n.) way you something, manner you something metropolis (n.) very big city, often the capital city middle aged (adj) not old, not young; about 40–55 years old might (adv.) possibly, may; it might happen = it’s possible milk (n.) type of drink, white liquid, usually from a cow mind (v.) not like, dislike, be annoyed by, object to mine (pr.) belongs to me, my name -> mine my birthday -> mine missed call (n.) phone call you don’t answer, telephone call you don’t pick up mobile (n.) phone, portable telephone, phone you carry in your pocket/bag, cell modern (adj.) new, not old, recent, from now money (n.) currency e.g $ £ € ¥ month (n.) month = 28–31 days, January, February, March etc mood (n.) how you feel; e.g good mood, bad mood, angry mood more (adj adv.) extra, in addition; increased morning (n.) AM, 12am-11:59am mosque (n.) Muslim place of worship most (adj.) majority motoroway (n.) big, fast road, road with many lanes, and a lay-by movie (n.) film, thing you watch at the cinema or on DVD much (adj adv pr.) a lot, a large quantity mum (n.) mother; parent ♀ (informal, see family tree, page 27) museum (n.) place with interesting/historical/scientific things to see, e.g history museum, science museum music (n.) thing you listen to, sound you dance to N name (n.) what you’re called, e.g Sarah: My name’s Sarah nationality (n.) refers to the country you legally belong to, e.g English (England), German (Germany), American (America), Ethiopian (Ethiopia) near (adj.) close, not far necessary (adj.) needed, required, crucial, fundamental, indispensable, obligatory need (v.) require; lack something you need (something necessary) negative (adj.) not positive, bad, unfortunate neighbourhood (n.) area where people live, residential area nephew (n.) your sister’s son, your brother’s son ♂ (see family tree, page 27) new (adj.) not old (things, not people) newspaper (n.) something you read e.g The Times or The Daily Mail next to (adj.) physically adjacent, by, on the right/left of nice (adj.) (person) kind, lovely, good (thing) good, great niece (n.) your sister’s daughter, your brother’s daughter ♀ (see family tree, page 27) night (n.) darkness, about 9pm-5am noisy (adj.) loud, a lot of noise normal (adj.) what you usually do, what usually happens not (adv.) negative, I’m not good, I’m not bad not really no (polite) nothing (pr.) not anything, zero, now (adv.) at this moment, at this time, nowadays, these days at 2pm, now = 2pm, in June, now = June, in 2014, now = 2014 numb (adj.) no feeling, no sensation number (n.) digits, figures e.g 1, 2, 3, quantity, amount telephone number, phone number nurse (n.) type of medical professional, subordinate to doctor O of course yes; obviously offer (v.) give; say you’ll give; say you want to give office (n.) place where someone works, usually with a desk and a computer, e.g lawyer’s office, estate agent’s office, secretary’s office, accountant’s office often (adv.) a lot of times, many times; regularly, frequently; usually oil (n.) liquid for cooking, liquid for salads, yellow liquid made from olives, sunflowers, vegetables etc old (adj.) aged; not young; not new olive (n.) a green or black vegetable, a food often eaten for starters once (adv.) one time one (n.) (see the numbers on page 165) online (adv.) on the internet only (adj adv.) just open-minded (adj.) considers different opinions, doesn’t reject different ideas operation (n.) type of medical process in a hospital oppose (v.) put against; contradict; conflict order (n.) food and drink you ask for at a restaurant/in a bar order (v.) ask for, demand, require instruct, tell to (go) out (v.) go to bars; go to clubs; go to the cinema; go to the theatre; go to a restaurant etc outgoing (adj.) sociable, talkative, not shy outskirts (n.) edge of a town/city, outer part of a town/city, far from the centre overcooked (adj.) cooked too much; burnt P pain (n.) hurt, makes you say ‘ow’ paint (v.) make art with brush and paint parent (n.) mother or father, mum or dad ♂/♀ park (n.) green area in a village/town/city, area of grass and trees part (n) section, bit, element partner (n.) romantic partner; boyfriend; girlfriend ♂/♀ party (n.) celebration, often with food, drink and music (have the) patience of a saint be very patient, not get angry easily, not get bored easily pattern (n.) system, method, structure pay (v.) give money; exchange money for something pen (n.) thing you write with people (n.) plural of person, individuals perhaps (adv.) possibly, maybe permission (n.) allows/permits someone to something, lets people something personal (adj.) intimate; between good friends; private petrol station (n.) place to buy petrol/gas pharmacy (n.) place to buy medicines, place to take your prescription phone (n.) telephone, e.g mobile phone, cell phone, home phone… piano (n.) musical instrument pill (n.) type of medicine pizza (n.) type of food; round Italian food with cheese and tomato place (n.) location, position, somewhere; town, area, country etc plan (n.) intention, idea for the future, idea for what to plate (n.) thing you eat your food off play (v.) a sport make music take part in a game please (adv) polite addition to requests plural (adj.) more than 1, + police station (n.) where the police are, where you go if there’s crime polite (adj) civil, courteous, how it’s nice to behave, how you should behave polluted (adj.) with bad/dirty/unhealthy air; with bad/dirty/unhealthy water pond (n.) small area of water in your garden; small pool of water in a park poor (adj.) not rich, little money positive (adj.) good, fortunate, not negative, affirmitive possibility (n.) something that may happen; something that you could do; chance that something might happen possible (adj.) it may happen; you could it; it might be (less than probable) post code (n.) code for your address, code for where you live, zip code (US) post office (n.) where you send letters, where you post parcels powder (n.) dry, loose substance made of small particles; substance similar to flour, sugar medicine you can dissolve practise (v.) many times and improve prefer (v.) like more prescription (n.) thing the doctor gives you to get medicine, paper you take to the pharmacy to get medicine pretty (adj.) (women) beautiful, good-looking pretty (adv.) Pretty and quite are usually less than very, so: very good > pretty good > good very bad > pretty bad > bad price (n.) how much something costs, quantity you pay for something, e.g £12.99, €13,55, $1.50, ¥10 etc problem (n.) difficulty property (n.) building or area of land: house, flat, land etc thing that belongs to someone pudding (n.) 3rd dish in a meal, sweet course, dessert purpose (n.) why you something, reason for doing something, what you want to achieve put on (v.) get dressed e.g put on trousers, put on a shirt, put on a hat pyjamas (n.) clothes you wear in bed, clothes for the night time Q quantity (n.) amount, number quarter (n.) ¼, 0.25, 25% question (n.) sentence that asks for an answer: question? answer quiet (adj.) not loud not talkative quite (adv.) Quite is usually less than very, so: very good > quite good > good; very bad > quite bad > bad R range (n.) from lowest to highest, e.g price range (£100-£200), distance range (2m-1km), weight range (1kg-5kg) rash (n.) skin irritation, marks on your skin, allergic reaction reach (v.) arrive, get to, get as far as read (v.) get information from written words e.g read books, read magazines, read newspapers ready (adj.) prepared; are you ready to order? = you know what you want? = have you chosen? really (adv.) Really makes something more, so: very good = really good = great very bad = really bad = awful Truly, honestly; how are you? < how are you really? Makes negatives polite, e.g ‘I don’t really like it’ reason (n.) cause, why something happens, why someone does something recent (adj.) not long ago refund (n.) when a shop/restaurant returns your money; when someone pays you back what you paid region (n) area of a country e.g Texas in the US, Sussex in the UK, New South Wales in Australia regular (adj.) frequent, often always at the same time normal, average relax (v.) nothing chill, de-stress relaxed (adj) not anxious, not stressed, calm relaxing (v.) makes you relaxed religion (n.) beliefs e.g Christianity, Islam, Buddhism remind (v.) make someone remember, tell someone something they should remember rent (v.) pay for on a temporary basis, pay for monthly/weekly etc.; live in but not own; use but not own request (n.) something you ask for reserve (v.) arrange in advance, book in advance rest (n.) remainder, what’s left relaxation, break restaurant (n.) place to eat out, establishment that serves food retirement (n) when you stop working because of your age rich (adj.) has a lot of money right (adj.) correct, accurate, not wrong road (n.) street, where you drive/walk/travel rock (n.) type of music, hard store roll (v.) turn and make a ball/tube shape rose (n.) type of flower roundabout (n.) place where cars turn rude (adj) not polite, likely to cause offence run (v.) jog; exercise; move quickly S sad (adj.) unhappy safe (adj.) secure, not dangerous salad (n.) type of food made of vegetables e.g lettuce, tomato, cucumber etc salmon (n.) type of fish same (adj.) equal, very similar sample (n.) example, section, selection sauce (n.) liquid on food e.g pasta sauce, ketchup, gravy, custard say (v.) speak, talk, communicate scary (adj.) frightening, makes you scared, makes you worry school (n.) place to study for children/teenagers, place where kids/teens learn e.g primary school, secondary school season (n.) part of the year, months of the year e.g Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter seasoning (n.) salt and pepper section (n.) area, part see (v.) look at, watch, with the eyes selfish (adj.) not generous, caring just about you sell (v.) exchange for money, give for cash send (v.) make something go somewhere, make something go to someone (have a good) sense of humour be funny; find things funny, laugh a lot serious (adj.) doesn’t have a sense of humour, solemn, earnest she (pr.) ♀ singular, 3rd person, subject pronoun shoe (n.) thing you wear on your feet shop (n.) place to buy things, place that sells things shop (v.) buy things visit shops shop assistant (n.) person who works in a shop, person that helps in a shop short (adj.) not tall, small not long show (n) display; performance, e.g a theatre show, a concert show (v.) display; indicate; present; expose to view; make obvious shower (v.) wash; bathe; have a shower shy (adj.) not sociable, not friendly, frightened of social interaction sick (adj.) ill, unwell nauseous, like you’ll be sick (be) sick (v.) vomit similar (adj.) almost the same, alike sing (v.) make music with your voice single (adj.) doesn’t have a boyfriend, girlfriend, partner, husband or wife just 1; only singular (adj.) 1; just 1; only 1; not plural sister (n.) sibling ♀, your parents’ child (see family tree, page 27) sit (v.) be on your bottom; move into position on your bottom; be at the table situation (n.) time and/or place size (n.) how big something is, dimensions of something e.g large (L), medium (M), small (S), extra large (XL), extra small (XS) ski (v.) sport with snow and skis skirt (n.) type of clothing for women sleep (v.) rest with your eyes closed sleeve (n.) part of shirt/t-shirt/top for your arm slightly (adv.) a bit, a little, not very much slowly (adv.) at a slow speed, not quickly small (adj.) little, not big sneeze (v.) suddenly expel air through your nose/mouth, say Achoo! so (adv.) very so (conj.) therefore, in conclusion; as a result introduces a new sentence, question etc soccer (n.) football, type of game, type of sport sociable (adj.) talkative, friendly, likes being with people some (adj.) more than one, less than all, a few someone (n.) a person, an individual something (n.) a thing, e.g an object, an idea, a fact, a feeling sometimes (adv.) occasionally, not always, now and then; rarely < sometimes < often somewhere (adv.) a place, a location son (n.) child ♂ (see family tree, page 27) soon (adj.) in little time, not far in time, in the near future, quickly sore (adj.) painful, makes you say ‘ow’ speak (v.) talk, say specific (adj.) referring to one thing, particular, exact spell (v.) say the letters that make up a word sports (n pl.) athletic games, things you play e.g basketball, baseball, football sporty (adj.) likes sports; good at sports sprain (v.) twist, pull, move in a way that damages the muscle Spring (n.) March, April, May (in the UK) start (v.) begin, initiate, first starter (n.) 1st dish in a meal, dish you start with, entrée statue (n.) monument, usually of a person stay (v.) not leave, be in a place for a long time stepfather (n.) your mother’s new husband ♂ stop (v.) finish, not continue, cease store (n.) shop, place to buy things street (n.) road, where you drive/walk/travel stressed (adj.) anxious, worried, tired stressful (adj.) causes stress, causes worry, not relaxing studio flat (n.) flat with room for bedroom/sitting room/kitchen, flat with only bedroom and bathroom study (v.) learn; work; revise stuff (n.) things stupid (adj.) not clever, not intelligent sugar (n.) sweet powder Summer (n.) June, July, August (in the UK); hot months sunbathe (v.) lie in the sun; be in the sun for a long time; get a tan sunny (adj.) when the sun shines, no clouds supermarket (n.) shop that sells food, drink etc., store that sells groceries supper (n.) evening meal; usually 6pm9pm sure of course, ok swamped (adj.) very busy swim (v.) travel in water, move in the sea/swimming pool swimming pool (n.) artificial place to swim swollen (pp.) bigger than usual, inflamed, dilated syllable (n.) part of a word e.g big has syllable; very has syllables; hospital has syllables sympathy (n.) when you feel bad for someone’s bad situation/feelings symptom (n.) problem that indicates your illness syrup (n.) liquid medicine T table (n.) type of furniture, used for eating, studying etc tailors (n.) shop that makes/adjusts clothes take (v.) remove transport with you consume, eat take off (v.) remove clothes, undress take out (n.) food from a restaurant that you eat at home talkative (adj.) talks a lot; likes talking tall (adj.) not short; big taxi (n.) car you pay to take you places taxi rank (n.) place you wait for taxis, place taxis wait tea (n.) hot drink afternoon meal telephone (n.) phone, e.g mobile phone, cell phone, home phone, etc tell (v.) say, inform (have a) temper (n.) get angry easily temperature (n.) when you’re too hot; when you’re hotter than usual how hot it is, how cold it is tennis (n.) type of sport played at Wimbledon, the American Open etc text (n.) message sent with mobile phone, message from cell phone text (v.) send message with mobile phone, send message from cell phone thank (v.) say thank you/thanks/cheers, show gratitude thank you (adv.) polite response to favour/gift thanks (int.) thank you (informal) that (pr.) something or someone there (i.e not here); something or someone not nearby theatre (n.) place to see plays like Romeo and Juliet their (pr.) belongs to them (♂/♀) they have a son called Jack = their son’s called Jack their retirement’s the 5th of April = they stop working on the 5th of April then (adv.) at that time, a time already mentioned after that, afterwards there (adv.) not here; a place these (pl pr.) plural of this they (pr.) ♂/♀ plural, 3rd person, subject pronoun ♂ / ♀ singular, 3rd person, unknown gender, subject pronoun thin (adj.) slim, not fat, not big thing (n.) general, not specific object/idea/fact/feeling etc think (v.) have an opinion, believe this (pr.) something or someone here, something or someone nearby those (pr.) plural of that though (conj.) but, however ticket (n.) thing that gives you access to something e.g concert ticket, theatre ticket, cinema ticket till (conj.) until, before a particular time e.g till 12pm = until 12pm = before 12pm time (n.) a point of day/night, e.g 1:30, 2:00, 19:15 an amount of time, e.g hours, 20 minutes, days time of day (n.) part of the day e.g morning, afternoon, evening, night tired (adj.) when you need to sleep/rest tiring (adj.) makes you tired today (n.) this day together (adv.) in company; with each other, in combination tomorrow (n.) the day after today e.g if today’s Tuesday, tomorrow’s Wednesday; if today’s the 1st of March, tomorrow’s the 2nd of March tonight (n.) this night, the night of today too (adv.) as well, also more than ideal, more than you want, more than advisable, more than is good tourist (n.) someone on holiday, someone visiting tourist attraction (n.) something tourists like to visit, something tourists want to see tourist trap (n.) (negative) something tourists like to visit, something tourists want to see town (n.) urban area, not the countryside centre of town, shopping district traffic lights (n.) place where cars stop with red, orange and green lights train (n.) public transport that travels on rails train station (n.) place where you wait for trains, place where you catch trains travel (v.) go go to foreign countries, go to new places trouble (n.) difficulty, issue, worry trouble (v.) cause difficulty, cause issues, give worry trousers (n.) type of clothing, type of clothes for your legs try (v.) attempt; your best test; have a bit; see if you like turning (n.) when road comes off another road TV (n.) television, what you watch films/movies on twice (adv.) times twist (v.) turn and cause damage twisted (pp.) turned in a way that caused damage type (n.) kind, version U uncertainty (n.) not certain, not sure, not knowing uncle (n.) parent’s brother; aunt’s husband ♂ (see family tree, page 27) under offer (adj.) not available; someone’s offered for it, someone’s going to buy it undercooked (adj.) not cooked enough, still raw underpass way under a road; path under train rails unite (v.) bring together; combine university (n.) place for learning/study, for adults 18+ years old (be) unlucky (adj.) have bad luck; be in a bad situation; be unfortunate unspecific (adj.) not specific, not particular, not accurate, general until (conj.) till, before a particular time e.g until 12pm = till 12pm = before 12pm urgent (adj.) very important, emergency urine (n.) pee, liquid you expel through your urethra useful (adj.) convenient, helpful V very (adv.) Very and really make something more, so: very good = really good = great very bad = really bad = awful Victorian (adj.) from the Victorian era (1837–1901) view (v.) see; visit viewing (n.) when you go and see a property; when you visit a property village (n.) town, but very small visit (v.) go to temporarily, go but not stay vomit (v.) expel food/drink through your mouth, be sick, throw up W wait (n v.) stay until something/someone is ready; stay till something happens nothing until something/someone’s ready; nothing till something happens waiter (n.) person that works in a restaurant/café/bar, takes orders, brings food etc ♂/♀ waitress (n.) person that works in a restaurant/café/bar, takes orders, brings food etc ♀ wake up (v.) stop sleeping, open your eyes, start the day walk (v n.) go by foot, travel on foot want (v.) desire, hope war (n.) conflict, armed disagreement warm (adj.) a bit hot, not very hot watch (v.) see, observe with your eyes water (n.) type of drink, liquid from the tap, H2O, what you shower with way (n.) manner, method direction, path we (pr.) ♂/♀ plural, 1st person, subject pronoun weak (adj.) not strong; finds it difficult to things week (n.) days; Monday-Sunday Monday-Friday (i.e not the weekend) weekend (n.) Saturday and Sunday well (adv.) good; happy; healthy wife (n.) woman you’re married to ♀ (see family tree, page 27) wine (n.) alcoholic drink, made with grapes winter (n.) December, January, February (in the UK); cold months woman (n.) female adult ♀ women (n.) plural woman ♀ ♀ won’t future negative wooden (adj.) made of wood, made of material from trees word (n.) group of letters e.g hello = word; hello, I’m = words; hello, I’m called = words; hello, I’m called Katya = words work (n.) your job place you your job work (v.) your job; labour study worry (n.) fear, concern worry (v.) be worried, be concerned write (v.) put words on paper, type words on a computer/phone wrong (adj.) incorrect, not correct, not right Y year (n.) year = 365 days, e.g 1898, 1969, 2016 etc yellow (adj.) colour of the sun, lemons, butter etc yesterday (n.) the day before today: on Thursday, yesterday = Wednesday yoga (n.) type of exercise with stretching and chanting you (pr.) ♂ / ♀, single or plural, 2nd person, subject/object pronoun young (adj.) (people, animals) not old Z zebra crossing (n.) place to cross the road, place on road with black and white stripes zip code (n.) code for your address, code that shows where you live, post code zoo (n.) place to visit animals Question words How? asks for the way things are done: how you spell that? T-H-A-T how you go to work? by train how did you study English? with a book How [+adjective/adverb]? asks about the degree of adjectives/adverb: how old are you? 31 years old how long is the bridge? 1.5km how heavy is the flour? 1kg how often you eat out? times a week How many? and how much? ask about the quantity: how much is the chicken? £5.99 how much does the bread cost? £0.84 how much you like football? I love it how many times a week you eat chicken? times a week how many brothers you have? I have brothers What? asks for information: what’s your name? Jo what date’s your birthday? the 7th of November what year were you born? 1973 what you in your spare time? I watch films what’s your sister like? she’s friendly what estate agent is this? Caledonian Road Estate Agents what houses you have in Camden? we have 3-bedroom houses in Camden When? asks about time, date, day or year: when’s your birthday? the 6th May when were you born? 1987 when shall we go to the cinema? on Saturday when will you go to England? in the Spring when you shower? in the evenings when does the museum open? 9am Where? asks about place: where are you from? France where you live? Italy where’s Manchester? in the north of England where shall we go? let’s go to America where’s the train station? next to the supermarket where can I find the cinema? it’s by the mall where are the carrots? they’re in the vegetable section Which? asks you to choose from a selection: which Washington? Washington, US, or Washington, UK? which university? Oxford or Cambridge? which colour? the red or the blue? Who? asks about people: who’s that? that’s my wife who’s your boss? that’s him there who’s your doctor? Dr Gutierrez who am I talking to? my name’s James who did you speak to? I spoke to your colleague who lives in Washington? Barack Obama who lives in Downing Street? Theresa May Why? and how come? ask for a reason: why are you not good? I’m worried why are you called Rachel? my grandmother’s called Rachel why you like skiing? it’s fun how come you’re fantastic? I’m really happy how come you’re in France? I’m on holiday how come you don’t like books? they’re boring Why? is for all situations, how come? is informal .. .Learn English Improving Spoken English Hazel Robins Book First published in 2 017 Text copyright © Sandford Press Limited Images copyright © Sandford Press Limited Hazel Robins has... 10 : A table for two please! Eating out 10 .1 Asking questions with can and could 10 .2 Asking questions with’d 10 .3 Be in the past Chapter 11 : A place to live – renting and buying houses 11 .1 11. 2... with’d 10 .3 Be in the past Chapter 11 : A place to live – renting and buying houses 11 .1 11. 2 11 .3 11 .4 11 .5 Regular verbs in the past – call, speak and show Subjects and objects Present questions,