Thuật ngữ ngành mỏ và địa chất tiếng việt TT TIENG ANH

VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES PHAN THỊ LAN VIETNAMESE TERMINOLOGY FOR MINES AND GEOLOGY Ngành: Linguistics Mã số: 9.22.90.20 ABSTRACT OF LINGUISTICS DOCTORAL THESIS HÀ NỘI -2021 The work is completed at: GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Supervisor: Assoc Prof Dr Phạm Văn Hảo Referee 1: Prof Dr Dinh Van Duc Referee 2: Assoc Prof Dr Dang Thị Hao Tam Referee 3: Prof Dr Le Quang Thiem The thesis shall be protected infront of Board of Doctoral Thesis Examination, at Graduate Academy of Social Sciences, Vietnam Academy of Social Siences, 477 Nguyễn Trãi, Thanh Xuân, Hà Nội At hour minute, date month year 20 The thesis can be found at: - Vietnam National Library - Library of Graduate Academy of Social Sciences SCIENTIFIC WORKS HAVE BEEN PUBLISHED OF THE AUTHOR RELATED TO THE TITLE OF THESIS Phan Thị Lan (2020), The structure of mine and geology terminology in Vietnamese, Vietnam journal of social science manpower, vol 2 Phan Thị Lan (2020), The formation of mine and geology terms system in Vietnamese, Magazine of language & life, vol.3 INTRODUCTION The urgent requirement of the topic 1.1 In many fields of science, the most important thing of language is the terminology The terminology is not only the professional words but also a system of ideas of many sides of science and reflects the scale of the development of science At present, the study of terminology is the consideration of many experts and it totally becomes the subject of many specialists These are the results of the urgent requirements in every single field of the science including Vietnam mineral industry 1.2 Mine and Geology are the key industry of the national social economy and its products bring more benefits and contribute the big value in the development of national economy In the development, the international intergration and foreign investment bring more opportunities to focus on study and hitech applications in mining exploitations The complete study term of mine and geology plays an important role in effective co-operation and exploitation It fulfills not only the mining industry but also perfect the Vietnamese in general Purpose and research mission The thesis is aim to focus on characters of structure, character of identification and mining and geology terminology creation in Vietnamese The Thesis focus on: (1) Mining and Geology Terminology study in general and creation of argument for whole thesis (2) Description and analysis of Mining and Geology Terminology in Vietnamese : structure mode, words description, and the source of structure of Mining and Geology Terminology (3) Mining and Geology Terminology creation in Vietnamese and the source of creations by the different ways (4) Study and inspect all the characters of meaning and the identification of Mining and Geology Terminology in terms of focusing on layers of terminology , modes, and specifics which are selected to form Mining and Geology Terminology in Vietnamese Objects and scope of study The research object of the thesis is the Mining and Geology Terminology in Vietnamese that are being used today The research scope is focusing on understanding the characteristics of Vietnamese mining and geological terminology in terms of linguistics, including: structural characteristics, formation methods and semantic characteristics in Vietnamese Research materials and methods The survey material of the thesis is 2,600 mining and geological terminologies in Vietnamese, which are collected and selected mainly from dictionaries and a number of books, documents and specialized textbooks on mining and geology today The methods and principles used in the thesis include: (1) Descriptive methods are used to describe the characteristics of the structure, identification and the formation Mining and Geology Terminology (2) Analytical methods, including: elemental analysis used to determine structural elements of Mining and Geology Terminology; semantic analysis is used to analyze semantic categories and selected features to identify Mining and Geology Terminology (3) Methods of modeling structural and semantic features identifiers of Mining and Geology Terminology (4) Methods of statistics and classification are mobilized to process the source material such as: determining the number, frequency of occurrence and the percentage New contributions of the thesis The thesis is a systematically thorough research of Mining and Geology Terminology in Vietnamese By the traditional views in terms of linguistics, the thesis has clarified the characteristics of the Vietnamese natural and geologic system in terms of structure and semantics – identification Theoretical and practical significance of the thesis Theoretical significance The research results of the thesis contribute to clarifying more structural and semantic features and identification of a specific terminological system, such as Vietnamese of Mining and Geology Terminology Therefore, the research results have contributed to the building of the theoretical and practical basis for Mining and Geology terminology system, and to the general development of Vietnam's mining and geology industry It also brings outstanding contributions to promoting research, building and completing the Vietnamese terminology system in general Practical significance The research results of the thesis are useful references for researchers of terminology in particular and researchers in the field of mining and geology in general It is also a document for teaching, curriculum and explanatory dictionary compilation about Mining and Geology Terminology in Vietnamese The structure of Thesis Beside the Introduction, Conclusion, References, Survey Materials and Appendix, the thesis consists of chapters Chapter 1: Research situation and theoretical basis in General; Chapter 2: Structural characteristics and methods of forming Vietnamese geological and mine terminologies; Chapter 3: Semantic characteristics - Vietnamese geological and mine terminologies CHAPTER OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH SITUATION AND THEORETICAL BASIS 1.1 OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH SITUATION 1.1.1 The research of terminology 1.1.1.1 Terminology studies in the world In the world, the ideas of term appeared quite early, several centuries ago, and quickly became the interest and attention of researchers, especially Russian, Austrian and Czech terminology study 1.1.1.2 Terminology studies in Vietnam Although the terminology appearance was firstly recorded in early years of twenty century, It was quickly turned in to object of many studies At present, It is reported that there were a numbers of specialized works on the terminology in every single discipline in order to find out the common features and basic characteristics of the specialized terminology systems, contribute to building and completing the terminology and the development of the specialized sciences 1.1.2 Research status on mining and geological terminology 1.1.2.1 Research on mining and geological terminology in the world In the world, Tikhonova Irina Borisovna (2010), Samigullina L.Z (2012) conducted a study of the oil and gas processing terminology system, in which they strongly used the method of building frame diagrams to clearly show the structural organization and systematic relationships between the units of the term system 1.1.2.2 Researchs on mining and geological terminology in Vietnam From a theoretical view, there have been only two studies related to Mining and Geological Terminology in Vietnam, such as the thesis on Technical specifications of mines in English with the translation into Vietnamese by Cao Xuan Hien (2009) and Comparing English – Vietnamese petroleum terms by Nguyen Thi Thu Ha (2019) However, these studies mainly focus on studying English mine terminology, and survey the terminology of a few narrow specialties of the mining and geology industry as petroleum or just stop to consider the structural characteristics of the technical term mine 1.2 THEORETICAL BASIS OF TERMINOLOGIES 1.2.1 The role and position of terminologies in the language system The term is a method of communication of professionals It is human knowledge reflected in the form of language it is even considered to be "treasure" of human knowledge Terminology is the most important and essential part of language 1.2.2 The concept of the term a Definition of terminology by the view of linguistics Most of the definitions of terminology following the view of linguistic professional always focus on expressing concepts function and objects identification (or specialized objects) b Definition of terms from the view of terminology According to the concept of terminology, terminology is not only a category of linguistics, but also a category of logic and interdisciplinary science This thesis approaches Mining and Geological Terminology from the view of linguistics so we totally agree the term of Nguyen Thien Giap (1985) because this is the most complete and comprehensive definition and we completely agree with Leitchik's view that show the key role and essential task of analysis from the linguistic perspective in terminology system 1.2.3 The properties of the term Many different standards have been proposed by researchers, but they can be systematized into three ones: scientific (accuracy, systematicity, brevity), internationality and nationalism In which, the scientific and the internationality are the key standards of the terminology requirements 1.2.4 Distinguish a term from a number of closely related lexical units 1.2.4.1 Terminology and nomenclature A term is an unit which is related to the conceptual system of a specialized science, contains only a specific number Nomenclature has no direct connection to the concepts of science, but It is only the indicating objects of science, and they are infinitely in large number for example: gold mine is the term, while Bo Cu gold mine, Bong Mieu gold mine, Phuoc Son gold mine are the nomenclature 1.2.4.2 Terminology and normal words The term is non-expressive It does not reflect subjective human conclusions There are no synonyms and functionally stylistic variants as normal words Although there is an identifier function in the term and the normal word But the identifier in the term is the naming of the concept and other one in ordinary words is just indicating of things The term reflecting “scientific concepts” is known only by specialists, while the common word denotes “everyday concept”, which is common throughout society So the concept that reflected by the term is more rigorous 1.2.4.3 Term and Specialized words Specialized words reflect specific, and suggestive properties of images, with both local and regional characteristics So they are used both in the style of literary and artistic language In addition, the generally reflective concept of the Specialized words is also narrower than the scientific term because the terminologies - definition, definition of concept, meaning of terminologies not contain any emotional elements In particular comparison with terminology, the word profession never forms a closed system, it is just discrete units that are not linked together, while systematic reflections are extremely important and major requirements 1.3 THEORETICAL BASIS OF WORD AND PHRASE 1.3.1 Words and word structure in Vietnamese 1.3.1.1 Concept of word In the linguistic system, the word is the largest unit of the three types of one: phoneme, morpheme, and word Words contain the following characteristics: 1/ phonetic form and meaning 2/ Available, fixed, mandatory 3/ Is the certain reality unit of language and the largest unit of the language system This is the concept of words of Do Huu Chau (1993) which is taken as the basis for the thesis 1.3.1.2 Word formation method in Vietnamese a Elements of word formation: In Vietnamese, a morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit used to construct words according to Vietnamese word structure methods b Methods of word creation: In Vietnamese, words are formed mainly in three ways: morpheme magnetization, compounding and reduplicative words 1.3.1.3 Classification of words following the method of construction According to Do Huu Chau (1981), studying word structure is referring to the structure of a series of words that are similar in meaning Accordingly, Vietnamese words can be divided in terminologies of structure into types: single words, compound words and reduplicative words 1.3.2 Phrases and phrase structure in Vietnamese 1.3.2.1 Concept of phrase Phrases (combinations) are created by combining words with words in an organized and meaningful way Each word participating in the word combination is identified as an element Among the components constituting the combination there is a relationship with each other, according to liquid properties (combinations of free words, phrases) or tight properties (fixed terminologies) 1.2.3.2 Structural features of phrase (i) Regarding the structure of a phrase: is a type of syntactic structure formed by two or more real words on the basis of dependent grammatical relations In a phrase, the word that plays a major role in terms of semantics and grammar is called the main element, and the words that depend on the main element are the minor elements (ii) Regarding the relationship between the elements in the phrase: The elements in a Vietnamese phrase usually have three types of syntactic relationships: 1/The subjectpredicate relationship 2/ Main and secondary relationship 3/Equal relationship There are type of phrase corresponding to the above three types of syntactic relations such as: subject-predicate, equivalence, and main-sub-phrases In particular, the main and secondary phrases are often noticed by researchers because of their popularity and complexity Based on the word type of the central element, it can be divided into noun phrases, verb phrases, adjective phrases, etc (iii) Regarding the function of the phrase: In terms of semantics, the phrase is also a means of identifying things, phenomena, processes, qualities, states, etc Regarding the position in the sentence, the phrase Words play a very important role in sentence structure because they also take on the function of sentence components 1.4 THEORETICAL BASIS ON MINING AND GEOLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY IN VIETNAMESE 1.4.1 Overview of the mining and geology industry Mining is a technological discipline of geology related to mining activities Geology is a scientific and technical study of the earth's crust and the phenomena occurring in the earth's crust Geology is now specialized, including different specialties, in which, mining is an important specialty of geology Geology is becoming more important because it is the leading industry in finding, exploring and evaluating the country's mineral resource reserves, researching new technologies for mineral processing 1.4.2 The process of formation and development of Vietnam's mining and geology industry Geology is one of the important scientific and technical field of the national economy So far, the field of geology has gone through many stages of development In the process of development, despite the changes of formations, the General Department of Geology and Minerals of Vietnam in particular and the Geology field of Vietnam in general have been achieved many important achievements 1.4.3 Concept on Mining and geological terminology On the basis of general theory of terminology and professional content and development history of geology, the thesis shows a definition of Mining and geological terminology with working characteristic such as: The term mine and geology are words and phrases denoting concepts, things, and phenomena of geology including: mining engineering, geological engineering, petroleum engineering, geophysical engineering, chemical engineering technology, geodetic - cartographic engineering, mineral route engineering, environmental engineering From this definition, the thesis determines the criteria to identify and collect Mining and geological terminology as researching data As a result, the thesis has collected and selected 2600 mining and geological terminologies 1.5 SUB-CONCLUSION OF CHAPTER In this chapter, the thesis showed the overviews of research situation related to the thesis topic and presents some basic theoretical issues as a basis for the implementation of the following contents of the thesis CHAPTER STRUCTURAL FEATURES AND METHOD OF FORMING THE MINING AND GEOLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY IN VIETNAMES 2.1 DETERMINATION OF STRUCTURE IN MINING AND GEOLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY The structural elements of Vietnam's mining and geological terminology are studied and applied by the thesis according to the concept of Russian - Soviet linguists, but they have been adjusted following the characteristics of the Vietnamese language In more details: at the word level (including single and compound words,  the constitutive element is a morpheme At the phrase level  the constitutive element is a word For example, ore refining is a compound word composed of morphemes (equivalent to elements refining and ore But coal mining is a phrase composed of words (but also equivalent to elements): mining and coal (but not elements of mining, exploitation and coal) 2.2 STUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MINING AND GEOLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY IN VIETNAMESE In order to study the structural characteristics of mining and geological terminology following the level and system, the thesis divides the system of mining and geological terminology into two large groups based on the structural form and quantity of the structural elements: 1/Term with words structure and: 2/ The term composed of a phrase In groups, the thesis shows out and clarify the structural characteristics of Vietnamese mining and geological terminology according to these aspects: the number of structural elements, structural methods, grammatical relations, word characteristics in mining and geological terminology 2.2.1 Mining and geological terminological composed from the word In 2600 mining and geological terminology, there are 776 units to be words, accounting for 29.8% of the total number of surveyed terminologies Based on the structural method, the thesis continues to divide into types: 2.2.1.1.Terminology composed from single words 2.2.1.2.Terminology composed from compound words From there, the thesis showed surveying of their structural characteristics based on: quantity, mode of structure, characteristics on words, structural model and structural origin of elements for mining and geological terminology 2.2.2 Mining and geological terminology composed from phrase Among 2,600 mining and geological terminologies in Vienamese, the thesis identifies 1824 terminologies that are composed of phrases, accounting for 70.2% of the total number of surveyed terminologies In order to understand the structural characteristics of mining and geological terminology with phrases by covering all of their layers, the thesis continues to classify them in to each group of terminologies This classification is based on the number of elements involved in the formations The classification related to groups of terminologies: 2.2.2.1 The terminology group with 2-factor phrase 2.2.2.2 The terminology group with 3-factor phrase 2.2.2.3 The terminology group with 4-factor phrase 2.2.2.4 The terminology group with 5-factor phrase 2.2.2.6 The terminology group with 6-factor phrase 2.2.2.6 The terminology group with more 7-factor phrase Therefore the thesis examines the structural characteristics of these groups of terminology following: quantity, mode of composition, characteristics of words, structural patterns of mining and geological terminology formations 2.2.3 Comments on structural characteristics of mining and geological terminology in Vietnamese From results of description and analysis in structural features of mining and geological terminology in the form of words and phrases, the observation can be viewed: 2.2.3.1 Mining and geological terminology in terms of the number of structural elements Table 2.1 Summary table on the number of structural elements for mining and geological terminology in Vietnamese Structural formations of Composition Number of Ratio % terminology terminologies Single factor 343 13,2% Words Compound factors 433 16,6% Total (1): 776 29,8% factors 642 24,7% factors 610 23,5% Phrases factors 284 10,9% factors 155 6% factors 83 3,2% factors 50 1,9% Total (2): 1824 70,2% Total (1) + (2) 2600 100% In terms of the number of structural elements, the entire system of mining and geological terminology is composed of to elements, but most of the composition of them contain only to elements (accounting for approximately 90%) proveing that they have met the formal requirement is brevity, while the brevity of the terminology is also one of the factor to ensure the accuracy and science of the terminology 10 sedimentary deposits, metamorphic rocks, anomalous rocks, open pit bottoms, mining tools, etc Pure Vienamese + Indian- European: pegmatite mines, apatite ores, cement clay, quarzit lime, magnesium-rich rock, basalt lining, Chinese - Vietnamese + Indian European: wagon maintenance, mafic eruption, natural phosphorus, muscovid quartz zone, residual magma, Pure Vietnamese + Chinese - Vietnamese + Indian - European: chlorinated salt deposits, femic minerals, bertite needle rock, hard solution titannomagnetite, etc - Pure Vietnamese terminologies account for the second highest rate (26.9%): mine, gutters, soils, fissures, connecting kiln, mining drill, limestone, swaps… - The next is Indian - European terminologies (11.6%): alophan, ammonium, arsenic, augite, barite, crowbar, sapphire, ammonium-canbonate, manganese silicate… - The lowest is Chinese -Vietnamese terminologies (11.4%) for example: silver, substance, extraction, alkali, lava, mineralization, schist, endogenous geology, alkaline lava, alkaline earth metals, mixed mineral… The results on the structural elements of the mining and geological terminology are different from some other terminology systems (for example, journalism, intellectual property law, fine arts, etc.) because in these systems Sino-Vietnamese elements play a very important role reflected in the highest percentage of terms deriving from SinoVietnamese elements In mining and geological terminology, the Vietnamese factor plays a more prominent role Even the Indian - European element also plays a significant role in creating a part of mining and geological terminology in Vietnamese 2.2.3.4 Mining and geological terminology by structural model Because the mining and geological terminology mainly composes of 2, and elements so the number of terminologies belonging to them accounts for an overwhelming proportion The number of structural models is gradually reduced in terms of and elements As for the 7-element terminology group with loose structure needed to be standardized Therefore, this group does not have a stable structure Table 2.4 Summary table on structural models of mining and geological terminology in Vietnamese Type of terminology Structural model Number of Ratio % terminology None 343 13,1% Single 378 Model Word 16,6% Compound Model 29 factors Phrase factors factors Model Model Model Model 26 615 27 403 Model Model Model Model 10 Model 11 122 61 24 126 81 24,7% 23,5% 10,9% 11 Model 12 48 Model 13 29 66 Model 14 6% factors Model 15 48 Model 16 41 Model 17 36 3,2% factors Model 18 28 Model 19 19 None 50 1,9% factors Total 19 models 2600 100% In general, the numbers of structural models of mining and geological terminology are also quite diverse and rich In 19 models above, some are highly productive (in bold), generating a series of systematic terminologies, such as models 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, , 10, 11, 14 (each model represents 50 or more terminologies) These are also models of terminology groups 1, 2, 3, and elements Therefore, when building and creating mining and geological terminology, it is necessary to pay attention to these models 2.3 METHODS OF MINING AND GEOLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY CREATIONS IN VIETNAMESE 2.3.1 Principles and methods of forming Vietnamese terminologies Following the summary of Hoang Van Hanh (1983), Vietnamese terminologies in general are formed from roads which have created classes of corresponding terms:.1/ Terminology of ordinary words to create pure Vietnamese terminologies 2/Creating terminologies following the basis of existing datas of language, forming a cloned terminology 3/Borrowing foreign terminologies to create the phonetic terminologies In fact, the three ways of forming Vietnamese terminologies mentioned by Hoang Xuan Hanh also derive from two principles: considering terminologies on the basis of Vietnamese and accepting foreign terminologies In detail, Quach Thi Gam (2015) also showed a third principle that is a combination of both of these principles 2.3.2 Methods of forming the mining and geological terminology in Vietnamese Based on the above theory and practice of the source in document, the thesis has identified methods of forming the mining and geological terminology in Vietnamese including Table 2.5 Methods of forming the mining and geological terminology in Vietnamese Methods of forming the mining and geological terminology in Vietnamese Terminology of common word (21,4%) Original (3,1%) Spelling (9,8%) Simulation (50,6%) Hybrid (14,5%) 12 It can be reported that the methods of mining and geological terminology formation are quite rich with different methods, in which the terminologies formed by the method of simulation still account for the largest percentage (50.6%) Although in the mining and geology terminology, the method of simulation accounts for the largest proportion, but it is not too different from other methods 2.4 SUB CONCLUSION OF CHAPTER Mining and geological terminology contains remarkable structural features: most of them have a brief form created from Vietnamese, Chinese -Vietnamese and Indian European elements Most of them are phrases that are combined according to the main-sub relationship with many different structural models, in which the terminology with the noun accounts for the largest proportion and the methods of forming mine and geological terminology are also quite diverse CHAPTER CHARACTERISTICS OF SENSITIVES - DEFINITIONS OF MINING AND GEOLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY IN VIETNAMESE 3.1 LAYERS OF MINING AND GEOLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY UNDER PROFESSIONAL CONTENTS Mining and geological terminology in Vietnamese contains specific terminologies of mining - geology and terminologies of other sciences used in this terminology system 3.1.1 Mining terminology (1433 terminologies/55.1%) Referring to the mining industry, the terminologies identifying the types of mines and furnaces must be considered and listed such as: oil and gas fields, coal mines, stone furnaces, intermediate stone furnaces Inspection activities, exploration and mining exploitations: opening seam, exploiting coal seam, removing ore, ventilation of furnace road, transporting minerals by slide Minerals and ore: lead ore, petroleum, petroleum, diamond, jelly tools and tools for exploration and mining: coal loader, suction pipe, ore hopper Mining techniques and methods: steam pressure submersible well method, continuous mining exploitation method 3.1.2 Geological terminology (704 terminologies/27,1%) Geological terminology includes: Terminology on the movement of the earth's crust: beam tectonics, faults, separate faults, sliding faults Terminology on structures and materials forming of the earth's crust: seismic vertical, concentric zone, fold zone, alkaline lava, concave fold Terminology on natural phenomena: erosion, earthquake, sea wave, erosion, fissure Terminology on products forming from operation process of the earth's crust: alluvial plains, plains, swamps, volcanoes, oceans, currents Terminology on earth research: regional geological map, area geology map 3.1.3 Terminology of some related industries (463 terminologies/17,8% ) In the mining and geological terminology system, terminologies are also received from other sciences such as: chemistry: corrosion, crystallization, calcium, foaming agents, chromium, chromite, noble gases, sulfu, Physics: pressure, variation, radiation, rollers, lenticular form, wave propagation speed Biology: gravity anomalies, magnetic anomalies Agro-forestry: arable land, vegetation, grasslands Geography: plateau topography, passat Irrigation: drainage system Both the linguistic form and the conceptual connotation of these terminologies have remained totally and refered to mining and geological terminologies for indicating activities, properties, methods of the field 13 3.2 IDENTIFICATION THEORY 3.2.1 Identification and process of language identification The essence of identification is to name a thing or phenomenon Names play an important role in perception and thinking Thanks to the names, objective, real things and phenomena are reflected on our minds, so we can distinguish them from other things and the same or different types of phenomenon Process of identification: in each thing or phenomenon, there are often many features In order to identify people, we only choose one typical feature, that is easy to distinguish from other things, phenomena and characteristics This feature already has a name in the language And the process of identifying a thing, features or process consists of two steps: defining the concept of the object to be identified and choosing which feature to identify While identifying, we only choose typical features that reflect certain characteristics of an object However, we dont not select the basic feature but must choose the type of non-basic feature which has distinctive value to serve the basis in the name when identifying objects containing common certain basic features and different non-essential ones 3.2.2 Identification method In terms of semantics in identifier units, these contain: Basic identifier or original identifier (first-level identifier), for example: land, mine, machine, furnace, coal, oil Derivative identifier (second-level identifier), for example: coal, peat, brown coal, open pit mine, inclined kiln, vertical kiln, exploratory drill, ore sieving machine… 3.2.3 Identification principle The general principle in identification is to choose typical, easy-to-see and recognizable features or attributes to name The name must have the effect of distinguishing one object from another in the same class or distinguishing small types within the same large class 3.2.4 Identification units of mining and geological terminology in Vietnamese Applying the identification theory, the thesis identifies two types of identifiers of mining and geological terminologies: basic identifiers (original identifiers) and derivative identifiers Original identifier units: are the names of things, phenomena, processes or features with a minimalist structural form used as the basis to create derivative identifiers The mining and geological terminology system contains typical original nominal units such as: soil, rock, mine, furnace, dig, coal, bauxite, clay, sand, lead, zinc, ore, machine This type is similar to the term created from single words Derivative identifier units: identifiers formed on the basis of one (or more than one) original identifiers unit For example: coal → pit coal, brown coal, peat ; furnace → vertical furnace, blast furnace, inclined furnace, ; mine → coal mine, gold mine, apatite mine, pegmatite mine ; machine → drilling machine, rock drilling machine, seismic recorder, automatic rake… Most of mining and geological terminologies are derivative identifiers These categories are similar to terminologies composed by compound words and phrases The identification process is followed by two steps: concept classification and distinguishing feature so only derivative terminologies formed by the method of pairing according to the main sub relationship can be fully satisfied the identification process Because these are terminologies can be recognized basing on the internal form, or in the 14 meaning of the components separated in the name and from these we can explain the origin of that name Therefore, the reference of this survey only contains 2231 terminologies (not counting up to 343 terminologies which are single words and 26 terminologies are equivalence compound words) 3.3 IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS OF MINING AND GEOLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY ON SEMANTIC CATEGORY Following classification of categories, the thesis is based on the scientific fields of mining and geology and the expressive content of the main components (components indicating categories) in each terminology That means : terminologies that have the same main component indicating the same type of conceptual content will be classified in the same category This is also the first step in the identification process: concept classification We have identified 11 semantic categories of mining and geological terms by the specific data inspections, including: 3.3.1 Terminology on minerals – ores (457 terminologies/17,6%) Minerals are one of the close physical forms and important role in human life These contain: metallic minerals, for example: iron, manganese, chromium, copper, zinc, uranium ; non-metallic minerals: sulfur, apatite, refractory clay, sand, gravel ; fuel minerals: peat, coal, oil…; Underwater minerals: mineral water, mineral mud… Ores are compounds that are homogenous in composition, constituting the earth's crust Ores include: silicate layer, carbonate layer, sulfate layer, oxide layer, sulfide layer, phosphate layer, organic layer… 3.3.2 Terminology on mineral deposits (128 Terminologies/ 4,9%) Mineral mine (ore mine) is a natural collection of mineral features that have been evaluated, explored and can be put into exploitation Mineral mines have many types, such as: energy mineral mines, for example: oil fields gas, uranium - thorium mine ; metal mineral mines: iron mine, manganese mine ; industrial mineral mines: apatite mine, phosphorite mine, ceramic clay mine ; mineral mines for construction materials: cement clay mine, limestone mine, laterite quarries In addition, following the form of formation and existence, there are: open pit mines: coal mine, kaolin mine, limestone mine and underground mines: gold mine, copper mine, lead mine… 3.3.3 Terminology on composition of mine (246 Terminologies/ 9,5%) The composition of a mineral mine is the elements and the arrangement of the elements constituting a mineral mine, for example: a system of furnaces in a mineral mine; chambers/chambers in mining furnaces; the system of lines and pipes in the furnace; flooring system, partitions and furnace rims… 3.4 Terminology on geological exploration and mining techniques (332 Terminologies/ 12,8%) The means and tools used in geological exploration and mining, transportation are quite diverse including: tools used for manual mining: axes, hammers, hoes, hoes, crowbars, gold pans Protective equipment: boots, hats, masks, shoes, flashlights…; Machinery and equipment: chain-type bucket excavators, deep drills, drill trucks… 15 3.3.5 Terminology on geological and mining exploration activities (281 Terminologies/10,8%) These are explorations for evaluating the reserves and quality of natural resources, mining and transportation of minerals, for example: collecting geological data, geophysical exploration (from the air), placer exploration, drawing, exploratory drilling, coal sampling, collapsing vertical furnaces, transporting coal, crushing coal, laying oil pipelines, pushing wagon… 3.3.6 Terminology on mining by-products (29 Terminologies/1,1%) Mining and geological by-products are the by-products accompanying the main products in the mining process For example: acid bitumen, coal dust, slag, iron furnace slag, filter residue, residual ore, flotation waste ore… The by-products are mostly not value and are often toxic The treatment of by-products is also one of the urgent requirements in the mining process 3.3.7 Terminology on geological rocks (157 Terminologies/ 6%) In geology, geological rocks are classified into three groups: magmatic rocks: rocks containing quartz, rocks containing feldspar ; metamorphic rock: crystalline schist, dynamic metamorphic rock ; sedimentary rock including: organic sedimentary rock limestone, siliceous rock, coal, gas chemical sedimentary rock: manganese sedimentary rock, iron sedimentary rock… The first two groups have endogenous origin, and the third group has exogenous origin 3.3.8 Terminology on stratigraphic structure (195 Terminologies/7.5%) Stratigraphic structure is the arrangement of rock layers in layers over the ages Earth's stratigraphy can be divided into layers Each stratigraphic layer has its own structural characteristics Some typical terminologies for stratigraphic structure such as: stratigraphic lithograph, biostratigraphic, stratigraphic column; geological cross section; complex zone; taxon distribution zone, Cenozoic sediments, 3.3.9 Terminology on endogenous geological process (139 Terminologies/ 5,3%) Endogenous geology in mining and geology are activities and phenomena that occur regularly on the earth's surface, which originate from the inner energy of the earth and directly related to movements of the lithospheric plates This is the action process of magma in the earth's interior and then creating geological activities such as earthquakes, volcanoes, volcanic eruptions, faults, vibrations, shaking, subsidence, subsidence… 3.3.10 Terminology on exogenous geological process (87 Terminologies/ 3,3%) Exogenous geology are geological processes that occur on the earth's surface or in the upper parts of the lithosphere by solar energy and one part of weathering activities, geological activities, wind, water, which are all considered to be exogenous geological processes For example: atmosphere, troposphere, circulation, wind, dunes, cold belts, erosion cycles, river beds… 3.3.11 Terminology on the subject in geological exploration and mining activities (23 Terminologies/ 0,9%) Subjects in geological exploration and mining activities are often researchers, engineers, and workers for example: miners, mine workers, coal miners, geologists, mining workshops, mining offices… 3.4 IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS IN MINING AND GEOLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY FOLLOWING DISTINGUISHING FEATURES 16 In this part, the thesis studies selected features to identify terms following the above 11 semantic categories In each category of terminology semantics, there will be different identification models There will be a distinctive feature selected for identification in corresponding to each model 3.4.1 Features of terminology identification on minerals - ores There are models to identify this group, and the features selected for identification also contains features in which the characteristics of the composition and the properties of minerals are mainly selected such as: Characteristic of the composition (belonging to MH1): iron carbonate, igneous rock, bituminous coal, clay mixed with pebbles, graphite minerals… 3.4.2 Features of terminology identification on types of mines There are 10 models for identifying in this group corresponding to 10 features selected for identification The mineral/ore specification is mainly used Such as: Mineral/ores characteristics (belonging to MH1): lead mine, silver mine, coal mine, peat mine, chromium mine, tungsten mine, tin mine, uranium mine 3.4.3 Features of terminology identification on composition of mines There are 10 models for identifying in this group, and the features which are selected for identification contain 10 features The most commonly used features are property and role/function characteristics Such as: Role/function characteristics (belonging to MH2): ore removal furnace, ore drying chamber, air supply connection pipe, floor for wagon… 3.4.4 Features of terminology identification on means - geological exploration and mining exploitation These terminology groups contain the most identification models with 14 models, corresponding to 14 features selected for identification In which, the characteristics of function, nature, mode of operation, object of connections and impact are used the most Such as: Characteristics of properties (belonging to MH3): local exhaust fan, large-scale geological map, static wash basin, basin, flat kiln door, safety light, inclined excavator, deep drill… Characteristics of connection/impact objects (belonging to MH4): miner's axes, mineral resource atlas, drill rods, ore columns… 3.4.5 Features of terminology identification on geological exploration and mining exploitation These terminology groups contain 10 models of identification, and the characteristics selected for identifying also contains 10 features Among of these, the characteristics of properties, modes of operation and characteristics of purpose/function of operation are used the most Such as: Characteristics on the way of operation (belonging to MH3): conveyor belt exploitation, excavator transporting, wagon transporting… Characteristics on the purpose/function of operation (belonging to MH4): oil drilling, exploratory drilling, putting mine , heating and dewatering… 3.4.6 Features on terminology identification of post-mining by-products 17 There are models for identifying this group of terminologies, which are equivalent to features selected for identifying them, and the features selected for identification are quite similar, with little difference in comparison with other groups Such as: Characteristics of formation method (belonging to MH1): mineral extraction waste, filter residue, slag from cast iron furnace, flotation waste ore, residual ore, flotation tailing ore… Characteristics of origin (belonging to MH5): asphalt from petroleum, ash of dry coal, debris of stone 3.4.7 Features of terminology identification on geological rocks This group has identification models, corresponding to selected characteristics Such as: Color characteristics (belonging to MH4): red stone, white marble, white crystalline rock, black slate, green shale, dark clay, speckled shale, Characteristics of shape (belonging to MH5): hornstone, boulder, egg-shaped limestone, fish-shaped limestone, falcon stone, laterite, 3.4.8 Features of terminology identification on stratigraphic structures The total number of identification models and selected characteristics to identify this terminology group is For example: Characteristics of shape (belonging to MH3): folded zone, ladder eruption system, cellular architecture, wavy layer, fan-shaped folds, seam sediments, rainbow algae, schist algae, Characteristics of location (belonging to MH4): biostratigraphy, bottom layer, middle zone, coastal zone, lower layer, seabed sediment, upper sediment,… 3.4.9 Features of terminology identification on endogenous geological processes This group has identification models, corresponding to characteristics selected by the subject for identification Such as: Characteristics of the created phenomenon (belonging to MH2): volcanoes, tsunamis, earthquakes, faults, fusions, abrasion, weathering, eruptions, erosion,… 3.4.10 Features of terminology identification on exogenous geological processes There are identification models of this terminology group, corresponding to characteristics selected for identification Such as: Characteristics of the created phenomenon (belonging to MH2): sand dunes, oceans, swamps, plains, planets, atmosphere, river and stream system, alluvium/sand accretion, vegetation, Characteristic of the cause (belonging to MH6): steam waves due to explosion 3.4.11 Features of terminology identification indicating on subjects in the geological exploration and mining activities Only identification models and characteristics are selected for identification: Characteristics of duties/functions (belonging to MH1): coal mining workers, mine construction engineers, mining workshops, control rooms, Characteristics of professional fields (belonging to MH2): mine workers, industrial automation engineers of mine and gas factories, mine offices,… 3.5 SOME COMMENTS ON THESE IDENTIFICATING FEATURES ON THE MINING AND GEOLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY 3.5.1 Comments on identification models From the results of description and analysis on identification features of 11 semantic categories for mining and geological terminologies, we have identified a total of 90 18 identification models This result reflects a very diverse number of identification models on mining and geological terminologies Table 3.1 Summary table of identification models for the Vietnamese mining and geological terminology Semantic Identification model Number of % category terminology Ratio % Terminology on minerals ores Terminology on types of mine Terminology on composition of mineral mines Terminology on means techniques of geological exploration and mineral 1/Minerals - ores + structural ingredients 2/ Minerals - ores + property 3/ Minerals - ores + colour 4/ Minerals - ores + shape 5/ Minerals - ores + location 6/ Minerals - ores + status 7/ Minerals - ores + constitutive manner 8/ Minerals - ores + standard 9/ Minerals - ores + uses/function 1/ Mine + type of minerals/ores 2/ Mine + property 3/ Mine + structure 4/ Mine + status 5/ Mine + location 6/ Mine + shape 7/ Mine + mining method 8/ Mine + function 9/ Mine + range 10/Mine + linked object 1/ Mine composition + property 2/ Mine composition + role/function 3/ Mine composition + composition 4/ Mine composition + linked object 5/ Mine composition + working manner 6/ Mine composition + location 7/Mine composition + status Mine composition + minerals/ores 9/ Mine composition + shape 10/ Mine composition + schedule 1/ Means – technique + function 2/Means – technique + working manner 3/ Means – technique + property 4./Means – technique + linked object/impact 5/ Means – technique + composition 6/Means – technique + shape 248 101 26 23 17 15 10 73 18 15 3 2 86 83 42 37 34 30 13 13 108 74 41 41 30 10 457 (20,5%) 128 (5,7%) 345 (15,5%) 332 (14,9%) 19 extraction Terminology on activities of geological exploration and mineral extraction Terminology on by-product after mining process Terminology on geological rocks Terminology on stratigraphic structure Terminology on endogenous 7/Means – technique + range 8/ Means – technique + location 9/ Means – technique + status 10/ Means – technique + purpose 11/ Means – technique + frequency 12/Means – technique + standard 13/Means – technique + colour 14/ Means – technique + backup 1/ Operation + impacted object 2/ Operation + working manner 3/ Operation + function 4/ Operation + property 6/ Operation + location 7/ Operation + range 8/ Operation + base 9/ Operation + standard 10/ Operation + operating frequency 11/ Operation + status 1/ By-product + constitutive manner 2/ By-product + mineral 3/ By-product + property 4/ By-product + composition 5/ By-product + origin 1/ Stone + composition 2/ Stone + property 3/ Stone + origin/place of formation 4/ Stone + colour 5/ Stone + shape 6/ Stone + location 7/ Stone + uses/function 8/ Stone + status 1/ Stratigraphic structure + property 2/ Stratigraphic structure + composition 3/ Stratigraphic structure + shape 4/ Stratigraphic structure + location 5/ Stratigraphic structure + impacted object 6/ Stratigraphic structure + operation/function 7/ Stratigraphic structure + colour 1/ Endogenous geology + property 2/ Endogenous geology + phenomenon 3 1 91 69 38 37 15 10 3 7 4 77 45 13 11 1 65 48 35 25 15 77 55 281 (12,6%) 29 (1,3%) 157 (7%) 195 (8.7%) 20 geological process 10 Terminology on exogenous geological process 11 Terminology on subject created 3/ Endogenous geology + impacted object 4/ Endogenous geology + feature/composition 5/ Endogenous geology + function 6/ Endogenous geology + shape 7/ Endogenous geology + frequency 8/ Endogenous geology + range 1/ Exogenous geology + property 2/ Exogenous geology + phenomenon created 3/ Exogenous geology + impacted object 4/ Exogenous geology + feature/composition 5/ Exogenous geology + function 6/ Exogenous geology + reason 7/ Exogenous geology + location 1/ Subject + task/function 2/ Subject + areas of expertise 27 198 (8,9%) 24 1 25 21 23 86 (3,9%) 13 1 13 10 23 (1%) 100% Total: 11 90 models 2231 categories 3.5.2 Comments on selected characteristics for identification In the mentioned 90 identification models, the subject used a rather diverse system of distinctive characteristics in terms of 20 characteristics to identify the mining and geological terminologies with different frequencies of use Table 3.2 Summary table of distinctive characteristics to identify semantic categories of mining and geological terminology in Vietnamese Selected characteristics for identification Number of Ratio No terminology % Property 511 22,9% Structure/composition 501 22,5% Function/uses/role/task 263 11,8% Linked object/impact 236 10,6% Mining manner/operation/formation 197 8,8% Location 99 4,4% Minerals/ores 93 4,2% Shape 90 4% Phenomenon created 76 3,4% 21 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Status Colour Range Origin Standard Areas of expertise Base Frequency Purpose Schedule/Backup Reason Total 42 39 22 17 12 10 2231 1,9% 1,7% 1% 0,8% 0,5% 0,4% 0,4% 0,3% 0,1% 0,09% 0,04% 100% The Vietnamese identification characteristics on mining and geological terminology are quite rich, including both internal and external characteristics of concepts and objects Besides the common characteristics like other terminologies used to identify terminology (such as characteristics on function, properties, structural features ), especially in mining and geological terminology, the subject also uses industry-specific characteristics, which are two typical characteristics: the status and the phenomenon created This result has reflected that Vietnamese mining and geological terminology is first of all a subsystem of Vietnamese terminologies in general, so they also have common characteristics of Vietnamese terminologies, but they also have its own features associated with specific industries that are mine and geology 3.6 SUB-CONCLUSION FOR CHAPTER Vietnamese mining and geological terminology is quite diverse with different subsystems At the same time, this is also a terminology system with quite rich semantic categories, identification models and selected characteristics for identification CONCLUSION Mine and geology are economic sectors that play an important role in socio-economic development As this potential economic sector grows, its role becomes larger It is a basic science that studies the surface and interior of the earth to explore and discover mineral resources Along with the growth of the industry, the mining and geological terminology is continuously developing On the basis of determining the structural elements of the terminologies from the point of view of Russian linguists, the thesis has deeply researched the structural features of Vietnamese mining and geological terminology in many different aspects The results show that: In terms of the number of structural elements, the entire surveyed system of mining and geological terminology has to elements, however, most of the mining and geological terminologies concentrate in the group of to elements, because this group dominates approximately 90% of the total surveyed terminologies This result allows to confirm that most Vietnamese mining and geological terminologies meet the formal requirements of the terminology, which is brevity, while the brevity of the terminology is also one of the criteria ensuring the accuracy and science of terminology In terms of the structural form of words and phrases In which, most terminologies 22 are composed of phrases (70.2%) The terminologies are composed of words with only a small percentage (29.8%) Like many other terminologies, most of the mining and geological terminologies are main and sub-phrases structured according to Vietnamese syntactic order This result has contributed to show the ethnicity in the structural features of the mining and geological terminology It is thanks to the method of compound structure according to the main and sub-structure model that allows us to identify the mining and geological terminology systematically In terms of words, the system of the mining and geological terminology is quite rich, including nouns, verbs, and adjectives In which, most terminologies are nouns, accounting for an overwhelming rate (84.4%) This result is consistent with the identification property in general and adds an additional evidence to confirm that noun is the word with the highest identifier In terms of origin, the structural units of the mine and geology terminology have quite rich origins, including pure Vietnamese, Sino-Vietnamese and Indo-European elements From there, not only creating types of terms: pure Vietnamese, SinoVietnamese and Indo-European, but also creating a mixed terminology with a combination of these three elements Among them, the mixed terminology accounts for the highest proportion (50.1%) Pure Vietnamese terminology accounted for the second highest rate (26.9%) The next is the terminology derived from Indo-European elements (11.6%) The lowest is Sino-Vietnamese terminology (11.4%) This result is quite different from some other terminology systems (for example: journalism, intellectual property law, fine arts…) as Sino-Vietnamese elements play a very important role in these terminology systems, this is shown in the highest proportion derived from Sino-Vietnamese elements In terms of mining and geological terminology, the pure Vietnamese factor plays a prominent role Even the Indo-European factor also plays a significant role in creating a section of Vietnamese mining and geological terminology In terms of structural models, the number of structural models in the mining and geological terminology is quite rich with 19 structural models Of these, there are highly productive models, each representing 50 or more terminologies, and they are mostly models of terminology groups of 1, 2, and 4-factor Therefore, when formulating mine and geology terminology, it is important to pay attention to these models because they generate a series of highly systematic terminologies Through understanding the methods of forming Vietnamese mining and geological terminology, the results show that the methods to form mining and geological terminology are quite rich, they are made up of different methods: common word terminology (21.4%), original form (3.1%), transliteration (9.8%), simulation (50.6%), 23 hybridization (14.5%) Thus, the simulation is the most popular method but not too much difference compared to other methods In particular, the terminologies formed by the transliteration method in the mining and geological terminology system also account for a certain proportion The mining and geological terminologies, transliterated from English to Vietnamese, is very close to the original terminologies This is because most of these terminologies are identifiers of chemical elements, or chemical compositions of minerals, so it requires a high accuracy In terms of specialization, this terminology system includes: mining terminology, geological terminology and terminologies of some related branches but used in mine and geology Going into details, the results show that the majority of terminologies with characteristics of mine and geology still account for an overwhelming proportion with more than two thirds of the total number of surveyed terminologies (82.2%) Terminologies received from other industries to denote concepts, things, processes, methods used in the mining industry only account for a small proportion with 17.8% This classification result has reflected the systematicity as well as the interference of mining and geological terminology Based on the theory of identification, the thesis has identified two types of identifiers: original identifiers and derivative identifiers, in which the vast majority of mining and geological terminology are derivative identifiers The terminologies are the original identifier units accounting for a low percentage Derivative identifiers are identifiers that have a structure of two or more combined meaningful units and have a primary or secondary relationship with each other The factors that act as secondary factors are always characteristics such as: properties, activities, to distinguish objects This result also shows the deep expertise of mining and geological industry As science becomes more specialized, more and more distinctive characteristics are required between terminologies At the same time, the derivative identifiers are the units that can be separated in their composition to find out the reason for their names Based on semantic categories, the thesis has classified 11 groups of terminologies Each group of terminology corresponds to a different semantic category in the field of mine and geology On that basis, the thesis has studied the identification models and selected characteristics to identify the mining and geological terminology in these semantic categories The results show that each semantic category has a fairly large number of identification models From 11 semantic categories, the thesis has identified a total of 90 different models along with 20 selected characteristics to identify the mining and geological terminology in these categories Most of the selected characteristics to identify mine and geological terminology are the most essential characteristics of concepts and objects (such as characteristics of properties/features, structure, function, mode of 24 operation ) In addition, the subject also uses some formal characteristics and some other characteristics to identify the mining and geological terminology (for example, characteristics of shape, color, location, ) Thus, the selected characteristics to identify the Vietnamese mining and geological terminology are quite diverse and rich It is especially noteworthy that in the mining and geological terminology, the subject also uses industry-specific characteristics to identify a part of mining and geological terminology (characteristics of the status and created phenomenon) This has contributed to the difference between the mining and geological terminology and other terminologies This result has reflected that the Vietnamese mining and geological terminology is first of all a subsystem of Vietnamese terminologies in general, so they also have common features of Vietnamese terminologies, but they also has its own characteristics associated with specific industries that are mine and geology In addition to the results obtained on the study of the mining and geological terminology in terms of linguistic traditions, there are a number of other issues that need further research in both theory and application of this term system such as: - The formation and development of Vietnamese mining and geological terminology under the influence of social factors - Development trend of the mining and geological terminology in the era of industrialization and internationalization - Compiling an explanatory dictionary of the mining and geological terminology We hope these issues will be explored in the future studies ... Examination, at Graduate Academy of Social Sciences, Vietnam Academy of Social Siences, 477 Nguyễn Trãi, Thanh Xuân, Hà Nội At hour minute, date month year 20 The thesis can be found at: - Vietnam National... ideas of term appeared quite early, several centuries ago, and quickly became the interest and attention of researchers, especially Russian, Austrian and Czech terminology study 1.1.1.2 Terminology... of terminology following: quantity, mode of composition, characteristics of words, structural patterns of mining and geological terminology formations 2.2.3 Comments on structural characteristics