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Nghiên cứu thành phần loài và đặc điểm phân bố của lớp Chân môi (Chilopoda) ở Tây Bắc, Việt Nam.Nghiên cứu thành phần loài và đặc điểm phân bố của lớp Chân môi (Chilopoda) ở Tây Bắc, Việt Nam.Nghiên cứu thành phần loài và đặc điểm phân bố của lớp Chân môi (Chilopoda) ở Tây Bắc, Việt Nam.Nghiên cứu thành phần loài và đặc điểm phân bố của lớp Chân môi (Chilopoda) ở Tây Bắc, Việt Nam.Nghiên cứu thành phần loài và đặc điểm phân bố của lớp Chân môi (Chilopoda) ở Tây Bắc, Việt Nam.
1 INTRODUCTION REASONS TO CHOOSE THE STUDY The class Chilopoda, subphylum Myriapoda, phylum Arthropoda Centipedes play an important role in soil ecosystems because they are predators animals They eat deleterious invertebrates, and they also participate in decaying organic matters In addition, centipedes have practical significance when using as traditional medicine for some diseases; or centipede venom can be used as painless treatment (Wang and Mauriès, 1996) The class Chilopoda play an important role in soil ecosystems because they are predators They eat harmful invertebrates, and they also participate in decomposing organic matters In addition, The Chilopoda are used as traditional medicine for some diseases; and centipede venom can be used as painless treatment In present, about 3000 species of 24 families, orders have been described in the world However, it is estimated to have at least 8000 species existing in nature (Lewis, 2007) In Vietnam, there are few studies on centipedes Almost all previous research was conducted, but scattered and insufficient, by foreign scientists Northwest is the mountainous area in Vietnam It is one of the four areas that are considered to have a high biodiversity because of its great variety of plant and animal species, different ecosystems and habitat types in Vietnam We selected the Northwest region of Vietnam to conduct research This area has poorly documented on the composition and distribution of centipedes This area is rich in habitats and nat-ural forests The objective of the project is to clarify the species diversity and distribution of centi-pedes (Chilopoda) in some nature reserves and national parksin the Northwest of Vietnam The results will be expected to provide baseline data for further studies and conservation activities With the above reasons, we carried out the project: "Study on species composition and distribution characteristics of Chilopoda in Northwest, Vietnam" STUDY GOAL This study aims to determine the species diversity and distribution of the Chilopoda in Northwest Vietnam RESEARCH CONTENTS - Determining the species diversity of the Chilopoda in Northwest Vietnam - Describing characteristics and build identification key to species of Chilopoda in study area - Find out the distribution of the Chilopoda species in different habitats, elevation, seasons, research place SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL MEANINGS OF THE THESIS - The research results of thesis provide a list of species and distribution of the Chilopoda in the Northwest region, Vietnam, contributing to the investigation and statistical study of the Chilopoda in Vietnam - Build identification key to species of Chilopoda in the Northwest region, Vietnam, contributing to research and teaching - The results and recommendations of the study contribute to the scientific basis for the conservation of biodiversity resources in the study area NEW CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE THESIS - For the first time making a list of 45 species and subspecies belonging to the Chilopoda in the study area; new genera, 11 species and subspecies to the Chilopoda in Vietnam; orders, families, 15 genera and 34 species and subspecies to the in the Northwest, Vietnam - The identification key to species and subspecies for the Northwest region was developed for the first time - Described the taxonomic characteristics of the species belonging to the Chilopoda in the study arae, especially detailed description for the newly identified species to the species suspected of being new to science, with accompanying illustrations Full data on the distribution characteristics of species by habitat, season, and elevation range of the Chilopoda in study area are provided for the first time 3 CHAPTER 1: OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH SITUATION RELATING TO THE THESIS 1.1 OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH ON CHILOPODA 1.1.1 In Global Research on taxonomy and diversity: The class Chilopoda belongs to the subphylum Myriapoda and the phylum Arthropoda So far, 3,000 species and subspecies of 24 families and orders have been discovered, including Geophilomorpha, Scolopendromorpha, Lithobiomorpha, Scutigeromorpha, and Craterostigmomorpha In which the order Craterostigmomorpha was only recorded in Australia It is estimated that more than 8,000 species of centipedes are present in the wild (Lewis, 1981; Minelli, 2011) The study of the cephalopod class began at the beginning of the eighteenth century However, at first, it was not classified as a separate class, but grouped with other groups of arthropods until the end of this century, it was separated into a separate class Research on the lip-lip class has received more attention and attention in the twentieth century and strongly develops in the twenty-first century Publications on the study of species diversity, discovery of new species, new varieties, or systematic revision of this group of animals Research on the distribution: The research works on the distribution of the Chilopoda such as the distribution by habitat, by altitude, by season are limited Research on the role: Centipede are used as traditional medicine for some diseases; and centipede venom can be used as painless treatment 1.1.2 In Vietnam Research on taxonomy and diversity: Studies on Chilopoda is still limited and insufficient in Vietnam It requires more intensive surveys, studies on centipedes not only diversity, systematics but also practical applications Research on the distribution: In recent years, Vietnamese authors have begun to carry out studies on taxonomy and species diversity of the Chilopoda in Vietnam Thus, up to this study, the Chilopoda in Vietnam includes 73 species and subspecies, belonging to 27 genera, 13 families, and orders 1.1.3 In Northwest There are not many researches on taxonomy, species diversity and distribution of the Chilopoda in the Northwest Studies on taxonomy and species diversity have only studied the order Scolopendromorpha, while other orders found in Vietnam have not been studied Distribution studies are available at one or two locations in the Northwest and have only provided information on specimens of each species such as altitude, habitat, and place of sampling, without studying the distribution of species by altitude, according to the habitats, according to the season 1.2 OVERVIEW OF NATURAL AND SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE NORTHWEST, VIETNAM 2.1 Natural characteristics The geographical location Northwest is the mountainous area in Vietnam The region has borders with Laos and China Northwest is also com-monly known as North Northwest Vietnam, and one of natural geographical sub-regions of North Vietnam The terrain Northwest is a region consisting mainly of medium and alpine mountains This is a place where the highest fragmented and rugged terrain exists in Vietnam The common terrain types are high mountain ranges, deep valleys or gorges, middle- altitude plateaus of limestone The most voluminous and highest mountain range is Hoang Lien Son Mountain Range with many mounts peaking over 2500m high The climate The weather in the northwest area is described by tropical climate influenced by monsoon Monsoon regimes are different from time to time In summer, the southwest monsoon makes weather in the region hot and dry with heavy rains, while in winter, the northeast monsoon brings a cold, dry, less rainy weather The wind regime creates a somewhat harsh weather, causing dry heat, drought, and frost, which hinders local production and daily life The hydrological The geology and soils The soil also has many types and complex differentiation The main soil groups of the Northwest include yellow-red feralit, humus-red yellow-red feralit, dark red feralit, brown feralit, alite humus and alluvial soil The flora and fauna The Northwest region has a full spectrum of life forms of vegetation types The biodiversity of the region is not only governed by the topographical structure of the high belt, but also by the geographical factors of the latitude 5 According to statistics from research works, the Northwest region has identified 3852 species of higher vascular plants (belonging to 254 families); there are 148 species of mammals (belonging to 29 families, orders); 433 bird species (belonging to 55 families, 17 orders); 157 species of amphibians and reptiles (belonging to 25 families, orders); 175 species of freshwater fish; 1,145 insect species (belonging to 74 families, 12 orders); 85 species of spiders (belonging to 18 families); 95 species of earthworms belonging to families Among them, there are hundreds of rare and endemic species of animals and plants 2.2 Social characteristics There are more than 20 different ethnic groups in the Northwest In which, the Thai, Muong, Kinh and H'Mong ethnic groups make up the majority (accounting for 90.2% of the entire population) Population density is very low and uneven, averaging about 88 people/km2 In the highlands, production is still self-sufficient, self-sufficient, and people's lives are difficult and backward 6 CHAPTER 2: LOCATION, TIME, MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 RESEARCH LOCATION Based on the natural characteristics of the study area, the selected sites for research are concentrated in the National Park and the Nature Reserve, where the natural forest is abundant, the habitat diversity includes the following habitats natural and man-made habitats 2.2 RESEARCH TIME The project was carried out from December 2017 to December 2020 The fieldwork period usually takes place from February to December every year, for three years from 2017 to 2019 In addition, in some locations samples are collected by monthly cup trap 2.3 RESEARCH MATERIALS Research materials are 920 specimens of Chilopoda in Northwest, Vietnam 2.4 RESEARCH METHODS 2.4.1 Centipedes collection and measurement of environment Pitfall trapping The method will beused for assessing the diversity of surface soil-dwelling centipedes About 15 traps will beset up for each site during 15 days Traps will befilled with ethanol 75% or formalin 4% Foreach habitat, traps will beset upat pointsin equal triangles, eachpoint is 25m apartfrom an-other In each point, trapswill beplacedin a square, each cup is5m apartfrom another and a trap in the center The total trapswill be placed in each habitatare15 cups After 15 days,specimens will becollected from traps, and preserved in 75% ethanol Soil sieving A soil sieve with 30cm diameter, 1cm mesh-aperture are used to remove the upper material (leaves, branches, ) All soils and leaf litter from holes-digging were collected, then put into the soil sieve All animals and smaller soils (less than cm) might be fallen into a cloth bag The leaf litter and soils (larger than 1cm) still remained on the net; they are eliminated out Soils in the cloth bag were poured on a while background; animals would be active and then collected Manual sampling During the trip, centipedes will be searched manually in moist microhabitats (under stones, dead woods, inside logs and tree barks or in soils and leaf litter) and collecting samples This is a random method, but with highest probability, to find largest centipedes 7 2.4.2 In the laboratory Measurements and identification of the Chilopoda All specimens will besorted out in the laboratory of Department of Zoology, Ha NoiNational University of Educationand observed under microscope Olympus SZ40 All morphological characters will beobserved and photographed Each specimens will beidentified using several taxonomic papers Attem (1938, 1953), Schileyko (1992, 1995, 1998, 2007),and with a help from superadvisors Data analysis Data will beanalysed using MicrosoftExcel 2010 The community diversity will becalculated using the software Primer Ver.5.2.4 8 CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 SPECIES DIVERSITY OF CHILOPODA IN THE STUDY AREA Research results have recorded a total of 45 species and subspecies of the Chilopoda (Table 3.1) Table 3.1 List of species of Chilopoda in the study area Speci No Taxon VN NW men ORDER SCUTIGEROMORPHA POCOCK, 1895 + FAMILY SCUTIGERIDAE LEACH, 1814 + Genus Thereuopoda Verhoeff, 1904 + Thereuopoda longicornis (Fabricius, 1793) 21 + Genus Thereuonema Verhoeff, 1904 + + Thereuonema sp 11 ORDER LITHOBIOMORPHA + FAMILY HENICOPIDAE POCOCK, 1901 + Genus Cermatobius Haase, 1885 + + Cermatobius longicornis (Takakuwa, 1939) 61 + + Cermatobius martensii Haase, 1885 13 + + FAMILY LITHOBIIDAE POCOCK, 1895 + Genus Australobius Chamberlin, 1920 + Australobius scabrior Chamberlin, 1920 34 + + Australobius semperi (Haase, 1887) + Genus Bothropolys Wood, 1862 + Bothropolys imaharensisVerhoeff, 1937 17 + + Bothropolys rugosus (Meinert, 1872) 21 + + Genus Lithobius Leach, 1814 + Lithobius (Lithobius) modicus Attems, 1938 67 + 10 Lithobius (Monotarsobius) fuscus Attems, 1953 44 + 11 Lithobius (Chinobius) sp 63 ORDER SCOLOPENDROMORPHA POCOCK, 1895 FAMILY CRYPTOPIDAE KOHLRAUSCH, 1881 + Genus Cryptops Leach, 1815 + 12 Cryptops (Cryptops) doriae Pocock, 1891 59 + 13 Cryptops (Trigonocryptops) spinipes Pocock, 1891 22 + Genus Paracryptops Silvestri, 1924 + 14 Paracryptops indicus Silvestri, 1924 15 + FAMILY SCOLOPENDRIDAE LEACH, 1814 Genus Alluropus Silvestri, 1911 + 15 Alluropus demangei Silvestri, 1911 + 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Genus Ethmostigmus Newport, 1845 Ethmostigmus rubripes spinosus (Newport, 1845) Genus Otostigmus Porat, 1876 Otostigmus aculeatus Haase, 1887 Otostigmus amballae Chamberlin, 1913 Otostigmus astenus (Kohlrausch, 1878) Otostigmus loriae loriae Silvestri, 1894 Otostigmus multidens multidens Haase, 1887 Otostigmus politus politus Karsch, 1881 Otostigmus reservatus Schileyko, 1995 Otostigmus scaber Porat, 1876 Otostigmus voprosus Schileyko, 1992 Genus Rhysida Wood, 1862 Rhysida longipes (Newport, 1845) Rhysida nuda (Newport, 1845) Genus Scolopendra Linnaeus, 1758 Scolopendra calcarata Porat, 1876 Scolopendra gracillima sternostriata Schileyko, 1995 Scolopendra subspinipes Leach, 1815 Scolopendra dehaani Brandt, 1840 FAMILY SCOLOPOCRYPTOPIDAE POCOCK, 1896 Genus Scolopocryptops Newport, 1844 Scolopocryptops melanostomus Newport, 1885 Scolopocryptops rubiginosus Koch, 1878 Scolopocryptops spinicaudus Wood, 1862 ORDER GEOPHILOMORPHA POCOCK, 1895 FAMILY MECISTOCEPHALIDAE BOLLMAN, 1893 Genus Mecistocephalus Newport, 1843 Mecistocephalus glabridorsalis Attems, 1901 Mecistocephalus mikado Attems, 1928 Mecistocephalus punctifrons Newport, 1843 Genus Tygarrup Chamberlin, 1914 Tygarrup crassignathus Titova, 1983 Tygarrup javanicus Attems, 1929 Tygarrup singaporiensis Verhoeff, 1937 Tygarrup sp FAMILY LINOTAENIIDAE POCOCK, 1895 Genus Strigamia Gray, 1843 Strigamia bicolor Shinohara, 1981 + + 33 16 11 16 12 + + + + 3 + + + 15 45 20 + + + + + + + + + 42 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 46 23 + 79 44 + + 10 Strigamia svenhedini (Verhoeff,1933) + + Strigamia sp1 Strigamia sp2 920 Total of specimens: 45 Total of species: Note: VN: New records for Vietnam; NW: New records for the Northwestern region, Vietnam 3.1.1 New records - New records for Vietnam Compared with the results of Tran et al (2013) and recent publications, the research results have recorded two genus for Viẹtnam, recorded 11 new species for Vietnam - New records for the Northwestern region The research results have recorded orders, families, 15 genera, 34 species and subspecies for the Northwestern region (Excluding newly identified species to genera and subspecies) - Species and subspecies have not been identified with scientific names There are new taxons identified to the genus and subgenera: Thereuonema sp., Lithobius (Chinobius) sp., Tygarrup sp., Strigamia sp1, Strigamia sp2 They may be new species to science We are checking further to announce new species to science 3.1.3 The structure of taxonomic levels in the study area There have been 45 species and subspecies in the study area, belonging to 17 genera, families, orders Compared with the Chilopoda in Vietnam, there are orders in the study area (accounting for 100% of the total number of orders in Vietnam), families (accounting for 61.54% of the total number of families), 17 genera ( accounting for 62.96% of the total number of genera), 45 species and subspecies (61.64% of the total number of species and subspecies) ( 43 44 45 Figure 3.1 Family diversity of Chilopoda in the study area Table 3.2 Family diversity of Chilopoda in the study area No Family Scutigeridae Henicopidae Lithobiidae Genus Number % 11,76 5,88 17,65 Sspecies and subspecies Number 2 % 4,44 4,44 15,56 11 Cryptopidae Scolopendridae Scolopocryptopidae Mecistocephalidae Linotaeniidae Total 17 11,76 29,41 5,88 11,76 5,88 100 17 45 6,67 37,78 6,67 15,56 8,89 100 Figure 3.2 Species diversity in the genera of Chilopoda in the study area Remark: The Scolopendridae family is the most diverse (17 species and subspecies), the Henicopidae family is the least diverse (2 species) The genus Otostigmus is the most diverse (9 species and subspecies) 3.2 MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SPECIES In this section, we provide the identification key to species and subspecies, holotype specimen definition, synonym, sample information, taxonomic characteristics, illustrations, distribution locations and comment on the characteristics of the species species or subspecies compared with previous authors' descriptions of the entire species and subspecies in the study area Example for a species: CLASS OF CHILOPODA A total of 45 species and subspecies in the study area, belong to 17 genera, families, order Key to orders 15 leg-bearing segments .……… ……………… … …………… – 21 or more leg-bearing segments …………… … …….… terga, dorsal unpaired spiracles.… .… Order of Scutigeromorpha – 15 terga, dorsal unpaired spiracles.… … Order of Lithobiomorpha 21 or 23 leg-bearing segments, eyes present or absent .…… … .… ………………………………… ………… Order of Scolopendromorpha – 29 or more leg-bearing segments, eyes absent………… Order of Geophilomorpha SCUTIGEROMORPHA POCOCK, 1895 Order of Scutigeromorpha in study area has species, genera, family 12 – FAMILY SCUTIGERIDAE LEACH, 1814 Family of Scutigeromorpha in study area has species, genera Key to genera Stoma saddles strongly vaulted; anterior cephalic sutures is converging… … Genus Thereuopoda Stoma saddles weakly vaulted; anterior cephalic sutures is parallel ……… ……………………………………… ………… Genus Thereuonema Genus of Thereuopoda Verhoeff, 1904 Genus of Thereuopoda has one species Thereuopoda longicornis (Fabricius, 1793) Scolopendra longicornis Fabricius, 1793: Entomologia Systematica emendata et aucta 2: 390 Synonym: Scutigera feae Pocock, 1891b; Thereuonema feae Attems, 1938 Materials: 21 specimen (Appendix 4) Diagnosis: Body length 20 – 28 mm, average 26.0 mm Body has 15 leg-bearing segments; 7 terga; compound eyes with many ocelli The body has 15 gill joints, has dorsal plates, has compound eyes including many eye sockets Conspicuous arched vent at the back of the back plate The head plate is hemispherical, with grooves on both sides, the grooves converge in the front, gradually separate towards the back The beard has two root segments and three whiplash segments Each whiplash segment consists of many small segments (segmentation) Burning whip has stiff spines on the first half The base of the jaw has large, long spine-like filaments on the anterior margin of the groin and many short comb silks on the medial edge of the tarsal segment The dorsal plate has many short spines combined with stiff hairs Conspicuous arched vents on the back edge of the back panels Cows legs 1-14 have clearly differentiated 1st and 2nd ankle segments, each neck segment consists of many segments The last crawling leg is much longer than the other legs, the 1st and 2nd ankle segments are not clearly distinguished, with many segments The anal plate in females has a fairly straight ventral and dorsal edge The genital leg of the female has branches extending outward, the sinus between the large branches has a semicircular shape Distribution: 13 Viet Nam: Ha Giang; Quang Ninh (Hon Gai); Da Nang (Ba Na Np); Khanh Hoa (Nha Trang, Cau Da, Cua Be); Dak Lak (Ban Me Thuat); Lam Dong (Di Linh); Ba Ria – Vung Tau (Con Dao Np) In the world: Also known from Mauritius, Taiwan, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Singpore, Philippines, Papua New Guinea Remarks: All characteristics are the same as described by Attems, 1938 3.3 DISTRIBUTIONAL PATTERN 3.3.1 Habitat distribution Table 3.3 The distribution of Chilopoda in study area No Habitats Taxon Altitude a b c d e f g + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + h Seaso n i k l m o p + + + + + + + + + + Places Scutigeromorpha Family Scutigeridae Genus Thereuopoda Thereuopoda longicornis Genus Thereuonema Thereuonema sp Lithobiomorpha Family Henicopidae + Genus Cermatobius Cermatobius longicornis Cermatobius martensii + + + + + + + Family Lithobiidae Genus Australobius + + Australobius scabrior Australobius semperi Genus Bothropolys Bothropolys imaharensis Bothropolys rugosus Genus Lithobius Lithobius (Lithobius) modicus 10 Lithobius (Monotarsobius) fuscus + + + + 11 Lithobius (Chinobius) sp + + + + + 13 Cryptops (Cryptops) doriae Cryptops (Trigonocryptops) spinipes Genus Paracryptops + 14 Paracryptops indicus + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Scolopendromorpha Family Cryptopidae Genus Cryptops 12 Family Scolopendridae + + + + + + 14 Genus Alluropus 15 Alluropus demangei + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Genus Ethmostigmus 16 Ethmostigmus rubripes spinosus + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Genus Otostigmus 17 Otostigmus aculeatus 18 Otostigmus amballae 19 Otostigmus astenus 20 Otostigmus loriae loriae 21 Otostigmus multidens multidens 22 + + + + + + Otostigmus politus politus + + + 23 Otostigmus reservatus + 24 Otostigmus scaber + + + 25 Otostigmus voprosus + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Genus Rhysida 26 Rhysida longipes + 27 Rhysida nuda + + + + + + + + + + + Genus Scolopendra 28 30 Scolopendra calcarata Scolopendra gracillima sternostriata Scolopendra subspinipes 31 Scolopendra dehaani 29 + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Family Scolopocryptopidae Genus Scolopocryptops 32 Scolopocryptops melanostomus 33 Scolopocryptops rubiginosus 34 Scolopocryptops spinicaudus + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Geophilomorpha Family Mecistocephalidae Genus Mecistocephalus 35 Mecistocephalus glabridorsalis + 36 Mecistocephalus mikado + + + 37 Mecistocephalus punctifrons + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Genus Tygarrup 38 Tygarrup crassignathus 39 Tygarrup javanicus Tygarrup singaporiensis 40 41 42 Tygarrup sp Family Linotaeniidae Genus Strigamia Strigamia bicolor + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 15 43 Strigamia svenhedini 44 Strigamia sp1 45 Strigamia sp2 Total number of species and subspecies + + + + + + Total number of genus Total number of families Total number of orders 2 + 8 + + 5 + 3 4 1 7 1 7 + + + + + 4 + + + 1 4 Notes: a: Residential area+agricultural land; b: Bamboo forest; c: Mixed forest; d: Woody forest; e: