Architectural acoustics marshall long

www.elsolucionario.org www.SolutionManual.info A R C H I T E C T U R A L A C O U S T I C S www.SolutionManual.info This page intentionally left blank www.elsolucionario.org A R C H I T E C T U R A L A C O U S T I C S by Marshall Long from the Applications of Modern Acoustics Series Edited by Moises Levy and Richard Stern Amsterdam • Boston • Heidelberg • London • New York • Oxford Paris • San Diego San Francisco • Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo Elsevier Academic Press 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USA 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA 84 Theobald’s Road, London WC1X 8RR, UK This book is printed on acid-free paper Copyright © 2006, Elsevier Inc All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher www.SolutionManual.info Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333, E-mail: permissions@elsevier.co.uk You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage (http://elsevier.com), by selecting “Customer Support” and then “Obtaining Permissions.” Cover image: The cover shows Grosser Musikvereinssaal in Vienna, Austria The photograph was provided by AKG Acoustics, U.S., and is reproduced with permission Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Application submitted British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 13: 978-0-12-455551-8 ISBN 10: 0-12-455551-9 For all information on all Elsevier Academic Press publications visit our Web site at www.books.elsevier.com Printed in the United States of America 05 06 07 08 09 10 The preparation of this book, which spanned more than ten years, took place in snatches of time – a few hours every evening and several more each weekend It was time that was taken from commitments to family, home maintenance projects, teaching, and other activities forgone, of a pleasurable and useful nature During that time our two older sons grew through their teens and went off to college Our youngest son cannot remember a time when his father did not go upstairs to work every evening So it is to my wife Marilyn and our sons Jamie, Scott, and Kevin that I dedicate this work I am grateful for the time I hope it was worth it And to my environmentally conscious children, I hope it is worth the trees www.elsolucionario.org www.SolutionManual.info This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxv xxvii HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION 1.1 GREEK AND ROMAN PERIOD (650 bc–ad 400) Early Cultures Greeks Romans Vitruvius Pollio 1.2 EARLY CHRISTIAN PERIOD (ad 400–800) Rome and the West Eastern Roman Empire 1.3 ROMANESQUE PERIOD (800–1100) 1.4 GOTHIC PERIOD (1100–1400) Gothic Cathedrals 1.5 RENAISSANCE PERIOD (1400–1600) Renaissance Churches Renaissance Theaters 1.6 BAROQUE PERIOD (1600–1750) Baroque Churches Baroque Theaters Italian Opera Houses Baroque Music Protestant Music 1.7 ORIGINS OF SOUND THEORY 1.8 CLASSICAL PERIOD (1750–1825) 1.9 ROMANTIC PERIOD (1825–1900) Shoebox Halls 1.10 BEGINNINGS OF MODERN ACOUSTICS 1.11 TWENTIETH CENTURY 1 7 10 11 11 14 14 15 16 16 17 17 18 19 20 21 23 26 30 33 FUNDAMENTALS OF ACOUSTICS 2.1 FREQUENCY AND WAVELENGTH Frequency Wavelength 37 37 37 37 viii Architectural Acoustics Frequency Spectrum Filters SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION Vector Representation The Complex Plane The Complex Exponential Radial Frequency Changes in Phase SUPERPOSITION OF WAVES Linear Superposition Beats SOUND WAVES Pressure Fluctuations Sound Generation Wavelength of Sound Velocity of Sound Waves in Other Materials ACOUSTICAL PROPERTIES Impedance Intensity Energy Density LEVELS Sound Levels — Decibels Sound Pressure Level Sound Power Level SOURCE CHARACTERIZATION Point Sources and Spherical Spreading Sensitivity Directionality, Directivity, and Directivity Index Line Sources Planar Sources 40 40 40 43 43 44 45 46 46 46 48 50 50 50 51 51 55 55 55 57 59 59 59 61 62 65 65 67 68 70 71 HUMAN PERCEPTION AND REACTION TO SOUND 3.1 HUMAN HEARING MECHANISMS Physiology of the Ear 3.2 PITCH Critical Bands Consonance and Dissonance Tone Scales Pitch 3.3 LOUDNESS Comparative Loudness Loudness Levels Relative Loudness 73 73 73 77 77 78 79 81 81 81 82 83 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 www.SolutionManual.info www.elsolucionario.org Contents 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Electrical Weighting Networks Noise Criteria Curves (NC and RC) Just Noticeable Difference Environmental Impact INTELLIGIBILITY Masking Speech Intelligibility Speech Interference Level Articulation Index ALCONS Privacy ANNOYANCE Noisiness Time Averaging – Leq Twenty-Four Hour Metrics – Ldn and CNEL Annoyance HEALTH AND SAFETY Hearing Loss OTHER EFFECTS Precedence Effect and the Perception of Echoes Perception of Direction Binaural Sound ACOUSTIC MEASUREMENTS AND NOISE METRICS 4.1 MICROPHONES Frequency Response Directional Microphones Sound Field Considerations 4.2 SOUND LEVEL METERS Meter Calibration Meter Ballistics Meter Range Detectors Filters 4.3 FIELD MEASUREMENTS Background Noise Time-Varying Sources Diurnal (24-Hour) Traffic Measurements 4.4 BROADBAND NOISE METRICS Bandwidth Corrections Duration Corrections Variability Corrections Sound Exposure Levels Single Event Noise Exposure Level ix 84 85 88 90 91 91 93 94 95 96 97 98 98 100 101 101 105 105 107 107 110 113 115 115 118 118 120 121 122 124 125 125 125 125 127 129 130 132 133 135 135 136 137 ... blank www.elsolucionario.org A R C H I T E C T U R A L A C O U S T I C S by Marshall Long from the Applications of Modern Acoustics Series Edited by Moises Levy and Richard Stern Amsterdam • Boston... MODERN ACOUSTICS 1.11 TWENTIETH CENTURY 1 7 10 11 11 14 14 15 16 16 17 17 18 19 20 21 23 26 30 33 FUNDAMENTALS OF ACOUSTICS 2.1 FREQUENCY AND WAVELENGTH Frequency Wavelength 37 37 37 37 viii Architectural. .. that are encountered in real-life design problems, which are not xxvi Architectural Acoustics normally found in texts on acoustics There is also some material on computer modeling of loudspeakers