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Rr
rabbit
noun
• VERB + RABBIT
hunt, shoot, trap
I
skin
• RABBIT + VERB
hop, jump
I
bolt, run
A frightened
rabbit will boltfor its hole.
I
breed
Rabbits breed veryfast.
• RABBIT + NOUN
fur, skin
I
burrow, hole, hutch, war-
ren
(oftenfigurative) The building was a real rabbit war-
ren of corridors.
race
noun
1contest to find the fastest person, car,etc.
• ADJ.
big
I get very nervous before a big race.
I
close,
tight
I
long-distance
I
10-kilometre, 24-hour, 7-lap,
etc.
I
gruelling, hard, tough
I
relay, road
I
men's,
women's
I
boat, motor, motorbike, yacht, etc.
I
dog,
horse, etc.
I
Grand Prix, World Cup, etc.
• VERB
+
RACE have,hold,organize,stageLet'shavea
race!
I
be in, compete in, enter, go in for, run in, take
part in
Is she running in the big race on Saturday?
I
drop
out of, pull out of, withdraw (sth) from
He dropped out of
the race with a pulled muscle after two laps.
'>
She had to
pull out of the race at the last minute.
I
lead, win
I was
leading the race until the half-way point. o She has won the
race for the last five years.
I
lose
I
come first/second,
etc. in
I
beat sb/sth in
I
fix
There is a rumour that the
race was fixed. I
throw
(=
to lose deliberately) He was
paid £1 000to throw the race.
• RACE + VERB
be run/held, take place
• RACE + NOUN
meeting
The horse was withdrawn
from today's race meeting with an injured leg.
I
winner I
official, organizer
• PREP.
in a/the -
I'm not in this race.
I -
against/with
the race against the Danish team -
between
the University
Boat Race between Oxford and Cambridge -
over
a race
over 200metres
2 competitive situation
• ADJ.
two-horse
Although there are five candidates,
realistically it is a two-horse race.
I presidential I arms
the halting of the nuclear arms race
• VERB
+
RACE
be (involved) in, join
The rival TV com-
panies are in a race to bring out thefirst film. drama of his
life.
I
be ahead in, lead, win
Who will win the racefor the
White House?
I
be left behind in, lag behind in, lose
• PREP.
in
a/the-lagging behind in the racefor thepresi-
dency
I -
between
a race between the developing countries
- for
the racefor nuclear supremacy -
with
the race with
their rivals
3 racial group
• ADJ.
human
I
mixed
a child of mixed race
I
Irish,
Jewish, Latin, etc. I master
the ideology of the master
race
• RACE + NOUN
relations
Immigration and race rela-
tions were key political issues at the time.
I equality
I
dis-
crimination, prejudice
I
riot
• PREP. among -s
The disease
is
more common among
European races.
between -s
greater understanding be-
tween nations and races
from a -
children from all races
and religions
of a-
people of different races and cultures
I
- of
The Amazons werea race offemale warriors.
• PHRASES
on (the) grounds of race
discriminating
against people on the grounds of race
race
verb
• ADV.
frantically, madly
She raced frantically towards
the train.
I ahead, away, back, by, downstairs, off, out,
past, upstairs
Farms and villages raced by.
• PREP.
across, after, along, around/round, down, for,
into, out of, through, to, towards, up
He raced madly up
the stairs.
• PHRASES
come racing
Two boys suddenly came racing
round the corner.
racing
noun
1sport of racing horses
• ADJ.
horse
I
flat, jump
• RACING
+
NOUN
results
I
tip
I
expert, tipster
Her
racing tipster got the Derby winner right.
I
manager,
owner, trainer
I
career
I
stable
I
trophy
I
calendar, pro-
gramme, season
He organizes his life according to the ra-
cing calendar.
I
business, game, industry
He has ridden
horses all his life, but he was a late starter in the racing
game.
I
circles, scene
He's known in racing circles as a
fierce competitor.
o
She's afamiliar face on the racing scene.
I
correspondent
the racing correspondent or The Times'
2 sport of taking part in races
• ADJ.
competitive, top-level
Today's cross-country
event marks his return to top-level racing.
I
bike, dog,
motor, yacht, etc.
I
Grand Prix
I
road, track
• RACING
+
NOUN
champion
I
legend, star
racing le-
gend Ayrton Senna
I
cyclist, driver
I
team
I
pro-
gramme, season
I
scene
I
career, days
I
debut
He
made his racing debutfor Benetton threeyears ago.
I
car
I
circuit
The bikes sped by on the racing circuit.
I
enthusi-
ast, fan
racism
noun
• ADJ.
blatant, overt
I was shocked by the blatant racism
of his remarks.
I
rampant
Racism is rampant in the
armed.forces,
I institutional, institutionalized
• VERB
+
RACISM
be a victim of, experience
Many im-
migrants have experienced racism.
I combat, fight
(against), stamp out
measures to combat racism
• PREP.
against-
thefight against racism
• PHRASES
a form of racism
rack
noun
• ADJ.
display, storage
I
cooling, drying I letter, lug-
gage, magazine, plate, spice, toast, vegetable, wine,
etc.
I
roof
Wefixed the canoe onto the car's roof rack.
• VERB
+
RACK
hang sth on, put sth on/onto/in/into,
stack sth in/on, store sth in/on
The wine is stored in spe-
cialracks.
• RACK + VERB
contain sth, hold sth
The racks along
the wall held most of the costumes.
• PREP.
in a/the -
He replaced the CD in the rack.
on
a/the -
Spread the flowers out to dry on a rack.
I - for
a
rack
tor
storing apples -
of
racks of magazines
racket
noun
1 noise
• ADJ.
appalling, frightful, hellish, terrible
• VERB + RACKET
make
Doyou kids have to make such
a terrible racket?
• PREP. above/over the-
He had to shout over the racket.
2 illegal way of making money
• ADJ.
drugs, extortion, protection, smuggling
• VERB
+
RACKET
set up
He set up a protection racket
and demanded thousands of pounds from local shopkeep-
ers.
I
control, operate, run I be involved in
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radar
• PREP. in a/the -
the other people in this racket
I -
in
a
racket in stolen goods
radar
noun
• ADJ. enemy, police
• VERB
+
RADAR be equipped with
• RADAR
+
NOUN operator
I
screen
I
beam, signal
I
equipment, scanner, station, system, transmitter
• PREP. by -
navigating by radar
on -
The submarine is
impossible to detect on radar.
radiation
noun
• ADJ. background
I
low-level
I
harmful
I
electro-
magnetic, gravitational, infrared, microwave, nuclear,
solar, thermal, ultraviolet
• QUANT. dose
Patients receive high doses of radiation
during cancer treatment.
• VERB
+
RADIATION emit, give off
I
absorb
The
ozone layer absorbs solar radiation.
I
measure, monitor
I
expose sb to
Nuclear testing has exposed millions of
people to radiation.
• RADIATION
+
NOUN sickness
I
leak
I
dose, level
I
exposure
I
therapy
• PREP.
-jrom
radiation from computer screens
radiator
noun
1equipment used for heating a room
• ADJ. central heating, convector, storage
• VERB + RADIATOR turn off/on
I
bleed
You'll need to
bleed the radiators
to
remove the airlocks.
• RADIATOR + VERB leak
• RADIATOR
+
NOUN key, valve
2 equipment for keeping an engine cool
• ADJ. car
• VERB + RADIATOR top up
Top up the radiator before
making a long journey.
• RADIATOR
+
NOUN grille
radical
adj.
• VERBS be, seem, sound
I
become
• ADV. really, very
I
increasingly
I
fairly, quite, some-
what
I
genuinely, truly
a truly radical concept
I
appar-
ently
I
potentially
I
politically, socially
radio
noun
• ADJ. cab, car
There were calls for cab radios
to
link
train drivers and signal boxes.
I
CB, mobile, portable,
transistor, two-way
I
FM, long-wave, short-wave
I
army, police
I
community, local, national, state
• VERB
+
RADIO listen to
I
turn on, tune in to
I
tune
His radio is permanently tuned
to
Radio
1.
I
turn
down/up
• RADIO
+
VERB announce sth, report sth
The radio
announced that the president had been assassinated. I
blare (out), play (sth)
He drove along with his windows
open and the radio blaring out.
• RADIO
+
NOUN receiver, set
I
alarm, cassette (play-
er)
I
message, signal, waves
I
operator
I
system
I
transmitter
I
silence
The troops maintained a strict
radio silence while they moved into position.
I
station
I
advertisement, broadcast, interview, news, pro-
gramme, report, show, transmission
I
frequency
I
amateur, ham
The distress call was picked up by a young
radio ham. I
drama, play
• PREP. by-
The message was sent by radio.
on the-
We
were listening toa show on the radio.
radioactive
adj.
• VERBS be
I
become
I
remain
• ADV. dangerously, highly
I
slightly
616
radioactivity
noun
• QUANT. level
The soil contains 30 times the acceptable
level of radioactivity.
• VERB
+
RADIOACTIVITY discharge, produce, re-
lease
I
measure, monitor
• RADIOACTIVITY
+
VERB be present
I
escape, leak
I
contaminate sth
The site toasfound to becontaminated by
radioactivity.
• RADIOACTIVITY
+
NOUN levels
raffle
noun
• ADJ. charity
• VERB
+
RAFFLE have, hold, organize, run
I
enter
I
win
I
draw
The club secretary will now draw the raffle.
• RAFFLE
+
NOUN ticket
the winning raffle ticket
I
prize
• PREP. in a/the -
I won a bottle of wine in the office
Christmas raffle.
I -
for
He's organizing a raffle for the
schoolplayground appealfund.
raft
noun
• ADJ. life
• VERB
+
RAFT build, make
They built a raft of logs.
• RAFT + VERB bob, float, sail
The raft floated away
down the river.
I
capsize, overturn
• RAFT + NOUN race, racing
• PREP. on/onto
a/the-floating on a raft
rag
noun
• ADJ. clean
I
dirty, filthy, oily, old
I
bloodstained
• QUANT. bundle, heap, pile
He noticed what looked like
a bundle of rags beside the road.
• VERB + RAG wipe sth (off) with
I
be wrapped in
The
gun was wrapped in a dirty rag.
• PREP. on
a/the-He wiped his hands on an oily rag.
with
a - I cleaned the board with an old rag.
rage
noun
1 great anger
• ADJ. blind, cold, icy, pure
I
helpless, impotent
burn-
ing with impotent rage
I
pent-up, suppressed
• QUANT. fit, burst
Hepunched the wall in afit of rage.
• VERB
+
RAGE be beside yourself with, be
boiling/burning with, be choked with, be filled with, be
full of, be purple/red/white with, be rigid/stiff with, be
shaking/trembling with, feel, seethe with
He glared at
me, quite beside himself with rage.
0
'How dare you!' she
said, her voice choked with rage.
I
vent
The people vented
their rage ongovernment buildings.
I
control, master
He
managed tomaster his rage.
• RAGE + VERB build up
She felt the rage building up
inside her.
I
erupt
His rage suddenly erupted.
I
subside
His rage was beginning tosubside.
• PREP. with -
She was speechless with rage.
I -
at
boiling with rage at the unfairness of it all
• PHRASES a bellow/cry/roar/shout of rage
He gave a
roar of rage and punched me in theface.
tears of rage
2 sudden display of great anger
• ADJ. blind, terrible, towering
I
jealous
I
drunken
She smashed up his car in a drunken rage.
• VERB
+
RAGE be in, fly into, get in
If something's too
difficult she gets in a rage.
• PREP. in a -
She killed him in a rage of despair.
I
- about
He was in a towering rage about his lost watch.
-at
Hefleto into a rage at the insult.
-of
He left in a rage of
humiliation.
rage
verb
1 show great anger
• ADV. inwardly
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• PREP. about
She was still raging about the treatment
she had received.
against
I raged inwardly against his in-
justice. at The team was left raging at the referee's decision.
2
continue with great force
• ADV. still, on
The argument still rages on.
• PREP. around
Even the dogs were quiet while the heated
quarrel raged around them.
within
trying to control the
fury raging within her
• PHRASES rage unabated
The storm raged unabated.
raid
noun
1 surprise attack
• ADJ. daring
I
destructive, heavy, major
I
punitive,
retaliatory, revenge
I
dawn, daylight, night
I
border,
cross-border
I
air, bombing
I
commando, guerrilla
• VERB
+
RAID carry out, conduct, make
bombers
carrying out daylight raids over northern France
I
launch, mount, stage
I
lead sb in
I
suffer
• PREP. during/in a/the -
Five civilians died in the raid.
on a/the -
He led his men on a cross-border raid.
I
- against
The raids against Norway continued. -
by
The
town suffered several raids by Vikings. -
on
air raids on
Liverpool
2 robbery from a building
• ADJ. bank, post office, shop
I
armed, smash-and-
grab
I
dawn, daylight, night
I
daring
• VERB
+
RAID plan
I
carry out
I
foil
Two customers
haoefoiled a smash-and-grab raid on a local shop.
• PREP during/in althe -
the jewels stolen in the raid
I
- on
She was shot during an armed raid on a security van.
3
surprise visit by the police
• ADJ. dawn, early morning
I
police
I
drug/drugs
• VERB
+
RAID carry out, launch, stage
Police staged
an early morning raid on the premises.
• PREP. during a/the -
He was injured during a police
raid on his nightclub.
in a/the -
the drugs seized in last
night's raid
I -
by
a raid by drugs squad detectives - on
raids on houses in Catholic areas of the city
rail
noun
1
bar
• ADJ. guard, safety
I
curtain, picture, towel
heated
towel rails I
altar, balcony, banister
• VERB
+
RAIL grip, hold on to, lean on
She held tightly
on to the rail.
I
hang from
Lace curtains hung from the
brass rails over the bed.
I
fit, fix
• PREP. on a/the-
She sat on the rail.
over a/the-
Hefold-
ed the towel over the rail.
2 (usually rails) tracks
• VERB
+
RAIL run along/on -s
Trams run along rails.
• PREP. along (the) -s
The train thundered along the
rails.
between the -
Weeds grew between the rails.
off
the -s
The train came off the rails.
on (the) -s
The gun is
mounted on rails.
3 railway system
• RAIL
+
NOUN fare, ticket
I
network
modernizing the
rail network
I
route
I
timetable
I
service
I
connec-
tion, line, link
the Channel Tunnel rail link
I
journey
I
commuter, passenger, traveller, user
I
transport, travel
I
traffic
I
freight
I
bridge
I
accident, crash, disaster
I
employee, staff, worker
I
union
I
enthusiast
• PREP.
by-
Weutentfrom London to Budapest by rail.
railway
noun
• ADJ. mainline
I
hiqh-apeed
I
disused
I
narrow
gauge, standard gauge
I
miniatureA miniature railway
runs around the park.
I
model
I
funicular, overhead
Tourists can take the funicular railway to the top of the
mountain. I
private, regional, state
I
electric, steam
• VERB
+
RAILWAYmanage, operate, run
I
nationalize,
privatize
I
build, construct
I
close, open
617
rally
• RAILWAY
+
VERB run
I
carry sth
The railways carry
millions of tons offreight every year.
• RAILWAY
+
NOUN carriage, coach, train, wagon
I
station, terminus
I
platform
I
ticket
I
ticket office
I
timetable
I
service
I
connection
I
journey, travel
the
pleasures of railway travel
I
passenger, traveller
I
em-
ployee, porter, staff, worker
I
architect, engineer
I
au-
thorities, company
I
network, system
I
line, track
I
junction, sidings
I
bridge, tunnel, viaduct
I
enthusiast
He is a lifelong railway enthusiast.
I
accident
I
age
Such
speed of travel was unimaginable before the railway age.
• PREP. on a/the -
doing maintenance work on the rail-
way
o
He works on the railways.
I -
between
the railway
between Funchal and Monte
-frorn, -to
rain
noun
• ADJ. driving, heavy, lashing, pouring, torrential
I
steady
I
fine, gentle, light, patchy
Thefine rain turned to
mist in the early evening.
o
The forecast is for wind and
patchy rain.
I
warm
I
cold
I
constant, continuous, per-
sistent
I
intermittent
I
overnight
Overnight rain had
freshened up the garden.
I
monsoon, tropical
The mon-
soon rains started early this year.
I
autumn, spring, etc.
• QUANT. drop, spot
A few spots of rain had fallen.
I
inch, shower, spot
(informal) Wehad three inches of rain
last night. o Wecould do with a spot of rain:
• VERB
+
RAIN forecast
Rain isforecast for tomorrow.
I
look like, threaten
It looks like rain
(=
itlooks as though it
is going to rain). o
Black clouds threatened rain.
I
pour
with
It poured with rain all afternoon.
I
get caught in
We
got caught in the rain on the way home.
• RAIN
+
VERB beat, come down, drip, drum, fall, lash,
patter, pelt, pour down, splash, trickle
Rain beat against
the window all night. o Rain dripped down his collar.
I
come, set in, start
The rain came just as we set off
(>
The
rain had set in steadily by the time we got home.
I
cease,
let up, stop
The rain didn't let up all day.
I
continue
The
rain continued for most of the day.
I
threaten
With rain
threatening, we headed home as fast as we could.
I
drive
sb
The rain drove the players off the court.
• RAIN
+
NOUN cloud, water
• PREP. in the -
Wefound her sitting in the pouring rain.
out of the -
Come in out of the rain.
through the -
We
drove slowly through the driving rain.
rain
verb
• ADV hard, heavily
I
a little, slightly
I
incessantly,
non-stop, solidly, steadily
It's been raining solidly for an
hour now.
o
It rained incessantly for the whole two weeks.
• VERB
+
RAIN begin to, start to
I
be going to
I don't
think it's going to rain.
• PHRASES start/stop raining
rainfall
noun
• ADJ. abundant, excessive, heavy, high
There have
been heavy rainfalls this monih.
I
low
I
moderate
I
nor-
mal
I
good, poor
We need a good rainfall to save the
crops.
I
annual
I
average
I
local
I
summer, winter
• VERB
+
RAINFALL have
The area has a high annual
rainfall.
I
measure
Her work includes measuring the
local rainfall.
rally
noun
1
political meeting
• ADJ. big, huge, large, major, mass, massive
I
public
I
indoor, outdoor
at a massive outdoor rally in Paris
I
campaign, election, political
I
opposition, protest
I
peace
I
anti-government, anti-war, etc.
• VERB
+
RALLY have, hold, stage
The demonstrators
marched to Trafalgar Square where they held a rally.
I
call for, organize, plan
I
attend, take part in
About
5
000
people attended a rally calling for peace.
I
address,
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rally
speak at
I
ban
The government closed the schools and
banned all rallies.
• RALLY
+
VERB take place
I
break up, disperse, end
The rally dispersed peacefully after six hours.
I
call for
sth
• PREP. at
althe - She spoke at a public rally in Hyde
Park.
I -
against
a mass rally against the treaty -
for
a
rally for the winning candidate -
in support of
a rally in
support of the strike
2 motor race
• ADJ. club, international
I
motor, motorcycle
• VERB
+
RALLY hold, organize
I
compete in, enter
I
win
• RALLY
+
NOUN circuit
I
driver, driving
• PREP. on
althe - He will join the team on the rally next
week.
3in tennis
• ADJ. long, short
I
exciting
• VERB
+
RALLY play
I
win
I
lose
rally
verb
• ADV around/round
Neighbours rallied round and
alerted the emergency services.
• VERB
+
RALLY try to
The team captain vainly tried to
rally his troops.
• PREP. around/round/behind
She urged everyone to
rally behind thepresident. to Friends rallied to her.
• PHRASES rally to sb's defence
BBC leaders rallied to
his defence.
rally to sb's/the cause
Friends and colleagues
have rallied to her cause.
ram
verb
• ADV hard
I
deliberately
• PREP. into
He deliberately rammed his truck into the
back of the one infront.
ramble
noun
• ADJ. country, nature
• VERB
+
RAMBLE go
for/on We uientfor a ramble over
the moors.
• PREP. on a-
The family made the amazing find while
on a nature ramble in the woods.
random
adj.
• VERBS be, seem
• ADV completely, entirely, purely, quite, totally
I
al-
most
I
fairly
I
truly
I
apparently, seemingly
a seeming-
ly random sequence of numbers
range
noun
1 different things within the same category
• ADJ. broad, enormous, extensive, great, huge, large,
vast, wide
I
complete, comprehensive, full, whole
I
in-
finite
I
excellent, exciting, good, superb
I
astonishing,
extraordinary, impressive, remarkable
I
diverse
people
from a diverse range of backgrounds
I
acceptable
I
limited, poor
I
new
Come and seeour new range of
furni-
ture.
I
product
For more information about our product
range, callyour local branch.
• VERB
+
RANGE have, stock
They stock a very wide
range of garden products.
I
make, produce
I
offer (sb),
provide (sb with), supply (sb with)
We provide a full
range of financial services.
I
choose (sth) from, try out
Students can choose from a wide range of options.
I
cre-
ate, develop, launch
The company
is
launching a new
range of cosmetics.
I
expand, extend
• RANGE
+
VERB include sth
Our comprehensive range
of benefits includes pension and health insurance.
• PREP. in
althe-theothermodels in their new range
• PHRASES bottom/middle/top of the range
This is a
top of the range refrigerator.
618
2 amount between particular limits
• ADJ. broad, wide
I
narrow
I
normal
I
ability, age,
price, size, temperature, etc.
• VERB
+
RANGE cover, encompass, feature, include
The trade show uiillfeature an enormous range of goods.
I
extend, increase
trying to extend the range of children's
language
• PREP. across a/the -
There is conslderable variation in
ability across the range.
in a/the -
Most of the students are
in the age range
17-21.outside
althe - No, that's complete-
ly outside my price range.
within a/the>
The level of mis-
takes
is
within the acceptable range of standardsfor apub-
lic organization.
I -
of
a broad range of abilities
3 distance that it is possible to travel, see, etc.
• ADJ. long
missiles effective over a long range
I
close,
point-blank, short
Heshot her at point-blank range.
• PREP. beyond -
This car is beyond the range of most
people's pockets.
in/within -
Are we within range of the
local transmitter?
out of -
Don't shoot yet-he's still out of
range.
outside
althe - It's outside my range of vision.
range
verb
• ADV. enormously, widely
• PREP. across
The opinions they expressed ranged right
across thepolitical spectrum.
between
The town's popula-
tion ranged between
15
and 20000.
from, in
The disease
ranges widely in severity.
over
Her lecture ranged over a
number of topics.
through
an array of lilies, ranging
through yellow to sombre purple
to
selling them at prices
ranging from about $10to $500.
up to
Their ages range up
to 84.
NOTE
Ranks in the armed
air force, army, navy-
an air force/army sergeant
an army/navy captain
air/field marshal
a naval captain/commander/lieutenant/officer
have/hold the rank of, serve as-
She joined the navy and held the rank of captain.
He served as a lieutenant in the marine corps.
be appointed, become, be made-
He was made a colonel at the age of 40.
She ought to have been made sergeant by now.
under-
383men under General Miles attacked the camp.
the rank of-
She was promoted to the rank of colonel.
rank
noun
1 level of importance
• ADJ. high, senior, superior, upper
I
middle
I
infer-
ior, junior, low
the lowest ranks of the aristocracy
I
first,
second
He
is
in thefirst rank of university teachers.
I
so-
cial
I
Cabinet, ministerial
a government minister of Cab-
inetrank
• VERB
+
RANK achieve, attain, be promoted to, get
to, reach, rise to
She joined the navy, where she rose to the
rank of captain.
I
have, hold
He held officer rank in the
air force for many years.
I
be stripped of
He was stripped
of his rank by a military court.
• PREP. above
a/the - He never rose above the rank of
lieutenant.
below a/the -
police officers below the rank of
sergeant
in -
He
is
higher in rank than I am.
I -
in
all
ranks in society -
of
She reached the rank of captain.
• PHRASES of high/low, etc. rank
officers of senior rank
2 group/line of things/people
• ADJ. front, rear
I
massed, serried
the serried ranks of
hotel staff
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• PREP.
along a/the -
The president moved slowly along
the ranks of men.
in a/the-
standing in the second rank
0
The soldiers marched in three ranks of ten.
• PHRASES
break ranks
(=
to leave a line of soldiers, po-
lice, etc.)
Thepolice broke ranks and started hitting people
with their batons.
rank on/upon rank (of sth)
Rank upon
rank of caravansjilled thefield.
3
(also
the ranks) ordinary members of a large group
• VERB + RANK
be admitted into/to, enter, join, swell
Each month thousands more swell the ranks of the un-
employed.
I serve in
They had served in the ranks of the
Sultan's army.
I
come up from/through, rise
from/through
He came up through the ranks to become a
general.
• PREP.
among/within the -s of
There is much disaffec-
tion among the ranks of theparty.
beyond/outside the-s
The group has little influence over those outside its own
ranks.
in the -s
There arefeto women in the highest ranks
of the organization.
rank
verb
• ADV.
high/highly, low
These subjects ranked low for
most students.
• PREP.
above
She ranks above any other musician of her
generation.
according to
The children were ranked ac-
cording to academic ability.
alongside
This city ranks
alongside London as one of the great tourist centres of the
world.
among
He ranks among the greatest boxers of all
time.
as
Their performance ranks as the best of the year.
below, with
This ranks with the great paintings of the
nineteenth century.
• PHRASES
be ranked/rank number two, three, etc.
the
tennis player ranked number two in the world
high-/low-
ranking
He is a high-ranking officer in the Indian Army
rank sth in order of sth
ranked in order of size.
rank in the
top 10.100, etc.
She is now ranked in the topjive hockey
players in Britain.
rank second, third, etc.
The company
ranks second among food manufacturers.
ransom
noun
• VERB
+
RANSOM
hold sb for/to, kidnap sb for
She
was kidnapped and held for ransom.
0
(figurative) The
company refused to be held to ransom by the union.
I
de-
mand I pay
• RANSOM
+
NOUN
demand, note
I
money, payment
• PREP.
for-
stealing cattlefor ransom
rap
verb
• ADV
sharply
He rapped sharply on the door.
I gently
• PREP
on, with
rapping on the window with his stick
rape
noun
• ADJ.
alleged I attempted I marital I date, gang
• RAPE
+
NOUN
victim
q
Note at
CRIME
(for verbs)
rape
verb
• ADV brutally, forcibly, savagely
She was attacked and
brutally raped.
I
repeatedly
I
allegedly
• VERB
+
RAPE
attemptto, try to
• PHRASES
be/get raped
worried about getting raped on
her way home
be accused/convicted of raping sb, be
charged with raping sb, be found guilty of raping sb,
deny raping sb
rapid
tuij.
• VERBS
be, seem
I
become
• ADV exceptionally, extraordinarily, extremely, un-
usually, very I fairly, quite, relatively
619
rate
rapidity
noun
• ADJ.
alarming, amazing, bewildering, extreme, great,
remarkable
The styles change with bewildering rapidity.
I
increasing
• PREP.
with-
rapist
noun
• ADJ.
potential, would-be
I
convicted
I
multiple, ser-
ial
The serial rapist has struck again.
• RAPIST
+
VERB
attack
(sb),
strike
rapport
noun
• ADJ.
close, easy, good, great, tremendous I person-
al I instant
• VERB
+
RAPPORT
build, develop, establish
I
enjoy,
have
I
feel
• PREP. -
between
She felt an instant rapport between
them -
with
He had enjoyed a personal rapport with the
former president.
rare
adj.
• VERBS
be, seem
I
become, get
I
remain
• ADV decidedly, distinctly, especially, exceedingly,
exceptionally, extremely, particularly, surprisingly,
very
I
increasingly
I
comparatively, fairly, pretty,
quite, rather, relatively, somewhat
I
enough, sufficient-
ly
The stamps were not rare enough to be interesting.
rash
noun
• ADJ.
skin
I
itchy
I
allergic
I
heat, nappy, nettle
• VERB + RASH
have I break out in, come out in
When
rm stressed I break out in a rash.
• RASH + VERB
appear, come out, spread
The rash
most commonly appears on the back.
• PREP.
-on
He's got a slight rash on his chest.
raspberry
noun
• QUANT.
punnet
I bought apunnet offresh raspberries.
• RASPBERRY
+
NOUN
cane
rows of raspberry canes
q
Special page at
FRUIT
rat
noun
• ADJ.
black, brown
I
laboratory
I
sewer
I
water
• RAT + VERB
scurry, scuttle
A brown rat scurried
across the road.
I
squeak
I
gnaw
Rats had gnawed
through the wires.
I
carry/spread disease
• RAT + NOUN
catcher
The dog was a useful rat catcher
in the warehouse.
I droppings I poison
• PHRASES
rat-infested
a rat-infested cellar
rate
noun
1 speed/frequency
• ADJ.
constant, expected, regular, steady I slow
the
slow rate of change
I fast, rapid
I
alarming, phenom-
enal
The costs of the project are rising at an alarming rate.
I low
There is a low survival rate among babies born be-
fore
22
weeks.
I high I ever-increasing, rocketing I
seasonally-adjusted
The seasonally-adjusted unemploy-
ment rate in December stood at
5%.
I
success
I
divorce,
marriage I death, mortality
I
survival I birth, fertility I
accident
I
crime
I
growth, inflation
I
metabolic, pulse,
respiratory
We need to eat less as we get older and our
metabolic rate slows down.
• VERB
+
RATE
improve, increase, speed up I cut,
hold down, reduce, slow down
trying to hold down the
rate of
inflatiori
I stabilize I maintain I increase
• RATE + VERB
be/go/shoot up, grow, increase, rise,
rocket, skyrocket, soar I be/come/go down, decline,
decrease, drop, fall, plummet, plunge, slow, slip
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rate
• PREP.
at a/the -
The water was escaping at a rate of 200
gallons a minute.
2 amount of money paid
• ADJ.
competitive, cheap, low, moderate, reasonable
Wehave a wide range of vehicles auailablefor hire at com-
petitive rates.
0
Calls are cheap rate after
6
p.m.
I
extor-
tionate, high I excellent, good I poor
The account offers
apoor rate of interest.
I
fixed, flat
Youcan opt topay aflat
ratefor unlimited Internet access.
I usual I going
rII pay
you at the going rate
(=
the present usual rate of pay-
ment).
I
variable I annual, hourly, weekly
I
base,
basic, standard I top
paying the top rate of tax
I
average
I
market
current market rates for borrowing
I
group,
preferential, reduced
Ask about the special group rates
for entrance to the house and gardens.
I
bank, exchange,
interest, lending, mortgage, tax
• VERB
+
RATE
determine, fix, set
I
increase, lift, put
up, raise
I
cut, lower, reduce
I
hold
We will hold these
rates until I April.
I
charge
They charge the usual rate of
interest.
I pay I give(sb),offer(sb)
• RATE
+
VERB
go/shoot up, increase, rise
Their hour-
ly rates have gone up.
I come/go down, drop
I
fluctuate
Exchange rates are fluctuating wildly.
I
apply to sth
Standard rates of interest apply to these loans.
• PREP.
at a/the -
borrowing money at a high rate of
interest
I -
for
the average rate for an unskilled worker
- of
an increase in the rate of taxation
• PHRASES
a drop in interest rates, a rise in mortgage
rates, etc.
a one-point rise in base lending rates
a rate of
return
safe investments which give agood rate of return
q
Note alpER CENT (for more verbs)
rate
verb
• ADV.
highly
Silver was rated more highly than gold.
• PREP.
among
a golf course that is rated among the top
ten in America
as
It is rated as one of the city's best hotels.
for
a university that ishighly ratedfor its research work
rating
noun
1 measurement of how good sb/sth is
• ADJ.
high, top
I
low, poor
I
overall
The overall per-
formance rating puts the new model well ahead of its main
rivals.
I approval, opinion poll, popularity
He has the
highest opinion poll rating of any president this century.
I
performance I credit
Most countries try topreserve their
international credit rating in order to secure necessary
loans.
I
personal
• VERB + RATING
have
I
assign (sb/sth), give (sb/sth)
I achieve, earn, get, receive, score
The university scored
a top rating among students.
I
preserve
I
improve
• RATING
+
VERB
climb, improve, rise, rocket, soar
The president's ratings have suddenly rocketed.
I
fall
• RATING + NOUN
scale, system
• PREP.
in a/the -
a drop of 50points in her personal rat-
ing I
-for
The resort got a low rating for children's facil-
ities. -
on
The judges gave her the maximum rating on
style.
2 ratings number of TV viewers, etc.
• ADJ.
good I poor
I
audience,
TV
• VERB
+
RATINGS get,haveAtthisstagetheserieswas
getting good ratings.
• RATINGS + VERB
go up, improve, pick up, shoot up,
soar
The ratings went shooting up overnight.
I
dip, fall,
go down
The programme's ratings have dipped sharply.
• RATINGS
+
NOUN
battle, war
• PREP
in the -s
It has been ousted from top spot in the
TVratings.
ratio
noun
• ADJ.
high, low
I
male/female, pupil/teacher, etc. I
beneflt-to-rlsk, power-to-weight, etc.
620
• VERB + RATIO
achieve, have
They have a high ratio
of imports toexports.
I
improve, increase
The hospital is
trying toimprove its staff/patient ratio.
I
reduce
I
calcu-
late, find, work out
• RATIO + VERB
improve
I
worsen
the worsening
pupil! teacher ratio in our schools
• PREP
in a/the-
Wemixed the oil and water in a ratio of
one tofive.
I -
between
the ratio between the amount of
time spent on the work and the profit produced -
of sth to
sth
the ratio of house prices to incomes
• PHRASES
in direct ratio to sth
Their sales rose indirect
ration to the amount they spent on advertising.
ration
noun
• ADJ.
daily, monthly
I
double, entire, extra, full
Preg-
nant women received a double ration of milk.
I
meagre
The refugees queued upfor their meagre rations of soup.
I
emergency, short, starvation, wartime -s
We've beenput
on short rations.
I
cigarette, food, petrol, etc.
• VERB + RATION
give sb, hand out, provide (sb with)
I
get, receive
I
consume, have, use up
You've had your
ration of suieets for the day!
I cut, reduce
The guards are
going to cut our rations again.
• RATION
+
NOUN
book, card, coupon
• PREP. on a/the-living on starvation rations
I
<of our
daily ration of bread
ration
verb
• ADV.
strictly
Thesefoods had to bestrictly rationed.
• PREP. to The soldiers wererationed to one litre of water
eachper day.
rational
adj.
• VERBS
be, seem
It all seemed quite rational to me.
• ADV.
highly, very
I
entirely, fully, perfectly, quite
At
thetimeshewasperfectlyrational.
I purely, strictly I es-
sentially
Humans are essentially rational beings.
I
ap-
parently
I
economically
With children working from the
age often, largefamilies wereeconomically rational.
• PREP.
about
Try to be rational about it.
rationing
noun
• ADJ.
strict
I
bread, credit, food, fuel, petrol, etc.
I
wartime
• VERB + RATIONING
have I bring in, introduce
The
government introduced meat rationing in May.
I
end
• RATIONING
+
VERB
be in force, exist
• RATIONING
+
NOUN
system
• PREP. - of Strict rationing of basic foodstuffs was still
inforce by the end of theyear.
ray
noun
• ADJ.
powerful
I
bright
I
harmful
I
dying, last
the
dying rays of a winter sun
I cathode, cosmic, gamma,
heat, infrared, light, ultraviolet, X- I the moon's, the
sun's
• VERB + RAY
emit, give off, send out
gamma rays
given off by plutonium
I expose sb/sth to I block, filter
out, protect/shield sb/sth from
creams which filter out
the sun's harmful ultraviolet rays
I bend, catch, deflect,
reflect
Her brooch caught the rays of the setting sun.
• RAY
+
VERB
filter through sth, pass through sth,
penetrate sth, travel
the moon's ravs tiltering through the
trees
I
hit sth
When the sun's rays hit the earth, a lot of
heat is reflected back into space.
I damage sth
Ultraviolet
rays damage the skin.
• PREP.
in the -s of
a stream sparkling in the rays of the
June sun
• PHRASES
a ray of light/sunlight/sunshine, the rays of
the sun
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razor
noun
• ADJ. open
I
blunt
I
cut-throat, disposable, electric,
safety
• VERB
+
RAZOR cut sb/sth with, shave with, slash
sb/sth with, use
We used a razor to cut the string.
I
be
armed with
He was armed with a cut-throat razor.
• RAZOR
+
NOUN blade
I
wire
• PREP. with a/the -
He slashed his wrists with a razor.
reach
noun
• ADJ. long
Gorillas have a very long reach.
• VERB
+
REACH have
• PREP. beyond (sb/sth's)
The latch wasjust beyond her
reach.
in/within sb/sth's-
a holiday town within reach of
Marseilles
out of sb/sth's -
Keep all medicines out of
reach of children.
• PHRASES within arm's reach
I always keep my mobile
phone within arm's reach.
within easy reach (of sth)
The
house is within easy reach of the shops.
reach
verb
1 arrive at a place/condition
• ADV eventually, finally
• VERB
+
REACH attempt to, try to
I
be expected to,
be likely/unlikely to, expect to
Profits are expected to
reach
£2
billion this year.
I
be able to
I
be unable to, fail
to
Thejury was unable to reach a verdict.
2
stretch out your arm to touch/get sth
• ADV gingerly lout, over
He reached out gingerly to
touch it.
• PREP. for
She reachedfor the telephone and picked it up.
into
He reached into his bag and took out a book.
3
be able to touch sth
• ADV. easily
She had arranged her desk so that she could
reach everything easily.
• VERB
+
REACH can/could
I can't reach the top shelf.
react
verb
• ADV. strongly
I
favourably, positively, sympathetic-
ally
people who react positively to change
I
adversely,
badly, negatively, unfavourably
I
aggressively, angrily,
violently
I
cautiously, coolly
I
sharply
I
appropriately
I
immediately, instantly
I
quickly, swiftly
The police
must be able to react swiftly in an emergency.
I
differently
I
accordingly
His insensitive remarks hurt and she react-
ed accordingly.
I
automatically, instinctively, spontan-
eously
I
physically
• VERB
+
REACT tend to
I
be slow to
The industry has
been slow to react to these breakthroughs in technology.
I
not know how to
He did not know how to react to her
sudden mood swings.
• PREP. against
Many young people react against trad-
itional values. by The government reacted by increasing
taxation.
to
The university reacted unfavourably to the
proposals.
with
Herfamily reacted with horror when she
told them.
reaction
noun
1
response
• ADJ. extreme, sharp, strong, violent
I
favourable,
positive
I
adverse, hostile, negative
I
mixed
The speech
got a mixed reaction.
I
angry
I
first, immediate, initial
I
delayed
Her outburst was a delayed reaction to an un-
pleasant letter she'd received that morning.
I
chain
The
change of plan set off a chain reaction of confusion.
I
mixed
I
common, general, public
I
natural, normal
I
automatic, gut, instinctive, knee-jerk, spontaneous
The
incident calls for a measured response, avoiding knee-jerk
reactions.
I
nervous
I
emotional
I
critical
The critical
reaction to hisfirst novel has beenpositive.
621
read
• VERB
+
REACTION get, have, meet with
The play met
with a mixed reaction from the critics.
I
bring, cause,
produce, provoke, set off, spark (off), trigger (off)
She
was surprised at the reaction brought by the mention of his
name.
I
gauge, judge (by/from)
He eyed her cautiously,
trying to gauge her reaction.
0
Judging by her reaction,
she liked thepresent.
• PREP. in -to
There's been a drop in ticket sales in reac-
tion to the
reoieui
I -
against
Her rebellious attitude is
just a reaction against her strict upbringing. -
to
the pub-
lic reaction to the news
2
(usually reactions) ability to react quickly
• ADJ. fast, good, lightning, quick
I
slow, sluggish
• VERB
+
REACTION have
She has very quick reactions.
I
speed up
I
slow down
Alcohol has the effect of slowing
downyour reactions.
• REACTION
+
NOUN time
Your reaction time increases
when you are tired.
3
chemical reaction
• ADJ. chain
I
chemical, nuclear
• VERB
+
REACTION cause, produce, start, trigger
I
stop
I
speed up
I
slow down
• REACTION
+
VERB occur, take place
• PREP. during/in a/the-
the energy given out during the
reaction
I -
between
studying the reactions between cer-
tain gases
-wlth
the
fuel's
chemical reaction with the sur-
rounding water
4
allergy
• ADJ. adverse, bad
I
mild, slight
I
delayed
a delayed
reaction to the drugs I
allergic
• VERB
+
REACTION have, suffer
She had a very bad al-
lergic reaction to thepeanuts.
I
cause, produce
• PREP. - to
A small minority of patients suffer an ad-
verse reaction to the treatment.
reactionary
adj.
• VERBS be, seem
• ADV extremely, highly, very
I
politically
reactor
noun
• ADJ. nuclear
I
fast, fast-breeder, fission, fusion, gas-
cooled, pressurized-water, thermal
• VERB
+
REACTORbuild
I
operate, run
I
close (down),
decommission, shut down
• REACTOR
+
VERB operate, run
• REACTOR
+
NOUN building, site
I
fuel
I
core
I
acci-
dent, safety, shut-down
read
noun
1 activity of reading
• ADJ. good
I
quiet
• VERB
+
READ have
I had a good read of the paper be-
fore they arrived.
2 writer/book
• ADJ. compelling, good, great, interesting
• VERB
+
READ be, make
The story made an interesting
read.
read
verb
• ADV aloud
listening tochildren reading aloud
I
silent-
ly
I
carefully, with interest
He read her letter with inter-
est.
I
avidly, voraciously
She read avidly from an early
age-books, magazines, anything.
lout
Shall I read this
out toyou?
• VERB
+
READ be able to, can/could
Most children
can read by the age of seven.
I
learn (how) to
I
teach sb
(how) to
• PREP. about
Hogan had read about her death in the
papers.
from
She readfrom the letter.
of
I had read of the
case in the local newspaper.
through
I read through the
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readable
first paragraph again.
to
I read a story to my son every
night.
• PHRASES
read and write
She had great difficulty learn-
ing toread and write.
readable
adj.
1 enjoyable to read
• VERBS
be
I
make sth
• ADV.
eminently, extremely, highly, immensely, very
a
stimulating and highly readable account
I
quite
2 able to be read
• VERBS be
• ADV.
clearly, easily
The figures should be clearly read-
able.
<>
printed in large, easily readable type
• PHRASES
machine readable
reader
noun
• ADJ.
careful, competent, fast, fluent, good
I
alert, at-
tentive
Alert readers may have noticed the misprint in last
week's column.
I
discerning, sophisticated
I
poor,
slow I avid, great, voracious I omnivorous
I
regular
regular readers of this magazine
I
casual I adult, fe-
male, male, women, young I specialist I general, non-
specialist
a book that will be too difficult for the general
reader
I
Daily Express, Guardian, etc. I tabloid
• PREP. - of
a voracious reader of sciencefiction.
readiness
noun
• ADJ.
greater
I
constant
I
combat
The troops were in
a state of combat readiness.
• VERB
+
READINESS
declare, express, indicate,
show, signal
Hungary has indicated its readiness to sign
the treaty.
I
hold sb/sth in
He held his gun in readiness.
• PREP.
in -(for)
service the car in readiness for the jour-
ney
I
-for
toexpress a readiness for change
• PHRASES
a state of readiness
reading
noun
1 sth you can read
• ADJ.
compelling, compulsive, fascinating, good,
interesting
I
depressing, disturbing
I
heavy, serious
I
light I compulsory, essential, required
I
recommend-
ed, suggested
I
background, introductory
I
further
I
bedtime, holiday
some light holiday reading
• VERB
+
READING
be, make (for)
Their story makes
compulsive reading.
• READING
+
NOUN
list
2 activity of reading
• ADJ.
extensive
After extensive reading on the subject
she set to work on an article.
I
careful, close, critical
A
close reading of the text reveals several contradictions. I
serious
I
map
My map-reading skills are not the best.
• VERB
+
READING
do, get down to
I haven't had time
to do much reading lately.
<>
In the holidays r11get down to
some serious reading.
• READING
+
NOUN
material, matter I ability, age,
knowledge, skills
He has a reading age of eight.
<>
She has
a good reading knowledge of Russian.
I glasses, light,
room
• PREP. -
about/on
His reading about Ruskin led him to
the works of Turner.
3 reading in public
• ADJ.
public I Bible, poetry
• VERB
+
READING
give
Dickens gave many public
readings from his works.
• PREP.
at a/the -
We met at a reading of his poetry.
-from/of
readings from the Koran
4 figure/measurement shown on an instrument
• ADJ.
high, low
I
zero
I
normal
I
accurate, correct
I
false
I
meter, thermometer
622
• VERB
+
READING
get, obtain, take
I
give
The dials
weregiving higher readings than we had expected.
readyadj.
1 prepared
• VERBS
appear, be, feel, look, seem I get
We were get-
ting ready to go out.
I get sb
trying to get the children
ready to leave
I consider sb, declare sb, deem sb, judge
sb
She was concerned toprotect the childrenfrom the truth
until shejudged them ready to hear it.
• ADV.
all
I was all ready to leave when the phone rang.
I
not quite
He didn't feel quite readyfor marriage.
I
(just)
about, almost, nearly, practically
I think we'rejust about
ready to start. I
always, ever
I
not yet
I
emotionally
Though Paul had wanted a child, he wasn't emotionally
readyfor it.
• PREP.
for
I feel ready for anything!
with
He's always
ready with a quick answer.
2 prepared and available
• VERBS
be, stand
The suitcases werestanding ready by
the front door.
I
have sth, hold sth, keep sth, leave sth
Please have your tickets readyfor inspection. o holding his
gun ready
o
I'ue left everything ready in the kitchen.
I get
sth, make sth
r11get all the boxes ready.
o
The warships
were soon made ready.
I
consider sth, declare sth, deem
sth, judge sth
The plane was refuelled and declared ready
for service again.
• PREP.
for
The cases are readyfor delioery.
3willing
• VERBS
appear, be, seem
I
remain
• ADV.
more than, only too, very
Connors was more than
ready to oblige.
<>
She was only too ready to believe the
worst of him.
I always, ever
I
apparently I clearly
• PHRASES
ready and willing
always ready and willing
to help
real
adj.
1 serious
• VERBS
be
I
become
• ADV.
all too, very
Her suffering was all too real.
<>
the
very real danger of war
2genuine
• VERBS
be, look, seem
• ADV.
enough
The pearls looked real enough.
realism
noun
• ADJ.
political
I
gritty, stark
the stark realism of
Loach's fiims
• QUANT.
degree
I
element, note
I hate to interject a
note of realism, but we don't have any money to do any of
this.
• VERB
+
REALISM
add, bring, lend
Clever lighting
and sound effects brought greater realism to the play.
I
achieve
Children can get frustrated when they are unable
to achieve realism in their drawings.
• PREP.
-about
the band's realism about their chances of
success
• PHRASES
a sense of realism
realistic
adj.
1 showing acceptance of the facts of a situation
• VERBS
be, seem I keep sth
Try to keep your ambi-
tions realistic.
• ADV.
extremely, very
I
fairly, quite, reasonably
I
enough, sufficiently
He was realistic enough toknow this
success could not last.
• PREP.
about
My friends were quite realistic about my
problems. in being very realistic in their expectations
2 showing things as they really are
• VERBS
be, look, sound
I
become
I
make sth
You
could make the hands a little more realistic.
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• ADV. extremely, truly, very
I
fairly, quite
I
grimly
his
grimly realisticfirst novel about drug addicts
reality
noun
• ADJ. awful, bitter, brutal, cold, grim, hard, harsh,
painful, sad, stark
We werefaced with the awful reality of
having nowhere to live.
I
complex
I
underlying
He has
no illusions about the underlying reality of army life.
I
objective, practical
the practical realities of running a
children's home
I
daily, everyday
I
external
Painters at
the time were largely concerned with reproducing external
reality.
I
commercial, economic, historical, physical,
political, psychological, social
the harsh economic real-
ities of life as a student
I
virtual
the use of virtual reality in
computer games
• VERB
+
REALITY become
One day her dream will be-
come a reality.
I
make sth
It's our task to make the pro-
posals a reality.
I
accept, confront (sb with), face (up to),
get a grip on, grasp, wake up to
She will have toface real-
ity sooner or later.
0
I don't think you have quite grasped
the realities of our situation!
I
bear little/no, etc. rela-
tion/resemblance to, be cut off/divorced/removed from,
be out of touch with, have little/not have much to do
with
They are out of touch with the realities of modern
warfare.
0
Most people's ideas of the disease do not have
much to do with the reaiity.
I
escape from
I
deny, ignore
I
bring sb back to, come/get back to, return to
He called
for the committee to stop dreaming and return to reality.
I
distort
Most comedy relies on distorting reality.
I
pro-
tect/shelter/shield sb from
Her parents always tried to
shield herfrom the realities of the world.
I
reflect
• PREP. in -
The media portray her as happy and success-
ful, but in reality she has a difficult life.
• PHRASES a grasp of reality
He has a rather tenuous
grasp of reality.
a perception/sense of reality
realization
noun
• ADJ. full
I
dawning, growing
I
gradual
I
sudden
I
awful, terrible
• VERB
+
REALIZATION come to
He came to the
realization that he would never make a good teacher.
• REALIZATION
+
VERB come (to sb), dawn (on sb),
hit sb
The realization that the murderer must have been a
close friend came as a shock.
0
We saw the terrible
realization of what she'd done dawn on herface.
realize
verb
• ADV. fully
I
dimly
She dimly realized that she was
trembling.
I
suddenly
I
quickly, soon
I
now
I
for the
first time
I realized for the first time how difficult this
would be.
I
at first
The situation was more complicated
than they had at first realized.
I
at last, belatedly, even-
tually, finally
I
never
Inever realized how much it meant
toyou.
• VERB
+
REALIZE begin to, come to
I
make sb
The
experience made me realize that people did care.
I
seem to
You don't seem to realize the seriousness of the situation.
I
fail to
I
be important to
• PHRASES without realizing (sth)
We are constantly
using historic buildings, without even realizing it.
realm
noun
1 area of activity/interest/knowledge
• ADJ. whole
the whole realm of human intellect
I
new
I
international
I
public
I
domestic, private
I
political,
social, spiritual
• VERB
+
REALM be/lie in, belong in/to
I
open up
The
research has opened up new realms for investigation.
I
enter, move into
I
descend into/to
(disapproving) Most
readers are likely to lose interest when he descends into the
realms of
(=
starts discussing)
rhetorical terminology.
I
623
reason
move from/out of
The euro has movedfrom the realms of
theory into reality.
• PREP. beyond/out of/outside the - of
His ambitions
are way beyond the realms ofpossibility.
in/within the - of
The idea belongs in the realm of sciencefiction.
• PHRASES the realms of fantasy/possibility
2 country ruled by a king/queen
• VERB
+
REALM defend
They fought to defend the
realm.
• PREP. beyond/outside the -
wealth acquired outside
the realm
in/within the -
peace within the realm
through-
out the-
There was rejoicing throughout the realm.
• PHRASES a part of the realm, the defence of the
realm
Royal taxation usually had to befor the defence of
the realm.
reappraisal
noun
• ADJ. fundamental, major, radical
I
complete
I
con-
stant
I
careful
I
critical
a critical reappraisal of existing
ideas and social institutions
• VERB
+
REAPPRAISAL cause, lead to
Her theory is
that disillusionment with employment leads to re-
appraisal of career goals.
I
undertake
They have under-
taken a reappraisal of pupils' needs.
rear
noun
• VERB
+
REAR bring up
Three drummers brought up
the rear
(=
were last in the parade).
I
attack (sb/sth) from
• PREP. at the -
The socketfor theprinter cable is located
at the rear of the computer.
from tha-', in the-
The radio is
loudest in the rear of the car.
to/towards the -
A high gate
blocks the only entrance tothe rear.
rear
verb
• ADV. intensively
intensively reared beef cattle
I
natur-
ally
naturally rearedpork and beef
I
successfully
reason
noun
1 cause/motive/justification; explanation of sth
• ADJ. cogent, good, sound, strong
I
compelling, con-
vincing
I
plausible
I
adequate, sufficient
I
bona fide,
legitimate, valid
I
wrong
He married her for all the
wrong reasons. I
opposite
Tom's problem was that he
lacked confidence; Ed failed for precisely the opposite rea-
son.
I
important
I
special
I
chief, main, major, pri-
mary, principal
I
only, simple, sole
The only reason I
didn't become aprofessional golfer was because of myfam-
ily commitments.
0
I was never good at playing the trum-
pet for the simple reason that I never practised.
I
real,
underlying
She did not tell him the real reason for her
change of heart.
0
The underlying reasons for these differ-
ences will be explored in depth in the next chapter.
I
very
There is an assumption that a state will protect its citizens.
That is the very reason for the existence of states.
I
appar-
ent, particular
He was attacked for no apparent reason.
I
no earthly, (no) possible
Surely there isno earthly reason
why you wouldn't want to come with us?
I
clear, obvious
Thereasonsforherdecisionsoonbecameclear.
I
unclear
I
logical
I
understandable
I
justifiable
I
inexplicable,
unexplained, unknown
For some unexplained reason the
pilot jettisoned all his fuel shortly after take-off
I
un-
specified
I
unconnected
dismissal for reasons uncon-
nected with redundancy
I
personal
I
sentimental
I
self-
ish
I
professional
I
commercial, economic, financial,
legal, political, social, technical
I
practical, pragmatic
I
security
I
health
I
humanitarian
• VERB
+
REASON be aware of, see
We see no reason
why this band shouldn't be a huge success.
I
have
I don't
know why he did that, but
I'm.
sure he had his reasons.
0
I
have no reason to believe that she was lying to me.
I
cite,
give (sb/sth), set out, state
Give me one good reason why I
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reasonable
should helpyou.
0
In the letter she carefully set out her rea-
sons for leaving.
I
cite sth as, give sth as
I
suggest
I
explain
I
understand
I
uncover
• PREP.
by - of
(formal) persons in need of care by reason
of(
=
because of)
old age
for a/the -
procedures carried out
for reasons of national security
for - of
tformaty For rea-
sons of security, you are requested to keep your luggage
with you at all times.
with/without -
They complained
about the food, and with good reason
(=
rightly). I
- against
There are obvious reasons against such
a
move.
- behind
Weare trying to uncover the reasons behind her
decision.
-for
They didn't give any reasonfor the delay.
• PHRASES
all the more reason
If he's unwell, that's all
the more reason to go and see him.
all sorts of reasons
People buy things for all sorts of reasons.
any/everyllit-
tle/no/one/some reason
I know you're angry with me,
and you have every reason
(=
very good reasons)
to be.
for
reasons best known to yourself
For reasons best known
to herself she has turned down the offer.
for whatever rea-
son
people toho.for whatever reason, are unable tosupport
themselves
a number/variety of reasons, rhyme or rea-
son
There's no rhyme or reason
(=
logic)
to the new open-
inghours.
2 power to think logically; what is possible/right
• ADJ.
human
• VERB
+
REASON
lose
He seems to have lost all sense
and reason.
I
be open
to,
listen
to,
see
I tried topersuade
her,but shejust wouldn't listen to reason.
• PREP.
beyond -
He was beyond all reason.
within -
r11
lend you the money you need-within reason, of course!
• PHRASES
an appeal to reason
The residents hope that
an appeal to reason
(=
asking the rioters to be reasonable)
will end the rioting.
it stands to reason
It stands to reason
(=
it is logical)
that she wouldn't want them tofind out
about her personal problems.
the voice of reason
She was
always the voice of reason, persuading him not to buy
things they couldn't afford.
reasonable
adj.
• VERBS
appear, be, seem, sound
I
consider sth,
judge sth, regard sth as, think sth
• ADV.
eminently, extremely, very I entirely, perfectly,
utterly
The police apparently thought this explanation
perfectly reasonable.
I fairly, quite
I
enough
Her request
sounded reasonable enough to me.
I
apparently
reasoning
noun
• ADJ.
careful, sound I false, faulty I underlying I ab-
stract
I
practical I logical
I
deductive, inductive
I
ju-
dicial, legal, moral, scientific, theological
I
human
• QUANT.
piece a
rather confused piece of reasoning
• VERB
+
REASONING
adopt, apply, employ, use
the
reasoning adopted by the court
I
follow, understand
I
can't quite follow your reasoning.
I
accept
I
reject I
challenge
I
explain
• REASONING
+
VERB
apply
The same reasoning ap-
plies to the current situation.
I
lead sb/sth to sth
I cannot
accept the reasoning that led the trial court to its decision.
• REASONING
+
NOUN
process
I
ability
• PREP.
in your -
the circularity in their reasoning
I
- about
reasoning about art -
behind
Many people chal-
lenged the reasoning behind theproposal.
• PHRASES
a flaw in your reasoning, a form/kindlline of
reasoning
The implication of this line reasoning is that
globalization of capital is destructive.
power of reason-
ing
She seemed to have lost her powers ofreasoning.
reassurance
noun
• ADJ.
great
I
further
I
constant, continual
I
calm
Continual calm reassurance should begiven.
• VERB
+
REASSURANCE
have
We have had some re-
assurances from the council that the building will be
624
saved.
I
need, want
I
look for, seek
He glanced at her,
seeking reassurance.
I
draw, find, gain, receive
He drew
reassurance from the enthusiastic applause.
0
She found
reassurance in the high attendance at her lectures.
I
bring
(sb), give (sb), offer (sb), provide (sb with)A
system of be-
liefs can bring you reassurance at times of stress.
• PREP.
despite -
She kept looking in the mirror despite
my constant reassurances that her hair looked fine.
for-
He held onto her hand for reassurance.
in -
I patted her
shoulder in reassurance.
I -
about/on
The ministry tried
to offer reassurance on the safety of eating beef -
from
re-
assurancestrom
the researchers about their work
reassure
verb
• ADV.
constantly
He was constantly reassuring himself
that he had actedfor the best.
I quickly
• VERB
+
REASSURE
be able to, can
I'
seek
to,
try to
I
hasten to
I
do little to, do nothing to
I
do much to
The
report will do much to reassure parents of children at the
school.
• PREP.
about
trying to reassure the public about the
safety of public transport
of
She needed to be reassured of
his love for her.
with
He reassured her with a pat on the
arm.
• PHRASES
feel reassured
Kate nodded, but she didn't
feel reassured.
need reassuring
Often parents simply need
reassuring that their children are happy at school.
reassuring
adj.
• VERBS
be I find sth
• ADV.
extremely, immensely, very
I
hardly
Her
comment-Tou can always try again lf you fail'-was
hardly reassuring.
I
faintly, quite, vaguely
I
oddly I
somehow
rebate
noun
• ADJ.
generous, substantial I maximum
I
rate, rent,
tax
She's claiming
a
100%tax rebate.
• VERB
+
REBATE
be eligible for, be entitled to
People
on low incomes are entitled to a rebate of up to 80%.
I
ap-
ply for, claim
I
get, receive I give sb, grant sb
I
intro-
duce
I
scrap
• REBATE
+
NOUN
scheme, system
• PREP. -
on
rebates on the new counciltax
• PHRASES
a system of rebates
rebel
noun
• ADJ.
anti-government
I
left-wing, right-wing I US-
backed, etc. I former I armed
• QUANT.
band, group
• VERB
+
REBEL
back, help, support
They sent in
troops to back the rebels.
I
repel I defeat I join
I
lead
• REBEL
+
VERB
be based
The rebels were based in
camps along the border.
I
advance I attack sth
I
cap-
ture sth, gain/regain/seize/take control (of sth)
The
rebels seized control of the national radio headquarters.
• REBEL
+
NOUN
faction, group, movement I army,
fighters, force/forces, officers, soldiers, troops I com-
mander, leader
I
control
The southern parts of the coun·
try had fallen into rebel control.
I
base, camp, position,
stronghold I activity, advance, assault, attack, inva-
sion
I
cause, movement
new recruits to the rebel cause
• PREP.
against the -
military operations against the
rebels
I - against a
group of rebels against the emperor
• PHRASES
a bit/something of a rebel
(figurative) He's
a
bit of
a
rebel
(=
he doesn't like to obey rules).
rebellion
noun
1attempt to change the government
• ADJ.
full-scale, major
I
minor, small
I
general, open
I
armed
I
military, peasant, popular
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[...]... www.verypdf.com to remove this watermark reform 634 • PHRASES the need for reform, the pace of reform, a programme of reform, a timetable for reform reform verb • ADV drastically, fundamentally, radically The health service must be radically reformed • VERB + REFORM attemptto, seek to, try to • PHRASES attempts/efforts/proposals to reform sth, a need to reform sth refrain noun • ADJ constant I familiar... of the damaged vehicle had to be rebuilt from scratch + NOUN book -for She issued a receiptfor the goods 2 act of receiving sth • VERB + RECEIPT acknowledge I would be grateful if you would acknowledge receipt of this letter, • PREP in - of people in receipt of housing benefit on/upon - of The goods will be sent on receipt of your cheque • PHRASES the date for receipt The closing date for receipt of. .. liquidfor the easy removal of coffee stains I forced/forcible the forcible removal of the protesters' barricades I surgical I hair, stain • VERB + REMOVAL call for, demand, seek They demanded her removal from office I order In a symbolic move, the new government ordered the removal of the dictator's statue I require The programme required the removal of government subsidies I allow I arrange for to... that signature of the peace accord did not imply recognition of the state's sovereignty I ask for, call for, demand, request, seek I apply for I qualify for to qualify for UN recognition as an International Biosphere Reserve I accord sb/sth, give sb/sth, grant sb/sth I refuse sb/sth • RECOGNITION + VERB come Official recognition of the change camefast • PREP in -of an award in recognition of his outstanding... announce the death of Mr Fred Fisher without - She thought of them without regret I - about/over She showed no regret about leaving her country - at my sincere regret at what has happened -for She enjoyed living alone, but felt a tiny pang of regretfor her mother's cooking • PHRASES expression of regret The police offered no expression of regret at his wrongful arrest a matter for/ of regret I never... statement provides reinforcement for the view that tax cuts are likely in the budget I receive I have The windows have steel reinforcement I need 2 reinforcements extra soldiers, etc • ADJ police, troop • VERB + REINFORCEMENTS call for, call in, send for, summon The crowd was very large and police reinforcements were called in I bring in, send • REINFORCEMENTS + VERB arrive Reinforcements ar- rived too... are calculated by reference to an hourly rate for- Retain a copy of theformfor future ref- erence without - to The decision was taken without reference to local managers • PHRASES for reference purposes She needs the book for referencepurposes a source of reference The book is an invaluable source of referencefor the-art historian 3 book containing facts/information • ADJ general The book is by far the... by/from recognition by his superiors of the service he had performed - for They received recognitionfor their 20-year commitment to safety at sea • PHRASES a lack of recognition, portance of sth, recognition gle for recognition recognition of the im- 1 know sb/sth again • ADV immediately, instantly I immediately recognized the building I easily This is the only species of flamingo in the region, easily... He apologized for his outburst at rehearsal during (a/the) - During the dress rehearsal she suddenly forgot her lines in - They're performing every night and they have another production in rehearsal I - for rehearsals for 'Romeo and Juliet' - of a rehearsal of thefinal scene rehearse verb • ADV carefully I mentally She mentally rehearsed what she would say to Jeff • PREP for rehearsing for the show... welcome I advocate, call for, press for, propose They have issued a statement advocating reform of the legal system I demand I back, encourage, support We are committed to supporting democracy and reform in the region I require The practice of global politics requires reform I plan I discuss I inadequate I mere, pale This account is only a pale reflection of the true state of affairs I direct, simple . reason
of(
=
because of)
old age
for a/the -
procedures carried out
for reasons of national security
for - of
tformaty For rea-
sons of security, you are. rate of 20 0
gallons a minute.
2 amount of money paid
• ADJ.
competitive, cheap, low, moderate, reasonable
Wehave a wide range of vehicles auailablefor hire