oxford collocations dictionary for students of english phần 6 pdf

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451 laughter SHAPER MISE 2nữ'SBIitUHBois@8 Wêraidi- đ1b-10V0)WuU0IDGpdf.com laser noun e ADJ powerful e VERB + LASER use

e LASER + NOUN beam, light ] printer | gun | surgery, therapy, treatment

lash noun

e ADJ bottom, lower | long, thick

e VERB + LASH bat, flutter She batted her lashes flirtatiously | lower She lowered her lashes in sudden

embarrassment

e LASH + VERB flicker, flutter Her lashes flickered and I knew she was lying

last verb

e ADV long Your car will last longer if you look after it | forever, indefinitely Nothing lasts forever o With care, the vines will last indefinitely | never Happiness never lasts @ VERB + LAST can/cannot, could (not) The storm could last quite a long time | will/won’t, would (not) The kids are all very enthusiastic, but it won’t last—it never does | be likely/unlikely to J always thought his popular- ity was unlikely to last | be expected to | seem to The journey seemed ta last forever | be built to This house was

built to last

® PREP for The war Jasted for three years into The cele- brations lasted well into the next week untll The trial is expected ta last until the end af the week

@ PHRASES while sth lasts Make the most af this feeling while it lasts

late adj

e ADV extremely, really, very | a bit, fairly, a little, quite, rather, relatively

e PREP for lm late for work In He took up music late in life with He wes now three weeks late with his rent e PHRASES an hour, ten minutes, etc late The train was 45 minutes late leave it a bit/rather/very late You’ve leftit a bit late to start your homework, haven’ t you? Latin noun e ADJ classical | medieval => Note at LANGUAGE latitude noun 1 geographical position

e ADJ high, low | northern, southern | polar, temperate These birds only survive in temperate latitudes e VERB + LATITUDE calculate, determine @ PHRASES aline of latitude

2 freedom

e ADJ considerable, great

e QUANT degree Some degree of latitude is required in interpreting the law on this point

e VERB + LATITUDE allow (sb), give sb

@ PREP ~for This method allows very little latitude for error ~in Nowadays, newspapers are allowed considerable latitude in criticizing the government

laugh noun 4 sound/act of laughing

mirthless, mocking, rueful, scornful She forced a humourless laugh | infectious

e LAUGH + VERB escape sbA small laugh escaped her e PREP for a~ She dyed her hair green just for a laugh with a~ He left the room with a cynical laugh | ~about/at Weallhad a great laugh about it afterwards

@ PHRASES he good fora laugh Pauw!’s always good for a laugh (= always amusing) have the last laugh We’ll have the last laugh if she finds out that you’re the one wha played the trick a laugh at sb’s expense Oh yes, very funny—have your laugh at my expense! the laughis onsb (= sb looks ridiculous after they have tried to make fun of sb else)

2sb/sth that is amusing e ADJ good, real

@ PHRASES a barrel of laughs, a bit of alaugh, a laugh a minute (= very funny)

laugh verb

e ADV aloud, loudly, out loud It looked sa funny that Ial- most laughed aut loud | gently, lightly, quietly, softly, silently, under your breath | deeply, heartily, a lot, really, uproariously He laughed heartily at his awn joke | just, merely, simply J thought she would be angry but she just laughed | almost | briefly, a little, shortly | suddenly | easily, freely She smiles and laughs easily, | openly, outright | helplessly, uncontrollably | cheer- fully, delightedly, excitedly, happily | hysterically, nervously | politely | incredulously, in disbelief | angrily, bitterly, cynically, derisively, grimly, harshly, hollowly, humourlessly, mirthlessly, ruefully, scorntully, sourly, wryly He realized how he had been fooled, and laughed bitterly, | together ¢alking and laughing together e VERB + LAUGH have to, want to He looked sa funny I just hod to laugh | begin to, start to | try not to 7 was watching them and trying not to laugh | make sb He pulled a funny face to make us laugh | hear sb J heard him suddenly laugh aloud

@ PREP about Tomorrow you'll be able ta laugh about this at The audience laughed at her jokes with telking and leughing with the children © Trent almost laughed with relief

e PHRASES burst out laughing, can’t/couldn’t help/stop laughing She was telling us jokes and we couldn’t stop laughing fall about laughing Jt was sa funny we just fell about leughing find yourself laughing He laughed, and she found herself laughing with him stop laughing

laughter noun

e ADJ helpless, hysterical, loud, raucous, wild J heard sounds of raucous laughter upstairs | delighted, happy | infectious Her infectious laughter had everyane smiling | nervous | silent, suppressed She was bent aver with suppressed laughter | derisive, mocking

© QUANT bellow, hoot, howl, roar, shriek, snort He gave a sudden bellow of laughter | fit Everyone dissolved inta fits af laughter when they saw my haircut | gale, peal, ripple His suggestion was greeted with peals of laughter © A ripple of laughter ran round the roam

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launch 452

e ADJ official, press, public S?e ¡s signing copies oƒ her book at the official launch | successful | imminent | book, campaign, product | balloon, rocket, satellite, shuttle

e VERB + LAUNCH get (sth) ready for, prepare (sth) for They are preparing for the launch of the new campaign next month | announce | mark a big Hollyuood event to mark the launch of the mavie | coincide with The show is timed to coincide with the launch of a new book on the sub- Ject | attend, go to, speak at | delay, postpone, put off e LAUNCH + NOUN date | party (= for a product or book) | pad, site

e@ PREP after/following/since the ~ Zn the six months since its launch the car has sold extremely well at a/the~ I met her at the launch of her new book | ~for a spring launch for thenew TV system

laundry noun e ADJ clean, dirty

e QUANT bundle, pile There was a pile of clean laundry on her bed

e VERB + LAUNDRY do The housekeeper cooks, does the laundry and cleans

e LAUNDRY + NOUN bag, besket | service The hotel offers a free laundry service

lavatory noun

e ADJ public [ communal, shared | indoor, inside | outside | flush, flushing

e VERB + LAVATORY go to, use | need | flush, flush sth down

e LAVATORY + NOUN basin, chain | paper | brush e PREP Inthe~, on the~

bowl | seat | clstern |

law noun 1 official rule/rules

e ADJ administrative, case, clvil, common, constitu- tional, contract, criminal, international, statute, etc (see also martial law)

e LAW + VERB allow sth, forbid sth, prohibit sth The law forbids gambling of any kind | permit sth | require sth The wearing of a crash helmet is required by law | govern sth the law governing school attendance e LAW + NOUN court | enforcement

e PREP above the~ Noone is above the law against the~ What you did was clearly against the law by~ By law, you are obliged to install smoke alarms in the factory within the ~ The company is operating entirely within the law | ~ against a local law against keeping horses~ concerning the law concerning industrial action ballots~on A law on hunting will cause a lot of disagreements ~relating to the law relating to the sale of gaods

e PHRASES as the law stands As the law stands, you can get married while still too yaung to have a driving licence law and order Mortial law was imposed to prevent the breakdown of law and order the letter of the law Jn spite of the difficulties it would cause her family, the judge stuck ta the letter of the law and jailed her take the law into your own hands When police failed to arrest the suspect, local people took the law into their own hands and beat him up 2 subject of study/profession

e VERB + LAW practise e LAW + NOUN firm

=> Nate at SUBJECT (for more verbs and nouns)

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e VERBS be | become | consider sth, deem sth e ADV perfectly This is a perfectly lawful activity lawn noun

e ADJ manicured, neat, tended a carefully tended lawn | overgrown [| back, front

e VERB + LAWN cut, mow, trim The lawn really needs mowIne

e PHRASES a sweep of lawn The cottage sits on a hill above a sweep af lawn

lawsuit noun

e VERB + LAWSUIT bring, file, issue A lawsuit has been filed against the company | be involved in, pursue | drop They have agreed to drop their lawsuit against the Dutch company | be faced with, face The company now faces several lawsuits over its failure to protect its emplay- ees | defend She plans to defend the lawsuit vigorausly | win | lose | settle The two companies have settled the lawsuit

e PREP Ina/the~ They are seeking damages in a lawsuit | ~against a lawsuit against her former husband ~ over a lawsuit over a disputed estate

lawyer noun

= Note at PROFESSIONAL (for verbs)

lay verb

e ADV Carefully, gently, tenderly | down He laid the books down an the table

e PREP on She laid the child tenderly on the bed over They carefully laid a blanket over the body

PHRASAL VERB lay sth out

e ADV tastefully, well The owners have buill a gift shop and a tastefully laid out caravan site

lay-by noun

@ VERB + LAY-BY pullinto

e PREP in a/the~/ was parked ina lay-by, having a nap layer noun

e ADJ fine, thin Hverything was cavered with a fine layer of dust | deep, generous, heavy, thick Mulch witha generous layer of peat or compost | bottom, inner, lower, middle, outer, surface, top, upper the upper layers of the earth’s atmosphere | double | protective a protective layer of black plastic | ozone holes in the azone layer e VERB + LAYER form Use enough gravel toforma layer about 50mm thick | be covered by/with The body had been covered with a thin layer of sail

e LAYER + NOUN cake

e PREP beneath/under a/the~ Beneath the surface layer of the skin are several further layers in~s The building is constructed in layers | ~ of an extra layer of clothing © a layer of bureaucracy © multiple layers af meaning @ PHRASES layer after/on/upon layer The remains lay buried under layer upon layer of black earth

layout noun

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453 leaf

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lazy adj

e VERBS be, feel | become, get, grow He had grown lazy and fat © We thought we were winning, so we got lazy e ADV extremely, incredibly, really, very | downright | almost His smile was slow, almost lazy | a bit, pretty, rather

lead’ /li:d/ noun

1 example set by sb’s behaviour e ADJ moral

e VERB + LEAD give, take The government should give a lead in tackling racism | follow

e PREP ~in We should follow their lead in banning chemical weapons

2 position ahead of other people

e ADJ big, clear, comfortable, commanding, gocd, strong | narrow | overall | early

e PREP in/into the ~ struggling to stay in the lead | ~over This win gives the team a two-point lead over their closest rival

3 main part in a play, show, etc e ADJ romantic | female, male

e VERB + LEAD play Her big break came when she was chosert to play the lead in a Broadway musical

e LEAD + NOUN role | singer | guitar, guitarist 4clue

e ADJ good | new | possible The police are following every possible lead

e VERB + LEAD have | follow, pursue | give e PREP ~on leads on the murderer’s identity lead? /li:d/ verb

1 show the way

e ADV back, on ‘Lead on! said Arnold

e VERB + LEAD help (to) Five people helping to lead a convoy of aid are feared dead | allow sb to, let sb Let me lead the way

@ PREP along, down, into, out of, through, to, etc She led them along a dark corridor to a smallroom e PHRASES lead the way You lead the way and we'll follow

2 go to a place

e ADV directly | back, down, up An old track led back through the wood | nowhere, somewhere (often figurative) Often there are discoveries which lead nowhere @ PREP from, onto The gardens lead directly onto a beach to a path leading from the village to the old church 3 cause

e ADV normally, usually | inevitably, inexorably Industrialization inevitably led to the expansion of the urban working class | (almost) certainly, undoubtedly | not necessarily The use of soft drugs does not necessarily lead to a progression to hard drugs | automatically Business success does not automatically lead to financial success | naturally Discussion of a client’s tax affairs will lead naturally into consideration of investment options | directly | indirectly | eventually, ultimately

@ VERB + LEAD can/could (easily/only), may/might (well), must Sugar and fat can more easily lead to obesity than some other foods © The carbon tax might well lead to a doubling of prices for fossil fuels | appear to, seem to |

piece of chocolate | be bound to

e PREP to the events that led eventually to war lead? /ed/ noun

e ADJ molten

¢ VERB + LEAD be made of

1 person who is in charge of sth

e VERB + LEADER be appointed, become, be elected | appoint (sb), appoint sb as, choose (sb as), elect (sb), elect sb as, nominate (sb), nominate sb as

@ PHRASES a leader of the Opposition 2 person/team that is best or in first place

e ADJ undisputed | brand, market, world The company is a@ world leader in electrical goods | championship, league, tournament

e VERB + LEADER overtake aiming to overtake the market leaders within two years

e PREP behind the ~ ten points behind league leaders Manchester United | ~in the undisputed leader in her field leadership noun

@ VERB + LEADERSHIP assume, take on/over When Smith died, Blair took over the leadership of the party | assert her method of asserting personal leadership | exercise, provide, show Jn the crisis he showed real leadership

@ PREP under sb’s~ The school has flourished under the leadership of Mr Buxton | ~from What is really needed is clear leadership from the prime minister ~in Leadership il science now went to the United States

e PHRASES a challenge to sb’s leadership She with- stood several challenges to her leadership a lack of leadership, sb’s style of leadership

leaf noun

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leaflet 454

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oa out Jt was spring and the trees were coming into leaf o In the spring the plant began to put out new leaves | shed Deciduous trees shed their leaves in autumn

e LEAF + VERB appear Spring arrived and the first green leaves began to appear | turn, yellow The summer was over and the leaves were beginning to turn | fall | rustle The leaves rustled in the light breeze

e LEAF + NOUN litter, mould the leaf litter on the forest floor

ecb Mer siomatchttp://www.simpopdf.com e@ ADJ security

e LEAK + vue come from sth The leak could only have come from one source

@ PREP ~aboute security leak about a number of suspi- clous deaths among civil servants ~from a leak from the prime minister's office ~ af a leak of confidential material

~to a leak to the American authorities

e PHRASES the source of a leak The organization’s press secretary is thought to be the source of the leak

e PHRASES in full leaf The corn was already ripening leak verb

and the trees in full leaf 4

leaflet noun

e ADJ free a free leaflet explaining your tax return | 2 helpful, useful | explanatory, information, instruction | promotional, publicity | campaign, election, party @ QUANT copy

e VERB + LEAFLET issue, produce, publish The

Health Council issued hundreds of leaflets | deliver, dis-

allow sth to get out through a hole

e ADV badly The house was old and the roof leaked quite

badly | slightly tell sb about sth

e ADV carefully, deliberately | widely The document had been widely leaked

e PREP from Confidential information that has been leaked from the BBC to The report was leaked to the press tribute, give aut, hand out, sand out Campaigners hand- lean verb

ed out leaflets to passers by | enclose I enclose a leaflet about some of the other services we offer

«LEAFLET + VERB advertise sth, explain sth e PREP in a/the~ More details are given in our promo-

tional leaflet

league noun

1 group of sports clubs that compete with each other

e ADV heavily | tightly | slightly | casually, easily,

backwards He leaned back in his chair | sideways

¢@ PREP across She was leaning confidentially across the table, against She leaned her head against his shoulder

into He leaned into the open doorway on The old man was

leaning heavily on a stick out of She leaned precariously out of the window over She leaned casually over the rail- ings through The taxi driver leaned through his window towards He leaned towards her

e LEAGUE + NOUN champions, leaders | champlon- pHRASAL VERB ship, cup, title | club, side | player ] game, match |

table | cricket, football, atc

e PREP ina/the~ The team is now in the Premier League

lean on sb/sth

e ADV heavily Britain leans heavily on Europe for trade

e PHRASES at the bottom/top of the league, (come) leap noun battom/tap of the league, a position in the league Aop-

ing lo improve their position in the league 1 2 level of quality, ability, etc

e ADJ big, super, top, world This move propelled him

into the political big league

e PHRASES ina different laague Today’s technology isin a different league (= very much better) in a league of 2 your own Asa painter he is in a league of his own (= much better than athers) not in the same league (as )(= nat nearly as good as), out of sb’s league A house like that is way oul of our league (= too expensive for us)

leak noun 1 small hole/crack

e VERB + LEAK have The boaf had a small leak | spring The pipe has sprung a ieak | plug, stop J managed to plug the leak

e@ PREP ~ina leak in the roof

2 when gas/liquid escapes

big jump

e ADJ big, giant, prodigious | little | flying, running

He made a flying leap at the ball

e VERB + LEAP make, take

@ PREP ~from, ~inta a leap into the gi ~to

great change/increase in sth

e ADJ big, enormous, giant, great, huge, quantum There has been a quantum leap in profits since 1995 | small | bold, dramatic, sudden eae dramatic leap in the number of people out of work | imaginative, intuitive | technolagical

e VERB + LEAP make They’ve made a great leap for-

ward with their road building in the last few years

e PREP ~fromea leap from $632 to $735~In a leap in prices ~ of a leap of 750% ~to

e PHRASES aleap farward, by leaps and bounds, come on/improve in leaps and baunds His technique has come on in leaps and bounds this season

e ADJ major, serious | minar | slow | fuel, gas, oil, leap Wah radiation, radioactive

e VERB + LEAK cause The dismantling of a nuclear re- processing plant caused a leak of radioactivity yesterday |

detect, discover, find, notice, spot For/unately, we spot-

ted the leak in time | fix, repair, stop The plumber fixed the leak | prevent taking steps to prevent gas leaks in the Suture

e LEAK + VERB happen, occur

@ PREP ~fram Pollution inspectors were called to a leak

from a chemical factory ~ of a leak af dangerous chernicals

e ADV almast, nearly He almost leaped down the stairs when he heard who it was | immediately ] suddenly | clear, high She leaped clear of the water | about, around, back, down, forward, out, up (and down) children leaping about with excitement

e VERB + LEAP seem to (figurative) The photograph

seemed to leap off the page at her | be about to, be ready

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455 lecture

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into, off, on, onto He leaped onto his horse and rode off out of He leaped out of bed when he heard the telephorie over leaping over high fences

e PHRASES leap to your feet Rosie immediately leaped to her feet

learn verb

1 gain knowledge/skill

e ADV a lot J learned a lot from my father | quickly, soon Children learn very quickly © They soon learn that bad behaviour is a sure-fire way of getting attention e VERB + LEARN need to | be eager to, want to Hewas eager to learn all she could teach him | have a lot to ve gota lot to learn, haven’t I?

e PREP about learning about art trom She learned from watching others through Children learn through play 2 become aware

e VERB + LEARN be astonished to, be astounded to, be intrigued to, be surprised to J was surprised to learn that he was only 24 | be dismayed to, be saddened to e PREP of We/first learned of the problem from her school learner noun

e ADJ quick, slow She was a quick learner, and her Ger- man got better by the day | advanced, intermediate a book for advanced learners of English | adult, older | young The book has been written with the interests of young learners in mind | language [ foreign

e LEARNER + NOUN driver learning noun

1 process of learning sth

e LEARNING + NOUN curve The wholeteam has been on a steep learning curve since the project began | environment The centre aims to provide a supportive learning environment, | experience, process | difficulty, disability severe learning difficulties

e PHRASES a seat of learning

2 knowledge got from reading and studying e ADJ great | book (old-fashioned) se VERB + LEARNING acquire, gain lease noun

e ADJ long, long-term | short, short-term | ten-year, etc | business, commercial | building, mining e VERB + LEASE have, hold They’ve got a lease with five years to run | draw up | acquire, buy, enter into, get, negotiate, obtain, sign, take (on/out/up) She has taken out a new ten-year lease on the flat | grant (sb), sell (sb) A freeholder may grant a lease of any duration | renew | forfeit, surrender They moved out and the lease was sur- rendered | cancel, terminate | take over | transfer e LEASE + VERB run The lease runs from April 19 | take effect | come up for renewal, expire, run out e PREP ina/the~a new clause in the lease ona~ Thecom- pany holds the building on a long lease under a/the ~ Under the new lease, the rent would go up | ~of He took a lease of the premises ~on The club has a 20-year lease on the property

e PHRASES a clause ina lease, a condition of a lease, the length/period/term of a lease, a provision in a lease, the terms of the lease

e VERB + LEATHER tan | treat The leather has been treated with wax | polish | be made from/in/(out) of a coat made from buffalo leather | bind sth in Each volume is bound in genuine leather

e LEATHER + VERB crack acracked leather belt e PREP in~ (= made of leather) ’m looking for a pair of boots in dark brown leather in~s (= wearing leather) a biker in black leathers

leave noun

1 period of time when you do not go to work

e ADJ annual | paid, unpaid | extended, indefinlte, weekend | compassionate, maternity, parental, pater- nity, sabbatical, sick, study | home, shore

se VERB + LEAVE beentitled to, get, have How much annual leave do you get? o Pve still got some leave left this year | go on, spend, take, use (up) She spent most of her leave with her family © Ive still got some leave to use up | save I’m saving all my leave to have a long holiday later in the year | cancel When the war broke out all leave was cancelled | give sb, grant sb | be due for, be owed | apply for

e LEAVE + NOUN entitlement

e PREP on~ She’s on leave until the end of the month 2 official permission to do sth

® ADJ special

e VERB + LEAVE ask, request He asked leave to absent himself for four days | give sb, grant sb | obtain | refuse sb

® PREP by sh’s~ Theappeal can only be brought by leave of the trial judge with/without sb’s ~ No application may be made without the leave of the court

e PHRASES absent without leave, leave of absence, without (so much as) a by your leave (= without asking permission)

leave verb

e VERB + LEAVE decide to | intend to, plan to, want to | be ready to We were all packed and ready to leave | be about to, be going to Did you want something? I was just about to leave | threaten to My secretary has threatened to leave | attempt to, try to They were caught trying to leave the country | retuse to | be compelled to, be forced to, be obliged to | ask sb to, order sb to They were being extremely rowdy and the manager had to ask them leave | allow sb to, let sb 7 wanted to leave but they wouldn’tlet me | enable sb to

e PREP, for They left for Scotland this morning lecture noun

1 talk given to a group of people

e QUANT course, programme, series

e VERB + LECTURE deliver, give, present | hold, put on The society is putting on a series of lectures on the subject next term | attend, go to, hear (formal), listen to |

miss, skip | prepare, write

® LECTURE + NOUN course, programme, series | hall, room, theatre | notes | tour | circuit a familiar figure on the international lecture circuit

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Sim

lecturer 456

imagery | ~ by a lectife by Professor Snow ~ ab ~toa lecture to the Darwin Society

e PHRASES a lecture entitled sth c lecture entitled ‘How to Prevent Food Poisoning’ a lecture on the subject of sth

2 serious talk to sb about their behaviour

e ADJ little, long | severe, stern

@ VERB + LECTURE give sb, read sb She read mea stern lecture on ingratitude | getI got a lecture from Dad about

coming home on time | take

@ PREP ~about/on J don’t take lectures from anyone on

how to behave, ~from lecturer noun

e ADJ principal, senior | assistant, junior | college,

university | guest, visiting | English, physics, etc

e PREP ~ina lecturer in German at Plymouth University = Note at JOB

ledge noun

e ADJ high | narrow, wide | cliff, mountain, window e VERB + LEDGE cling to The climbers were clinging to

a ledge hundreds of feet above the sea | be perched on

@ LEDGE + VERB go,run Anarrow ledge runs across the northern face of the cliff

@ PREP along a/the~ felt along the ledge at the top of the door on a/the~ The phone was perched precariously on the window ledge

left noun 1side

e ADJ extreme, far My dad’s in the front row, on the extreme left of the picture

e VERB + LEFT turn to /f you turn to your left you will see the parliament building

e PREP from the ~ The car came from the left on the/your~ The bank is on the left, just after the post affice © As you go in the door, you’ ll see it on your left on the ~of The car park is on the left of the library to the/your ~ He looked to the left and then crossed to the ~ of My office is just to the left of the main door

e PHRASES from left to right; from right to left Arabic script reads from right to left

2 the left political groups

e ADJ extreme, far

@ PREP of the~ in recent years the country has been ruled only by governments of the left on the~ They’re both on the extreme left of the party to the~ The party has moved further to the left o He is somewhat to the left of the previ-

ous leader

leg noun 1 part of the body

e ADJ left, right | front ] back, hind | long | short,

stumpy | beautiful, good, shapely | muscled, muscu-

broken, fractured | lame, withered He sat down with his lame leg outstretched | tired She crossed the finish line on

tired legs | fresh They don’t train the day before a match

to ensure they have fresh legs | outstretched

e VERB + LEG bend | brace He put his back against the car, braced his legs and pushed | straighten | cross [ moved the chair away from the iable so I could cross my

legs | splay, spread They made him put his hands on the

police car and spread his legs | extend, stretch (out) She

stretched her legs under the table > (figurative) It was

good to get out of the car and stretch our legs (= walk about) | lift The dog lifted its leg against the lamp post | draw up, tuck under She sat with her legs drawn up underneath her | kick | swing She swung her legs over

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the table | break, injure | amputate She had her leg am- putated below the knee | shave

@LEG + VERB move They ran together, their legs mov- ing in unison | flail, kick He jumped to avoid the flailing leg of the defender | pump She started running, fat legs

pumping | bend | buckle, give way His legs buckled and

he collapsed on the floor | shake, tremble | dangle, hang, swing He sat with his legs dangling off the bridge | ache

¢ LEG + NOUN exercise | muscle | injury, pains, trouble, ulcer, wound | room (also legroom) You don’t get much legroom on economy-class flights

e PREP between the/your~s The dog sloped off its tail between its legs in the~ He was shot in the leg by a sniper on the/your ~ ve got a big bruise on my leg on one ~

Many birds are able to stand on one leg for hours ata time

e PHRASES (have, etc.) your leg in plaster He was wheeled out of the hospital with his leg in plaster

2 of trousers eADJ trouser

@ VERB + LEG pull up, roll up He roéled up his trouser legs | roll down

3 of a journey/race

e ADJ first, second, etc | final, last | anchor The fast- est runner often runs the anchor leg (= the last one) of a relay | outbound | homeward

¢ PREP onthe ~ At last we were on the homeward leg of our journey

legacy noun

1 money/property

e ADJ generous, large | small

e VERB + LEGACY bequeath (sb), leave (sb) | get, receive He received a large legacy from his uncle

e PREP in a/the ~ She left her the money in a legacy, | ~from a legacy from my old teacher

e@ PHRASES heir to a legacy She is the heir to a legacy of £1 million

2 result of previous events

® ADJ enduring | historical These problems have arisen as a result of historical legacies | bitter, grim

e VERB + LEGACY bequeath (sb), leave (sb), leave behind the enduring legacy bequeathed by the war years e@ PREP ~from Such attitudes are a legacy from colonial times

legal aqj

® VERBS be] become

e ADV completely, perfectly /t is perfectly legal to charge

extra for these services

legality noun

e ADJ doubtful, dublous

® VERB + LEGALITY challenge, question Her lawyer is challenging the legality of the court order: | assert, rec-

ognize, uphold The government does not recognize the le-

gality of this court

@ PHRASES doubt/doubts about the legality of sth

legend noun

1 well-known story

e ADJ ancient | Greek, Roman, etc | local

e VERB + LEGEND become, pass into The story of how She was rescued has already passed into legend | tell (sb) He told us the legend of the ghostly horseman

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457 leniency

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ies af human giants in Celtic legend and mythology | ~ about legends about the Vikings ~ of The story is part of the ancient legend of King Arthur

@ PHRASES legend has it that Legend has it that the

Bridge of Sighs got its name from the cries af prisoners

being led across it myths and legends the myths and le-

gends of Mexica the subject of legend The unusual shell has long been the subject af legend

2 famous person/event

e ADJ living pop stars who become living legends | bas-

ketbali, motoring, racing, sporting, etc

legible adj

@ VERBS be

e ADV Clearly, easily Her handwriting was clearly legible | perfectly | barely, scarcely

e@ PREP to The price must be legible to a purchaser

legislation noun

e ADJ parliamentary | draft | fresh, further, new ] effective, tough | complex | controversial | unworkable The police think that such legislation would be unworkable | knee-jerk The terrorist attack prompted knee-jerk legislation | anti-abortion, anti-discrimination, employment, environmental, financial, gun control, health, housing, social, etc

® QUANT piece a major piece af legislation

e VERB + LEGISLATION need, require | call for, propose They are calling for tough legislation to tackle this problem | draft, draw up | bring forward, initiate Any- one has the right to initiate legislation in Parliament by means of a private bill | approve, enact, introduce, pass Congress approved legislation which outlawed the sale of the drug | adopt Member states may not adapt le-

gislation contrary to EU law | block, delay The reform

will make it more difficult for MPs to black legislation } amend [ repeal | comply with Companies have until De-

cember 31 to comply with the new legislation

e LEGISLATION + VERB come into effect, come into force New legislation on drink-driving comes into effect at the end of the year

e PREP under~ This will be a criminal offence under the new legislation | ~ against They are planning the intro-

duction of legislation against sex discrimination ~ on Le-

gislation on this issue is urgently needed

legislature noun

e ADJ highest, supreme | bicameral, unicameral | 109-member, etc ] elected | standing | central, fed- eral, national, provincial, state

e VERB + LEGISLATURE be elected to She is the young-

est woman to be elected to the national legislature

® LEGISLATURE + VERB comprise sth, consist of sth The legislature comprises a 212-member Chamber of Dep- uties elected for a four-year term | pass sth The legislature passed a law to prohibit the dumping of nuclear waste | vote The legislature voted narrowly to table a motion of no-confidence in the government

legitimate adj

® VERBS be, seem | consider sth, deem sth, regard sth as, see sthas

e ADV entirely, perfectly, quite ] apparently leisure noun e VERB + LEISURE have We have more leisure than our parents had e LEISURE + NOUN hours, time | activities, interests, lemon noun e ADJ fresh ® QUANT slice, wedge Garnish the fish with wedges of lemon

e VERB + LEMON squeeze Squeeze a quarter of a lemon

aver the fish | slice | garnish sth with

@ LEMON + NOUN tree | pip | peel, rind, zest [ juice > Special page at FRUIT

lend verb

e ADV kindly She very kindly lent me her bicycle e VERB + LEND be prepared to, be willing to | refuse to, be unwilling to The bank was unwilling to lend him the money | persuade sb to

@ PREP tofve lent my car to Georgefor the weekend

lender noun

e ADJ big, large, leading, major The bank is the largest mortgage lender in the country | money, mortgage e PREP ~to The bank was an important lender to the British government

length noun

1 distance from one end to the other

e ADJ entire, full, maximum, whole There is a maximum length af 2500 words © The queue stretched the whole length of the High Street | great a ditch of great length and width | medium | overall, total

e VERB + LENGTH estimate, measure He measured the

length and width of the table | have The vehicle has an

overall length of 12 feet | grow to, reach These fish can reach a length of over two metres | double in, increase in | cut sth to Measure the size of the window and cut the cloth ta length | drive, run, swim, travel, walk, etc The fence runs the length af the footpath

e@ PREP along the ~ of There were coloured lights along the whole length af the street in~ The pipe was two metres in length

@ PHRASES atarm’s length He has to hold newspapers at arm’s length to focus on the print double, twice, three times, half, etc the length of sth The queen bee is twice the length of a worker bee

2 amount of time that sth lasts

e ADJ considerable, great, inordinate | reasonable e VERB + LENGTH cut,reduce, shorten | increase e LENGTH + VERB increase | decrease

@ PREP at~ He told me at length about his new job In~ Each lesson was an hour in length

® PHRASES length of time They complained about the inordinate length of time they had to wait

3 length of a swimming pool

e VERB + LENGTH do,swimJdid 20 lengths today

lengthy adj

® VERBS be

e ADV extremely, very Agreement was finally reached after very lengthy discussions | fairly, quite, rather, rea- sonably, relatively, somewhat Ajter a fairly lengthy delay, we were able to continue

leniency noun

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Si

lenient 458

nape rele

the judge shows leniency towards her

e PHRASES a plea for leniency Even the victim’s family made a plea for leniency on behalf of the accused

lenient adj

e VERBS be,seem | become

e ADV extremely, very ] quite, relatively | excessive-

ly, unduly The appeal judge agreed that the original sentence was unduly lenient

® PREP with The police are sometimes more lenient with female offenders

lens noun

e ADJ strong, thick She wears glasses with very thick lenses | coloured, tinted | contact | optical, spectacle

| camera | fish-eye, long, ‘ong-focus, magnifying,

telephoto, telescopic, wide-angle, zoom a long-lens shot of a rare bird © The photograph was taken using a zoom lens

@ LENS + NOUN cap I took the lens cap off my camera and waited for a good shot

e PREP through a/the ~ Put your hand in front of your right lens and just look through your left lens

leprosy noun

@ VERB + LEPROSY have, suffer from | contract e LEPROSY + NOUN bacillus | patient, sufferer, victim = Special page at ILLNESS

lesbian noun

e ADJ butch ] femme, lipstick

e VERB + LESBIAN come out as She came out as a lesbian in her teens

e LESBIAN + NOUN icon The singer has become a lesbian icon

lessen verb

e ADV considerably, greatly, significantly Hating a good diet significantly lessens the risk of heart disease | gradually Time had gradually lessened the pain of her

grief

@ VERB + LESSEN begin to The noise began to lessen |

try to | tend to Too much background detail tends to lessen the impact of the central image | help (to) Regular exercise can help ta lessen the pain

lesson noun

1 period of teaching or learning

e ADJ good, interesting | boring | individual | private | driving, English, geography, maths, piano, swimming, etc

e VERB + LESSON attend, go to, have, take I go to Ital- lan lessons at the local college © We had a history lesson followed by a double maths lesson > I'm taking driving lessons at the moment | give (sb), offer (sb), provide, take, teach She gives singing lessons © They’re offering free lessons in computing o I had to take a biology lesson this afternoon because the biology teacher was away © He doesn’t teach very many lessons these days | get Pupils get lessons on how to organize their study time | prepare The trouble is that teachers don’t prepare their lessons carefully enough | skip He got into trouble for skipping

lessons

@ PREP during a/the~ No talking was allowed during the lesson in a/the~ You can’t expect to learn all there is to know about the subject in a 45-minute lesson | ~ about a lesson about the Civil War ~in He took lessons in Thai cookery ~on a lesson on the Roman Empire ~ with They've got a lesson with Mrs Evans at two o'clock

@@âramid.Spi#tharodgist@rotlaWidrreioexohiltee//wwW.simpopdf.com

đ@ ADJ important, salutarVy, useful, valuable | bifter, hard, painful Jt’s a hard lesson to learn | clear @ VERB + LESSON draw, learn What lessons can we draw from this unfortunate experience? | teach sb It taught me some valuable lessons about working with other people

® PREP ~from There are important lessons to be learnt from this mistake ~in I learned a lesson in harsh econom-

ics when Iwas made redundant

lethal aaj

e VERBS be, prove

e ADV absolutely Ali these knives are absolutely lethal | pretty | potentially /¢ was a potentially lethal mixture af drugs

@ PREP to The pesticide is lethal to ail insect life

lethargy noun

e VERB + LETHARGY be overcome by, feel, suffer

from She was suddenly overcome by lethargy | slnkinto ]

drag/stir yourself out of, overcome, shake off He felt that he had to drag himself out of hls lethargy and begin to write,

« LETHARGY + VERB creep over/through sb, overtake sb Affer the meal, I could feel lethargy overtaking me

® PHRASES a feeling of lethargy

letter noun

1 written/printed message

onymous | formal, official | business | personal | con-

fidential, private | open, public The editor published an open letter ta the prime minister ] circular | chain |

form, standard | specimen | accompanying, covering,

explanatory The conditions are explained in the accompanying letter © Send your CV with a covering letter | thank-you J wrote my uncle a thank-you letter as soon as I opened the present | congratulatory | warning | rejec-

tion Pve had job interviews and received ten rejection let-

new road | courteous, polite | apologetic | angry,

rude, strong, strongly-worded, threatening | indignant | critical | frank | poison pen He had been sending poison pen letters to his neighbours, hoping to make them

move away

¢ VERB + LETTER draft, write drafting an angry letter

to thenewspaper | read | get, have, receive I haven't had

my letter | address The letter was addressed tome | sign

| publish The newspaper refused to publish the letter: e LETTER + VERB arrive,come, reach sb I hope my last

letter has reached you | be dated The letter is dated 7

July | cross Our letters crossed in the post | be lost, go astray | announce sth, ask (sb) sth, begin, start (off) The letter started off by thanking us for our offer | continue, go on His letter went on to give reasons for his re- fusal to take part | conclude, end The letter concluded

with a threat of possible legal action | contain sth The

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459 lever

Si trpd'ĐF.1Mlểid6'2H/S0/0DH8oistsiB5IafSidff2niMĐtMfBN.SPNBBBGI.com ‘Advertising Manio’ appeared in the paper

e LETTER + NOUN writing | box The postman put a bundle of letters through the letter box | bomb e PREP by~ Please reply by letter: in a/the ~ In your letter of 5 June | ~ about/concerning/regarding, ~ from, ~ of a letter of application/apology ~to a letter to the editor

2 sign that represents a sound in a language

e ADJ big, large | block, capital, upper-case Fiil in the form in biock letters | lower-case, small | bold | initial The company’s name is made from the initial letters of his children’s names | double Words with double letters, such as ‘accommodation’, are commonly misspelt | silent words such as ‘debt’ and ‘half, which contain silent letters e PREP in ~s His name was written in large white letters over the doorway

e PHRASES the letters of the alphabet

lettuce noun

e ADJ crisp, crunchy | limp | chopped, shredded |

cos, Iceberg, etc

@ QUANT head You need one whole head of lettuce for this salad

e VERB + LETTUCE eat, have Ail she had was a tomato and some lettuce | wash

e LETTUCE + NOUN leaf e PHRASES onabed of lettuce => Special page at FOOD

leukaemia noun

e ADJ childhood

e VERB + LEUKAEMIA have, suffer from | contract,

develop | diagnose | treat sb for

e LEUKAEMIA + NOUN case, patient, sufferer, victim | research | cluster The newspapers are full of stories of leukaemia clusters near nuclear establishments => Special page at ILLNESS

level noun

4 amount/size/number

e ADJ high, record, significant, substantial Industrial output has reached record levels | increasing, rising | excessive Excessive levels of lead were found in the water | low | decreasing, falling | varying keen amateurs who work hard, with varying levels of success | generous a generous level of financial support for the arts | permitted, recommended, required permitted levels of chemical pollutants | acceptable, adequate, necessary, normal, realistic, reasonable, safe an acceptable level of risk o Her blood pressure has returned to its normal level | dangerous, unacceptable | worst the worst level of business failure since 1997 | noise, pollution, radiation | crime |

blood-sugar, cholesterol, hormone, etc | stress ® VERB + LEVEL achieve, reach They have achieved higher levels of efficiency © Crime has reached its highest level ever | remain at She predicts that fuel prices will remain at current levels | improve, increase, raise | maintain | bring down, control, decrease, keep down, lower, reduce | change | set Emissions are well below the levels set by the World Health Authority | exceed

There will be stiff penalties if companies exceed these levels

of pollution

e LEVEL + VERB go up, rise, soar | fall, go down,

plummet | change, vary

e PREP above a/the ~ Mortgage rates were 10% above their current level at althe~ Rents will be kept at this level for another year below a/the~ Radiation is well below the permitted tevel

2 stage of progress/standard

e ADJ basic, elementary, low The teaching is at quite a basic level | entry They have a good range of entry-level

| difflculty The difficulty level of the exercises in the book

varies widely, | fitness a sport suitable for people of all fit-

ness levels

e VERB + LEVEL attain, reach students who have reached the intermediate level | complete, do, take You need to do all three levels to qualify as a canteen supervisor ® PREP above a/the~ His English is way above the level of the other students at a/the ~ students at intermediate level o She has played tennis at a high level below a/the~ The book is not suitable for students below degree level

3 grade in an organization or structure

e VERB + LEVEL reach, rise to He rose to the tevel of general manager

e PREP at a/the~ At the local level there’s a lot to be said for the plan on a/the ~ The thing has got to be organized

onan internationat level

4way of considering sth

e ADJ conscious unconscious At a conscious level, I was quite satisfied with my life | deep | superficial | detailed We probably need to look at this problem ata

more detailed level | general | practical | theoretical |

political

e PREP at a/the~, on a/the~ On a superficial level every- thing appears to be in order, but at a deeper level youan see that there’s a lot wrong

5 height

e ADJ high, low | ground, sea, water the problem of rising sea levels | eye a shelf at eye level

e VERB + LEVEL adjust, change, lower, raise They are going to raise the level of the banks to prevent flooding ® PREP above a/the~ 200m above sea level at a/the~ The plane was flying at a very low level below a/the ~ below the level of the cloud on a~ with On the second floor you are ona level with the treetops to althe ~ The water rose to the level of the ground floor windows

e PHRASES achange in/of level

6 floor in a building

e ADJ ground, lower | higher, top, upper

e PREP on a/the~ Are we on the right level for the restaurant? to althe ~ Take the lift to Level Four

level odj

4 with no part higher than any other

e VERBS be, look, seem | get sth, keep sth Make sure you get the shelf level before screwing it in © Keep the pot

level, or you'll spill the coffee

® ADV absolutely, completely The floor has got to be absolutely level | approximately, more orless

2 at the same height/position as sth

e VERBS be | come, draw As they reached the finat bend, Graham drew level and threatened too overtake him 6 ADV almost

e PREP with The top of the water came level with her chin

Jever noun

1 handle for operating a machine

e ADJ brake, control, gear

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leverage 460 SiifggPĐF'MId804ntrSgt 08registefgpl'VgfSidifnhiđ1/UNGSIRIBBEAI.com e PREP by (means of) a~ The machine is aperated by means of a lever e PHRASES the position of the lever 2 means of achieving sth

e ADJ powerful, useful

e VERB + LEVER actas, be, glve sb, provide (sb with),

serve as | use sthas

e PREP ~against If this allegation is true, it will give usa useful lever against him ~for This could serve as a powerful lever for peace

leverage noun

1 force

e ADJ enough, sufficient | extra | maximum e VERB + LEVERAGE have He tried to push the door apen, but he didn’t have sufficient leverage | gain, get, obtain | apply, exert Pasitian the piece af waad sa that

maximum leverage can be applied | provide | increase 2 influence

e ADJ economic, political

e VERB + LEVERAGE have | gain They are determined

ta gain more political leverage | give sb

liability noun

1 responsibility

e ADJ full | legal

e VERB + LIABILITY have They have no legal liability for damage ta customers’ passessions | accept, acknow-

ledge, admit, assume | deny

@ PREP ~for They have denied liability for the accident

2 liabilities money owed

e ADJ substantial | financial, tax an assessment of the company’s financial liabilities

e VERB + LIABILITIES have | take on, take over He wants to know the precise amount of the liabilities he is taking aver | cover, discharge, meet There is enough money ta caver existing liabilities | reduce

e PREP ~to Thecampany has liabilities ta its employees

liable adj

e VERBS be | become | remaln | make sb, render sb Failure to provide insurance rendered him liable ta pras- ecution | find sb, hold sb They cauld be found liable far the entire amaunt

e ADV strictly | fully | potentially | personally | joint-

ly, severally (Jaw) Partners are jointly and severally (= together and individually) liable for a partnership’s debts | vicariously Under this rule, if Yis employed by X, X will be vicariausly liable far the actians af Y | criminally, financially, legally

e PREP for She’s fully liable for the company’s debts

liaise verb

e ADV closely, directly

e PREP between Her job is to liaise between the school and the hame with The tax office liaises closely with our department an such matters

liaison noun 1 communication

e ADJ clase, effective, good | poor | community, customer | military

e VERB + LIAISON maintain We maintained a close li- qisơn with the trade union | establish We are hoping to establish better custamer liaisan | improve

e LIAISON + NOUN committee, group, unit | officer | wark

e@ PREP In~with It's important that we work in close li-

sponsible for liaison with researchers at ather universities

2 sexual relationship

e ADJ romantic, sexual | adulterous

e VERB + LIAISON have She was having a romantic liaisan with her husband’s best friend | form

@ PREP ~with

liar noun

e ADJ accomplished, goad She’s an accomplished

liar—they believed every word she said, | bad, poor |

big, terrible She’s the biggest liar Pve ever known | com- pulsive, habitual, pathological

e VERB + LIAR callsb Are youcalling mea liar?

libel noun

e ADJ alleged | criminal, seditious e VERB + LIBEL sue(sb)for | claim | deny

e LIBEL + NOUN action, case, proceedings, sult | writ | law, lawyer | damages

@ PREP, ~against He has issued a writ for libel against the radia star Michael Clery

= Note at CRIME (for more verbs)

liberal noun

e ADV remarkably, very | falrly, quite, relatively His attitudes are quite liberal

2in politics e VERBS be

e ADV comparatively, relatively comparatively liberal in trade matters | broadly, essentially a broadly liberal palicy programme 2 generous e VERBS be | become e ADV very e PREP with She’s very liberal with her advice! liberalism noun

e ADJ radical | bourgeois | laissez-faire | market | economic, political, social

liberation noun

e ADJ animal, gay, national, personal, sexual, women’s

@ VERB + LIBERATION achieve ¢ LIBERATION + NOUN movement

e PREP ~ by the liberation of the capital by allied forces ~from the struggle for liberation from calonial rule e PHRASES a feeling/sense of liberation Up in ihe mountains we had the most wonderful sense af liberation a fight/struggle for liberation, a war of liberation

liberty noun

e ADJ great | complete | basic a citizens’ charter which gives peaple basic civil liberties | civil, individual, personal, political, religious

e VERB + LIBERTY enjoy, have | demand, fight for | win The city won its liberty in the sixteenth century | lose If found guilty, she is in danger af losing her liberty | de-

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lib-461 lieutenant

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alliberty is being eroded | deny, deprive sb of, destroy |

allow sb, give sb The system allows us complete liberty to do the task as we like

@ PREP at~ The escaped prisoner has been at liberty for five days | ~ for demanding greater liberty for women

~trom liberty from the abuse of police power

e PHRASES an Infringement of liberty, loss of liberty, a threat to liberty

librarian noun

e ADJ professional, qualified | chief, head, senior |

assistant ] branch, country ] academic, publlc, refer-

ence | college, school, university

> Note at JOB (for verbs)

library noun 1 building

search | college, departmental, school, university |

copyright /¢ is a copyright library and receives three cap- ies of all books published in Britain

e VERB + LIBRARY have The school has an excellent li-

brary | go to, use, visit How often do you go to the library? | borrow sth from, get/take sth out of J gat this very interesting book out of the library | return sth to, take sth back to Do yau have any books ta take back ta the library? | be available at/from Do you know about the other services available at your local library? | have access to Everyone in the country should have access to a lending library

e LIBRARY + VERB have sth, hold sth The library has

e PREP at a/the ~ a holiday programme for children at the local library in a/the ~ ve been reading newspapers in the library

2 collection of books, etc

e ADJ considerable, extensive | fine, impressive, magnificent, valuable | personal | film, muslc, photo- graphic, picture, video

e VERB + LIBRARY have, possess The family possessed an extensive library | amass, build (up) She had built up animpressive library of art books | add to

e@ PREP ~ofapersonal library of over 1 000 volumes

licence noun

e VERB + LICENCE have, hold You have to have a licence to sell beer © Applicants must hold a valid driving licence | buy, gain, get, obtain, win You can buy a TV Ii- cence at the post office © She gained her private pilot’s licence oI got my driving licence when I was eighteen > The company has won the licence to run trains from the south coast to London | apply for, make an application for | grant (sb), issue | refuse sb | revoke, take away He’s

e LICENCE + VERB expire, run out The licence expires

at the end of the year

e LICENCE + NOUN fee, holder

e PREP in a/the~ Ail these details are specified in the licence under a/the ~ The weapons were exported under a Special export licence under ~ They are Italian trains, but they will be built in Britain under licence | ~for a licence for software manufacture ~ from a licence from the Per- forming Rights Society

e PHRASES the holder of a licence

lid noun 1 removable top

e ADJ airtight, close-fitting, sealed, tight-fitting, tight Choose a dish with a tight-fitting lid | hinged | box, case, coffin, dustbin, piano, saucepan, etc

e VERB + LID lift, open, prise off, raise, remove, take off She lifted the lid af the box o We managed to prise off the lid with a tyre lever | close, put down, put on, replace, screw down, screw on, shut I poured some water and screwed the lid back on the bottle o The coffin lid had been screwed down | keep on Keep the lid on the pan until

the liquid comes ta the boil

e@ PREP on the~ His name was on the lid

2 lids eyelids

e ADJ closed, drooping, half-closed, half-open, heavy, hooded, lowered, narrowed She felt the tears burning against her closed lids

e VERB + LIDS close, lower She saw James walk in and hastily lowered her lids | lift, open She lifted her lids and found him looking at her

e LIDS + VERB droop Heavy lids drooped over her eyes

e PREP behind ~ She could still see the light flickering

behind her closed lids beneath ~ Sheglanced at him oc-

casionally from beneaik lowered lids through .~ He

was watching her through hooded lids

lie noun

e ADJ big, monstrous, (whopping) great He told a whapping great lie! | \lttle | complete, downright, outright That's a downright lie! | whlte A little white lie is surely excusable | deliberate | barefaced, blatant, obvious, transparent | elaborate a web of elaborate lies e VERB + LIE tell(sb) | believe, swallow How could she swallaw such a blatant lie? | live He lived a lie for thirty years, pretending to be the faithful husband of two different women living in two different towns

e LIE + NOUN detector

e PHRASES a pack/tissue/web of lies

lie verb

1 be in a flat position

e ADV down He was lying down on the bed e PREP on She layon her stomach

e PHRASES lie asleep/awake J used to lie awake al night worrying about it lie face down/prostrate /ying face down in the mud lie flat lying flat on the floor lie motion- less/still Lie still while I put the bandage on lie sprawled She lay sprawled on the sofa

2 say sth that is not true

e ADV convincingly He was unable to lie convincingly |

easily

e PREP about She lied about her age to Don’t lie to me

lieutenant noun

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life 462

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1 living things

e ADJ intelllgent Js there intelligent lifeon other planets? | anlmai, bird, human, insect, marine, plant

e LIFE + NOUN form | cycle 2 existence

crash claimed 43 lives o His foolishness almost cost him

his life o She took her own life | start (figurative) The res- teurant started lifeas a cinema

@ LIFE + VERB be lost No lives were lost in the accident e LIFE + NOUN assurance, insurance

e PHRASES anattempton sb’s life There have been three attempts on the president's life in fear for/of your life Wit- nesses are living in fear for their life after giving evidence against the gang life after death Do you believe in life after death? loss of life The plane crashed with heavy loss of life a matter of life and death (figurative) These taiks cre a matter of life and death for the factory the right to life anti-cbortionists campaigning for the right to life signs of life The driver showed no signs of life

3 period between birth and death

e VERB + LIFE go through, live, spend She went through life always wanting what she couldn't get o He spent his whole life in Cornwall | end He ended his life a

happy man | shorten | prolong | dedicate, devote He

devoted his life to the education of deaf children

e LIFE + NOUN history, story | membership | impris-

onment, sentence | expectancy, span (also lifespan) Japanese people have a very high life expectancy o the lifespan of a mouse

e PREP for~ She thought marriage should be for life in your ~ for the first time in her life throughout your ~ Throughout her life she was dogged by loneliness e PHRASES all your life Pue known her all my life at sb’s time of life Az his time of life he should be starting to take

things easy the end of your life Her paintings became more obscure towards the end of her life tate in life She dis-

covered jazz quite late in life the of your life J had the Fright of my life when I saw the snake in my bed o He met the love of his life at college a phase/stage in/of (your) life She sensed she was entering a new phase in her life the prime of life You’re still in the prime of life the remaln- der/rast of your life He'll be haunted by the crash for the rest of his life

4 activity in the world

e ADJ daily, day-to-day, everyday | real a real-life drama | modern | personal, private She did not tolerate

press intrusion into her private life | inner Only his wife

had access to his inner life | family, married ] social | love, sex | public His fame was so sudden that he was un-

prepared for public life | academic, business, cultural, econoniic, intellactual, political, professional, school | night (also nightlife) What's the nightlife like in the town? | city, village, etc

e VERB + LIFE build, rebuild He built his whole life around his children o She is still rebuilding her life after

the accident

e PHRASES an attitude to life, an outlook on life, a phil- osophy/view of life ve always had a fairly optimistic outlook on life a love of life He always had a great lave of

life a man/woman in your life There hes only been one

London was his first glimpse of the seamier side of life want sth from/in/out of life They both seem to want the same things oul of life

5 way of living

women

e VERB + LIFE have, lead, live She leads a busy social

life | anjoy | change Learning meditation changed her life | dominate, take over He never let his work dominate

Ais life | ruin He ruined his life through drinking e PHRASES build/make/start a new life They went to Australia to start a new life enjoy/live life to the full He always believed in living life to the full the high life enjoying the high life in the smartest hotels and restaurants of New York live a life of They’re living a life of luxury in the Bahamas a/the pace of life The pace of life is much gentler on the island the quality of life He gave up his high-flying job and now enjoys a better quality of life a way of life She loved the Spanish way of life and immediately felt at home there

6 liveliness

e VERB + LIFE come to The city only comes to life at night | breathe, bring sth to, inject They need some new, younger staff to breathe some life into the company | burst/hum/team with a child bursting with life e PHRASES full of life Zt’s nice to see an old man still so full of life

lifeboat noun

e ADJ inshore, offshore

e VERB + LIFEBOAT get into, man, take to The crew

took to the lifeboats | call out The lifeboat was called out

Jive times in the January storms | taunch

e LIFEBOAT + VERB bestationed The lifeboat is sta- tioned just along the coast from here

e LIFEBOAT + NOUN service | crew | house, shed, station

@ PREP aboard/on board a/the~ two survivors on board the lifeboat in/on a/the~ There was only room for ten people in the lifeboat

lifeless aaj 1dead

e VERBS appear, be, lie, look She lay lifeless in the snow e ADV completely | almost, nearly His body was limp and almost lifeless | apparently, seemingly She ley there, apparently lifeless

2 without living things

e VERBS be

e ADV completely a time when they earth was completely lifeless

3 dull/without interest

@ VERBS be,seem | become

e ADV completely | rather The acting was dull and ra-

ther lifeless

lifeline noun 1rope

e VERB + LIFELINE throw sb | catch, cling to He clung

to the lifeline and the woman pulled him towards the bank 2important help

e ADJ real, vital Visits from loved ones are a vital lifeline for prisoners | financlal The state pension is their finan-

cial lifeline

e VERB + LIFELINE give sb, hold out, offer (sb), pro-

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463 light

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expected victory, the club now has a lifeline

lifestyle noun

® PHRASES achange in lifestyle lifetime noun

e ADJ lang wisdom gained in the course of a long lifetime | short A lifetime is too short for all the great books there are! | entire, whole

e VERB + LIFETIME devote, spend He devoted a lifetime to working with disabled children | take (sb) It took a whole lifetime to solve the mystery of her father’s disap- pearance | last(sb) This watch should last you a lifetime

| seem (like) Zt seems a lifetime since we first met e LIFETIME + NOUN achievement The veteran director won a lifetime achievement award | employment, income Payments are based on expected lifetime income | lifetime’s experience, lifetime’s work

@ PREP after a~ After a lifetime as a journalist in the troublespots of the world, he retired to the country during your ~ Pve seen many changes during my lifetime in your~ The artist was little known in his lifetime of a~ It was the holiday of a lifetime! | ~in She spent a lifetime in Politics ~ of a lifetime of problems

@ PHRASES the habits of a lifetime Zt’s hard to break the habits of a lifetime halt a lifetime, a legend in your own lifetime Herbert von Karajan was a legend in his own lifetime a lifetime ago/away University seems a half a lifetime away once in a lifetime That sort of thing happens only once in a lifetime

lift noun

i machine for taking people/goods up and down

e ADJ private, service The hotel has a private lift link- ing it to the beach | baggage, goods, passenger, wheel- chair | electric, hydraulic | basket, chair, gondola | ski ® VERB + LIFT go down in, go up in/on, take We took the lift down to the ground floor | operate

e LIFT + VERB serve sth The lift serves the top four Jloors of the building | arrive

® LIFT + NOUN button | doors | shaft | attendant |

pass You’ ll need your lift pass for the ski lifts

2 free ride in a car, etc

e ADJ free

® VERB + LIFT ask for, cadge, hitch, thumb We stood

by the roadside and thumbed a lift | give sb, offer sb |

accept Don’t accept lifts from strangers

e PHRASES alift back/home He offered usa lift home

3 feeling of increased happiness/excitement

e VERB + LIFT give sb | get

lift verb

1 raise/move sb/sth

e ADV almost, half Her hugged her, almost lifting her off

Ihe ground | fractionally, a little, slightly | slowly |

sharply Her head lifted sharply | carefully, gently, gin- gerly Carefully lift the cake off the tray and cool on a wire rack | bedily She was lifted bodily aboard by two sailors | back, down, out, up She lifted back the sheet

® VERB + LIFT can/could barely/hardly The box was so

e PREP above He stood, legs apart, arms lifted above his

head down She leaned on him and he half lifted her down

the stairs trom He felt as if an enormous weight had been lifted from his shoulders inte The heavy beams were lifted into place off She lifted the book up off the table out ot He lifted the baby out of its cot over She lifted the child over the fence to Juliet nodded, lifting her face to David's

2remove a law/rule

® ADV completely | partially The police managed to re- store calm and the curfew was partially lifted

e VERB + LIFT agree to, decide to, vate to The government decided to lift the ban on arms exports | refuse to

ligament noun

e® ADJ ankle, knee

e VERB + LIGAMENT bruise, pull, rupture, strain, tear e LIGAMENT + NOUN damage, Injury, problem light noun

i brightness

ball in the failing light | gentle, pale, soft, watery |

mellow, warm | cold, cool in the cold light of morning |

early | artificial | natural | infrared, ultraviolet film that

is sensitive to ultraviolet light | visible

® QUANT beam, ray | burst, flash, gleam, glimmer There was a flash of light followed by an explosion | patch, pool

e VERB + LIGHT have Have you got enough light for

reading? | generate, produce | cast, emit, give (out), provide, shed light emitted by a star | be bathed in | be

sensitive to

e LIGHT + VERB gleam, glow, shine | come, fall, pour

Light from a tall lamp fell in a pool on the desk | reflect

The light reflecting off the snow was dazzling | grow stronger, increase | fade, fail, thicken [| blind sb, daz- zle sb We were momentarily blinded by the light of the sun

| catch sth You could see the imperfections in the repair

when the light caught it

® LIGHT + NOUN level | source | beam

e PREP against the~ She held up the letter against the light by the ~of They managed to see where the door was by the light of the moon inte the ~ Bring it into the light and we'll have alookatit in the~ The place looked calm in the golden evening light | ~ from the light from the kitchen window

« PHRASES (at) the speed of light Nothing can travel faster than the speed of light a point of light, a source of

light The lamp was the only source of light in the room

2 sth that produces light

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SimpởØ PDP" Nteruefiad Split UnregistdB AFEIC LIGHT

light verd

1 make sth begin to burn

e VERB + LIGHT attempt to, try to | pause to, stop to She paused to light another cigarette

2 (often be lit) give light to sth

1not dark

e VERBS be | become, get, grow /¢ was starting to get light o As soon as it grew light, we got up and dressed e ADV completely, quite We'll set out as soon as it’s completely light | almost It was almost light outside | fairly | enough It was not light enough to see things clearly | still | beautifully The whole house was beautifully lightand airy

2 not weighing much

e VERBS be, feel, seem | become

e ADV exceptionally, extraordinarily, extremely, very wearing only very light clothes | fairly, quite, reason- ably, relatively ] enough The tent is light enough for backpacking and touring | surprisingly

3 not great in amount/degree e VERBS be

e ADV very | comparatively, fairly, quite, relatively The traffic is usually fairly light in the afternoons

light bulb noun > See BULB lighter noun

e ADJ cigar, cigarette | butane, gas, petrol | gold e VERB + LIGHTER flick He flicked his lighter but it didn’t catch

e LIGHTER + VERB catch

light-headed adj

e VERBS be, feel | become | make sb The wine had made hima little light-headed

e ADV very | a little, slightly | curiously She felt curiously light-headed

lighting noun

e@ QUANT level

e VERB + LIGHTING have The kitchen hasn’t really got adequate lighting | fit, instal, putin

e LIGHTING + NOUN level | arrangement, scheme, system a typical lighting scheme for a house | effects | engineer lightning noun e ADJ forked, sheet Forked lightning flickered across the sky e QUANT bolt, flash.A bolt of lightning struck the roof of the building

e LIGHTNING + VERB flash, flicker, fork, light sth (up) Lightning flashed outside > Lightning lit up the night sky

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ck by lightning

e LIGHTNING + NOUN bolt, flash | strike Lightning strikes caused scores of fires across the state | speed e PHRASES thunder and lightning

like verb

e ADV enormously, a lot, particularly, really I liked him enormously and was sorry when he left o Ireally like that restaurant | best, better Which story do you like best? | quite, rather | always, never J have always liked Sue and Idon’t intend to stop now

e VERB + LIKE seem to | get to I hope you will get to like our town

e PHRASES be universally liked a man who was universally liked likeable adj ® VERBS be,seem e ADV extremely, immensely, most, very | quite likelihood noun

e@ ADJ every There's every likelihood that she'll be able to help us | greater, Increased | real, strong

e VERB + LIKELIHOOD decrease, minimize, reduce Taking regular exercise reduces the likelihood of a heart attack | increase, maximize, raise | affect This shouldn't affect the likelihood of you getting the job e LIKELIHOOD + VERB grow | diminish

e PREP ~ of Is their any likelihood of our getting our money back?

e PHRASES inall likelihood Jn all likelihood, he'll be fit to play on Saturday

likely aaj

e VERBS appear, be, look, seem

e ADV extremely, highly, very J¢ is highly likely that the Joctory will have toclose | hardly They're hardly likely to get home beforeten | quite

likeness noun

e PREP ~ between I can’t see any likeness between her children ~to

liking noun

e ADJ great | particular, special

e VERB + LIKING have They have little liking for each other | demonstrate, develop | share

e PREP for your~ The weather’s too hot for my liking to your~ The food wasn’t really to my liking | ~for Weshare a liking for Italian cooking

limb noun

e VERB + LIMB amputate

e LIMB + NOUN development, growth lime noun

e ADJ fresh

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limelight noun

e VERB + LIMELIGHT grab, hog, steal She accused her co-star of trying to hog the limelight | enjoy | avoid, shun | share

e PREP into the ~ an ordinary person who was suddenly thrust into the limelight in the ~ She likes being in the limelight out of the ~ The band started touring again after two years out of the limelight

limit noun

prescribed, statutory | recommended

e PREP above a/the~ The level of radioactivity in the soil was found to be above recommended limits at althe~ Iwas almost at the limits of my patience below a/the~ The price Sell below the lower limit © The trees are found only below

a limit of 500 metres beyond a/the ~ Heat levels rose be-

yond the recommended limits o fishing beyond the twelve- mile limit on a/the ~~ islands on the outer limit of the con- tinent over a/the ~ He’d been drinking and was well over the legal limit up to a/the~ You can buy cigarettes up toa limit of 200 per person within a/the ~ They did well within the limits of their knowledge © There was no school within

a limit of ten miles within~s The children can do what

they like, within limits without~ Banks may buy bills of

exchange without limit | ~on There's a limit on the num-

ber of tickets you can buy ~to There’s a limit to what we can do to help

limit vers

e ADV serlously, severely, strictly

e VERB + LIMIT attempt to, seek to, take steps to, try to | be designed to The change in the law was designed to limit the scope for corruption | agree to | serve to, tend to Rigid job descriptions can serve to limit productivity @ PREP to The teaching of history should not be limited to dates and figures

limitation noun 1 limiting of sth

e ADJ important, major, serlous, severe | family | damage an exercise in damage limitation | arms talks on arms limitation | budget, budgetary, financial

e VERB + LIMITATION Impose, place | remove | ac-

cept a limitation of your personal freedom

@ PREP ~on limitations on one’s freedom of action ~ to There should be no limitations to progress in the talks

2 limitations sth that sb cannot do

e ADJ important, major, serious, severe | inherent | physical, technical

e VERB + LIMITATIONS have She has serious limitations as a mother | overcome, transcend Az times his technique seems to transcend the limitations of the piano | know, recognize Please don’t ask me to sing—I know my limitations! | expose, reveal, show The team’s technical

line

@ PREP despite sb’s/sth’s ~ J?’s a useful book despite its limitations

limited adj

e VERBS be,seem | become | remain

e ADV decidedly, distinctly, extremely, highly, really, remarkably, seriously, severely, sharply, strictiy, very Places are strictly limited, so you should apply as soon as

possible | increasingly | a bit, comparatively, fairly,

quite, rather, relatively, somewhat | apparently | inev-

itably | socially The role that women could play was so-

cially limited

e PREP in We’re really limited in what we can do these days to The number of passengers is limited to fifteen

limousine noun

e ADJ big, long | black | gleaming | stretch |

chauffeur-driven, hired | waiting They walked back to the waiting limousine

limp noun

e ADJ pronounced [ slight

e VERB + LIMP walk with | leave sb with The accident had left him witha slight limp

limp verb

e ADV badly, heavily He had hurt his leg and was limp-

ing badly | a little, slightly | along, away, off He limped away from his car

limp adj

® VERBS be, feel, hang, lie, look, seem His arm hung limp at his side © Her hair looked limp and lifeless | become, go, grow Her body suddenly went limp

* ADV very | completely | rather

line noun

1 long thin mark on the surface of sth

ing | contour

e VERB + LINE draw

e LINE + VERB run | divide sth

e PREP ina~ walk ina straight line ¢ PHRASES aline of jatitude/longitude

2 mark like a line on the skin

e ADJ deep Deep lines ran from her nose to her mouth ® VERB + LINE have He has lines on his forehead e LINE + VERB run

3 row of people, things, words on a page, etc

e ADJ long | short | new | continuous e VERB + LINE form

e PREP in (a/the)~ children standing in a line on a/the~ Start each paragraph ona new line

4telephone/electricity wire/connection

@ VERB + LINE hold Hold the line (= Don’t put the re- ceiver down), please

e LINE + VERB be engaged | be/go dead

e PREP down the~ He kept shouting down the line at me on the~ I?’s your mother on the line (= on the telephone) on~ (also online) (= connected to a computer system)

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Si mon nh By Hereiree rece Ppl iret fegisterethay/ fersror a PICS in real life Ẳ ne ng pid MANW e VERB + LINE take Take the Bakerloo line and change

at Piccadilly

e PREP ona/the~ We live on the Northern Line e PHRASES the end of the line

6 lines words spoken by an actor in a play e VERB + LINES Jearn | forget { fluff 7 direction/course of thought/action

e ADJ broad The broad lines of company policy are already laid down | firm, hard, strong, tough | official, party, political

e VERB + LINE adopt, follow, pursue, take | bring sb/sth into The other members of the board must be brought into line

® PREP in~with (= in agreement with), out of~ with not in agreement with) out of line with party policies | ~on the official line on food safety

e PHRASES a line of argument/enquiry/questioning 8 place where an army is fighting

e ADJ battle, firlng, front

® PHRASES behind enemy lines, in/on the front line lined adj 10f skin e VERBS be e ADV deeply, heavily Her deeply lined face was creased into a smile 2 of clothes, etc ® VERBS be

e ADV fully The coat is fully lined

@ PREP with The case was lined with black velvet linen noun

1 fabric

e ADJ fine, pure a fine linen shirt | coarse | Irish ® VERB + LINEN weave (sth from) | spin 2 sheets/tablecloths/underwear, etc

e ADJ clean, fresh | dirty, soiled | crisp, starched | bed, table | household

e VERB + LINEN change Wechange the bed linen oncea week

e LINEN + NOUN basket, cupboard liner noun

e ADJ luxury | ocean, ocean-going, transatiantic | cruise, passenger a job aboard a luxury cruise liner linger verb

e ADV long | faintly The smell of lavender lingered faintly in theroom | still | on The feelings of hurt and re-

sentiment lingered on for years

® PREP on Her eyes lingered on the stranger’s face over They stayed in the restaurant, lingering over coffee linguistics noun

e ADJ contemporary, modern | applied, theoretical | computational, contrastive, descriptive, generative, historical, structural | Saussurean

<> Note at SUBJECT (for verbs and nouns) link noun

missing link in the search for the causes of cancer | tangible a tangible link with the past | business, commercial, communication, cultural, diplomatic, economic, financial, military, political, professional, sporting, trade, etc | family, kinship | air, rail/railway, road, transport | fast, high-speed | computer, modem, radio, satellite, telephone, video

e LINK + VERB connect sth, join sth e LINK + NOUN road

e PREP via a/the~ a programme transmitted via a satellite link | ~ across trade links across the border ~ between The statistics show a clear link between social class and crime ~in The sales manager is regarded as the weak- est link in the chain ~to The driver has a radio link to base ~with the city’s traditional link with opera link verb

@ PREP Into The computers are linked into a network to Scientists have linked the illness to the use of pesticides with the road that links Cairo with Alexandria

lion noun © QUANT pride

e PHRASES alion’s mane lip noun

e VERB + LIP bite, chew He bit his lip nervously, trying not to cry | press together, purse She pursed her lips in disapproval | pout | lick, smack He licked his lips hun- grily | moisten He nervously moistened his lips with his tongue

e LIP + VERB move, part Her lips parted with a cry of fear | quiver, tremble | curl His lips curled contemptu-

ously | pout The firm lips pouted in a sulk | protrude e PREP around/round your ~ He ran his tongue round his lips between your ~ a cigarette between his lips on your ~ There was a slight smile on her lips

lipstick noun

® QUANT dab She pul on a quick dab of lipstick and rushed out

e VERB + LIPSTICK have on, wear | apply, put on | renew, touch up She touched up her lipstick in the mirror | remove, take off, wipe off

e@ LIPSTICK + VERB smudge Her lipstick had smudged and she looked a real mess

liquid noun

e ADJ glutinous, thick, viscous | thin | clear | col-

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Siifộp PT NfErdt°21ft050l†01f6oiŠR?BĐ Version - http:/www.simpopdf.com

® QUANT drop, pool

e VERB + LIQUID empty, pour Empty the liquid into a large bowl | spill | drain (off), pour off, strain (off) Drain off the liquid from the meat into a measuring jug | bail, bring to the boil, simmer | reduce Reduce the liquid by boiling for two minutes | absorb, soak up

@ LIQUID + VERB boil, simmer

¢ LIQUID + NOUN refreshment (informal) After two hours of the meeting we stopped for liquid refreshment | soap | waste unprocessed liguid waste from a nuclear power station

® PHRASES in liquid form The medicine is usually taken in liquid form

liquidation noun

e ADJ compulsory, voluntary

se VERB + LIQUIDATION be forced into, be placed in, be put into, go into The firm may be forced into liquidation

e PREP in~acompany in liquidation liquor noun

e ADJ alcoholic, hard, intoxicating, strong it is an offence to sell intoxicating liquor to anyone under the age of

18

¢ LIQUOR + NOUN licence The restaurant finally ob- tained a liquor licence

list noun

e ADJ long, short | complete, comprehensive, full We arecompiling a full list of all local businesses | alphabet- ical | waiting We’re on the waiting list for membership of the golf club | shopping | mailing | reading For further information, see the reading list at the end of the chapter | guest | cast The play has an impressive cast list | transfer (= in football) The club captain has been put on the transfer list at his own request

e VERB + LIST compile, draw up, make | put sth on Did you put bread on the shopping list?

@ LIST + VERB comprise sth, contain sth a list com- prising all the paintings in the gallery

«PREP In a/the ~ Names of past members are not in- cluded in the list on a/the ~ I can’t see your name on the list | ~ofa list of 200 names

@ PHRASES the bottom/top of a list Variety is near the top of many people’s list of jab requirements high on alist Safety is high on our list of priorities a list of priorities Phoning the bank is top of my list of priorities today listen verb

e ADV attentively, carefully, closely, hard, intentiy Now, listen very carefully to what she says | half Lucy was only half listening to their conversation | patiently, politely, sympathetically We listened politely to his stories | avidly, eagerly, with interest The guests were listening with great interest | gravely, impassively Pym listened impassively until the woman had finished | in silence, quietly They listened to the announcement in silence | anxiously | in awe

® VERB + LISTEN (not) want to, will/Awould (not) No- body will listen to me! o I tried to warn her, but she wouldn’t listen | be prepared to, be willing to | refuse to He refused to listen to her explanation

e PREP for We listened anxiously for the sound of foot- Steps to tistening to the radio

¢ PHRASES listen with half an ear J listened with haifan ear to the conversation at the next table

e ADJ attentive, good, great, sympathetic | radio

literacy noun

e ADJ basic All the children are tested in basic literacy | adult | mass | computer

@ VERB + LITERACY achieve, acquire different methods for acquiring literacy \ develop, promote, teach

e LITERACY + NOUN campaign, programme literate adj

e VERBS be | become

e ADV highly, very Only highly literate people are cap- able of discussing these subjects | fully They are the first fully literate generation in the country | barely, hardly He was uneducated and barely literate | fairly, quite | eco- nomically, musically, politically, technologically (= edu- cated about economics, music, etc.)

@ PREP in Both parents were literate in English @ PHRASES computer literate (= able to use a computer) literature noun

1 written works of art

e ADJ classical, contemporary, modern | great @ QUANT piece, work

® VERB + LITERATURE read, study 2 writing on a particular subject

e ADJ extensive, voluminous | promotional, sales @ QUANT body the growing body of literature on development issues

e PREP ~about J picked up some literature about pensions ~on There's an extensive literature on the subject

litigation noun

e VERB + LITIGATION be/become/get involved in, be engaged in, conduct, engage in | threaten | avoid The payment was made to avoid threatened litigation e LITIGATION + NOUN costs

¢ PREP ~ agalnst He engaged in endless litigation against the media ~ between litigation between private parties ¢ PHRASES the cost of litigation, the risk/threat of litigation litre noun = Note at MEASURE litter noun

e VERB + LITTER drop, leave Please do not leave litter after your picnic | clean up, clear up, pick up

e LITTER + VERB be strewn Litter was strewn ait over the field

e LITTER + NOUN basket, bin | lout The local council has pledged to clamp down on litter louts on the beach live verb

1ina place

e ADV alone | together She disapproves af unmarried couples living together | apart The couple have lived apart for two years

e VERB + LIVE come fo, go to We went to live in London when I was three

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live 468 SimpoaÐDBF ;Mastge¡and›8plitLln¿egisiered,Mersiop sehffB;/Wwwasirapopdkcom place to live 2 be alive

e ADV longer Women live longer than men in general |

forever Who wants to live forever? Idon’t | happily (ever after) All she wanted was to get married and live happily

ever after | amicably, harmoniously, peaceably the need

ta live as harmoniously as possible with everyone else | well Most of the people live very well, with nice houses and plenty to eat | frugally, modestly They lived frugally off a diet of porridge and lentils | vicariously She tried to live vicariously through her children

@ PREP in Many of the people live in poverty and misery through She lived through twa world wars with living

with Aids

e PHRASES (for) as long as you live J shall remember this day for as long as J live learn to live with sth learning ta live with disability live a life of sth He’s now living a life af luxury in Australia live to (be) 80, 90, etc., live to the age of 80, 90, etc She lived to the age af 95, the world we Ilve in teaching children about the world we live in

live adj., adv

e VERBS appear, be, play He appeared live on the Song and Dance Show © Is the show live ar recorded? © The

band have never played this song live before | come ta

sb, go out This programme cames to yau live from the Al- bert Hall o In those days the broadcasts all went aut live | be broadcast, be screened, be shawn, be televised, be transmitted The match will be televised live this evening | be recorded The CD was recorded live at a concert given last year

livelihood noun

e VERB + LIVELIHOOD earn, gain | protect, secure an insurance policy ta secure yaur livelihood in ald age | affect, threaten The new law threatens the livelihoad of thousands af farmers | destroy, take away

e LIVELIHOOD + VERB depend on sth people whose livelihood depends on the forest

® PHRASES ameans/source of livelihood The boat was his main source of livelihaod

liver noun

1 organ in the body

e ADJ enlarged, fatty | donor a nationwide appeal for a donor liver

e LIVER + NOUN cancer, clrrhosis, damage, disease, dysfunction, fallure, injury | cell, enzyme, tissue | function | blopsy, transplant, transplantation e PREP in the~ enzymes in the liver of the~ cirrhosis of the liver to the~ bile acids returning to the liver

2 liver of an animal as food

® VERB + LIVER eat, have | chop | braisa, cook, fry e LIVER + NOUN paté, sausage

e PHRASES chicken/lamb’s/pig’s, etc liver > Special page at FOOD

living noun

e ADJ comfortable, decent, good He makes a good living asa builder | meagre She eked out a meagre living as

an artist’s model

e VERB + LIVING earn, make Her dream was to earn her living as a singer | eke out, scrape (together),

scratch They were forced to scrape a living by selling things on the streets | do sth for He asked what I did for a

living

load noun

e ADJ heavy, light He has a heavy teaching load this

year | full The plane took off with a full load

We're trying to spread the load by employing more staff | drop, dump, shed A lorry has shed its load af wood on the motorway e PREP under its, etc.~ The tables creaked under their heavy load loaded adj 1 carrying a load e VERBS be

e ADV heavily a convoy of heavily loaded lorries | fully a fully loaded truck | lightly

e PREP with The lorry was loaded with crates af beer

2 biased

e VERBS be,seem

e ADV heavily | rather, siightly | emotlonally, ideo- logically, politically Try to avaid politically loaded ierms like ‘nation’

e PREP against The odds were slightly loaded against us in favour of The legislation is heavily loaded in favour of employers

loaf noun

e ADJ fresh, stale |] cut, sliced | brown, white, whole- meal, etc

e VERB + LOAF bake | cut, slice

e LOAF + NOUN tin

e PHRASES aloaf of bread

Joan noun

e ADJ large, massive | long-term, short-term |

interest-free, low-interest | secured, unsecured As it

® LOAN + VERB average sth, total sth loams totalling a

million pounds

e LOAN + NOUN application ] agreement, arrange-

ment, deal [| charges, interest, rate | repayment They were struggling to meet their monthly loan repayments | commitments | facility, service The bank provides personal loan facilities at competitive rates | period The book must be returned by the end of the loan period | shark He ran up massive debts borrowing from loan sharks

@ PREP on~(from) The paintings are en loan from the Wallace Collection ~from a loan from my brother @ PHRASES glve sb/have the loan of sth He’s given us the loan of his car for the weekend security against/for a loan He had to use his house as security for the loan = Special page at BUSINESS

loathing noun

e ADJ absolute, deep, intense

e@ VERB + LOATHING arouse, fill sb with People wha took football toa seriously aroused deep loathing in me | develop, feel, have

@ PREP ~for She felt an intense loathing for her boss ~ of a deep loathing of war

e PHRASES fear and loathing The incident has created

an atmosphere of fear and loathing among the peaple

lobby noun

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469 long

SimHo PE lerge*snd Split Unregisterc‡2ý ersifewtee-hrttps⁄044ý'sittidpdf.com + NOUN group

e PREP, ~against Many groups have together mounted a lobby against cuts in hospitals ~for Villagers have organized a lobby for improved local facilities

lobby verb

e ADV actively, hard | successfully

© PREP against Head teachers have been lobbying hard against education cuts for The group successfully lobbied for changes in the law on behalf of The organization has been set up to lobby the government on behalf of all the people who have lost their pensions

e PHRASES intense/intensive lobbying The decision followed months of intense lobbying of UN officials political lobbying The group achieved its aims after months of political lobbying

locate verb

1 find the position of sb/sth

2 be located be in a place

e ADV centrally The hotel is centrally located between Dam Square and Central Station | conveniently, ideal- ly, strategically | physically Two people can meet in vir- tual reality even if physically located in different contin- ents | abroad

e PREP at, between, close to, in, near, on, outside, within, etc Your accommodation is conveniently located within walking distance of the town centre

location noun

e ADJ exact, precise, specific We still do not know the precise location of the crash | secret, undisclosed [ convenient, ideal, suitable

® VERB + LOCATION show The map shows the exact location of the mine

e PREP at a/the ~ The meeting is taking place at a secret location on~ The film is being made on location in India lock noun 1 fastening device e ADJ Chubb, combination, door, window

® VERB + LOCK fit We had new locks fitted after the burg- lary | break, force, pick | turn He turned the lock and pushed the door open

* PHRASES insert/turn the key in the lock, (keep sb/sth) under lock and key Prisoners are kept under lock and key 24 hours a day

2 small bunch of hair

e ADJ stray She flicked a stray lock of hair off her face | flowing She had long flowing locks and blue eyes

lever, mortise, Yale |

lock verb 1 close with a lock

e ADV carefully He carefully locked the door behind him ® VERB + LOCK forget to

e PHRASES be firmly/sacurely locked, keep sth locked Keep your garage securely locked

2 put sb/sth inside sth that is locked

e ADV away, in, up / was terrified they would lock me up again

e PREP inJ/ locked myselfin the bathroom

were sofely locked away locust noun

® QUANT plague, swarm

e LOCUST + NOUN swarm

log noun 1 wood

e ADJ cut, sawn a pile of sawn logs | fallen The road was blocked by fallen logs | blazing, burning

e VERB + LOG chop, saw, split

e LOG + VERB blaze, burn, crackle logs crackling in the Fireplace

e LOG + NOUN cabin | fire 2 written record

e ADJ detailed | captain’s, ship’s

@ VERB + LOG keep She kept a log of their voyage e LOG + NOUN book

logic noun

1 system of reasoning

e ADJ formal | deductive, inductive

e VERB + LOGIC apply, use Philosophers use logic to prove their arguments

2 use of reason

e ADJ compelling, exquisite, impeccable, inexorable There is a compelling logic to his main theory | strict | internal, underlying | commercial, economlc, political, scientific There is sound commercial logic in never giving credit to retailers

e VERB + LOGIC accept, follow, understand J can’t follow the logic of what you are saying | defy It’s a stupid decision that completely defies logic | apply, use You can’t use the same logic in dealing with children

logical aj

e VERBS be,seem, sound it all sounds quite logical e ADV eminently, extremely, highly, very | absolutely, completely, entirely, perfectly, quite His arguments seemed perfectly logical | purely The issue here is purely logical: it has nothing to do with ethics | hardly logo noun

e ADJ distinctive The company has a distinctive logo that makes it well known | company, corporate e VERB + LOGO bear, carry, display, feature The diary JSeatures the organization’s distinctive new logo | unveil

The new logo was unveiled in a blaze of publicity @ PREP ~for the logo for the World Cup loneliness noun

e ADJ aching, great, intense, terrible, utter | personal e VERB + LONELINESS experience, feel, suffer He ex- berienced terrible loneliness after the loss of his wife e PHRASES a feeling/sense of loneliness lonely adj

e¢ VERBS be, feel, look, seem | become, get

e ADV desperately, extremely, terribly, unbearably, very She was desperately lonely at school | a bit, a little, pretty, rather | oddly She felt oddly lonely without her books

long verb

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long 470 abroad e PREP for He hated the city and longed for the mountains long adj

e VERBS he,look,seem That dress looks a bit long to me e ADV really, very | extra Economy class can be uncom- fortable for those with extra-long legs | a bit, fairly, quite, rather His journey to work is quite long | enough Are you sure two hours will be long enough?

longing nour

e ADJ deep, desperate, great, intense, overwhelming, passionate, terrible, wild She had a desperate longing to go back | sudden | hopeiess | nostalgic, wistful a wistful longing for the past | physical, sexual

e VERB + LONGING be filled with, be full of, feel, have He feltan overwhelming longing to hear her voice again e PREP ~for his intense longing for privacy

longitude noun

e ADJ calculate, determine

@ PREP at(a)~ The town is at longitude 28° west e PHRASES aline of longitude This line of longitude cuts through the jungle

long-lived adj e VERBS be

e ADV extremely, remarkably, unusually, very Sore of these creatures are remarkably long-lived

loo noun e ADJ public women’s

e VERB + LOO go to, use Can I use your loo? | be desperate for, need We got stuck in a traffic jam and I was desperate for the ioo | flush, flush sth down He flushed the letter down the loo

e LOO + NOUN paper, roll e PREP in the~, on the~

| outside | gents’, ladies’, men’s,

look noun

1 act of looking at/considering sth

e ADJ little | brief, cursory, quick | leisurely | careful, close Take a closer look at it | furtive [had a furtive look in her bag when her back was turned | overall We need to take an overall look at the situation | nostalgic The book takes a nostaigic look at the golden age of the railway | critical, hard, honest, radica!, realistic, serious, uncompromising You should take a long, hard look at your reasons for wanting to join the army | humorous, light-hearted The book takes a humorous look at parent- hood | fresh I think it’s time to take a fresh iook at our sales techniques

e VERB + LOOK have, take | get Did you get a iook at his new car? | sneak, steal

e PREP ~at I managed to steal a look at the exam paper ~in/into She couldn’t resist a quick look in the mirror ~ out of Have a look out of the window and see who’s at the door ~through I had a brief look through the report before the meeting ~ towards The book concludes with a look towards the future

e PHRASES without a backward look She waiked out of the door without a backward look

2 exploring/looking for sth e ADJ good | little, quick e VERB + LOOK have

e PREP ~around/round We had a good look around the

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for websites on Egyptian music, but didn’t find anything 3 expression on sb’s face

e VERB + LOOK have | cast (sb), dart (sb), give (sb), shoot (sb), throw (sb) | get Jgot a black look from Amy | exchange They exchanged meaningful looks

e PREP ~from A withering look from his wife silenced him ~ of He darted her a look of contempt

e PHRASES a look in sb’s eyes/on sb’s face She had a puzzled look in her eyes © He opened the door with a scornful look on his face take that ( ) look off your face Take that smug look off your face before Islap you! 4sb/sth’s appearance

e ADJ overall the overail look of the house | professional Use high-quality paper to give your CV a more professional look | youthful

e VERB + LOOK have | like I didn’t like the look of the salad so I didn’t touch it

e PREP by/from the ~ of sb/sth Joe isn’t getting much sleep from the look of him © By the looks of it, someone’s already staying in this room | ~ about He stiil had a youthful look about him ~of a fabric with the look of siik 5 looks sb’s attractiveness

e ADJ good | striking | classic He had classic good looks | boyish, clean-cut, youthtul | craggy

e VERB + LOOKS have | lose She’s lost her looks 6 fashion/style

e ADJ latest, new | casual | classic | sophisticated | individual

e VERB + LOOK have | give sb/sth They’ve given the place a completely new look this year

e LOOK + VERB be/come back in (fashion), go out (of fashion) The classic look never goes out of fashion look verb

1 turn your eyes in a particular direction

e VERB + LOOK turn to He turned to look as she came down the stairs | let sb ‘It’s beautiful! ‘Oh! Let me look? e PREP at What are you looking at? towards She looked towards the door

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sugar in the cupboard

2seem/appear

@ VERB + LOOK make sb/sth You made me look a complete fool!

e PREP like an animal that looked like a large hedgehog to It looks to me as if the company is in real trouble @ PHRASES look as if/as though

loop noun

e ADJ continuous, endless

@ VERB + LOOP form, make Lay the two ends of string so they make a loop over each other

@ PREP in a/the~ The audio tape runs in a continuous loop lasting thirty minutes through a/the ~ Put the other end of the string through the loop

loophole noun

e ADJ legal, security, tax

® VERB + LOOPHOLE find | exploit, use People who don’t want to pay tax will exploit any loophole | close, plug, tighten a law designed to close any loopholes in tax @ LOOPHOLE + VERB allow sb/sth, enable sb/sth a loophole enabling workers to take unnecessary sick leave e PREP ~ina loophole in the regulations

loose adj 1 not firmly fixed

¢ VERBS be, feel, seem One of the bricks feels slightly loose | come, shake, work The top of the tap has come loose © A screw had worked loose from the door handle | prise sth

e ADV 2 bit, rather, slightly 2not tied back

® VERBS be, hang Her hair hung laase about her shoulders | leave sth, wear sth ShallI wear my hair loose?

3 not shut in or tied up

® VERBS be | cut (figurative), break, get The animals hod broken loose fram their pens © (figurative) The organization broke loose from its sponsors © He felt he had to cut loose from his family | let sth, turn sth Pm going to let the dogs loose

lord noun

e ADJ great, noble | feudal

@ VERB + LORD serve

e LORD + VERB rule sb/sth = Note at PEER

lorry noun

down, container, delivery, gritting refrigerated, tipper

® QUANT convoy

@ VERB + LORRY drive

e LORRY + VERB carry stha refrigerated lorry carrying beer e LORRY + NOUN driver | load lose verb 1not keep e ADV financlally

e VERB + LOSE be going to, be likely to, stand to The company stands to lose financially if this deal falls through | have nothing to You have nothing to lose by

telling the truth | not wantto | cannot/could not afford

to We cannot afford to lose any more senior members of staff | begin to

2be defeated

game that Lazio cannot afford to lose

@ PREP against We lost against Leeds by We lost by five goals to two to The visiting side lost to the home team @ PHRASES win or lose Win or lose, the important thing is toremain calm

PHRASAL VERB

lose out

e ADV financially

@ PREP on Many of the canal children were constantly on the move, and lost out on regular schooling to Our firm lost out to a larger company that could offer a lower price

loser noun

e ADJ good | bad, poor He’s extremely competitive and a bad loser | born | big, main The main loser was the United Left, which lost eight seats | real, ultimate If the teachers go on strike, the children are the ultimate losers e VERB + LOSER back The film company thought they'd backed a loser until the film won an Oscar

loss noun

1 losing of sb/sth

e ADJ appreciable, dramatic, great, major, serious, significant, substantial, tremendous The ship sank with great loss of life o She suffered a significant loss of hearing

after the operation | slight ] total | temporary | per-

manent | sad His death is a sad loss ta all who knew him ] blood, hair, hearing, weight Weight loss can bea sign of a serious illness | job The company is expected to announce 200 job losses

® VERB + LOSS mourn China mourned the loss of a great leader

e PREP ~of loss of appetite o loss af confidence e PHRASES no great loss She wouldn’t be able to attend the lecture, which was no great loss a sense of loss She was filled with an overwhelming sense of loss

2 amount of money lost

e ADJ heavy, huge, massive | slight, small | net | pre-tax | overall, total | economic, financial | trading e VERB + LOSS incur, make, suffer, sustain There’s no way you can make a loss on this deal © The business sus- tained losses of £20 million | cut, minimize He decided to cut his losses and Sell the shares before they sank further | recoup, recover It took the firm five years to recoup its tosses | offset We can offset the loss against next year’s budget | underwrite No bank would be willing to underwrite such a loss

@ PREP at a~ The bookshop was operating at a loss | ~on We made a net loss on the transaction

3 sb/sth lost/killed

e ADJ big, great, heavy, severe The enemy suffered heavy losses

e VERB + LOSS suffer, sustain, take | inflict Fighter plones inflicted heavy losses on the enemy

lost aaj

1 unabie to find the way

® VERBS be | get We got lost in the woods

e ADV completely By this time we were completely lost

2 not knowing what to do

e VERBS be, feel, look, seem J felt lost without my watch ® ADV completely, totally Adina was looking totally lost

| very | a bit, a little, rather She looked rather lost and

lonely, standing in a corner by herself

lot noun 1 whole amount

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e ADJ awful Pve got an awful lot of work to do before I go on holiday @ PHRASES ahell of alota hell of a lot of money 3 empty ground e ADJ empty, vacant He parked his caravan ona vacant lat Jotion noun

e ADJ soothing | body, eye, face, foot, hand, skin | moisturizing, setting, sun/suntan | calamine

e VERB + LOTION apply, dab on, rub in She dabbed calamine lotion on her mosquito bites

lottery noun

e ADJ national, state

e VERB + LOTTERY have, hold We’re having a lottery ta raise money for homeless families | win

e LOTTERY + VERB raise sth The lottery has raised mil- lions of pounds

e LOTTERY + NOUN ticket |] winner | jackpot, prize a £3 million lottery jackpot | funds

e PREP in a/the~ J won my car in a lottery on the~ A couple have scoaped £10 million on the national lottery

loud adj

e VERBS be, sound | turn sth up She turned the radio up loud

e ADV deafeningly, extremely, really, very | pretty, rather | unnaturally Her voice sounded unnaturally loud

e PHRASES loud and clear Tommy's voice came loud and

clear from the back row

loudspeaker noun

e LOUDSPEAKER + VERB broadcast sth Loudspeakers broadcast the foatbail results

e LOUDSPEAKER + NOUN announcement | system e PREP from a/the ~ Christmas songs blared from loudspeakers over a/the ~ We heard the news over the loudspeaker through a/the ~ A woman was addressing the crowd through a loudspeaker

lounge noun

1 room in a house/hotel

e ADJ bar, cocktail, coffee, reception, sun, televl- slon/TV | attractive, comfortable, cosy, elegant, pleasant, spacious | attractively-furnished, comfortably- furnished, etc | communal [ hote! | guest

e¢ LOUNGE + NOUN area, bar e PREP ina/the~ 2 room at an airport e ADJ airport [ arrivals, departure | passenger, VIP e PREP ina/the~ love noun

e ADJ deep, great, overwhelming, passionate er deep lavefor him | genuine, pure, real, true | unconditional |

abiding, eternal, undying He had an abiding love of the

English countryside © You have my undying love | hope- fess, unrequited a sad tale of unrequited love | thwarted a play about thwarted love | mutual | free They were into free love and avoided commitment | first I like mast sports but tennis is my first love | brotherly, maternal, parental, sisterly | courtly, platonic, romantic the cult of courtly love in twelfth-century Aquitaine | erotic, phy-

sical, sexual! | heterosexual, homosexual, lesbian | redemptive | divine, human

e VERB + LOVE feel, have She felt no love for him o He had a great love of life | search for, seek | find AZ last she had found true love \ express, show | declare, pro-

promise ‘You promised me lave!’ he cried despairingly | return He didn’t return her love | share They share a lave af music | give sb, send (sb) Bob sends his love | be in, fall in He fell in love with one of his students | fall out of | make (= have sex) Jt was the first time they had made lave © He wanted ta make lave ta her

e LOVE + NOUN affair | life | letter | scene, song,

story

e PREP for/out of ~ [did it for love! in~ We are very much in love, | ~ between the lave between parent and child ~for He did not know how to express his love for her ~ af She had a great love of painting

@ PHRASES an act of love, deeply/madly/passlonately in love J was madly in love with her desperately/hope- lessly in love, head over heels in love, love at first sight Do you believe in love at first sight? the love of sb’s life She was the lave af his life

love verb

e ADV dearly, deeply, passionately, really, tenderly,

very much He loved his wife dearly | unconditionally He

wanted to be unconditionally loved

lovely adj

e VERBS be, feel, look, sound The cool water felt lovely after being in the hot sun © Your idea of a day on the beach sounds lovely

e ADV breathtakingly, particularly, really, very She

looked really lovely in the blue dress | absolutely, per-

fectly, quite, utterly, wholly Se’s got an absolutely lovely face | rather | hauntingly a hauntingly lovely melody

lover noun

e ADJ good, great, passionate | jilted, rejected She was shot by her jilted tover | unfaithful | long-time They’re colleagues as well as being long-time lovers |

live-in | secret

e VERB + LOVER be, become They became lovers when her husband first went abroad | have, take It was cam- mon for upper-class women to take lavers

low noun

e ADJ all-time, new, record The pound has hit a new low against the dollar

e VERB + LOW fall to, hit, reach, sink to e@ PREP ata~ Morale is atan all-time low

@ PHRASES highs and lows He had experienced all the highs and lows of an actor’s life

low adj

1 not far above the ground

e VERBS be, look, seem The windows look very low ta

me

e ADV extremely, very The river was extremely low for winter | a bit, fairly, quite, rather

2small in degree/amount

e VERBS be, look, seem | become, get, run Our stocks

of food were getting low © Supplies ran low | remain,

stay | keep sth The government wants to keep taxes low e ADV extremely, very The failure rate is extremely low | comparatively, fairly, quite, rather, relatively e PREP in This dish is very low in fat

lower verb

e ADV carefully, gently | slowly | hastily, quickly CAris-

tina blushed and hastily lowered her eyes | down

e PREP into She lowered herself into the driver's seat

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e VERBS be, seem | keep sth We want to keep the whole affair as low-key as possible

e ADV extremely, very The wedding was a very low-key affair | fairly, quite, rather, relatively We have a fairly low-key approach ta discipline | deliberately

loyal adj

¢ VERBS be, remain, stay

e ADV extremely, fiercely, intensely, very a fiercely loyal friend | absolutely, completely, entirely, totally, unfailingly, utterly | apparently

e PREP to The troops remained loyal to the president loyalty noun

e ADJ absolute, complete, total, undivided, unswerving He showed unswerving loyalty to his friends | fierce, great, intense, strong, tremendous | conflicting, divided Rows with one’s in-laws aften create divided layalties | primary, prime His prime loyalty was to his family | family, filial, group, personal, tribal | local, national, regional | religious | party, political | brand, customer e VERB + LOYALTY command, inspire, win He inspires great loyalty from all his employees | feel, have | display, express, prove, show | pledge, swear They pledged their loyalty ta the king | transfer Same party members found it hard ta transfer their loyalty to the new leader | expect

e LOYALTY + VERB be, lie, remain His loyalties lay with people from the same backgraund as himself

e LOYALTY + NOUN oath

e PREP out of~ She stayed on at the schaal aut af loyalty taher students | ~among The village is the abject of fierce loyalty among its inhabitants ~for Mass advertising cre- ates brand layalty far a product ~ from The campany ex- pects layalty fram its employees ~to men whose loyalty is lo their political careers ~ towards The team members felt tremendaus loyalty towards one another

e PHRASES a confilct of loyalties, an oath/a pledge of loyalty, a sense of loyalty

luck noun

e ADJ better, good | pure, sheer /¢ was sheer luck that we met like that | bad, ill, rotten, tough Jt was rotien luck to be ill an the day of the interview

e QUANT piece, stroke By a stroke of luck I came across it in a local bookshap

e VERB + LUCK bring (sb), give sb This ring has always braught me gaad luck try I decided ta try my luck at the raulette wheel

e LUCK + VERB run out It looks as thaugh aur luck’s finally run aut | hold If aur luck holds, we shauld win | improve, turn He went an gambling, sure his luck was about ta turn

e PREP by ~ By ill luck, my flight had been cancelled for~ I always carry it with me, just for luck in~ You're in luck—there ore just two tickets left out of ~ I had hoped there would be another train, but I was aut af luck with~ With luck, we'll get there befare it clases

@ PHRASES beginner's luck I don’t know why I did so well — it must be beginner’s luck better luck next time Jf yau didn’t win a prize, better luck next time can’t believe

your luck He couldn't believe his luck when the other can- didate for the jab withdrew just my luck Just my luck ta get the broken chair!

lucky adj

¢ VERBS be | get, strike (it) (both informal) hoping that some day she'll get lucky and win the jackpat | consider/count/think youself He considered himself lucky to have had the opportunity

ably, terribly, very She is incredibly lucky to be alive | a bit, fairly, pretty, quite We've been pretty lucky so far @ PREP for Jt was lucky for yau that na ane saw yau with We certainly struck it lucky with the weather

lucrative adj ¢ VERBS be, prove

e ADV extremely, highly, very | fairly, quite, rather | potentially | commercially a commercially lucrative ven- ture

ludicrous adj

e VERBS appear, be, look, seem, sound | become e ADV absolutely, perfectly, quite, simply, utterly The whale idea is absalutely ludicraus! | almost The plot was so simple, it was almost ludicrous | faintly, rather

luggage noun

e ADJ heavy | hand

e QUANT Item, piece You are only allawed one piece af hand luggage

e VERB + LUGGAGE carry | claim, collect | check in They like you to check your luggage in an hour before the Slight | load, pack, unload She packed all the luggage

inta the boot of the car

e LUGGAGE + NOUN compartment, locker | rack | trolley, van | label

e PREP in your~ J always carry a first-aid kit in my luggage

lukewarm adj e VERBS be, feel, seem e ADV decidedly, distinctly

@® PREP about She was distinctly lukewarm abaut my idea

lull noun

e ADJ brief, temporary | sudden

e PREP during a/the~ They crossed the road during a lull in the traffic | ~ina brief lull in the fighting luminous adj

¢ VERBS be

e ADV highly, very | almost The colours were bright, almost luminous | faintly, slightly

lump noun

e ADJ big, enormous, great, huge, large a great lump af cheese | heavy, solid a heavy lump of clay | small Stir the sauce ta remove any smalllumps | painful He’s developed a painful lump on his neck | breast She’s just had a breast lump remaved

@ VERB + LUMP have | feel She felt a lump in her breast

e LUMP + VERB form lunatic noun

e ADJ complete, raving | dangerous | criminal @ LUNATIC + NOUN asylum

lunch noun

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ary | boozy, liquid (= consisting only of alcoholic drinks)

e PHRASES a spot of lunch Come and have a spot of lunch with me

=> Note at MEAL (for verbs) luncheon zoun

e ADJ buffet | annual | anniversary, charity, literary e VERB + LUNCHEON have ] attend |] served (= it is ready now) | give The anniversary was marked by a luncheon given in the town hail

e LUNCHEON + NOUN room, table | menu | party | engagement

e PREP at~ They met at a literary luncheon during ~, for~, over~

lung noun

e ADJ collapsed, punctured

e VERB + LUNG fill, refill Zopened the window and filled my lungs with cool fresh air | clear, empty Coughing clears the lungs of mucus | block, choke, clog The stnoke was beginning to choke her lungs | enter Water had entered his lungs and he was choking | puncture e LUNG + VERB heave | fill I let my lungs fill with the scented air | collapse ] burst (figurative) Lungs bursting, She flew across the finish line

e LUNG + NOUN capacity, power | cancer, complaint, condition, disease, infection, problems, tumour | surface, tissue | functlon | transplant

e PREP in the~ levels of carbon dioxide in the lungs Into the ~ These particles are breathed into the lungs on the~ He had blood clots on the lung

lunge noun

e ADJ quick, sudden | despairing, desperate He Skipped past the defender’s despairing lunge

e VERB + LUNGE make

® PHRASES ~at The burglar made a lunge at him with a knife ~for The boy made a sudden lunge for his wallet.~to a lunge to one side~towards a lunge towards the door lurch noun

e ADJ little | sickening, sudden, violent

e VERB + LURCH give Her heart gave a little lurch when she saw him | feel John felt a lurch of dismay

e PREP with a~ The train stopped with a lurch | ~into Starting her own business wasa lurch into the unknown Jurch verb

e ADV violently Suddenly the train lurched violently | slightly |] backwards, forward, sideways She gave a little cry and lurched forwards

e PREP along The coach lurched along the mountain road into A man lurched into her office towards He lurched towards the door

e PHRASES Iurch to your feet The drunk lurched to his Jeet and tried to follow us

lure noun

e ADJ irresistible, strong

bright lights | feel He felt the lure of distant places Just noun

1 sexual desire

e ADJ naked, pure a relationship based on pure lust | carnal, fleshly, physical, sexual

e VERB + LUST be consumed with, feel She felt no lust whatsoever for him | sate, satisfy He used her just to sate his lust

2 strong desire for sth

e ADJ blood The ogredemanded the annual sacrifice of a young village lass to satisfy his blood lust

e VERB + LUST be driven by, have | satisfy @ PREP ~for She was driven by a lust for power e PHRASES alust for life

luxurious adj

e VERBS be, feel, look, seem The car felt luxurious e ADV extremely, positively, very, wonderfully Camp- ing these days can be positively luxurious | almost | quite

luxury noun

1 comfort and pleasure

e ADJ great, pure, sheer Jt was sheer luxury to step into a hot bath | ultimate the ultimate luxury of a sauna in your own home

@ QUANT touch Silk sheets added the final touch of luxury

e VERB + LUXURY enjoy enjoying the luxury of an expensive bottle of wine | afford We can’t afford such luxury

| live in

e LUXURY + NOUN hotel | car, coach, liner, yacht | cruise | apartment, flat, home

@ PREP in~ brought up in luxury

e PHRASES (live) a life of luxury f found out that he wasn’t dead, but living a life of luxury in Australia 2sth expensive and unnecessary

e ADJ expensive | little, simple, small ove of life’s little luxuries | unnecessary

e VERB + LUXURY afford We can’t afford luxuries | enjoy, have, indulge In | do without | miss He missed the simple luxuries of life, like regular meals

e LUXURY + NOUN goods, items

e PHRASES have every luxury She’s had every luxury in life

lyrical aqj

e VERBS be, feel | become, wax He waxed lyrical about the variety of fish in the river

e ADV intensely, very There are some intensely lyrical passages in his first symphony | almost She wrote an almost lyrical account of her childhood | quite

lyrics noun

e ADJ song

e VERB + LYRICS write | set Strauss set several of Mac- kay’s lyrics to music

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machine noun madness noun

1 piece of equipment e ADJ absolute, pure, sheer, utter It’s sheer madness to e ADJ great, huge, large, powerful | automatic, elec-

tronic | labour-saving | ingenious, versatile | sophis-

ticated | reliable | defective | cash, coffee, exercise, fax, sewing, (telephone) answering, vending, video,

washing | kidney, life-support The crash victim is now ona life-support machine

@ MACHINE + VERB go, work Have you got the machine working again? | break down | run The machine runs on solar power

@ MACHINE + NOUN operator | parts | tool

tools for making weapons

® PREP by The potatoes are planted by machine in a/the ~ Just put those clothes in the machine (= the washing machine) on a/the ~ I make my own dresses on my sewing machine | ~for a machine for making coffee e PHRASES a make of machine What make of machine are they using?

2 system/organization

® ADJ party, political The independent candidates did not have the support of a party machine | administrative, government, state | propaganda, publicity | military,

war the president’s propaganda machine

e PHRASES a cog in the machine (figurative) Tired of being a tiny cog in a vast machine, he handed in his resig- nation a well-oiled machine (figurative) The department ran like a well-oiled machine since the reorganization

machine

machinery noun

e ADJ heavy | complex, complicated, elaborate, sophisticated | electrical | agricultural, construction, farm, industrial, manufacturing, office, textile e QUANT piece large and complex pieces of machinery e VERB + MACHINERY maintain, service | install, set up | control, drive, operate | renew, replace, update | house The machinery is housed in a special building

e MACHINERY + VERB drive sth, work sth | break

down | hum

® PREP ~for machinery for grinding wheat e PHRASES the humof machinery

mad adj

1 not sane; crazy/stupid

e VERBS be, look, seem | go He went mad and spent the rest of his life locked up in a mental hospital © The world had gone completely mad | drive sb His experiences in the First World War drove him mad © The children are driving me mad! | consider sb, think sb Her colleagues thought her quite mad | pronounce sb

e ADV absolutely, completely, quite, utterly | barking, (stark) raving What a barking mad idea! © You must be stark raving mad to risk your money like that! | almost | a bit, half, a little, slightly | dangerously

e PREP with J went mad with jov and danced a littlejig

2 angry

e VERBS be, feel, look | get J get so mad when people

don’i take me seriously | make sb It makes me really mad

when people waste food

® ADV hopping, really | absolutely | pretty e PREP at/with My mum’s absolutely mad with me!

go sailing in weather like this

e PHRASES the first slgn of madness They say that talking to yourself is the first sign of madness! a moment of madness In a moment of madness, Isaid I'd help him

magazine noun

flight | popular | quality | special interest, specialist |

teen/teenage, women’s | business, trade | listings Check a listings magazine for what's on this weekend | computer, consumer, fashion, gardening, literary, motoring, music, news, satirical, style, travel | girlie, (hard/soft) porn, porno/pornographic, sex

@ QUANT copy Why did you buy three copies of the same magazine? | edition, issue

e VERB + MAGAZINE leaf through, look at, read Jea/-

ing through the magazines in the waiting room © I never read magazines | edit, write for | produce, publish a company that produces fashion magazines | buy, get, subscribe to Which magazines do you get regularly? ® MAGAZINE + VERB come out The magazine comes out once a month | be aimed at sb a magazine aimed at

mothers with young children | be devoted to sth a mago-

zine devoted to country life | carry sth, feature sth, run sth The magazine carried an interview with the actor considered Hollywood's hottest property

e MAGAZINE + NOUN article, interview, story, survey | ad/advert/advertisement | cover | editor, writer e PREP ina/the~ a7 article ina women’s magazine

magic noun

1 secret power e ADJ black

e VERB + MAGIC do, practlse He earns extra money doing magic at children’s parties o People found guilty of practising black magic were hanged | believe in I don’t believe in magic | work

e@ MAGIC + VERB work The magic slowly begins to work, and the princess starts to come to life again

e PREP by~ Therabbit disappeared by magic e PHRASES asif by magic The money had reappecred as if by magic 2 special quality e ADJ absolute, pure, sheer The show is three hours of puremogic e QUANT touch The fireworks brought a touch of magic to the occasion

e VERB + MAGIC work A hot bath and a good night's sleep worked their usual magic

magical adj

e ADV truly, very a truly magical experience | quite, totally | almost Her beauty had an almost magical quality,

magistrate noun

e ADJ examining, investigating, licensing | chief, se-

nior | city, local, town

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magnet 476

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magistrates in connection with a public order offence @ MAGISTRATE + VERB hear sth A thief who stole power tools from a store later sold them in a pub, Whitby magistrates heard yesterday | fine sb | remand sb in custody | sentence sb | adjourn sth Magistrates ad- Journed the case until June 9

e PHRASES magistrates’ court magnet noun

e ADJ powerful, strong | weak | bar | fridge e VERB + MAGNET act as/like The scent of flowers acts asa magnet to bees

@® MAGNET + VERB attract sth

@ PREP ~for The place is a magnet for tourists

magnetism noun

e ADJ sheer, strong | animal, personal, sexual | the earth’s, terrestrial changes in the earth’s magnetism e VERB + MAGNETISM exert, exude, project He exudes a strong sexual magnetism

@ MAGNETISM + VERB attract sth, draw sth The magnetism produced by the battery attracts the metal o His Personal magnetism drew people to the church

magnificent adj @ VERBS be, look

« ADV really, truly | absolutely, quite an absolutely magnificent performance | rather

magnify verb

e ADV greatly, highly, hugely The daring of his exploits had been hugely magnified by constant telling,

e PHRASES magnify sth 10, 100, etc times The picture shows the insect’s head magnlfied ien times

magnitude noun

e ADJ conslderable, great | sufficlent a fall in costs of sufficient magnitude to enable us to reduce prices e PREP in~ The effects were substantial in magnitude e PHRASES of the first magnitude Stars of the first magnitude are visible to the naked eye © a disaster of the first magnitude (by) an order of magnitude Her calculation was out by several orders of magnitude

maid noun

e ADJ dairy, kennel, kitchen, laundry, parlour, scullery | lady's, personal | daily They had a daily maid, but no live-in servants

=> Noteat JOB mail noun

e QUANT item, sackful

e MAIL + VERB come, go Has the mail come yet? e MAIL + NOUN order All our products are available by mail order | message | item | program | system

isin the mail > Is there anything interesting in the mail? mail verb

e ADV direct

e PREP to The brochures are mailed direct to members mailing list noun

e ADJ free Why not join our free mailing list? e VERB + MAILING LIST go on, join, subscribe to | add sb to, put sb on | come off, unsubscribe from | remove sb from, take sb off

e PREP on a/the~ We’re on the mailing list for the Film Centre | ~for a mailing list for primary teachers main noun

e ADJ gas, water | burst, leakIng There's a burst water main in Quarry Road

e VERB + MAIN lay They’re laying a new gas main through the town

e MAIN + VERB serve sth The main serves four villages | explode, leak

@ MAINS + NOUN electricity, without mains electricity

e PREP at the~s Turn the water off at the mains on the~s Some of the remoter houses in the village are not on the mains

gas, water on island

mainstream noun

e ADJ cultural, educational, political, etc

e PREP in/within the~ He was in the mainstream of Brit- ish contemporary music into the ~ This technology was designed for specialists but is now starting to move into the mainstream out of/outside the ~ He drifted out of the mainstream of society

e PHRASES part of the mainstream This style of drama is not part of the mainstream

maintain verb 1 keep sth at the same level

e PHRASES the duty/need to maintain sth He empha- sized the need to maintain the status quo

2 keep sth in good condition

e ADV properly, well | poorly a poorly maintained central heating system

e VERB + MAINTAIN be difficultto | be easy to e PHRASES be responsible for maintaining sth maintenance noun

1 keeping sth in good condition

e VERB + MAINTENANCE Carry out We carry out rou-

tine maintenance of the equipment | need, require

@ MAINTENANCE + NOUN engineer, crew, man, staff,

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477 man

SITES POE MAYS BAGS MeO NPE gisele Yersion - http://www.simpopdf.com

2 money paid to support sb đ ADJ child

Â VERB + MAINTENANCE pay | claim

@ MAINTENANCE + NOUN payments | arrears He was jailed for failing to pay maintenance arrears

e PREP in~ He pays £1 000.a month in child maintenance major noun

> Note at RANK

majority noun

1 most

® ADJ big, great, huge, overwhelming, substantial, vast | silent The march was by the silent majority who op- pose terrorism

® VERB + MAJORITY comprise, constitute, form, make up English speakers form the majority of the population ® MAJORITY + NOUN culture, group, population | opinion, view | shareholder | stake The French company holds a majority stake in the retail chain

® PREP in the~ Jn the general population, right-handed people are in the majority

@ PHRASES inthe majority of cases In the vast majority of cases, customers get their money back

Zin an election

e VERB + MAJORITY command, have | achieve, gain, get, secure, win They failed to win the requisite two-thirds majority } defend, maintain, retain | lose | overturn | indicate, show

@ MAJORITY + NOUN government, rule | party | decision | vote, voting | support

@ PREP by a~ They won by a huge majority, | ~ against Latest opinion poils have a comfortable majority against the reform ~in a majority in Parliament ~\|n favour of Opinion polls indicated a two-thirds majority in favour of ratification of the treaty ~ over He has a decisive majority over his main rivals

make-up noun

1 cosmetics

e@ ADJ heavy, thick | eye | stage

2 sb’s character

e ADJ genetic, physical, psychological

® PHRASES part of sb’s make-up Jealousy is not part of his make-up

malaria noun e ADJ acute, severe

@ VERB + MALARIA have, suffer from | catch, contract ] carry, transmit Malaria is transmitted by mosqui- toes | treat | eradicate

e MALARIA + NOUN sufferer, victim | parasite | vaccine | control, eradication

= Special page at ILLNESS

e ADJ adult | immature, young | old } dominan dominant male in the herd | large, powerful, strong @ MALE + NOUN hormone | sexuality | chauvinism, chauvinist | identity, role

@ PHRASES the male of the specles The maie of the species has more brightly-coloured feathers than the female male adj

® VERBS be

e ADV entirely, exclusively The club is an exclusively male preserve | largely, mainly, mostly, overwhelmingly, predominantly The workforce is predominantly male | essentially an essentially male Western view of progress | typically | peculiarly He nodded with a peculiarly male satisfaction at her capitulation | traditionally traditionally maie interests

malice noun e ADJ pure, sheer

@ VERB + MALICE bear (sb), feel, have He bore me no malice © She felt no malice > She has no malice in her e PREP out of ~ She sacked him out of sheer matice with/without ~ ‘You're lying,’ he said, without malice | ~towards [ bear no malice towards anybody

malicious adj

® VERBS be

e ADV faintly, rather He gave a faintly malicious smile at her furious expression

malnutrition noun e ADJ severe | chronic | child

@ VERB + MALNUTRITION suffer (from) | die from/of mammal noun

e MAMMAL + NOUN species | prey

e PREP among~s deaths among marine mammals man noun

1 male person

2 human beings

e ADJ early, prehistoric, primitive | Stone Age, etc | Neanderthal, etc

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manage 478

SimasedeDP Merge and Split Unregisteresd Rersrenstnel rt ĐI NYYESittpdpsdf.com 1 succeed in doing sth

e ADV nicely, perfectly/very well Ican manage perfectly well on my own, thank you | successfully | eventually, finally | somehow | financially She was finding it difficult to manage financially

e VERB + MANAGE be able to, can/could Can you manage? | have to We'll just have to manage somehow | be

difficult to | be easy to

@ PREP on Jdon’t know how they manage on only £50 a week without Ican manage without a dishwasher e PHRASES manage on your own

2 control/direct sb/sth

e ADV competently, effectively, efficiently, properly, successfully, well | badly | actively We will actively manage your portfolio to maximize the return on your in-

vestment | sustainably All our tropical timber products

come from sustainably managed sources

e VERB + MANAGE be difficult to The children were very difficult to manage | be easy to | learn (how) to You need to learn how to manage your time effectively

manageable adj

e VERBS be,seem | become

e ADV easily The journey is easily manageablein half an

hour | quite | just (about) The job is just about manageable in the time | relatively

management noun

1 managing sth

nel, staff | production | project, task | hospital, hotel,

e VERB + MANAGEMENT need The project needs

stronger management | be responsible for She is responsible for the day-to-day management of the company @ MANAGEMENT + NOUN company, consultancy, consultant, services | course, studies, training | plan, policy, strategy | expertise, skills | method, philoso-

phy, practice, style, technique

e@ PREP in~ She is now celebrating ten years in management under sb’s~ The club prospered under Ferguson’s management

e PHRASES a board of management, under new management The restaurant is under new management

2managers

e ADJ junior, middle, senior, top

e VERB + MANAGEMENT criticize The unions have criticized management over their handling of the dispute e MANAGEMENT + NOUN board, committee, _ staff, team | meeting | decision | job, position, post, role |

hierarchy, structure | buy-out | level This decision

should be taken ata higher management level e PREP in ~ young people in middle management e PHRASES a layer/level/tier of management

manager noun

1 controls an organization/part of an organization

e ADJ assistant, junior, middle, senior | general | ac-

countable, responsible Each programme is discussed

with the responsible manager © A product manager is responsible for product profitability | bank, business, commercial, corporate | area, branch, departmental, divisional, office, regional | functlonal, operations, personnel, product | advertising, catering, develop-

pathetic manager

e VERB + MANAGER promote sb to He has been pro- moted to business development manager | assist Your job will be to assist the production manager

e@ PREP ~forthe marketing manager for a large company

2 looks after a sports team

e ADJ England, Scotland, etc | team | caretaker He

will be the club’s caretaker manager until a new manager is appointed | beleaguered another disappointing day for the beleaguered England manager

> Note at JOB

mandate zoun

e ADJ popular | clear | legal | presidential | elector-

al It is undemocratic to governan area without an electoral mandate

e VERB + MANDATE have | give sb, issue | seek The party sought a mandate to reform the constitution | get, obtain, receive, win | extend, implement

@ MANDATE + VERB run The mandate ran until 1947 e PREP in your~ He failed in his mandate under a/the~ They ruled the country under a United Nations mandate with a/the ~ The party was elected with a mandate to reduce the size af government without a~ They accused him of acting without a mandate | ~ for She has received a clear mandate for educational reform ~ from a mandate from the United Nations to govern the territory

e PHRASES an extension/a renewal of a mandate mane noun

e ADJ flowing | shaggy,

luxuriant, shining

@ VERB + MANE have | shake, tess She shook her mane of auburn hair © The horse tossed its flowing mane behind it | braid She spent ages braiding her horse’s mane

e MANE + VERB stream The horse’s mane streamed in the wind

@ PREP ~of Hehas amane of white hair

e PHRASES ahorse’s/llon’s mane

tangled, tousled | thick |

manhood noun

e ADJ early, young

e VERB + MANHOOD grow to, reach He grew from ado- lescence to young manhood, | prove It seemed they were fighting to prove their manhood

@ PREP in~ He began to go bald in early manhoad Mania noun

1 extreme enthusiasm for sth

e ADJ gambling, railway, sex, atc e VERB + MANIA have

e PREP ~for She had a mania for fast cars

2 serious mental illness

e ADJ collective The violence of the crawd can onty be explained as a sign of some collective mania \ religious e VERB + MANIA suffer from

e PHRASES astate of mania

maniac noun

e ADJ sex | homicidal | rellgious e PREP like a~ He was driving like a maniac

manifestation noun

e@ ADJ concrete, physical, visible | obvious | public the public manifestation of private grief

e PREP ~In The manifestation of the disease in adults is

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479 manoeuvre

Sint AS PIE Megs Mme split “ỨP ive egl site ied | VAN Sle leasant

manifesto noun

e MANIFESTO + VERB pledge sth, promise sth The manifesto promised reform of the social security system | call for sth, demand sth | contain sth | say sth e MANIFESTO + NOUN commitment, pledge, promise | proposal

e PREP ina/the~ The policy is outlined in the party’ s election manifesto on a/the ~ Labour won the election on this manifesto | ~for a manifesto for reform

manipulate verb

e ADV easily They believe that voters can be easily manipulated | successfully | deftly, delicately, skilfully | deliberately, systematically | genetically genetically manipulated organisms

e VERB + MANIPULATE be able to, can | attempt to, try to Children try to manipulate you | be easy to | know how to, learn (how) to She knows how to manipulate the audience,

e PHRASES the ability to manipulate sb/sth

manipulation noun

e ADJ careful, clever, skilful | conscious, cynical, deliberate, systematic | political People think that the in- vestigation was independent, but in fact a lot of political manipulation went on | data, image, text

@ PREP by~ The government has disguised the true situation by clever manipulation of the figures

mankind noun

e VERB + MANKIND save fo save mankind from misery and destruction

@ PHRASES all mankind/the whole of mankind Accord- ing to the Bible, the whole of mankind is descended from Adam benefit to mankind /¢ is doubtful whether this research is of any benefit to mankind the dawn of mankind objects dating back to the dawn of mankind the fate/future of mankind politicians who care about the future of mankind for the benefit of mankind The results of the research were made freely available for ihe benefit of all mankind the history of mankind, known to mankind one of the most toxic subsiances known to mankind manner noun

1 way of doing sth/behaving

e ADJ conventional, customary, normal, standard, time-honoured, traditional, usual | correct You are not approaching the problem in the correct manner | appropriate, satisfactory J did my best to behave in the appropriate manner | prudent, reasonable, responsible, safe, sensible Chemical waste must be disposed of in an environmentaily-responsible manner | efficient, pro- ductive, profitable | logical, methodical, orderly, ra- tional, systematic | consistent, uniform | objective | arbitrary, haphazard Files have been stored in such a haphazard manner that they are impossible to find | professional | constructive, positive The dispute could have been handled in a more constructive manner | non- violent, peaceful | straightforward | suspicious He was behaving in a highly suspicious manner | light- hearted | casual, easy, informal, leisurely, relaxed | formal | calm | off-hand He answered in such an off- hand manner that I wondered if he’d misheard me | con- fident, decisive | dignified | diffident, mild, quiet, shy |

friendly, unpleasant | forthright | brusque, ne | businesslike, no-nonsense His no-nonsense manner gave him the reputation of being a good doctor | authori- tarian, autocratic, high-handed | condescending, dis- missive | authoritative The authoritative manner in which he talked concealed his ignorance | bedside, telephone He’s a good doctor with a sympathetic bedside manner © She has a very pleasant telephone manner e VERB + MANNER have | adopt He tends to adopt a condescending manner when talking to young women | act in She accused the teacher of not acting in a professional manner

e MANNER + VERB change His manner changed ab- ruptly when he heard how much I wanted | conceal sth Her brusque manner concealed a caring nature | suggest sth He was not as loutish as his manner suggested e PREP in a/the~ The inspection was conducted in a thor- oughly professional manner: in the ~ of He lectured us in the manner of a headmaster in your ~ There was something in his manner that Lfound very irritating e PHRASES inatimely manner Ail claims must be settled in a professional and timely manner in no uncertain manner He told her in no uncertain manner that her behaviour was unacceptable

2 manners polite behaviour

e ADJ beautiful, charming, excellent, good, impeccable, nice, perfect It’s not good manners to stare at people | bad | table His children have no table manners

e VERB + MANNERS have | teach sb Didn’t your parents teach you any manners? | learn | forget P’7m sorry, I was forgetting my manners Can Toffer youa drink? e PHRASES have the (good) manners to do sth He could at least have had the manners to answer my letter a lack of manners Her lack of manners is quite appalling mannerism noun

e ADJ odd | irritating

e VERB + MANNERISM have | acquire, adopt @ PREP ~of He has this irritating mannerism of constantly scratching his nose manoeuvre noun 1 skilful movement e ADJ, complex, complicated | difficult | dangerous | clever, skilful @ QUANT series

e VERB + MANOEUVRE carry out, execute, perform The pilot has to carry out a series of complex manoeuvres | attempt | complete

2 clever plan

e ADJ successful | strategic, tactical Her withdrawal from the contest was a tactical manoeuvre | diplomatic,

political

e VERB + MANOEUVRE Carry out, execute

@ MANOEUVRE + VERB fail, succeed

e PREP, by a/the~ By this manoeuvre, he hopes to gain an advantage at a later stage

e PHRASES freedom of manoeuvre The economic conditions are restricting the Chancellor’s freedom of manoeuvre room for manoeuvre The government has very Lit- tle room for manoeuvre on this issue

3 military operation

e ADJ military, strategic, tactical

e VERB + MANOEUVRE Carry out, conduct, execute, perform

e PHRASES be/go on manoeuvres The urit is on manoeuvres in southern Italy

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manoeuvre 480

e ADV carefully | easily | expertly, skilfully e VERB + MANOEUVRE be difficuit to, be easy to @ PREP around, past, through, etc He skilfully man- oeuvred the motor boat past the rocks

e PHRASES manoeuvre (Sth) into positlon, manoeuvre your way (figurative) He had manoevred his way into a position of strength in the party room to manoeuvre The clutter of ships had little room to manoeuvre

Manor noun

e ADJ ancient, former, medieval, old | country | royai | fortified, moated

@ MANOR + NOUN farm, house e PREP of the ancient manor of Tregarrick e PHRASES lord of the manor

manpower noun

e ADJ qualified, skilled, trained a shortage of skiiled manpower | medical, military, police, etc

e VERB + MANPOWER need, require | provide | cut, reduce Manpower will be reduced by an average of 20 per cent | increase

¢ MANPOWER + NOUN shortage | allocations, levels, requirements, resources

e PREP in~ a reduction in manpower | ~ for a pool of manpower for the new industries

e PHRASES the availability of manpower The factory’s opening hours over the holiday period will depend on the availability of manpower a reduction in manpower, a shortage of manpower

mansion noun

e MANSION + VERB stand The historic mansion stands in 160.acres of parkland

@ MANSION + NOUN block, flat, house manslaughter noun

e ADJ attempted | involuntary | reckless | corporate The directors of the railway company could be charged with corporate manslaughter

= Nate at CRIME (for verbs) manual noun

e ADJ instruction, training | owner’s, user | car, computer, sewing, software, etc | maintenance, operating, operation, operational, reference, technical, workshop | comprehensive, detailed

e VERB + MANUAL come with The computer comes with a comprehensive owner’s manual | check, consult, look at, read Check your manual for details

e@ PREP according to the ~ According to the manual, the wires should be the other way round in a/the~ What does it say in the manual? | ~for an instruction manual for a knitting machine ~on a manual on teaching drama manufacture noun

e VERB + MANUFACTURE commence, start They com-

SirfI895P°Đf°Mfếrge and Split Unregister ct†\Wetsigrt“httir/'w0r.sitrfJotydf.com in January | complete |'be engaged in @ MANUFACTURE + VERB start

e PHRASES costs of manufacture, date of manufacture The date of manufacture of the jewellery has not been au- thenticated the method/process of manufacture manufacturer noun

e ADJ big, large, leading, major the world’s largest computer manufacturer | well-known [ commercial | independent | foreign, overseas | car, chemical, computer, motor, textile, etc

e PHRASES the manufacturer’s Instructions The guarantee may be rendered invalid if the manufacturer’s instructions are not followed

manufacturing noun

e MANUFACTURING + NOUN business, company, en- terprise, firm, organization | division, facility, operation, plant, site, subsidiary, unit The company set up a manufacturing operation in Lisbon | side He now works on the manufacturing side of the business | base, indus- try, sector the decline in the country’s manufacturing base ] area, centre, district, region, town | capability, capacity | output, production, productivity | costs | worker, workforce | employment, jobs | methods, process, system, techniques | expertise

manure noun

® MANURE + NOUN heap manuscript noun

1 copy of a book that has not yet been printed e ADJ original | autograph, handwritten the original autograph manuscript of the poem | unpublished | un- finished | literary, music/musical

© QUANT copy Jonly have one copy of the manuscript e VERB + MANUSCRIPT write | type | edit, revise | submit (for publication) He submitted the manuscript to an editor at Longman | accept/reject (for publication) He was delighted when the manuscript was accepted for publication

e@ PREP in~ Her autobiography remained in manuscript (= was nat published)

2 very old book/document, written by hand

e ADJ ancient, early, medieval | contemporary One contemporary manuscript shows Henry IT crowned by the hand of Christ | rare | surviving the surviving manuscript of ‘Beowulf | illuminated

® MANUSCRIPT + VERB survive earlier manuscripts which no longer survive

Map oun

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481 margin

,check,c at | draw | be edonThemu- , se VERB,+ MARCH compose | play | strike up, 7e or-

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We spread the map outon thefloor | fold (up)

e MAP + VERB showsth march verb

e MAP + NOUN projection

e PREP off the~ Our village is just off Lhe map on a/the~ The lane isn’ton the map | ~of a map of the area marathon noun

1long race e ADJ half, full

@ VERB + MARATHON prepare for, train for | compete in, run, take part in | complete, finish | win

e MARATHON + NOUN champion, runner | racing, running He says that he keeps fit by marathon running 2 long activity

e ADJ 12-hour, 700-mile, etc | car, cycling, etc e MARATHON + NOUN journey, walk | effort | match, race a marathon five-set tennis match

marble noun

e ADJ cool The hotel is traditionally furnished, with coal marble floors | coloured | veined | polished | carved @ QUANT block, slab

@ VERB + MARBLE carve (sth from/in), make sth from/in/(out) of a statue of Cupid carved in black marble | quarry

e MARBLE + NOUN quarry

® PREP in~ sculptures in polished white marble March noun

=> Note at MONTH march noun 1 movement/journey

e ADJ long | brisk | steady | forced | approach They reached the enemy position after an arduous approach march | fifty-mile, four-day, etc | two hours, half a day’s, etc The camp was half a day’s march away | northward, southward, etc | forward, onward (figurative) the forward march of technology | inevitable, inexorable (figurative) the inexorable march of time @ VERB + MARCH begin, set off on Thearmy set offona forced march towards Berlin

e PREP on the~ The army has been on the march for two weeks | ~ from the march from Paris to Brittany ~ of a march of over 30 miles © (figurative) the march of history/progress/science ~ to, ~ towards (figurative) the steady march tawards equality

e PHRASES line of march Villages in the ormy’s line of march were burned to the ground a march away The border was still a day’s march away, the march eastward, westward, etc

2 organized waik

e ADJ hunger, peace, protest, victory | anti-racism, pro-democracy, etc

® VERB + MARCH hold, organize, stage | lead | be on, go on, joinin, take partin | halt, stop Thefarmers halted the march outside the Ministry of Agriculture | break up The march was broken up by police in riot gear @ MARCH + VERB mark sthe march marking the thirti- eth anniversary of the shootings

e PREP ation a/the ~ There were in excess of 100 000 people at the march | ~ against a march against racism ~for a march for the victims of the war ~from, ~of a march of over 6 000 people ~to

e PHRASES a march past There will be a special march past of competitors

3 music

e ADJ military | funeral, wedding

1 walk with regular steps

e ADV briskly, swiftly | boldly | purposefully | inexorably (figurative) Time marches inexorably on and we still have not made a decision | north, south, ete | ahead, away, back, forward, off, on, out, over, past, up (and down) Craig marched up to the front door and rang the bell > Soldiers were marching up and down outside the government buildings

e PREP from, into, on The invading army marched on Rome out of So saying, she marched boldly out of the house through, to They marched all the way from London to Edinburgh towards

e PHRASES march in step conscripts learning to march in step (= in time with each other)

2 walk in a large group to protest about sth e ADV peacefully

e PREP for marching for peace in support of protesters marching in support of thestudents’ demands on The dem- onstrators marched on the Italian embassy through marching peacefully through the town centre to, towards margarine noun

e ADJ hard | soft | low-fat, polyunsaturated o tub of low-fat margarine | sunflower, vegetable

@ QUANT tub

e VERB + MARGARINE put on, spread (sth with) She put some margarine on her roll © Spread some margarine on the toast, please | heat, melt, soften | beat (in), cream, mix, rub in Cream the margarine and sugar together © Rub the margarine into the flour

> Special page at FOOD margin noun

1 empty space at the side of a page in a book, etc e ADJ generous, wide Leave a generous margin on the left | narrow | Jeft-hand, right-hand

e VERB + MARGIN leave, rule, set | adjust

e PREP at the~ Stort writing at the left-hand margin In the~ She scribbled notes in the margin

2 space, time, votes, etc by which sth is won

e ADJ comfortable, considerable, greater, huge, large, wide | narrow, slim, small ] clear, safe

e VERB + MARGIN have

e PREP bya~ Ske won byaclear margin | ~over He had an 18-second margin over his nearest rival

e PHRASES by the largest/narrowest, etc of margins Hewon by the nerrowest of margins a margin of victory 3 amount of extra space, time, etc

e ADJ good, greater, wide Sales predictions are open to wide margins of error | narrow | adequate | safety e VERB + MARGIN allow (sh/sth), give (sb/sth), leave, provide The device gives a greater margin of safety @ PREP ~for Wehave substantial reserves, which provide a good margin for uncertainties

e PHRASES a margin for/of error The schedule left no margin for error a margin of safety

4 profit

e ADJ high, large | low, narrow, small, tight We're working to rather tight profit margins | gross, net | profit | operating, pre-tax, retail

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marijuana 482

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S Im B Freed to improve ane Spl on tmrogi ste [ & Nate at PER CENT (for more verbs)

a 3

maryuana noun e QUANT joint

e VERB + MARIJUANA smoke

e MARIJUANA + NOUN Cigarette, joint | plant > Nate at DRUG (for more verbs and nouns) mark noun ak o/dua ea We rar mari EIN the Ww, Sem ry tp COI Depression be a sign of sth

e ADV effectively | conveniently ‘Lyrical Ballads’ conveniently marks the beginning of nineteenth-century poetry | publicly The wedding ceremony publicly marks the beginning of commitment to another through marriage e VERB + MARK appear to, seem to This speech ap-

pears to mark a change in government policy

marked adj 1 spot/line

e ADJ, dirty, grease, greasy, grubby | visible | distin- 1

guishing, identifying Does he have any distinguishing marks? | chalk, pencil | bite, burn, claw, finger (alsa fin- germark), scorch, scratch, scuff, skid, stretch, tyre e VERB + MARK get How did you get that mark on your shirt? | leave, make The dirty water leftamarkroundthe 2 side af the bath | get off/out, remove I can’t get the children’s dirty fingermarks aff the wall

@ MARK + VERB come off/out These greasy marks just wont carne out

@ PREP ~on There were grubby marks on the wail

2 sign of a quality/feeling

easy to see

e VERBS be | become

e ADV especially, extremely, particularly, strongly, very There is a strongly marked difference between the twa

creatures | increasingly | quite with markings

e VERBS be

e ADV heavily Most cranes lay two heavily marked eggs | attractively, beautifully, brightly, strikingly

e PREP with These trout are beautifully marked with bright red spots

e ADJ deep, indelible, permanent The experience lefta market noun deep mark on her memory | real the real mark af a master 4

craftsman

e VERB + MARK bear,have | leave

@ PREP ~of Such thoughtful behaviour is the mark af a true gentleman

e PHRASES asamark of respect

3 used to show the standard of sb’s work

e@ ADJ good, high | bad, low, poor | full Jgot full marks for my homework | top | pass What’s the pass mark in

maths? | total | average

e VERB + MARK get | give sb | take off She took off a

mark for bad handwriting | gain | lose

e PREP above ~s, below ~s If you get below 40 marks, you're noi allowed ta go up into the next class | ~for You get two marks for each correct answer o a good

mark for geography ~ out of How many marks out of ten

would you give it?

4level of sth

e ADJ, halfway We’ve reached the halfway mark in the shaw | high-water, low-water, tide

@ VERB + MARK set| reach | pass This year’s sales figures have already passed the mark set last year | fall

short of

e PREP above the~, around the ~ around the £500 mark at a/the ~ The river was at its low-water mark below the ~, up to the ~ (= as good as sb/sth should be) Your grammar is not quite up to the mark 2 5 target ® ADJ easy ® VERB + MARK find, hit The shot found its mark | miss

e PHRASES wide of the mark (figurative) Shock tactics often fall wide of their mark

mark verb 1 write/draw sth

e ADV clearly My room was clearly marked on the plan |

carefully She carefully marked where the screws were to

goa | indelibly

e PREP as Certain words were marked as important for Same of the crates were marked for export.in Markthepos- 3 ition of all the building sites in black on All buildings are marked on the map with The boundary was marked with a datted line

2 spoil/damage sth

e ADV badly, deeply The paperweight had fallen onto

place where people go to buy and sell things e ADJ, open-air, outdoor, street | covered, indoor |

antiques, cattie, fruit and vegetable, etc | flea (= that sells ald or used gaods at low prices)

e VERB + MARKET hold The market is held an Wednes- days | goto | take sth to They took the pigs to market e MARKET + NOUN square | town | day

e PREP at/In a/the~ fo buy some fish ai the market

business/trade

seas, world | domestic, home, internal, local | single

the completion of the European single market in 1992 |

bond, capital, commodity, consumer, currency, export, financlal, foreign exchange, futures, housing, money, product, property, securities, stock | car, computer, etc | job, labour

e MARKET + VERB open up The Chinese market has opened up recently | boom | pick up, rally | slump | be

down, be up The markei was down 15 per cent | close

The market closed weaker: | open

e MARKET + NOUN price, value | conditions } leader | position, share | sector | trends

e PREP in/into a/the~ changes in the UK market on the~ ane of the best car deals on the market | ~in a thriving

market in second-hand cars

e PHRASES be in the market for sth (= be interested in buying sth), the bottom’s dropped/fallen out of the market (= the market has collapsed), a gap in the market, the

bottom/lower/top/upper end of the market people who want to buy sth

e VERB + MARKET create The company has created a niche market for itself

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483 martyr

SiiffÊlLEDIEMEIWG.ä140mapIIL UfegistðfSH.ABisidtba-HHP/IMINIcAitHHDDGT.com ® MARKET + NOUN segment | niche | research

e PREP ~for the marketfor new cars 4the free market

e VERB + MARKET leave sth to Some services cannot be left to the market

@ MARKET + NOUN forces | economy

market verb

e ADV heavily | effectively, successfully | cleverly | aggressively | actively | selectively The printer is being selectively marketed in a handful of countries e PREP as /t will be marketed as a tonic for the elderly through The product is being marketed through the existing sales force to The company is not actively marketing its products to schools

e ADV easily, highly, readily, very | potentially marketing noun

e VERB + MARKETING do The company has done some effective marketing of the new model | improve @ MARKETING + NOUN campaign, exercise, strategy | ploy, tool | director, manager | agency, company, department

@ PREP in~ She works in marketing through/with~ We could get more sales through betier marketing

e@ PHRASES sales and marketing & Special page at BUSINESS

marketplace noun (often the marketplace) e ADJ competitive | commercial, financial | global, International | changing

@ PREP in a/the~ The cornpany found it hard to survive ina changing marketplace

marquee noun e ADJ giant, huge, large e VERB + MARQUEE erect

e PREP in a/the~ The wedding reception was held in a marquee under a/the~ The guests sat on a platform under a large marquee

marquess noun = Note at PEER

marriage noun

1 state of being husband and wife

e PREP by/from a~ She's his daughter by a previous

sex outside marriage within ~ | ~ between the marriage between John and Elizabeth ~ into his marriage into a wealthy family ~to/with her marriage to Jim

e PHRASES ask for/win sb’s hand in marriage (old- FSashioned), the break-up/breakdown of a marriage, give sb in marrlage (old-fashioned), the institution of marriage, a marriage of convenience, a proposal of marriage

2 wedding ceremony

e ADJ Christian, Jewish, etc | civil | shotgun (= ar- ranged quickly because the bride is pregnant) e VERB + MARRIAGE celebrate The marriage was cele- brated in the cathedral

e@ MARRIAGE + VERB be hetd, take place e MARRIAGE + NOUN ceremony | licence

e PREP at a/the~ She wanted to be present at the marriage of her grandson | ~to Mr and Mrs Wall invite you to the marriage of their daughter Ann to Mr Thomas Lea married adj

e@ VERBS be, feel J wouldn't have felt properly married if it hadn’t been a church wedding | get When did you get married? | remain

marry verb

e VERB + MARRY hope to, want to J don’t want to marry Robert | agree to, promise to He promised to marry her when he returned | be going to, plan to Matt told me he was going to marry again © They plan tomarry next year | forbid sb to Duty forbade them to marry | ask sb to He asked me to marry him but I said no e PREP for He married her for love, not for money into the difficulties of marrying into the royal family e PHRASES get married They are hoping to get married next year marry late/young People are marrying later these days not be the marrylng kind (= not be the kind of person who wants to get married)

marsh noun

e ADJ coastal, salt | freshwater | grazing e VERB + MARSH drain, reclaim e MARSH + NOUN plant

e@ PREP in/on a/the ~ He keeps his cattle on the marshes marshal noun

~ Note at RANK martial law noun

e VERB + MARTIAL LAW declare, impose, introduce, place sth under | lift

e PREP under~ The city remains under martial law martyr noun

1sb who is killed/suffers for what they believe e ADJ early | Christian

e VERB + MARTYR make sb Killing him would only make hima martyr

e PREP ~foamartyr to the cause e PHRASES amartyr’s death 2sb who tries to gain sympathy

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marvel 484

e VERB + MARVEL can/could only One can only marvel at the way the building has been constructed | never cease to Jnever cease to marvel at his stupidity e@ PREP at He marvelled at how easy it was to make money

marvellous adj

e VERBS be, feel, look, sound

e ADV bloody (taboo, ironic), really This is really marvellous news! | absolutely, quite, simply The food looks absolutely marvellous! | pretty

mascara noun e ADJ thick | waterproof

e VERB + MASCARA wear | apply, put on | remove | smudge Her tears had smudged her mascara

® MASCARA + VERB run, smudge e MASCARA + NOUN brush, wand masculine adj

e ADV distinctly, extremely, heavily, severely, uncom- promisingly, unmistakably, very an environment which is heavily masculine o the severely masculine cut of his suit | exclusively The ceremony is exclusively masculine | overwhelmingly, predominantly | essentially | typically That's a typically masculine attitude! | inherently, In- trinsically | overtly | aggressively He has an aggressively masculine approach to these questions

mask noun 1 cover for sb’s face

e MASK + VERB coversth

e PREP behind/beneath a/the ~ Two eyes glared at him from beneath the mask in a/the ~ two men in black masks

| ~over She wore a mask over her face

2 sth that hides sb’s real feelings

e ADJ blank, cold, expressionless, grim, rigid Her face was a blank mask as she answered my question e MASK + VERB slip For a moment her mask slipped, and Isaw how scared she reaily was

® PREP behind a/the~ Behind the mask of friendliness, I know he really dislikes me | ~for His fooling around is a mask for his lack af confidence

mask verb

e ADV completely, entirely, quite, totally | partly | barely | effectively

e VERB + MASK tend to Wood stains provide goad pro- tection but tend to mask the natural grain of the wocd @ PREP with She masked her anger with a smile masochism noun

e ADJ pure, sheer

® QUANT streak, touch There’s a streak of masochism in his personality

e PHRASES a form of masochism mass noun

1 large amount/number of sth

e ADJ enormous, great, huge, large, vast | broad Their policies appeal ta the broad mass of the population | formless, shapeless When I washed the jumper, it just turned into a shapeless mass | compact, dense, solid |

SinmpovelDe> Merge and Split Unreg IsteredsMersiom Š ifunusftuốh com of hair

e PREP ~of a dense mass af smoke ~es of (informal) There were masses of people at the concert

2 Mass Christian ceremony e ADJ requiem, Sunday

e VERB + MASS attend, go to, hear She never failed ta attend Sunday Mass | celebrate, offer, say The local priest celebrates Mass in the village church

e PREP ~fora requiem Mass for the sailars who drawned massacre noun

e ADJ appalling, bloody, cold-blooded, horrible, terrible an appalling massacre of women and children e VERB + MASSACRE be responsible for, carry out, perpetrate, take part in The massacre was carried aut by enemy troops © As many as fifty men took part in the massacre | be killedin | escape, survive

e MASSACRE + VERB take place e PREP ~byamassacre by rebel saldiers e PHRASES the victims of amassacre massage noun

e ADJ gentle, relaxing, soothing | vigorous | back, body, foot, full-body, neck | cardiac, heart They managed to revive the injured driver with cardiac massage e VERB + MASSAGE have, receive | give sb The physiotherapist gave me a massage to ease the pain

® MASSAGE + NOUN parlour She went to the massage parlour for a full-body massage

massage verb

e ADV firmly, vigorously | gently, lightly

e PREP into Gently massage the cream into your skin with He massaged her back with scented oil © Massage it lightly with your fingertips

master noun 1 person in charge

e ADJ political His political masters are all ald right- wing politicians

e@ PREP ~of He wants to be master of his awn destiny 2 person with skill

e ADJ acknowledged, great This portrait is the wark af anacknowledged master

e MASTER + NOUN builder, craftsman e PREP ~ofa master of disguise

e PHRASES be a past master at/in/of sth (= to be very good at sth) He’s a past master at delaying meetings 3 Master’s university degree

e VERB + MASTER'S do, study for, take He did a Mas- ter’s at Hull University | get She got her Master’s last year

e MASTER’S + NOUN degree @ PREP ~ina Master’s in palitics master verb

e ADV completely, entirely, fully, quite | quickly ® VERB + MASTER be difficult to a technique that was surprisingly difficult to master | struggle to, try to the challenge of trying to master a new language | fail to e PHRASES master the art of sth He never completely mastered the art of lip-reading

masterpiece noun

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485 mathematics SHO PRE METGS AAS Sit CHE gistBLET WETSio EHD: /ANRAN -STWĐÔDbdf.com > Note atART mastery noun

e ADJ absolute, complete, total | gradual Children show gradual mastery of reading in the first years at school | practical, technical He plays the violin with technical mastery, but no feeling

@ VERB + MASTERY have The allied bombers had total

mastery of the skies | demonsiraie, display, show He

shows complete mastery af the instrument | achieve, acquire, attain, gain

e PREP ~ of He acquired mastery of four languages ~over The king had absolute mastery over the country

mat noun

e ADJ dense, thick a thick mat af hair

1in sports

e ADJ big, cruclal, important | exciting, thrilling |

championship, competitive, cup, league | friendly |

away, home He’s such a keen fan, he even goes to ail the away matches | cricket, football, rugby, wrestling, etc e VERB + MATCH play The match will be played in the new stadium | have Figo had an outstanding match | go to, see, watch | be defeated in, lose | clinch, win A

late goal clinched the match for Porto | draw We drew our

first game af the season I-1, @ MATCH + VERB take place

e PREP during a/the~ an incident which took place dur-

ing Saturday's match in a/the ~ She was injured in last week’s match | ~ against the match against Wales ~ between the match between Japan and Brazil ~with They last their match with Estonia

2 for lighting a fire

e ADJ Ilghted e QUANT box

e VERB + MATCH light, strike He lit a match so they could see in the cave | blow out

e PHRASES putamatch to sth Someone had put a match ta the pile of papers

3 good combination

e ADJ excellent, good, perfect The blouse and skirt are a perfect match

e PREP ~between an excellent match between our goals and what your company affers ~for That jumper should be a good match for your trousers

4 sth the same

e ADJ exact

e PREP ~for To forge the certificate, she needed an exact match for the paper and the fonts

match verb 1 combine well

e ADV well As a couple they are not very well matched (= they are not very suitable for each other) | not quite The room was fullof old furniture that didn’t quite match e PHRASES to match J bought a duvet caver and some curtains to match

2 find sth similar/connected

e ADV correctly | carefully

e PREP for The control group in the experiment was matched for age and sex | to The aim of the competition is to match the quote to the person who said it

3 be/make sth equal/better

e ADV almost She found that his determination almost

e VERB + MATCH come close to | be able/unable to

The company was unable to match his current salary |

try to | fail to Children can be made to suffer when they fail to match their parents’ expectations

e PREP for Noother rock band cames even close to match- ing them for dynamism or style

e PHRASES be equally/eventy/well matched The teams were very evenly matched be unevenly matched

5 provide sth suitable

e ADV carefully | up We have to match up the right pet with the right owner

e VERB + MATCH seek to, try to

e PREP to The available organs are carefully matched to people in need of transplants with The agency tries to

match single people with suitable partners mate noun

i friend

e ADJ best, good They've been good mates ever since they were at schoal together

e@ VERB + MATE have He’s got loads of mates at school

2 sexual partner

e VERB + MATE attract, choose, find These birds have colourful feathers to attract a mate

material noun

4 substance

e ADJ combustible, flammable, hazardous, inflam- mable, radioactive, toxic | recyclable | man-made

2 things for making sth

e ADJ raw Higher raw material costs have pushed up the price of many manufactured goods | industrial | build- inga storeroom full of building materials | drawing, writing Prisoners were not allowed writing materials 3 cloth

e ADJ thick, thin | coarse, fine | woven

e QUANT length, piece, roll, scrap, strip A patchwork quilt is a good way of using up scraps of material

4written matter

e ADJ fascinating, good, relevant, useful | source The letter were used as source material in thisnew biography |

classified, confidential, sensitive | unpublished | edu-

cational, instructional, promotional, teaching | bio-

graphical, historical | indecent, obscene, pornograph-

ic He was convicted of importing indecent material e VERB + MATERIAL collect, find, gather, get hold of He’s collecting material for a new book on space travel o I can’t find any relevant material on him in the library | contain, include This new biography contains a wealth of previously unpublished material | produce, publish e PREP ~for useful material for a documentary ~ on ari- ginal material on the First World War

materialize verb

e ADV, never The hoped-for boom never materialized e VERB + MATERIALIZE fail to The rise in share prices failed to materialize

mathematician noun

e ADJ brilliant | distingulshed, great one of the greatest mathematicians of alltime | applled, pure

mathematics zoun

e ADJ applied, pure | investigative | school | elem-

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maths 486

e ADJ basic | complicated Working out the quantities of the ingredients involved some complicated maths e MATHS + NOUN problem The class were struggling to find the solution toa maths problem

c> Note at SUBJECT matter noun

4 subject/situation that must be dealt with

e ADJ important, pressing, serious, urgent, welghty He left, saying he had pressing matters to attend to © The question of his innocence is a weighty matter for this court | awkward, complex, complicated, delicate, difficult Z wasn’t sure how to approach the delicate matter of pay | no easy, (no) simple /¢ is then a simple matter to print off the data you have collected © It is no simple matter starting a new business | trifling, trivlal | practical They’ve agreed in theory, but now we need to discuss practical matters | family, personal | subject His articles deal with a wide range of subject matter | economic, environmental, financial, legal, political, procedural, routine, technical The rest of the meeting was taken up by routine matters | differant J don’t mind lizards, but snakes are a dif- Serent matter

e VERB + MATTER bring up, broach, raise J thought Id better broach the matter with my boss © The matter will be raised at our next meeting | address, debate, discuss, go into, take up / don’t really want to go into this matter now | pursue, take further After legal advice I chose to take the matter further | drop His lawyer advised him to drop the matter | consider, examine, look at/into, tackle | clarify, clear up, decide, resolve, settle It’s a relief to have the matter settled | approach, deal with, treat Police are treating the matter as a murder enquiry e PREP in a/the~ J don’t have much experience in these matters © Do I have any choice in the matter? on a/the~ Speak to your manager if you need help on this matter | ~for The incident is definitely a matter for the police ~ of It's a matter of concern to all of us © We discussed the matter of whether or not to hire a bus © Getting the effect you want isa matter of trial and error

e PHRASES the crux/heart of the matter (= the most important part of a subject/situation), let the matter drop/rest She refused to let the matter rest the matter in hand Le?’s concentrate on the matter in hand for now, and leave other issues till later

2 matters situation you are in

® VERB + MATTERS complicate, confuse, make worse, not help Jt didn’t help matters that I had a terrible cold © To make matters warse, my friend then lost her keys | arrange She always arranges matters to suit herself 3 substance

@ ADJ solid | arganic, vegetable cormposed entirely of organic matter | inanimate, inorganic | printed, written matter verb

e ADV agreat deal, a lot, really These things matter a lot to young children | hardly, little (formal), not much, scarcely She could find a job It hardly mattered what | no longer, nat any more

e VERB + MATTER not seem to Somehow it didn’t seem to matter much any more

e PREP about /t doesn’t matter about the mess to It didn’t matter to her that he was blind

mattress noun

e ADJ double, single | comfortable | firm, hard | soft | lumpy, sagging an old bed with a sagging mattress e PREP ona/the~ The children slept on mattresses on the floor under a/the ~ My grandmother keeps her money

under the mattress

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e ADV fully a fully matured cheese | early This variety is easy to grow and matures early | quickly, rapidly | slowly | emotionally, physically The teenage years cover a period in which people mature physically and emotionally e VERB + MATURE allow sth to, leave sth to The cheese is smoked and then left to mature

e PREP into She had matured into a beautiful young woman ta ayoung man who is maturing to adulthood mature adj e VERBS be | become e ADV fully |] emotionally, physically, sexually maturity noun 1 adult behaviour

e ADJ great, growing, increasing I can see an increasing maturity in how she understands the world | emo- tional, intellectual

e VERB + MATURITY have | show She has shown great maturity in her behaviour this term | grow in These latest paintings show how the artist has really grown in maturity | lack

2 full growth

e ADJ full 7 can take years for these plonts to reach full maturity | physical, psychological, sexual

e VERB + MATURITY approach, come to, grow to, reach The insects lay eggs when they approach maturity maul verb

e ADV badly, severely She was badly mauled by a lion maxim noun

e ADJ general, simple

e VERB + MAXIM apply, fallow Jf you follow a few simple maxims, your business should be a success

maximum noun

e ADJ absalute | agreed, recommended Do not exceed the recommended maximum of three tablets a day | legal, statutory

@ VERB + MAXIMUM reach, rise to The temperature reached a maximum of 35°C yesterday | exceed | allow (sb/sth), permit (sb/sth) In the exam, allow yourself a maximum of 80 minutes per question © the maximum permitted speeds | limit sth to, restrict sth to The amount you have to pay will be limited toa maximum of £500 e PREP above (the)~, at (the)~ a journey of four hours at the maximum below (the) ~, to (the)~ He is using his tal- ents to the inaximum (up) to a/the~ | ~of You can claim the allowance for a maximum of six months

@ PHRASES maxlmum possible They fined her the maximum possible for the affence

May noun

> Note at MONTH mayor noun

e ADJ local | deputy | lord Jn 1662-3 he served as Lord Mayor of London | right-wing, socialist, etc

e VERB + MAYOR run for running for mayor of Bogoté | elect (sb), elect sb as | serve as

@ PREP ~of the mayor of Southampton Maze noun

e ADJ complex, intricate, tortuous

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487 means

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meal noun

NOTE

Meals

eat, have, take (formal)~

Have you had breakfast? grab, snatch~ P’mso busy I have to snatch meals when I can ask sb to~ have/invite/take sb for/to~ comeigo for/to~

He wouldn’t have asked her ta supper if he didn’t like her, she reasoned

These verbs are often used with around, out, over and round:

We must have you over for dinner sometime Let’s go aut for a meal

be out to lunch

He’s out to lunch with a client stop for~

We stopped for tea at the Ritz join sb for, stay for/to~

You're sure you won't stay for tea? sit down to, start~

finish~

We had just sat down to breakfast when the phone rang

skip~

Isometimes skip lunch if we’re very busy cook (sb), fix (sb), get ready, make (sb), prepare ~

She hurried downstairs to fix herself some breakfast have ~ ready

We'll have supper ready for you serve~

Lunch is served from noon till 3 keep warm, warm up~

li be home late, so keep my dinner warm provide, provide sb (with)~

Dinner is provided in the superb hotel restaurant ~ be available A four course dinner is available by prior arrangement ~be ready ‘Breakjfast’s ready! shouted Christine ~time The family was always noisy at meal times at/during/over~ Nobody spoke during supper for~ What did you have for lunch? ~of a breakfast of pancakes and maple syrup mean adj

e ADV really, very [thought it was really mean of him not

to spending money on the children

e PREP to He’s so mean to his mother! with She’s very mean with her money

meaning noun 1 what sth means

e ADJ clear, exact, precise The context makes the meaning clear © What is the exact meaning of this phrase? | correct, true | original | double, hidden There’s often a double meaning in jokes and riddles © Pm sure there’s no hidden meaning in what he says | figurative, metaphor- ical, symbolic | literal

e VERB + MEANING get, grasp, understand I can’t grasp the meaning of this quotation | decipher, inter- pret, work out Historians are trying to decipher the meaning of the documents | assign, attribute She assigns a meaning to his words they just didn’t have | bear, carry, have Some of the symbols carry meaning and some just represent sounds © a word that has more than one meaning | take on The word ‘gay’ took on its modern meaning in the 1960s | communicate, convey, express e PREP in a/the~ ambiguity in the meaning of a phrase with a/the~ [am using the word with its original meaning | ~behind the meaning behind an event

@ PHRASES anuance/shade of meaning It is difficult for a non-Italian to grasp all the nuances of meaning 2 purpose/importance

e ADJ deep, real, true She’s searching for the deeper meaning of life | spiritual He found spiritual meaning through religion

® VERB + MEANING have Her work no longer had any meaning for her | find | lose After his death, she felt life had lost all meaning | give Falling in love gave meaning to his life

e PREP without~ Young people con feel that life is without meaning

meaningless adj

e VERBS be | become | render sth

1 method of doing sth

e ADJ appropriate, best, effective, efficient, reliable, useful an effective means af mass communication | necessary, possible, practicable We will use every possible means to achieve our objective | alternative, other War is famously ‘the continuation of policy by other means’ |

conventional, traditional | legal, legitimate

e VERB + MEANS have We have no means of knowing how they will react | use | offer (sb), provide (sb with) My English teacher provided me with the means to enjoy reading poetry | devise Can you devise a means of over- coming the problem?

e PREP by~(of) The stone was lifted by means of a rope and pulley through ~ They cannot achieve their goal through legal means | ~for the means for achieving happiness ~ of a means of access/communication/ transport © ameans of getting what you want

e PHRASES a means to an end He saw his education merely as a means to an end by fair means or foul, by no means/not by any means (= not at all), ways and means There are ways and means of raising money

2money/wealth

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measles 488

de-

Simpou? De Merge! and Split Unregister¢ loVersion - nttp:/7www-simpopdt ®@ MEANS + NOUN téSt Eligibility for the benefit w

termined by a means test

e PREP according to your~ (= according to what you can afford), beyond your~ Private school fees are beyond the means of most people (= more than they can afford) within your ~ (= according to what you can afford) She Sinds it difficutt to live within her means

e PHRASES a man/woman of means (= a rich man/woman)

measles noun

@ VERB + MEASLES have All our children have had the meastes | catch, contract | immunize sb against, vac- cinate sb against

® MEASLES + NOUN virus | vaccination, vaccine = Special page at ILLNESS

measure noun

1 official action to deal with a problem

e ADJ appropriate, effective, necessary, practical We urge you to adopt all necessary measures to guarantee people’s safety | important, key, special | simple | desperate, draconian, drastic, extreme, harsh, radical, re- pressive, strong, tough | emergency, urgent | interim, short-term, temporary | defensive, precautionary, pre- ventative | disciplinary, punitive | corrective, remedial | safety, security New security measures were implemented to prevent further violence | austerity, cost-cutting, economy, efficiency | economic, policy | government e@ QUANT package, range, series a package of measures aimed at cutting pollution

e VERB + MEASURE adopt, implement, impose, introduce, take Special measures are being taken to protect the local water supplies | propose, suggest

e@ MEASURE + VERB be aimed at sth, be designed to, be intended to

e PREP ~against tougher measures against racism ~ for measures for reducing delays

2amount/quantity of sth

@ ADJ broad, considerable, fair, generous, great, significant, substantial, wide

e PREP ~of He poured mea generous measure of whisky @ PHRASES In large/some measure His success was due in large measure to your help in equal measure, in no smal! measure

3 unit of size/quantity

e ADJ accurate, direct, objective, precise e PREP ~ofan accurate measure of length e PHRASES weights and measures 4sign of sth

e ADJ crude, simple, true, useful

e PREP ~of Landed income was the true meosure of the gentry

measure verb 1 find the size of sth

@ VERB + MEASURE be able to, can/cannot You can now measure its length more accurately | be easy to, be possible to | be difficult to, be hard to, ba impossible to e PREP for She’s being measured for her wedding outfit in Cloth is measured in metres

2 judge the importance/value/effect of sth

@ ADV easily The policy’s impact cannot be easily measured | effectively | objectively

@ VERB + MEASURE can/cannot | be easy to, be possible to | be difficult to, be hard to, be impossible to Jt is Weights and measures ~of Talways drink galions of water half a, a quarter of a~

half a litre of mitk

a half/quarter hour, inch, mile, ounce, pint, pound They used to sell corned beef at 2d a quarter pound cubic, square~

One litre is equivalent to 1 000 cubic centimetres ~ square

The room is about 15 metres square ~broad, deep, high, long, tall, thick, wide

The new dock was 230 m long and 92 m bread ~ bigger, cooler, faster, heavier, lighter, slower, etc

The climate was several degrees warmer than it is now

about, approximately, around~ 1 foot = approx 0.3 metres

be, cover, measure, span, stretch (for)~ used with measures of distance and area

The National Park covers 3 000 acres The sandy beach stretches for over four miles be, weigh~ used with measures of weight

She weighed over ten stone

be, last, take ~used with measures of time

It takes approximately 365 and a quarter days for the earth to revolve around the sun ina~ How many centilitres are there in a litre? in~s We were asked to estimate the temperature of the room in degrees to a/the~ My car does 10 miles to the litre a, per~ They’re 99p a dozen a safety threshold of 50 mg of nitrates per litre by the~ Apples are sold by the kilogram of~

The path will be built to a width of 2 metres ~in area, length, volume, weight, size, etc

Killer whales are up to ten metres in length ~ by ~ a huge room measuring 50m by 18m to the nearest~ Give your answer to the nearest metre

hard to measure the benefiits to society af this scheme | be used to the criterla that are used to measure performance e@ PREP according to Js it really possible to measure the skills af such jobs according to objective standards? against The school’s performance is measured against a strict set of criteria by The policy’s effectiveness cannot be measured by numbers alone in terms of Success cannot be measured merely in terms of the size of your salary e@ PHRASES amethod/way of measuring sth measurement noun

e ADJ accurate, careful, exact, objective, precise it is important to take precise measurements of the structure, Objective measurement is difficult with such poor equipment | laboratory, scientific | imperial, metric | length, pressure, temperature, etc | body, bust, chest, waist « VERB + MEASUREMENT carry out, get, make, obtain, perform, record, take

@ MEASUREMENT + NOUN system, technique | scale, unit | error

e@ PHRASES ascale/unit of measurement

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489 medicine

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e ADJ fresh | bad, rancid, rotten That meat smells rot-

ten | tender Simmer the meat for 30 minutes until tender

| rare, undercooked | cooked, cured, processed, roast,

ic | halal, kosher | crab, horse, etc

e QUANT bit, chunk, lump, piece, slab, sllce | cut, joint She always buys the cheaper cuts af meat

e VERB + MEAT consume, eat The animals donot hunt and rarely consume meat © Do yau eat meat? | chew (on) chewing on the tough meat | barbecue, cook, fry, grill, roast, stew Fry the meat in a little ative ail | marinate | tenderize | seal Turn the meat frequently to seal it | chop, cube, cut, dice, mince | bone | carve, slice @ MEAT + VERB be/go off, rot The meat has gone aff @ MEAT + NOUN dish, pie, products recipes for simple

meat dishes | market | cleaver | eater ?’m not a great

1 how sth works/is dane

e ADJ actual, basic, detailed, sheer We need to discuss the actual mechanics af the aperation

2science of movement and force

e ADJ classical, fluid, Newtonian, quantum, statistical

mechanism noun 1 part of a machine

e ADJ firing, locking, steering, trigger, winding @ MECHANISM + VERB operate, work The doar lacking mechanism doesn’t wark | jam

2 how sth works

e ADJ effective, precise an effective mechanism for en- forcing the rules | underlying | complex | social

e VERB + MECHANISM provide The system pravides a mechanism whereby information is channelled into the market

@ MECHANISM + VERB operate, work | allow sth, ensure sth

e PREP by/through the ~ of The government is held ac- countable through the mechanism of regular general elec- tions | ~for a mechanism for dealing with complaints

3 system of parts/behaviour that performs a function e ADJ avoidance, control, defence, escape, survival

The body has defence mechanisms against many diseases | cellular, genetic, immunological, molecular, neural, physiological, psychologics}, etc

e PREP ~for medal noun

e ADJ bronze, gold, silver He won a gold medal in the 100 metres | championship, Olympic | commemorative A commemorative medal was struck in honour of the

event,

e VERB + MEDAL beawarded, collect, get, receive, win ] award (sb), give sb, present (sb with) | strike e MEDAL + NOUN winner | hope, hopes He is a majar medal hope for Britain © Her medal hapes were dashed by

injury

@ PREP ~fora medal for bravery

e ADJ audio-visual, broadcast, broadcasting, elec-

tronic, mass, news, print, visual The event was widely cavered by the mass media | forelgn, international, local, national | malnstream, official, popular

e@ MEDIA + VERB report sth The local media reported riating across the country,

e MEDIA + NOUN attention, coverage, interest, publi-

city, reporting There was a lat of media caverage of the wedding | campaign | report | event Sport has been turned inta a series af media events | blitz, circus, hype The company is anxious to play down the media hype |

spotlight | image She’s very different from her media

e PREP through/via the ~ propaganda thraugh the media

e PHRASES access to the media, the role of the media

mediation noun

e ADJ French, International, UN, etc

e VERB + MEDIATION accept Unless management ac- cepts mediation, the strike will never be resalved e MEDIATION + NOUN efforts, process

e PREP through sb’s~ The conflict ended through the mediation of the United Nations under sb’s ~ under international mediatian | ~ between, ~ by mediation by the prime minister between the two sides

medical noun

e ADJ full, reguiar Pilots undergo regular medicals

® VERB + MEDICAL have, undergo | pass He was ac-

cepted onta the caurse after passing the medicat

medication noun

e ADJ prescribed | over-the-counter | regular

e VERB + MEDICATION be on, receive, take | pre-

scribe (sb) | administer, give sb [| stop She stapped the medication because of side effects | need, require

e PREP ~for Heis on regular medication far his fits medicine noun

1 science of treating/preventing iliness

e ADJ modern advances in modern medicine | trad-

itional qualified in traditional Chinese medicine | folk Garlic was widely used in folk medicine | conventional,

orthodox | alternative, © complementary, holistic, homeopathic | preventatlve, preventive | academic, clinical, forensic, sclentific | general She gave up general medicine to specialize in geriatric medicine | geriatric, obstetric, paediatric, veterinary, etc | Chinese, Western | private, public health She believed private medicine was a threat to the existence af the National Health Service

e VERB + MEDICINE train In | qualify in | practise

peaple practising alternative medicine e PHRASES abranch of medicine

> Note at SUBJECT (for more verbs and nouns)

2 substance taken to treat an illness

e ADJ powerful, strong | cough a bottle af cough medi-

cine | herbal |] prescription

® QUANT dose

® VERB + MEDICINE take | swallow | prescribe (sb) | administer, give sb | treat sb with

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490

Simpo PDF May Bera RG Se Unregistered Version - http:/Awww.simpopdf.com

before the meeting

e call/convene the meeting, or invite people

to attend the meeting se draw up an agenda

e circulate the agenda

e If too many people are not able to attend, you may need to postpone or call off/cancel

the meeting

making a point

at the meeting In a meeting you can:

You usually appoint somebody to: address issues / matters / problerns

e chair the meeting consider

se keep/take minutes deal with

After the chair has opened the meeting, the debate first points/items on the agenda are often to: cieaaiee

* approve/agree the minutes of the previous ok alfinto meeting

tackle e agree on the agenda for the current

meeting

It may be necessary to: e add an item to the agenda

e remove sth from / take sth off / leave sth off the agenda

If you don’t spend much time on an issue, you touch on

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