THÔNG TIN TÀI LIỆU
VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES NGUYEN THI THANH THAO TINH TAU IN THE CULTURAL LIFE OF TAY PEOPLE IN TUYEN QUANG Major: Cultural Studies Code: 9.22.90.40 ` SUMMARY OF CULTURAL STUDIES THESIS Hanoi - 2021 The work was completed at: GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Instructor: Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Thi Yen Argument 1: Instructor: Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Thi Hien Argument 2: Assoc Prof Dr Tran Duc Ngon Argument 3: Prof Dr Tu Thi Loan Thesis is defended at the Doctoral thesis committee GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Place: Meeting room, Hall for the defense of the doctoral thesis GRADUATE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES The thesis can be found at the Library of the Academy of Social Sciences PREAMBLE Reasons for choosing the topic Tinh Tau , an instrument associated with Then rituals in the religious life of the Tay people for a long time In the practice of Then ritual, Master Then - a priest and a musician used the sound of the tinh tau to bring the music and Then lyrics to describe the journey of Then Master Then leading the sound army to offer offerings to Muong Troi After 1945, with the policy of selectively preserving and promoting the quintessence of the national culture, the tinh tau was separated from the Then ritual, which was previously considered superstitious, to become a musical instrument serving the needs of art masses with new content Since then, the movements of people's cultural activities have added a new type of Then singing with a variety of performance forms However, due to the spiritual needs of the people, the tinh tau is still used silently in the religious life of the Tay people After renovation, along with the policy of preserving national cultural identity and freedom of religion and belief, Then ritual was officially restored Activities on cultural preservation of ethnic groups have received great attention and investment from the State and local authorities, including the culture of the Tay people in general and the Then Tay people in particular In the past time, along with the innovation in the "development strategy" of rural and mountainous people, Tuyen Quang province and other provinces have joined together to preserve Then heritage Then singing, which is associated with the of tinh tau, has been considered as a typical representative of the traditional culture of the Tay people In the process of protecting the heritage of practicing Then ritual of the Tay people, the people and the local authorities have agreed to gradually bring the ritual of Then ritual to the daily life of the Tay people everywhere In 2013, along with the practice of Then ritual, the Tày people's tinh tau was recognized as a national intangible cultural heritage Along with this event, localities with Tay, Nung, and Thai ethnic groups living in the northern region have completed a dossier to submit to the Government to submit to UNESCO for certification and registration of Then ritual practice as a heritage intangible culture of humanity After years, under the support of the Academy of Music in Vietnam, in December 2019, Practice Then Tay, Nung, Thai and the calculated mouthpiece of ethnic groups officially by UNESCO register as cultural heritage intangible humanity With that in mind, I chose the topic Tinh Tau in the cultural life of Tay people in Tuyen Quang as the topic of my PhD thesis Purpose and research tasks of the thesis 2.1 Research purposes Examines the role and position of tinh tau in the cultural life of faith as well as change its function of it under the impact of the policies of the state over time, thereby basis to discuss the "fate" of the tinh tau in the cultural life of the Tay Tuyen Quang people according to the historical process, especially in the current international exchange and integration context 2.2 Research mission From the above purpose, the research tasks posed for the topic are: Learn, analyzing the role of tinh tau in cultural beliefs and the rituals Tay Tay Then the general and particular people in Tuyen Quang Tay aspects: cultural symbol of belief, Then's sacred objects and the role of music transmission in Then rituals From the survey results the status of tinh tau in the cultural life of the Tay beliefs Tuyen Quang present would indicate the causes affecting the position change tinh tau Ritual Then of the Tay people today Analyzing the context of the formation of Then and art of the Tày people in Tuyen Quang before and After renovation, on that basis, learn about the position of tinh tau in the artistic life of the Tay people in Tuyen Quang in the following aspects: artisans, manufactures, uses, disseminates, collects, composes, Discuss the contemporary issues of Tinh Tau , especially the posthonoration issue of Tinh Tau in the context that the Then ritual practice of the Tay people in Tuyen Quang has been disappearing Objects and scope of research of the thesis 3.1 Research subjects Studying the tinh tau plant of the Tay Tuyen Quang people in the cultural life (belief and art) of the Tay Tuyen Quang people through the purposes of use, the object of use and how to use, how to make and preserve them, musical characteristics, ways of exploiting, preserving and promoting, etc to analyze and clarify the role and position of the tinh tau in the cultural life of Tay Tuyen Quang people 3.2 Research scope The study selected four main research areas as follows: + Tuyen Quang City with Then Thanh Tuyen Singing Club + Tan An commune, Chiem Hoa district + Lang Can commune, Lam Binh district + Nang Kha commune, Na Hang district In addition, we have surveyed other areas in the province and Lang Son province as the basis for data analysis for preserving and promoting the cultural values of Tay Tuyen Quang people Research Methodology The thesis applies interdisciplinary research methods, such as: Folklore, Ethnology, musicology The method of studying folklore and the method of ethnographic fieldwork are basically no different, but one of the specific tasks is to go on a field trip to collect materials This is the method in the then and then ritual arts of the Tay Tuyen Quang, thereby comparative basis with music of the Tay in different localities of North Vietnam New scientific contributions of the thesis This is the first thesis to systematically study about the tinh tau in the cultural life of the Tay people in Tuyen Quang in terms of both religious life as well as artistic life Thereby contributing to identify the position of the tinh tau in the cultural life of the Tay Tay people in general and in particular in Tuyen Quang in the history of the process, especially since 1986 Theoretical and practical significance of the thesis 6.1 Theoretical meaning From the results of actual research on tinh tau in the cultural life of the Tay Tuyen Quang people, the topic has shown the proactive, active and creative role of the artisans - especially the core role in the process of making money in exploiting, preserving and promoting the role of tinh tau in the cultural life of the people under the influence of the State's guidelines and policies through historical periods From there, it serves as a basis for discussing issues surrounding the preservation and promotion of the role of the tinh tau in the context of exchange and integration with the world, especially in the context of Then ritual practice, which is registered by UNESCO representative intangible cultural heritage of humanity The results of the project thus contributed the necessary database for the study of the protection and promotion of the value of intangible cultural heritage in the form of culture and belief of ethnic minorities Vietnam in general and the Tay people in particular 6.2 Practical significance Topics provide specific information about the position and role of tinh tau in the cultural life of the Tay in the case of the province of Tuyen Quang, which can make the document for policy makers refer and apply in proposing solutions to protect and promote the intangible cultural heritage of the type of culture and beliefs of the Tay people in particular, and ethnic minorities in general Structure of the thesis Chapter Overview of research situation, theoretical basis and research area Chapter Tinh tau in the cultural and religious life of Tay Tuyen Quang people Chapter Tinh tau in the cultural and artistic life of Tay Tuyen Quang people Chapter Tinh tau in the cultural life of Tay Tuyen Quang people: Issues to discuss CHAPTER RESEARCH SITUATION OVERVIEW, THEORETICAL BASIS AND RESEARCH LOCATION 1 Overview of the research situation 1.1.1 Studies on the transformation of ritual music in the cultural life of some ethnic groups Vietnam is a multi-ethnic country, each ethnic group has different art forms After the August Revolution in 1945, there were many research works on folk music of each ethnic group, such as: Lullaby, love song, folk song, etc Genres such as: Cheo, Xam, Quan ho, etc Military drums, Co la, Sing quizzes, Ly, Ho, Bai Choi,… In the religious rites, there are Chau Van singing, Xoan singing, Epic, Then singing, Royal singing, Most of them are types of singing with instrumental accompaniment, such as: Cheo singing often has zither, gourd, flute, erhu, and baby drum to accompany the singing part; Singing Drums with the support of the rice drum; Xam singing has an erhu, beat, and conduit; With the form of singing in religious rituals such as: Chau Van singing has the music of the moon, female drums, baby drums, paintings, flutes, ; Singing royal music with zither, lute, flute, erhu, cymbals, female drums, baby drums, brain tarpaulin, ; Xoan singing has the support of female drums, baby drums and bar beats; For Then singing of the Tay, Nung, and Thai people in Vietnam, the supporting music is tinh tau , drum, bar, and beam Similar to tinh tau, Hat Van , Duong, Sac Buu, Sinh Ca are all folk art forms but serve for religious rituals and community cohesion; After the war, changes in history and cultural acculturation brought the forms of ritual activities back to everyday life with a new and more diverse way It can be seen that: The above studies are directed at specific types of folk music, showing that music plays an important role in community cohesion through collective cultural activities In particular, these types of music gradually become a cultural representative for a community group or ethnic group - the owner of those cultural values 1.1.2 Studies referring to the tinh tau in Then ritual In cultural studies, the Tay's tinh tau is often mentioned with Then, as an indispensable instrument when practicing Then ritual However, recent studies have only mentioned but not yet specific studies on the role of tinh tau in their lives 1.1.3 Studies on the musical characteristics of the tinh tau Do Minh's article "On the music in Then Viet Bac"; Nong Thi Nhinh with Folk music of the Tay - Nung - Dao Lang Son ethnic groups and General and specific characteristics of music in Then Tay - Nung performance; Tay Music of musician Hoang Tuan; Music Culture in the Full Month Ceremony of Then Tay in Bach Thong District, Bac Can Province (2011) by Nguyen Van Thieu, 1.1.4 Studies on the tinh tau of the Tay people in Tuyen Quang The tinh tau of the Tay people in Tuyen Quang in recent years has been interested by many researchers on the basis of the study of Then through articles, scientific reports, seminars, and research works to complete the profile submit Then Tay to UNESCO for recognition of intangible cultural heritage Affirming the existence of Then and Then music in the cultural life of Tay Tuyen Quang people [88] However, the tinh tau is only mentioned as an accompaniment for Then singing in the cultural life of the Tay 1.1.5.General comments From the research situation on Then music, it is necessary to have studies that consider more fully the vitality of the tinh tau in the cultural life of the community to serve as a basis for considering the status of the music the character of the tinh tau as a symbol for the culture of the Tay ethnic group in the present period So the basic problem for this topic will be: a) Studying the tinh tau as a sacred instrument in the religious culture of the Tay people, and at the same time determining the role of the tinh tau in the policy of exploiting the national cultural quintessence associated with the formation of this type of music Then, the art and culture of Tay people in Tuyen Quang before and After renovation 1986 b) Studying the tinh tau in the daily cultural life of the Tay people in Tuyen Quang in a comparative relationship with the tinh tau in the cultural and religious life of the Tay people in Tuyen Quang; the pervasive power and role of the tinh tau in cultural life as well as the practice of preserving and promoting the tinh tau of the Tay people in Tuyen Quang in the current period 1.2 Theoretical basis 1.2.1 Introduction to some basic concepts 1.2.1.1 The concept of "cultural life", "cultural religious life", "cultural and artistic life" * Concept of cultural life Cultural life is the cultural products of people, serving the needs of their life Cultural life is divided into three working groups, namely: "“Activities of receiving - enjoying culture; practical activities - cultural dissemination; and cultural creative activities[63]" The three groups of activities have a close relationship with each other and show the whole face of cultural life * The concept of cultural and religious life According to Patrick B Mullen (1941) in the article "Folk beliefs" said that: "Folk beliefs are a large genre that includes expressions and behaviors that people call superstitions and common beliefs people, magic and supernatural phenomena" [99, p.273] It can be seen that: Culture and belief are cultural activities related to rituals and are "part of human cultural activities" 99, p.276], creating "the face of religious life" [133, p.102], associated with their customs * The concept of cultural and artistic life The concept of cultural and artistic life belongs to entertainment culture and art enjoyment (secular), which is different from "belief" which belongs to spiritual culture (the sacred) Accordingly, if in cultural and religious life cultural and artistic elements are only auxiliary factors for the purpose of ritual practice, in cultural and artistic life it is the main factor serving the needs of the people People's entertainment needs or enjoyment of culture and art with these activities are liberated, more diverse and richer in both content and form 1.2.1.2 The concept of "Then art" - "Then new" Accompanied with "Hat Then" is the tinh tau - an accompaniment instrument for the lyrics Therefore, speaking of "Then Art" or "New Then" is referring to the performing art of Then singing – Tinh tau is exploited from the Art of Then singing – Tinh tau in Then ritual performance 1.2.1.3 The concept of performing and performing Then ritual "Performance is the sum total of artistic methods, which together express the unity between singing and human action in the aesthetic dimension" [99] Performance is when the content between the lyrics or a complete melody of a musical instrument is presented to ensure all the elements that researchers have summarized and call it the basic characteristics of music folk Performance is a particularly effective tool and is appreciated for impersonating others and looking at oneself from that angle" [99, p.78] Performance is tied to the specific living environment of the individual people 1.2.1.4 The concept of community and the community to protect and promote the character A community is social group with individuals living together in an environment and having common interests "Community consists of four elements: (1) close personal relationships, face-to-face, frankness, on the basis of small groups that control individual relationships; (2) There is closely related to each other emotionally and emotionally when individuals The Tay people have their own script, including "both the ancient writing system and the new Latin script" [58, p.9] Although the Latin script was later, the Nom Tay script was still circulated in the community Nowadays, the majority of Tay Tuyen Quang people use Quoc Ngu script to preserve documents Besides using Nom Tay script, they use Confucian script in their religious practice, relying on the hieroglyphic system as a basis to deduce the meaning of ancient vows The arts and culture of the Tay people in Tuyen Quang are diverse and rich, such as: Lon, Phong slu Luon includes: Luon Coi (known as Coi in Tuyen Quang; called Ién in Ha Giang), Luon sluong, Lon Then, Lon Nang oi, is a love song that is widely popular in many regions including some people Tay Tuyen Quang The language of the Tay people is very rich because of the process of "cultural fusion" [78, tr.37] between the Tay and the Nung who reside in the same area, gradually it becomes a common language for the same communities live in the area This shows that they pay great attention to protecting the cultural identity of their nation Sub-conclusion The Tay people were present along with the development of Vietnamese history in the process of building and defending the country Today, the Tay people reside not only in the northeastern region of the country, but also in population and cultural development in the southern region of Vietnam The migration and cultural spread have made the Tay culture more and more diverse in color but have not lost the typical nuances of their nation, that is: Language, housing, writing, pages dress, sing, especially their beliefs In that general picture, the culture of the Tay people in Tuyen Quang, in addition to some unique features, also basically carries the characteristics of the Tay culture in the cradle of Viet Bac in general CHAPTER TINH TAU IN THE CULTURAL LIFE OF TRUST OF THE TAY TUYEN QUANG 11 2.1 Tinh tau in Then ritual of Tay Tuyen Quang people 2.1.1 An overview of Then rituals of Tay Tuyen Quang people Regarding the name, like the explanation of Nom Tay, Tuyen Quang by Mr Tong Dai Hong, "Teacher Then is the spokesman for the heavens" This calling is also explained by author Nguyen Thi Yen in the Then Tay study, "The word Thien to denote Then means "heaven" and the word Nhan to supplement the meaning of the people of heaven In terms of the meaning of the Chinese characters indicating heaven, the supreme deity that the Tay-Thai residents generally worship" [129, pp.5354] Perhaps this is the way to suggest "Then" as "Heaven" which is a misreading of the word "Thien" in Chinese The person who makes Then Master Then is considered a person who is able to contact the gods in the Muong Heaven to represent homeowners to pray for healing, longevity, and peace for earthly people There are two forms: Then calculate and Then fan 2.1.2 Tinh tau in Then ritual in Tuyen Quang 2.1.2.1 About the name and function Tinh Tau – Dan Tinh or Then are common names to refer to musical instruments in religious ritual activities of the Tay, Nung, and Thai people in Vietnam and the Zhuang people in China [129, p.51] The Tay Tuyen Quang people also have many different names for this instrument, such as: "eating tinh tau" or "eating tinh tau ", "dan man", "then guitar", "calculus tau" Regardless of how it is called It also refers to the lute of the Tay ethnic group residing interwoven with the Nung, Kinh, Dao, in the northern region of Vietnam 2.1.2.2 The tinh tau - the sacred object of Master Then Since ancient times, the character of the tinh tau has been closely associated with Then rituals of the Tay people and is considered as a sacred symbol in their spiritual life To be able to the Then rituals, one must first have a Then root , and be chosen by the ancestors to the Then profession to have the opportunity to learn and play the instrument Then's utensils are only used during ritual practice, "ensuring sanctity and 12 "sacred"[3] The tinh tau in the Then ritual has its own power of the Then family and is only used for the purpose of communicating with the spiritual world 2.1.2.3.Tinh tau in relation to Then's worldview Then Master Then's conception of the sacredness of the tinh tau shows the value, rank, and sanctity of Master Then for the profession when using the instrument to lead the yin army to the Three Realms Depending on the rank, or the Then line, they have different requirements for making leaders to show their authority in society For artists, it is both a regulation of the image but an opportunity for them to be creative and satisfy their desire to express themselves through the instrument 2.2 Music of the tinh tau in Then ritual of Tay Tuyen Quang people In the Then ritual, Master Then uses the music of the tinh tau and the accompaniment beam for the lyrics describing his journey to Muong Troi to perform the task of communicating with the gods according to the ritual purpose of the owner The music in Then is considered to be an energy source that "has the ability to hypnotize Then believers into a state of immersion in the voice and singing of Then Master" This is also the characteristic of Then with other types of worship Thanks to music, Then has attracted a lot of attention of the Tay people 2.3 Tinh tau with the rise and fall of Then ritual in Tuyen Quang There are many reasons leading to the disappearance of the use of the tinh tau in the Then ritual today, such as: late joining the profession, limited playing, the need to use Then to satisfy the people's religious needs is not much, the The rules in Then are strict, strict, Besides, the high entertainment needs of the people, the language in the process of integration, so the ancient Nom Tay lyrics are difficult to adapt to young people, leading to the transmission Playing the guitar and singing Then also became difficult Therefore, choosing a tinh tau to adapt to the new living situation is a popular choice of many Then teachers not only in Tuyen Quang but also in many other localities 13 Sub-conclusion Just like in other Tay localities, experiencing ups and downs, today the Then ritual and the tinh tau of the Tay people in Tuyen Quang continue to return and present themselves in the cultural life of the people with a new position However, in the new context, with the influence of many subjective and objective factors, the Then ritual in general and the art of performing tinh tau in the Then ritual have undergone many changes Master Then and Tinh tau, therefore, not only appear in the Then ceremony, but also appear on the stage performing with modern music and colored lights This is an issue that we will continue to discuss in the next chapters CHAPTER TINH TAU IN THE CULTURAL LIFE OF THE TAY TUYEN QUANG PEOPLE 3.1 Tinh tau with the formation of Then art in Tuyen Quang 3.1.1 The tinh tau of the Tuyen Quang Tay people in the context of the formation of Then and art in Tuyen Quang Before innovation Due to conservation policy that selectively previously Innovation, singing and music Then tinh tau is mined and flourished thanks to the development of the "Then art" To satisfy the entertainment needs, people have composed new songs to sing to each other From the Then words, the music contains religious elements, some people, because they love the lyrics and music, compose new songs, suitable to the current socio-cultural conditions Since then, the rustic Then words, bringing the breath of life, gradually crept into people's lives Every night, around the fire, the tinh tau music resounds with new Then lyrics D ần gradually spread throughout the new lyrics in their lives The tinh tau count is present everywhere from stilt houses to performance stages 14 3.1.2 Characterization in the context of implementing the policy of preserving and promoting the cultural identity of the Tay people in Tuyen Quang from the time of Doi Moi to the present The 6th Congress of Deputies (1986) marked the cultural renewal of the Party That is "renovation of theoretical thinking about culture Considering culture as the spiritual foundation of society, a driving force of socio-economic development, and at the same time the goal of socialism, considers culture as the spiritual foundation of society Education and training together with science and technology is really the leading national policy Cultural and artistic activities play an important role in shaping personality and enriching the spiritual life of Vietnamese people.” 59, pp.14-15] In that common context, along with other Tay localities, the character of tinh tau associated with Then singing of the Tay people in Tuyen Quang along with Then Tay performance has entered the journey to become an intangible cultural heritage of mankind in 2019 3.2 Artisan Tinh Tau of Then Arts and Cultureand performance space 3.2.1 The artist tinh tau in Then art and its transmission and dissemination 3.2.1.1 The artist the tinh tau - Artists of tinh tau specialize in singing Then and art - The artist of tinh tau and concurrently the Then 3.2.1.2.Training, teaching and dissemination For the type of Then art in Tuyen Quang today, the teaching and popularization of Then singing - tinh tau has been expanded with many models such as: - Classroom model - Teaching through training - Other forms of self-study and popularization Since the days of Facebook and YouTube, friends who love to sing Then across the country have been closely linked, as long as they are lovers of Tay's Then singing, they come to make friends Friends who have never 15 met but easily exchange information with each other Songs, tunes, playing techniques, introducing friends, forming groups, making associations, etc., and so on, friendship and Then songs fly away to friends all over the world 3.2.2 Performance space For Then, the performance space of Then singing - tinh tau in Tuyen Quang is very diverse - Performance space in the house Today, playing and singing to each other still takes place in the Tay family, but the form of organization has changed a lot, such as: Singing Livestream to share with friends It can be seen that the living space of the Tay has changed a lot, so the space for performing the art of Then singing their tinh tau has also changed - Performing on stage Since Doi Moi, ethnic cultural and artistic activities in general have been interested by state cultural managers and introduced through a professional stage model Through the stage, the Tay's tinh tau is better known for performing forms such as solo singing, duet singing, group singing, etc… - Performing in cyberspace It can be seen that thanks to 4.0 technology, smartphones are the most common means for artists to upload clips online In any space, as long as they have the same passion for Singing Then - Tinh Tau , they have the opportunity to transmit their songs and knowledge to the online community, such as: Tay - Nung Vietnamese group, Vietnamese Tay people, Then Singing Club,… It can be seen that the tinh tau has been separated from the religious ceremony and performed by artists through different spaces From being an accompaniment instrument in the Then ritual, the tinh tau has come to be known as a popular accompaniment for the new Then In particular, thanks to 4.0 technology, the tinh tau has gradually become ubiquitous and is recognized by society as a typical representative of the Tay culture 3.3 The changes of tinh tau in Then and art 16 3.3.1 Changes in tinh tau making The transformation of Then singing from religious practice to Then art also has a significant impact on the need to use the tinh tau Especially, the economic efficiency is not high, making the herd take too much effort and the target audience is not much 3.3.2 Change in usage Then art spread widely in the life of the Tay, so the use of tinh tau accompaniment for singing also developed; The guitar techniques are also focused by the new Then artists From the need to improve the performance, besides the smooth Then lyrics, the accompanist pays more attention to the technique for a more refined sound; In teaching the instrument, the artists also pay attention to the method of teaching, methodically, and uniformly from the plucking to show the strong beat or the strong part of the beat to create nuance and intensity during the presentation In the process of playing the lute, the man can show off techniques that in the practice of Then religion pay little attention; appeared the solo songs of the tinh tau The 12-string tinh tau is also skillfully handled by the artisans with each of the 5th and 8th octave relationships to show the outstanding ability of the instrument as well as the technique of the user's fingers 3.3.3 Changes in music tempo Today, the musical rhythm in Then is suitable for the walking rhythm - the 2/4 time is the music beat describing the journey to Muong Troi of the Tay people, which has been recorded by Musicologists in the style of Western Musicology Expression of leisurely or hurriedly is handled by the user with speed and intensity In the Then ritual, when describing the ceremony leading to heaven, the leisurely passage is described as slow and leisurely; when describing the level of practice and urgency, the rhythm of the piano is often rushed, like the sound of galloping horse's hooves; when describing the river crossing, the rhythm of the instrument changes continuously; 3.3.4 Changes in music melody 17 The pitch of the tinh tau is determined based on the experience and feelings of the Then teacher - the lute maker Much of the sound quality is still obtained from the forerunner to the latter From materials, techniques to quality, all are used due to the experience and ability to absorb sound In the past, Master Then's fingers only focused on the front and back strings, the mid- bass strings only had resonance as the bass for the melody In addition to creating bass harmonies for the melody, the bass G sound is also expanded for the artist to lower the vocals Meaning: The melody is extended from the middle string, the lowest sound is the bass G, changes to D on the back string and then on the front string 3.4 Collecting and composing activities 3.4.1 Collection and creation activities of artists In Tuyen Quang, the researcher - Excellent Artisan Ma Van Duc was the one who had the merit of collecting the Then Tay set consisting of 81 ancient Then palaces; Mr Tong Dai Hong, a researcher who was the former Director of the Department of Electricity, also made many contributions to the translation of ancient Then articles in the Nom Tay book People's Artist Ha Thuan made great efforts in approaching Then teachers, elderly people to take notes About the accompaniment for singing, he also collected from other localities such as Cao Bang, Bac Can, Lang Son to practice and then gradually edited and put into practice However, the most popular in Tuyen Quang is the Then Cao Bang dance With the two songs Tang Loc and Tang Nam which are still preserved in Cao Bang's Then rites, he re-edited to suit the content of his lyrics, paying special attention to highlighting the cheerful nature strong for the melody to suit the new working life 3.4.2.Professional composition activities From the process of collecting, compiling and exploiting the ritual Then music materials, on the professional stage, there have appeared a number of Then songs with the tune of the tinh tau in the Then ritual but with new lyrics However, this period of music did not have a significant breakthrough Each new song can be found to contain a lot of folk elements 18 from: rhythm, sound zone, vocal range, lyrics, However, the material creates a distinct color that makes the songs special , bearing the color of the Tay culture is the sound of the tinh tau With the sound of the guitar, listeners can identify Tay music more clearly through the new song Sub-conclusion From policies on preserving advanced culture imbued with national identity, activities of collecting, composing, and teaching Then singing and tinh tau in the community have also been spread, such as collecting ancient Then lyrics, lyrics The new then for teaching and rebuilding has spread among the people through training courses organized by the Provincial Cultural Center, or training courses of the district, classes, clubs of the commune, of the school, … In particular, the sound of the tinh tau has become a special material exploited by musicians to compose music for dance and new songs to serve the community's demand for cultural enjoyment It can be seen that, from the love, there is always a sense of responsibility for preserving ethnic culture in the hearts of every citizen; From the guidelines and policies of the State on preserving ethnic cultural values in conservation work, the art of Then singing - Tuyen Quang's tinh tau has become more and more colorful and rich CHAPTER TINH TAU THE LIFE OF CULTURAL PEOPLE TAY QUEEN QUANG: ISSUES DISCUSSED 4.1 Tinh tau -Ethnic culture symbol and community connection 4.1.1 Tinh tau - symbol of Tay culture From the role of a sacred instrument associated with Then's journey into the spiritual world, the tinh tau has been sacred not only in Then's concept but also in the concept of the Tay people in general Through the Then ritual, the Tay people are connected to the supernatural world by Then lyrics, Then dance, Then singing, Then guitar, etc., where the tinh tau count is considered as a symbol of Then religious culture 19 4.1.2 Tinh tau with community connection From the image of the tinh tau count , people in all parts of the country and now the whole world know the existence of the Tay people through the tinh tau count That is a success after the process of "cultural culture" and "cultural improvement" Then Tay in general and Then Tay in Tuyen Quang in particular Characterization with conservation, dissemination and exploitation and promotion of Then Tay art 4.2.1 Tinh tau with the preservation and dissemination of Then Tay art It can be seen that the art of Then singing and tinh tau have been preserved and promoted actively and quite effectively in the daily cultural life of the Tay Tuyen Quang people In particular, in the case of the tinh tau , in the process of "cultural improvement" (as used by Oscar Salemink) it has really attracted the attention of the people, but is not necessarily imposed 4.2.2 Tinh tau with the exploitation and promotion of Then Tay art It can be seen that the Then art movement in Tuyen Quang is very active, active and creative This completely depends on the spirit of the Tay people's love for the art of Then singing and the tinh tau of the Tay community From the movement to preserve, preserve, transmit to serve the community, the tinh tau and Then songs have become a means of livelihood for the community This is completely natural and voluntary creation when local cultural tourism develops This is a completely right development direction in tourism, while at the same time ensuring the environment to preserve and create traditional culture of the Tay people here 4.3 Tinh tau in religious and cultural life - challenges in conservation Tuyen Quang is the first locality in the Northeast region with the earliest awareness of cultural heritage conservation, and at the same time is one of the leading localities actively finding solutions to preserve Then art form, including Then ritual and Then culture In addition, Tuyen Quang is also a local leader in submitting to the Government to propose Then Tay 20 workers as a national intangible cultural heritage Accordingly, the fact that Then Tay, including Tuyen Quang's tinh tau, was recognized as a national intangible cultural heritage in 2013 is an important contribution to the journey to Then heritage of the Tay, Nung, and Thai peoples of Vietnam is inscribed as the Representative Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity Sub-conclusion In the context of Then Tay, Nung, and Thai practices, which are registered as the representative intangible cultural heritage of humanity, as a typical musical instrument that makes up the characteristics of Then ritual, the preservation and development The demonstration of the tinh tau in the cultural life of the Tay people Tuyen Quang also encountered many problems related to the issue of community rights, to the implementation of the state's policy of preserving and promoting national culture Since then, continue to set new requirements for the preservation and promotion of the tinh tau in the cultural life of Tay people in Tuyen Quang in the next period CONCLUDE Tay people – an ethnic community with a population accounting for over 26% of the total population of Tuyen Quang province and the largest population in Chiem Hoa, Na Hang and Lam Binh districts The Tay people in Tuyen Quang have a connection with the Tay ethnic group in the Viet Bac region, which originated from the Mac dynasty from Cao Bang Therefore, the Tay people and their culture have common features with the culture of the Tay people in the Viet Bac provinces Therefore, the Then ritual and the tinh tau of the Tay people in Tuyen Quang are also placed in connection with the Then singing region - the tinh tau of the Tay people in Viet Bac In recent years, there have been many studies on Then Tay from different approaches In the studies, the tinh tau is mentioned as a typical instrument that makes up the characteristics of the Then ritual, 21 which plays the role of accompaniment for singing or the musical part of the Then ritual, it includes pitches, lengths, of music and lyrics However, so far the works studied in a systematic way to calculate a tinh tau in the cultural life of the Tay general and Tay Tuyen Quang in particular, especially no research on the fate of properties tinh tau in the cultural life of the Tay in association with the guidelines and policies of the Party and State through historical periods from 1945 to the present Located in the Viet Bac cultural region, Then of the Tay Tuyen Quang people also has the common features of the Then Tay Viet Bac expressed through the characteristics of entering the profession, learning the profession, passing on the profession of Then teachers, through the ritual system, characteristics of ritual performance, However, besides the common features, Then of Tay Tuyen Quang people also has some unique features associated with traditional characteristics and creative elements of individuals That is also more or less reflected in the music of the tinh tau Today, in the context of modernization and cultural integration as well as the needs of the people, the Then ritual of the Tay people in Tuyen Quang has also changed according to the trend of reductionism, the team of Then teachers are good at singing well day by day, since then, the impact of making a tinh tau in the Then ceremony is not only reflected in the usage but also in the playing technique of the Then teachers As an instrument used by Then Master to connect people with the supernatural world, with the strict regulations of Then people, the tinh tau gradually becomes a sacred instrument in the Then ritual of the Tay people The symbolic meaning of the Tay's worldview is expressed through the structure of the instrument, through the taboos in the manufacture, preservation, use and teaching of Then's tinh tau During Master Then's journey to Muong Troi, along with Then's lyrics, the music of tinh tau leads listeners to mysterious spaces that are imagined by the listeners themselves It can be seen that the character of the tinh tau as a sacred instrument in the Then ritual has made its own characteristic in the Then ritual music of the Tay people 22 Before innovation, as in other localities, with the State's policy of "Exploiting, preserving and promoting the quintessence of national arts and culture" plus the active contributions of the cores who are Cultural cadres who are enthusiastic about the local culture, singing Then - the tinh tau of the Tay Tuyen Quang people have been exploited and promoted to serve the cultural movement, thereby gradually forming the Then Van form technology in people's lives Accordingly, the tinh tau , from the ceremonial performance space, has become a solo instrument, accompaniment for singing with Then sound, but the content of the lyrics is completely new on the professional stage After renovation, along with the policy of preserving and promoting the national cultural identity and the policy of freedom of religion and belief, the Then ritual was restored and coexisted with the Then art form In that context, with the attention of the State, the movement to preserve the art of Then singing - tinh tau has increasingly attracted the attention and response of people in all regions of Viet Bac, including Tuyen Quang Unlike the tinh tau in the Then ritual, the tinh tau in the everyday cultural space has changed not only in terms of function but also in the object of use, method of transmission, dissemination, performance space, etc performance art, melodies and rhythms, etc If in the past people used to enjoy the music of the tinh tau in Then rituals mainly encapsulated in the space of the house, today the performance space is diverse, people can enjoy it anytime, anywhere, at home, on professional stages and even on social networks, Subjects who use the tinh tau nature are also diverse in composition and age , job Classes and clubs for Dan Dan - Then Singing were established and spread throughout the community Conservation forms are carried out naturally and spontaneously by people From the collection, composing lyrics, teaching, making the lute, etc., it has been shown that the real tinh tau is preserved and promoted in the everyday culture of the Tay people in Tuyen Quang The of the tinh tau of the Tay people from the space of religious ceremonies to the professional stage in everyday culture is a necessity, 23 satisfying the need to enjoy the culture and arts of the Tay people in contemporary life The fact that the tinh tau in the process of preserving the value of Then Tay Tuyen Quang has affirmed its role in preserving cultural identity, from a sacred instrument in ritual practice has gradually become a cultural symbol of the Tay people With that meaning, the tinh tau has attracted the attention of many ethnic groups, playing an important role in the exchange and connection of community culture not only among Tay Tuyen Quang people but also with other localities In addition, the tinh tau is also exploited and promoted in cultural and tourism activities, contributing to the development of livelihoods for the Tay Tuyen Quang community Along with the attention of local authorities and the response of the community, Tinh Tau and Then Tay Tuyen Quang actively participated and contributed to the UNESCO nomination activity recognizing Then Tay, Nung and Thai as representative intangible cultural heritage of humanity This is a long trip with many participants: Provincial leaders, at all levels and in all sectors, professionals, artists, community Tay, especially singers Then - tinh tau both in Then rituals and Then arts However, the preservation and promotion of the tinh tau in the cultural life of the Tay people in Tuyen Quang is still an issue that needs to be further discussed in the post-registration context of the Then Tay, Nung, and Thai heritage citadel./ 24 LIST OF RESEARCH PROJECTS DISCLOSED RELATED TO THESIS THEME Nguyen Thi Thanh Thao (2015), "Tinh tau in the life of the Tay People's beliefs in Tan An commune, Chiem Hoa district, Tuyen Quang province", The 8th Vietnamese Thai Studies Conference, pp.388-395; Nguyen Thi Thanh Thao (2015), " tinh tau in the Then ritual of the Tay people", Journal of Human Resources and Social Sciences, (3), pp.83-88; Nguyen Thi Thanh Thao (2016), "Tinh tau in the spiritual life of the Tay", Proceedings of the International Conference on Conservation and Promotion of Then Values of the Tay, Nung and Thai ethnic groups in Vietnam, p.93-102; Nguyen Thi Thanh Thao (2016), " Characteristics of Music in Luon of the Tay people", Journal of Tan Trao University, (3), pp.43-52; Nguyen Thi Thanh Thao (2016), "Tinh tau in Tay culture in Tuyen Quang", Journal of Arts and Culture, (338), pp.42-45; Nguyen Thi Thanh Thao (2016), "Tinh tau in Then of Tay Tuyen Quang", Folklore Magazine, (6), pp.13-19; Nguyen Thi Thanh Thao (2019), "Then fan ritual in "New hot pot then nuggets" of the Tay people in Tan An commune, Chiem Hoa district, Tuyen Quang province", Folklore Magazine, (2), p .65-70; Nguyen Thi Thanh Thao (2021), "Some brief of the ''tinh tau'' of tay ethnic in the tuyen quang", Tan Trao University Journal, (3), pp.38-46; ... TUYEN QUANG 11 2.1 Tinh tau in Then ritual of Tay Tuyen Quang people 2.1.1 An overview of Then rituals of Tay Tuyen Quang people Regarding the name, like the explanation of Nom Tay, Tuyen Quang. .. TUYEN QUANG PEOPLE 3.1 Tinh tau with the formation of Then art in Tuyen Quang 3.1.1 The tinh tau of the Tuyen Quang Tay people in the context of the formation of Then and art in Tuyen Quang Before... tau in the cultural life of Tay Tuyen Quang people 3.2 Research scope The study selected four main research areas as follows: + Tuyen Quang City with Then Thanh Tuyen Singing Club + Tan An commune,
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