Quản trị ngân hàng thương mại

QUẢN TRỊ NGÂN HÀNH THƯƠNG MẠI Present the forms of capital mobilization by commercial banks, solutions to increase the ability to raise capital for commercial banks Capital mobilization is the process of receving temporary idle capital from organizations and individuals in many different form to form a bank’s operating capital There are forms of capital mobilization: - Demaind deposit: demand deposit is a type of deposit, when depositing into the bank, customers are allowed to use this deposit at any time to serve the customer’s payment need Features: + No specific withdrawal date agreed + Unlimited number of deposit times, number of withdrawals Subject: + Enterprise + Personal Utilities: + Pay + Safe + Profitable - Term deposits: A types of deposit that customers only deposit in the bank for a specified period of time Payment: + Pay interest once when withdraw Initial amount of money* number of days calculate interest rate * interest rate + Periodic interest payment Initial amount of money * number of days calculate interest rate each period * interest rate Transaction work Features: + Deal time of deposit + Withdraw money after the end of a term under the agreement + Customer has a specific agreement to withdraw money + Customer can only withdraw money after the term as agreed + When customers need to withdraw before maturity, customer must notify the bank with the agreement of the bank + At the end of the period, if customers not withdraw money the bank will regrant a new term for deposit + Each deposit must sign a time deposit contract + The agreed deposit amount in the deposit contract is deposited into the bank account once Subject: + Corporation + Individual Utilities: + Profit + Safe + Mortage - Saving deposit: A deposit account held with a financial institution that pay interest but does not allow for direct withdrawal through checks Pays interest at a rate higher than that of checking account but lower than that of treasury bills There are types: + Non-term saving deposit: customer can withdraw at anytime Interest = initial amount of money * number of days calculate interest rate * interest rate + Term saving deposit: customer only withdraw after ending a term under agreement: ∙ Pay interest once when withdraw Initial amount of money*number of days calculate interest rate *interset rate ∙ Periodic interest payment Initial amount of money*number of days calculate interest rate period *interset rate Saving Deposit Funding process: System work Saving deposit payment process: System work - Valuable papers: issuing valuable papers are forms of occasional funding of banks through the issuance of debt certificates Initerest = face value*days calcualating the interest *interest rate + Base on the deadline: ∙ Short term valuable papers are valuable papers with a term of less than year: promissory notes, short term deposit certificates…etc ∙ Long term valuable papers are valuable papers with a term of year or more : bonds, certificates of long term deposit etc + Base on form of issue: ∙ Anonymous valuable paper is a valuable paper that does not specifically states the name of the owner ∙ Registration valuable paper is a valuable paper that specifically states the name of the owner Solution to increase the ability to raise capital for Vietnamese commercial banks: - Marketing Policy + Promote marketing, marketing, advertising and promotional activities in capital mobilization, create transparent information, widely publicize information for people to actively choose forms of deposit with interest rates, terms and conditions different term + Promote propaganda and widely advertised on banking services, forms and policies to mobilize capital, attract deposits so that many customers are using pther products to attract deposits and capital mobilization products of commercial banks but not known all the benefits of such product + Annually, summarizing experiences in Marketing and customer work in the previous year, promoting strengths, limiting weaknesses, referring to the experience of other banks in the area, paying attention to behavior of businesses and competitors to implement Marketing policies in accordance with the characteristics and size of the Bank Therefore, there should be a variety of brochures and brochures available out side the counters so that customers can read them when they come to the transaction - Developing a customer care departement - Raise equity capital - Modernize banking technology to provide high quanlity products and services on modern payment Upgrade card technology, Expand the ATM network, invest in the installation of new generation ATMs, allowing to top up via machines, avoiding becoming obsolete when foreign banks enter Make the bank’s diferrence in personal branding, image branding - Recruiting and training high quality human resources - Savings deposit: Creating flexible choices for customers - Diversifying forms of capital mobilization: Issuing international bonds to borrow foreign capital to finance projects of client enterprises with long-term and highly feasible investment projects Adjust medium and long-term deposit interest rates reasonably Present the loan security forms in lending operations of commercial banks In yout opinion, in the curent practical còditions, which form is being most popularly deployed by Vietnamese commercial banks? Please explain why? Collateral: + Prestige loan: An unsecured loan is a form of unsecured loan, based entirely on an individual's reputation for repayment ability to serve personal purposes, possibly as an expense for a wedding Travel or purchase consumables and loans very conveniently to cater to all your needs An unsecured loan usually ranges from VND 10 million to VND 500 million and the loan term is flexible from 12 months to 60 months Unsecured loans can be borrowed according to salary, life insurance loan, electricity bill loan, business license loan, installment credit contract, motorbike loan from the owner and loan under credit card limit Unsecured borrowers can borrow in cash and pay both principal and interest monthly The registration for unsecured loans will take place in two ways: online or in person at the bank + Asset: - Formed from loán - Guarantee (according to Article 361 - LDS): A guarantee is a commitment by a third party (the guarantor) to the obligee (the guarantor) to perform an obligation on behalf of the obligor (the guaranteed party) ) if, when due, the obligee fails to perform or fails to perform its obligations - Mortgage (Article 326 of Civil Law): Pledge of property is the act of one party (the pledgee) handing over the property under his/her ownership to the other party (the pledgee) to ensure the performance of civil obligations incident - Collateral (according to Article 342 - LDS): Mortgage of property is the use of property by one party (the mortgagor) under its ownership to secure the performance of a civil obligation towards the other party (the mortgagee) ) and does not transfer the property to the mortgagee In my opinion Collateral is the most popular in the loan security forms in leading operations of commercial banks because: Features and benefits of a mortgage loan: The loan amount varies from bank to bank, in the case from VND 50 million to VND billion and it also depends on the value of the property you bring guarantee with the bank that the bank can lend you from 70% to 95% of the value of the collateral - The loan term is extended, flexible, can be years, 10 years, can be up - to 25 years, in addition, there can be a grace period to repay the loan Mortgage interest rates are also more favorable than unsecured loans - Currently, mortgage interest rates range from 5% to 13% Customers can choose a repayment method according to their financial ability as well as a reasonable disbursement method Bank mortgage loan conditions: Mortgage borrowers must be over 18 years old and not more than 60 years old - Borrowers need to have a specific and legitimate loan purpose - Have enough financial capacity to guarantee loan repayment - The loan is secured by collateral of the red book or valuable assets, means of transport, etc Mortgage loan documents and documents: Loan procedures are not more complicated than standard unsecured loans How much is used, customers only need to add documents related to the collateral The transactor not need too much expertise, nor need to spend much money on keeping the property, the cost of transport the property Besides, while borrowing Present the forms of credit extension at Vietnamese commercial banks In your opinion, which form of credit accounts for the largest proportion? Explain Các hình thức cấp tín dụng gồm có: - Nghiệp vụ cho vay: Đây nghiệp vụ đặc trưng Ngân hàng Thương mại Nó tạo hình thức tín dụng ngân hàng ngân hàng tiến hành phân phối có trọng điểm nguồn vốn hình thành nghiệp vụ huy động, điều tiết vốn từ nơi thừa đến nơi thiếu, bổ sung vốn cho sản xuất kinh doanh Đối với ngân hàng, nghiệp vụ quan trọng nhất, sử dụng phần lớn nguồn vốn tạo thu nhập chủ yếu Dựa vào mục đích, nghiệp vụ cho vay phân chia thành: Cho vay bất động sản, cho vay nông nghiệp, cho vay công nghiệp bất động sản, Còn vào thừoi hạn cho vay chia thành: Cho vay ngắn hạn, dài hạn trung hạn, - Nghiệp vụ chiết khấu: Chiết khấu, tái chiết khấu giấy tờ có giá ngân hàng nghiệp vụ Ngân hàng Nhà nước mua ngắn hạn giấy tờ có giá cịn thời hạn tốn, mà giấy tờ có giá ngân hàng giao dịch trên thị trường sơ cấp mua lại thị trường thứ cấp Ngân hàng Nhà nước thực nghiệp vụ chiết khấu, tái chiết khấu Ngân hàng Nhà nước ngân hàng nhằm góp phần thúc đẩy phát triển kinh tế - xã hội thực sách tiền tệ quốc gia Căn định hướng phát triển kinh tế - xã hội Chính phủ mục tiêu sách tiền tệ quốc gia thời kỳ, Thống đốc Ngân hàng Nhà nước định lĩnh vực Ngân hàng Nhà nước ưu tiên chiết khấu, tái chiết khấu cho ngân hàng - Nghiệp vụ cho thuê tài chính: Cho thuê tài hoạt động tín dụng trung dài hạn thơng qua việc cho thuê máy móc thiết bị, phương tiên vận chuyển động sản khác sở hợp đồng cho thuê tài Bên cho thuê cơng ty Cho th tài Bên th khách hàng Bên cho thuê công ty tài cam kết mua máy móc thiết bị, phương tiện vận chuyển động sản khác theo yêu cầu Bên thuê nắm quyền sở hữu tài sản thuê suốt trình thuê Bên thuê sử dụng tài sản thuê, toán tiền thuê suốt thời hạn thuê hai bên thoả thuận không hủy bỏ hợp đồng thuê trước thời hạn Khi kết thúc thời hạn thuê, Bên thuê chuyển quyền sở hữu, mua lại tiếp tục thuê lại tài sản theo điều kiện hai bên thoả thuận - Nghiệp vụ bảo lãnh: Bảo lãnh ngân hàng việc ngân hàng cam kết toán cho bên thụ hưởng hợp đồng khoản đền bụ phạm vi số tiền nêu rõ giấy bảo lãnh bên đối tác không thực trách nhiệm hợp đồng.Ngân hàng khơng bảo lãnh việc bên đối tác có thực nghĩa vụ hợp đồng cho bên thụ hưởng hay khơng mà đảm bảo toán phạm vi số tiền giấy bảo lãnh Bảo lãnh ngân hàng đảm bảo cho bên thụ hưởng trường hợp hoạt động rõ hợp đồng không thực lí bên thụ hưởng quyền hưởng tiền đền bù Present and explain lending process at commercial banks In case of the customer cannot pay the debt As a bank officer in charge of your loan Suggest a solution In my opinion, the 6-step lending process is reasonable steps in loan process: Step 1: Customer intruction When you need a loan, you will be able to work directly with a credit officer, after a loan decision has been made, the credit officer will make a loan application for you with information such as: Capacity legal capacity, civil act capacity of customers, ability to use loan capital, ability to repay loans including loan capital and interest, must verify the financial situation of customers who need to borrow capital -Contact customer - Give advice - Receive documents Step 2: Credit appraisal Appraisal of customers' loan conditions will be the next step after banks or credit institutions have received documents from customers It can be said that this appraisal stage plays the most important role in the entire process of lending to individual customers because it means to verify the accuracy of the loan documents provided by the customer Moreover, this appraisal will decide whether the customer's profile is approved for a loan or not There will be many issues that need to be appraised in this stage, specifically as follows: - Examination and loan purposes, collect information: Credit officers, after receiving the customer's application, will check the information of the application is valid or not, all documents are complete and correct, the purpose of using the funds is suitable for the loan, if there is any unsatisfactory item, the credit officer will guide the customer to readjust.Evaluation of personal consumption loan conditions - Verifying information in loan documents, process information: The purpose of this check is to re-determine whether the information declared by the customer is true or not Besides, the credit officer will also conduct an investigation into the previous loan history to see if the customer has any bad debt Check if all the information declared by the customer match or not In order to verify this information, the credit officer will usually have to make a direct call to the customer to verify or call the reference mentioned in the file - Analysis and assessment of operational capacity, report result behavior of customers wishing to borrow capital: In addition to the above conditions, the borrower's civil behavior capacity is also one of the criteria in the list of credit institutions for approval According to the law on lending to individual customers, the borrower must have full civil act capacity to be eligible for a loan Step 3: Making loan decision With the customer's loan application after being appraised, the review department still needs to carefully review the factors to judge the validity upon inspection, if something unusual or inappropriate is found, a re-evaluation should be requested until all requirements and conditions are valid If this document has been evaluated as qualified and the approval department has no further comments, of course, it will approve this personal loan contract, then notify the customer Get them ready to sign the contract Step 4: Sign credit contract and other proceeding The employee will give the customer the credit contract, the loan guarantee contract, and registered security transactions the customer to sign Step 5: Disbursement After basing on loan documents, appraisal report, credit contract, loan guarantee contract, documents proing such as demand for capital, legal documents of collateral, the accounting department is responsible for the disbursement to the customer Step 6: After giving a loan, the bank staff will continue to control whether your loan is used for the right purpose or not If there are signs of fraud or appropriation, the bank has the right to withdraw the loan at any time After that, when the payment is due, the bank's debt collection department will notify the customer to make the payment on time, this payment will include the interest and a portion of the original loan In case of late repayment or insolvency, the bank will consider the solvency to have new appropriate credit decisions -Suggest solution: debts If it is an objective cause, we will use gentle debt rescheduling If it is the subjective Scing cantal We apply strong - Suggest solution: When customers fail to pay their debts when they are due, we should find out the reasons why the customers cannot pay their debts If it is an objective cause: natural disasters, epidemic, we will use gentle measures: urging, reminding debt, debt rescheduling If it is the subjective measures: changing the debt group Scing cantal we apply strong measures: changing the debt group In my opinion, i think it will be classified based on types group of overdue loan treatment: Group 1: Standard debts Group 2: Debts, which need attention Group 3: Sub-standard debts Group 4: Doubtful debts Group 5: Potentially Irrecoverable debts If customers pay well, the bank will give preferential interest rates (group 1) 7%-8% if not, customers will be changed from group debt to group debt, the interest rate will be up to 80%-90% At the same time, there will be no incentives and gradually become bad debt If the customer pays good debt for 3-4 consecutive months and is able to fully recover the principal and interest on time, they can return to group standard debt The bank will have to use provisions to deal with credit risks for bad debts in the following cases: - Customers are organizations, enterprises that are dissolved or bankrupt according to the provisions of law, individuals are dead or missing - Specific provisioning rates for debt groups: group 1: 0% group 2: 5% group 3: 20% group 4: 50% group 5: 100% Credit institutions use provisions to deal with credit risks once a quarter The use of provisions to handle risks follows the following principles: - Use specific provisions to deal with credit risks for that debt - Distributing security assets to recover debts - In case the sale of assets is not enough to cover the credit risk of the debt, the general provision may be used to cover it - The use of provisions by a credit institution to deal with credit risks is not a write-off for customers Credit institutions and related individuals are not allowed to notify customers in any form about the handling of credit risks - After using provisions to deal with credit risks, credit institutions must transfer debts that have been dealt with credit risks from on-balance sheet accounting to off-balance sheet accounts in order to continue monitoring and taking appropriate actions measures to recover the debt thoroughly - Improve the quality of customer appraisal - Credit security by collateral, pledge, guarantee and credit insurance - Handle problem loan quickly recover debt - Expanding credit relationships to spread risks Analysis of business characteristic of commercial bank ? A commercial bank means a credit institution that may conduct all banking activities and other related business activities for the profit purposes in accordance with the law of the credit institutions and other provision of law Four characteristics of commercial banks: + Business activities in the moneytary sector When performing the function of credit intermediation from lender to borrower, commercial banks have created alternative financial instruments for money as a means of payment In which the most important,is the demand deposit account with check payment, a main tool for money mobilization through banks, the part of money transactions in economic exchanges is money via banks Therefore, the operation of the banking system is closely linked to the domestic monetary circulation and payment system and has broad international linkages Thus, the stable development of the commercial banking system positiyely affects the effectiveness and efficiency of the monetary policy of the central bank and is the basis for creating stability and health development for the economy + Commercial bank’s business product are droducts and services The quality of these products is mainly assessed through six criteria: timeliness of the service attitude of bank staff, uniformity, convenience to obtain the product's completeness Service, accuracy, not error The above requirements have a strong impact on the operations of commercial banks The service provison of commercial banks meets many criteria and is well appreciated by customers, and commercial banks not only can keep old customers but also attract more new customers Since then, these activities ensure the bank's survival and development + Business activities of commercial banks are classified into the group of business activities with high risk level for some reason, the borrows cannot pay the loan when it becomes due, it will put the bankat risk Another case is the customer customer comes to without money before due the bank Banking business is one that contains many risks Usually the Bank borrows or mobilizes short-term capital at low interest rates to lend a longer term with a higher interest rate From there, the Bank will gain profits However, only by simple experience, it is possible to see the concentration of risks in the banking sector If due for some reason, the borrower cannot pay the debt or not pay enough, it will put the Bank at risk Another case is that the Bank may face liquidity risk if the customer comes to withdraw money before maturity The bank has to pay the customer at maturity but the bank does not have enough money to pay due to the Loan or investment has not been recovered and the bank cannot borrow money in other financiał markets + Commercial banks’ business activities are influenced by chain Co-operation and systematic linkage between banking activities: banking activities share the same object of impact as money and are based on the basic foundations of the law of monetary circulation All credit institutions have the same target audience and business on the same market Therefore, in order to ensure the synchronization, consistency, banking operations in the banking system are linked, cooperated and closely linked Present the operation commercial bank Draw illustrative diagram\ Debt asset: capital mobilization, capital loan -> Internal table Commercial banks major create capital Intermedia: credit extensioninvestment, other credit External tabletreasury services, payment services, Services: asset custody services Guarantee Accrued foreign curency Other potential commitment of commercial banks Internal table - Major liabilities - - + Receiving capital + Other liabilities Majoir asset + Fixed assets purchases + Reserve requirements + Credit extensio: loan, discount, financial leasing, factoring, guarantee, overdraft… Assets: + Invest other fields: Direct investment: join capital in a business, joint-venture the financial organization Indirect investment: buy stock, bòd, backing list - Intermedia: + Budget service + Payment service + Property guard service + Sell gold, precious stone, Foreign currency + Financial consultant External Table: - Guaratee, accrued foreign curency - Other potential commtiments of commercil banks ... cấp tín dụng gồm có: - Nghiệp vụ cho vay: Đây nghiệp vụ đặc trưng Ngân hàng Thương mại Nó tạo hình thức tín dụng ngân hàng ngân hàng tiến hành phân phối có trọng điểm nguồn vốn hình thành nghiệp... có giá ngân hàng nghiệp vụ Ngân hàng Nhà nước mua ngắn hạn giấy tờ có giá cịn thời hạn tốn, mà giấy tờ có giá ngân hàng giao dịch trên thị trường sơ cấp mua lại thị trường thứ cấp Ngân hàng Nhà... mục tiêu sách tiền tệ quốc gia thời kỳ, Thống đốc Ngân hàng Nhà nước định lĩnh vực Ngân hàng Nhà nước ưu tiên chiết khấu, tái chiết khấu cho ngân hàng - Nghiệp vụ cho thuê tài chính: Cho thuê tài